Статті в журналах: "Neighborhood organization"

1

Sharp, Gregory, and Richard M. Carpiano. "Neighborhood social organization exposures and racial/ethnic disparities in hypertension risk in Los Angeles." PLOS ONE 18, no. 3 (March 6, 2023): e0282648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282648.

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Despite a growing evidence base documenting associations between neighborhood characteristics and the risk of developing high blood pressure, little work has established the role played by neighborhood social organization exposures in racial/ethnic disparities in hypertension risk. There is also ambiguity around prior estimates of neighborhood effects on hypertension prevalence, given the lack of attention paid to individuals’ exposures to both residential and nonresidential spaces. This study contributes to the neighborhoods and hypertension literature by using novel longitudinal data from the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey to construct exposure-weighted measures of neighborhood social organization characteristics—organizational participation and collective efficacy—and examine their associations with hypertension risk, as well as their relative contributions to racial/ethnic differences in hypertension. We also assess whether the hypertension effects of neighborhood social organization vary across our sample of Black, Latino, and White adults. Results from random effects logistic regression models indicate that adults living in neighborhoods where people are highly active in informal and formal organizations have a lower probability of being hypertensive. This protective effect of exposure to neighborhood organizational participation is also significantly stronger for Black adults than Latino and White adults, such that, at high levels of neighborhood organizational participation, the observed Black-White and Black-Latino hypertension differences are substantially reduced to nonsignificance. Nonlinear decomposition results also indicate that almost one-fifth of the Black-White hypertension gap can be explained by differential exposures to neighborhood social organization.

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2

Sharp, Gregory, and Cody Warner. "Neighborhood Structure, Community Social Organization, and Residential Mobility." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 4 (January 2018): 237802311879786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2378023118797861.

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This article expands on classic models of residential mobility by investigating how neighborhood features influence mobility thoughts and actual mobility, with a particular focus on the role of neighborhood disorder and several indicators of community social organization. Using longitudinal data from the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey, the authors find that actual mobility is more susceptible to neighborhood structural conditions than are mobility thoughts. Specifically, neighborhood physical disorder and residential turnover affect the likelihood of moving, and disorder operates through the extent that residents are socially isolated and fearful in their neighborhoods. Mobility thoughts are directly affected by resident perceptions of social cohesion, but a lack of local kinship ties and social engagement within the neighborhood increases the chances of moving. For both mobility outcomes, being satisfied with one’s neighborhood is a strong deterrent to thinking about moving as well as relocating to a new neighborhood.

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Tran, Van C., Corina Graif, Alison D. Jones, Mario L. Small, and Christopher Winship. "Participation in Context: Neighborhood Diversity and Organizational Involvement in Boston." City & Community 12, no. 3 (September 2013): 187–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12028.

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We use unique data from the Boston Non–Profit Organizations Study, an innovative survey containing rich information on organizational participation across seven social domains in two Boston neighborhoods, to examine the relationship between ethnic diversity and participation in local organizations. In particular, we identify neighborhood–based social ties as a key mechanism mediating the initial negative association between diversity and participation. In contrast to previous work, we measure participation using both the domain–based and group–based approach, with the former approach uncovering a wider range of organizational connections that are often missed in the latter approach. We also investigate the relationship between interpersonal ties and organizational ties, documenting how primary involvement with an organization facilitates the development of further interpersonal ties and secondary forms of organizational involvement. We then discuss implications of our findings for urban poverty research.

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4

Tach, Laura M. "More than Bricks and Mortar: Neighborhood Frames, Social Processes, and the Mixed–Income Redevelopment of a Public Housing Project." City & Community 8, no. 3 (September 2009): 269–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2009.01289.x.

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Policy initiatives to deconcentrate poverty through mixed–income redevelopment were motivated in part by the desire to reduce social isolation and social disorganization in high–poverty neighborhoods. This article examines whether the presence of higher–income neighbors decreased social isolation or improved social organization in a Boston public housing project that was redeveloped into a HOPE VI mixed–income community. Based on in–depth interviews and neighborhood observation, I find that it was the lower–income former public housing residents who were primarily involved in creating neighborhood–based social ties, providing and receiving social support, and enforcing social control within the neighborhood, rather than the higher–income newcomers. This variation in neighborhood engagement stemmed from the different ways that long–term and newer residents perceived and interpreted their neighborhood surroundings. These differences were generated by residents’ comparisons of current and past neighborhood environments and by neighborhood reputations. Residents’ perceptions of place may thus influence whether mixed–income redevelopment can reduce social isolation and improve social organization in high–poverty neighborhoods and, more generally, whether changes in neighborhood structural characteristics translate into changes in social dynamics.

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5

Skogan, Wesley G. "Communities, Crime, and Neighborhood Organization." Crime & Delinquency 35, no. 3 (July 1989): 437–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128789035003008.

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It is widely believed that voluntary action by neighborhood residents can play an important role in maintaining order. However, the ability of individuals to act in defense of their community is constrained by the opportunities for action that are available to them. Participation in collective efforts against crime is confined to places where the existence of local organizations makes that possible. The distribution of group activity across the metropolitan landscape thus defines the “opportunity structure” for local collective action. This article examines the impact of serious crime, the economic and social resources residents have to draw upon to deal with neighborhood problems, and their characteristic relationships with the police, upon those opportunities to participate in organized efforts to combat crime.

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6

Sharp, Gregory. "Eclipsing Community? Neighborhood Disadvantage, Social Mechanisms, and Neighborly Attitudes and Behaviors." City & Community 17, no. 3 (September 2018): 615–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12327.

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This study investigates how objective neighborhood characteristics influence attitudinal and behavioral dimensions of community social organization. Grounded in ecological and neighborhood effects traditions, I extend prior inquiries by adjudicating the social mechanisms that link neighborhood disadvantage with residents’ satisfaction and neighboring. Results from longitudinal data from the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey indicate that the neighborhood disadvantage perspective garners support when considering neighborhood satisfaction, while the systemic model marshals support for informal neighboring. Consistent with the local danger model, experiencing fearful feelings toward the neighborhood is detrimental to both satisfaction and neighboring. In addition, a cumulative disadvantage effect exists whereby individuals who live in highly disadvantaged areas and perceive the neighborhood as dangerous exhibit the highest levels of dissatisfaction. Having friendship ties living nearby buffers the impact of fear on neighborhood satisfaction, while being socially isolated exacerbates feelings of local danger. These findings suggest that community investment initiatives could mitigate the factors contributing to disadvantaged neighborhoods and foster local satisfaction and engagement as a result.

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7

Browning, Christopher R., Catherine A. Calder, Brian Soller, Aubrey L. Jackson, and Jonathan Dirlam. "Ecological Networks and Neighborhood Social Organization." American Journal of Sociology 122, no. 6 (May 2017): 1939–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/691261.

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8

Li, Yuhui. "Neighborhood Organization and Local Social Action:." Journal of Community Practice 3, no. 1 (July 10, 1996): 35–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j125v03n01_03.

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9

Zuraidah, Eva, and Jorddy Jorddy. "Planning for the Implementation of the Electronical Neighborhood Unit Application." SinkrOn 4, no. 1 (September 17, 2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33395/sinkron.v4i1.10136.

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Along with developments, times, digital technology is growing and all activities will be carried out online because it is considered more practical and fast, and saves time. A neighborhood association is a community organization consisting of several residents and heads of households who have family cards (KK) that are domiciled in the neighborhood (RT) in one environment. Activities in the neighborhood include taking care of the boarding house domicile (stay report), making an electronic letter of identity card to the neighborhood residents (RW), making a domicile letter and providing information to residents, making a death certificate, moving a house. Sometimes the activities in the neighborhood also require quite a long time and the process is less efficient. For this purpose, an e-government-based website was designed for the neighborhood of the neighborhood called the electronic neighborhood association (RT). Neighborhood association electronics (E-Rt) is a website that is intended for residents in the community, namely to access activities in neighborhood neighborhoods. Making E-RT using Php Mysql and using the waterfall methodology

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10

Manduca, Robert, and Robert J. Sampson. "Punishing and toxic neighborhood environments independently predict the intergenerational social mobility of black and white children." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 16 (April 1, 2019): 7772–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1820464116.

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We use data on intergenerational social mobility by neighborhood to examine how social and physical environments beyond concentrated poverty predict children’s long-term well-being. First, we examine neighborhoods that are harsh on children’s development: those characterized by high levels of violence, incarceration, and lead exposure. Second, we examine potential supportive or offsetting mechanisms that promote children’s development, such as informal social control, cohesion among neighbors, and organizational participation. Census tract mobility estimates from linked income tax and Census records are merged with surveys and administrative records in Chicago. We find that exposure to neighborhood violence, incarceration, and lead combine to independently predict poor black boys’ later incarceration as adults and lower income rank relative to their parents, and poor black girls’ teenage motherhood. Features of neighborhood social organization matter less, but are selectively important. Results for poor whites also show that toxic environments independently predict lower social mobility, as do features of social organization, to a lesser extent. Overall, our measures contribute a 76% relative increase in explained variance for black male incarceration beyond that of concentrated poverty and other standard characteristics, an 18% increase for black male income rank (70% for whites), and a 17% increase for teenage motherhood of black girls (40% for whites).

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11

Martin, Deborah G., and Steven R. Holloway. "Organizing Diversity: Scales of Demographic Change and Neighborhood Organizing in St Paul, MN." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 37, no. 6 (June 2005): 1091–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a36142.

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Neighborhood involvement in urban governance remains a pressing goal in an era of globalization. Cities have instituted a variety of structures to facilitate this involvement, including quasi-formal neighborhood or district councils. At the same time, urban populations are changing rapidly because of multiple dynamics operating at multiple scales. Immigration, for example, continues to transform inner-city neighborhoods despite the emergence of suburban immigrant enclaves. Existing research inadequately addresses the interaction between efforts to organize neighborhood political involvement and the dynamic nature of urban populations. We examine St Paul, Minnesota—a locale with a well-established neighborhood district-council system and a vibrant and rapidly growing immigrant community. Indeed, immigrants from Southeast Asia and East Africa are moving into neighborhoods that up until the early 1990s were predominantly white. Using a multimethod empirical analysis, we argue that the district-council system, while recognizing and empowering local-level organization, fails to provide adequate resources for neighborhoods to address social dynamics that operate at much broader scales. An index of ethnic and racial diversity computed with census data shows that St Paul experienced a significant overall increase in diversity during the 1990s. Although inner-city neighborhoods remained the most diverse, residential areas developed after World War 2 also diversified considerably. Interviews with neighborhood organizers based in part on tabular and cartographic displays revealed a wide variety of strategies and responses to changing ethnic and racial diversity. Predominant, however, was a mismatch between the scale at which demographic change occurs, and the scale of ‘neighborhood’ action embedded within the district-council system.

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12

Walton, Emily, and Mae Hardebeck. "MULTIETHNIC NEIGHBORHOODS ON THE GROUND." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 13, no. 2 (2016): 345–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x16000230.

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AbstractAs our nation and our neighborhoods increasingly diversify, we should understand how to sustain integrated communities that are equally beneficial for all residents. Though our policies encourage diversity as a theoretical social good, we actually know little about what happens on the ground in multiethnic neighborhoods. We conduct a comparative case study of the only two Boston neighborhoods to have maintained at least 10% representation of four racial and ethnic groups over the past two decades. Using survey data and ethnographic field observations, we examine residents’ experiences in these two consistently multiethnic, yet very different, neighborhoods. We find that neighborhood socioeconomic and racial inequality and disadvantage matter for residents’ access to neighborhood resources and constraints, and their perceptions of sense of community. Notably, in the highly unequal South End, Whites and homeowners have greater access to amenities and have higher perceptions of sense of community in comparison to racial and ethnic minorities and renters. Socioeconomic disadvantage matters in Fields Corner, as evidenced by lower overall perceptions of sense of community and greater exposure to safety concerns among all groups in this neighborhood compared to residents of the South End. In the end, we argue that having multiple groups simply sharing neighborhood space over a stable period is not enough to overcome the social problems associated with residential segregation and isolation. In order to support equitable neighborhood integration amid the changing face of diversity, we should take cues from “diverse by direction” neighborhood models that include active organization and coalition building among dissimilar racial and ethnic groups.

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13

Mulier, Filip, and Vladimir Cherkassky. "Self-Organization as an Iterative Kernel Smoothing Process." Neural Computation 7, no. 6 (November 1995): 1165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.1995.7.6.1165.

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Kohonen's self-organizing map, when described in a batch processing mode, can be interpreted as a statistical kernel smoothing problem. The batch SOM algorithm consists of two steps. First, the training data are partitioned according to the Voronoi regions of the map unit locations. Second, the units are updated by taking weighted centroids of the data falling into the Voronoi regions, with the weighing function given by the neighborhood. Then, the neighborhood width is decreased and steps 1, 2 are repeated. The second step can be interpreted as a statistical kernel smoothing problem where the neighborhood function corresponds to the kernel and neighborhood width corresponds to kernel span. To determine the new unit locations, kernel smoothing is applied to the centroids of the Voronoi regions in the topological space. This interpretation leads to some new insights concerning the role of the neighborhood and dimensionality reduction. It also strengthens the algorithm's connection with the Principal Curve algorithm. A generalized self-organizing algorithm is proposed, where the kernel smoothing step is replaced with an arbitrary nonparametric regression method.

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14

Essers, Jeroen, Wiggert A. van Cappellen, Arjan F. Theil, Ellen van Drunen, Nicolaas G. J. Jaspers, Jan H. J. Hoeijmakers, Claire Wyman, Wim Vermeulen, and Roland Kanaar. "Dynamics of Relative Chromosome Position during the Cell Cycle." Molecular Biology of the Cell 16, no. 2 (February 2005): 769–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e04-10-0876.

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The position of chromosomal neighborhoods in living cells was followed using three different methods for marking chromosomal domains occupying arbitrary locations in the nucleus; photobleaching of GFP-labeled histone H2B, local UV-marked DNA, and photobleaching of fluorescently labeled DNA. All methods revealed that global chromosomal organization can be reestablished through one cell division from mother to daughters. By simultaneously monitoring cell cycle stage in the cells in which relative chromosomal domain positions were tracked, we observed that chromosomal neighborhood organization is apparently lost in the early G1 phase of the cell cycle. However, the daughter cells eventually regain the general chromosomal organization pattern of their mothers, suggesting an active mechanism could be at play to reestablish chromosomal neighborhoods.

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15

Melvin, Patricia Mooney. "Changing Contexts: Neighborhood Definition and Urban Organization." American Quarterly 37, no. 3 (1985): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2712662.

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16

Sampson, Robert J., and Corina Graif. "Neighborhood Social Capital as Differential Social Organization." American Behavioral Scientist 52, no. 11 (May 22, 2009): 1579–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764209331527.

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17

Johnson, Bonnie J., and Germaine R. Halegoua. "Can Social Media Save a Neighborhood Organization?" Planning Practice & Research 30, no. 3 (May 27, 2015): 248–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2015.1051319.

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18

McGahey, Richard M. "Economic Conditions, Neighborhood Organization, and Urban Crime." Crime and Justice 8 (January 1986): 231–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/449124.

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19

Orta, David. "“Mexicans Built This Neighborhood!” Gentrification, Organizations, and the Role of Place-Based Identity in Latinx Chicago." Social Sciences 10, no. 8 (August 12, 2021): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10080304.

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This exploratory study draws on qualitative interviews to investigate respondents’ perspectives about gentrification in their Chicago neighborhood. Prior research has demonstrated that place-based networks are crucial for the well-being of low-income and immigrant urban residents. A parallel though a previously disparate thread of research discusses the negative impacts of gentrification on long-term residents. I find that residents underscore concerns about their neighborhood’s decreasing affordability, as well as the impending loss of their neighborhood’s local Latinx immigrant identity, as central issues for their community. For residents, “place”, vis-á-vis the neighborhood identity, was central to their own construction of ethnic identity. Concurrently, I find that community organizers viewed place-based changes associated with gentrification as nonstrategic for their organization, whose operations have evolved “beyond the neighborhood”, and endeavor to meet the needs of low-income ethnic Latinx populations across the metropolitan region. I conclude that scholars of both ethnic identity and those studying urban inequalities may benefit from taking a place-centered approach in addressing the gentrification, community organizing, and residential displacement occurring within Latinx communities.

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20

Warner, Barbara D., and Mark T. Berg. "Beyond Their Absence: Male Intergenerational Social Ties and Community Informal Social Control." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 57, no. 5 (January 22, 2020): 535–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427819900288.

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Objective: Examine the degree to which adult male social ties with neighborhood youth, or intergenerational ties, increase the perceived willingness of residents to engage in the informal social control of children. Method: Survey data from approximately 2,200 residents in 64 neighborhoods along with neighborhood census variables are used to examine the effects of male intergenerational social ties with youth on informal social control. Multilevel linear regression equations adjust for measures of social ties, social cohesion and trust, lagged official crime rates, and the proportion of residents that are males. Results: Male intergenerational social ties with youth are found to be an important and unique source of informal social control of children net of other forms of neighborhood social organization, and informal social control of children is shown to decrease neighborhood crime rates. Conclusions: This study provides support for assumptions implied in the urban underclass and social disorganization literatures regarding the positive role of male ties (outside of the family) in collective crime prevention capacity.

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21

Williams, Olivia R. "Community control as a relationship between a place-based population and institution: The case of a community land trust." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 33, no. 5 (July 12, 2018): 459–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269094218786898.

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Community control is a concept used to identify and promote efforts at collective resource ownership as a response to heightened inequality and capital mobility. The term has been used widely in political and theoretical discourses since the 1960s, but there is no clear consensus on its definition or the practical possibilities of how it can be actualized, particularly in the contemporary era of neoliberal fiscal austerity. In this paper, a case study of Rondo Community Land Trust in Saint Paul, MN is used to theorize community control as an interaction between a place-based population and an institution with authority over a shared resource. The Rondo neighborhood’s history of displacement, impending threat of gentrification, and civic leadership inspired visions for a commercial land trust development by a neighborhood leader. Rondo Community Land Trust’s history as a neighborhood-based organization, its participatory board structure, and its need for organizational diversification, and relationships with funders and other nonprofit groups made it a receptive vehicle for the proposal. The resulting “community control” of the project development was a collaboration between Rondo Community Land Trust and a group of neighborhood property owners. Neighborhood residents favored their commercial land trust proposal over a developer-led proposal for the same lot. If the neighborhood residents had been more broadly mobilized, the level of community control may have been more participatory, but Rondo Community Land Trust’s capacity to initiate community organizing was limited, so the resulting community control was driven by key leaders in the neighborhood with the support of Rondo Community Land Trust.

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22

Swaroop, S., and J. D. Morenoff. "Building Community: The Neighborhood Context of Social Organization." Social Forces 84, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 1665–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sof.2006.0058.

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23

Dosh, Paul. "Tactical Innovation, Democratic Governance, and Mixed Motives: Popular Movement Resilience in Peru and Ecuador." Latin American Politics and Society 51, no. 1 (2009): 87–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2009.00041.x.

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AbstractUrban popular movements that organize illegal land invasion communities present an intriguing puzzle. When most invasion organizations acquire land titles, their participation levels plummet and their agendas stagnate; yet some neighborhoods achieve land titles, sustain high participation, and acquire other services, such as piped-in water. Why do these organizations achieve movement resilience? The more typical trajectory of movement collapse is explained by the disappearance of the key selective incentive, property security. Some organizations, however, evade this “security trap” through mixed motives: their basic material agenda is supplemented by a nonmaterial and often altruistic agenda, which sustains participation in the face of reduced selective incentives. Examining three neighborhood case studies in Lima and Quito, this article argues that a new, “innovator” type of invasion organization is more likely to exhibit sustained participation and movement resilience due to tactical innovation, democratic governance, and mixed motives.

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Aubert, Adriana, Bea Villarejo, Joan CabrÉ, and Tatiana Santos. "La Verneda-Sant Martí Adult School: A Reference for Neighborhood Popular Education." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 118, no. 4 (April 2016): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811611800402.

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Background/Context The Adult School of La Verneda-Sant Martí, located in Barcelona, Spain, is a reference at the international level because of its trajectory and its contributions to the transformative movement in democratic education. The school was created in 1978 to address the demands of the La Verneda neighborhood's working-class residents, who needed an adult school that could reverse the lack of academic education of neighborhood adults. This school builds on the precedents of popular education developed by the libertarian movement prior to the Franco dictatorship. Since its beginnings, the school has continuously taught people to read and write, helping adults obtain academic degrees that facilitated their labor insertion or promoted their access to university. The school's success is confirmed by the current data: It has approximately 2,000 participants, 5 workers, and 150 volunteers. The key to its success is an effective democratic organization and functioning as well as broad development of activities and an accessible schedule—the school is open Monday through Sunday, from 9 a.m. until 10 p.m.—that meets the real needs of neighborhood residents. The adult participants, together with the teachers and the volunteers, determine and organize the activities that will be conducted in the school. Purpose This article analyzes the democratic organization of this school and its relation to libertarian education in the early 20th century in Spain to investigate two research questions. First, what type of democratic organization and functioning is contributing to increasing the educational level and skills of nonacademic adults? Second, how does this organization contribute to the improvement of the quality of life achieved through the La Verneda neighborhood's movement? Research Design The article reviews the literature on libertarian education in Spain and addresses the Adult School of La Verneda-Sant Martí and Schools as Learning Communities. Additionally, other documents related to the history, activities, and functioning of this school and different types of documents about the neighborhood in which it is located are analyzed. Interviews with participants (this is how adult learners refer to themselves) and communicative observations in classrooms, assemblies, and meetings during the 2012–2013 school year were conducted to contrast with the information found in the internal documents of the school. Findings/Results Besides the documents found on the School foundation that made explicit the libertarian educational ideals, the study identified these principles in the whole evolution and success of the Adult School until the current time. Particularly, we identified three main results: (1) nonacademic adults take part in all of the decision-making processes; therefore, all activities reflect their interests and needs, increasing their educational level and skills; (2) the school is open to the community and has engaged many diverse people as volunteers who contribute to a broad and high-quality education; and (3) the democratic organization of libertarian origins has influence beyond the School walls: a neighborhood movement to improve the quality of life and the transformation of children's schools into Learning Communities. Conclusions/Recommendations This article concludes that the principles present in libertarian education in the early 20th century in Spain have been included in the organization and in the education provided by the Adult School of La Verneda-Sant Martí. These principles are contributing to increasing the educational level and skills of nonacademic adults as well as improving the quality of life achieved through the La Verneda neighborhood's movement. Future research should focus on how this school model has been transferred to other schools and how it influenced the work of the teachers.

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FAGAN, JEFFREY. "Neighborhood Education, Mobilization, and Organization for Juvenile Crime Prevention." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 494, no. 1 (November 1987): 54–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716287494001006.

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26

V. "Factors Influencing Commitment of Volunteers' in Neighborhood Watch Organization." Journal of Social Sciences 7, no. 4 (April 1, 2011): 569–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/jssp.2011.569.574.

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27

Zitcer, Andrew, and Richardson Dilworth. "Grocery Cooperatives as Governing Institutions in Neighborhood Commercial Corridors." Urban Affairs Review 55, no. 2 (May 18, 2017): 558–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078087417709999.

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We explore cooperatives’ potential to play governing roles in neighborhood commercial corridors (NCCs) by examining one grocery cooperative in Philadelphia that has had stores on three NCCs in the city. We distinguish between an anchor institution role, where one organization provides collective goods for the corridor, and governance, where multiple corridor stakeholders collectively provide goods. We conclude that a cooperative will more likely play a governance role if it enters an NCC at a point when there are no other potential corridor-governing organizations, and when the NCC itself is at an early stage of development or redevelopment. What this suggests more generally about NCCs is that the organizations present at their founding or at a critical juncture have a large impact on their future developmental trajectories. We argue further that a cooperative is more likely to play a governance role when it was created by neighborhood stakeholders and it thus reflects the distinct social norms of the neighborhood.

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Klein, Sacha. "The Availability of Neighborhood Early Care and Education Resources and the Maltreatment of Young Children." Child Maltreatment 16, no. 4 (November 2011): 300–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077559511428801.

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Using Census and administrative data for 2052 Census tracts in a large urban county, this study explores the relationship between several indicators of social organization and neighborhood rates of child maltreatment for 0- to 5-year-olds. Spatial regression models demonstrate that neighborhoods with a higher percentage of 3- and 4-year-olds attending preschool or nursery school, both locally and in adjacent neighborhoods, had lower rates of early maltreatment referrals and substantiations. Neighborhoods with more licensed child care spaces relative to child care need, as defined by the number of 0- to 5-year-old in the neighborhood with working parents, had lower rates of early child maltreatment referrals. However, neighborhoods with a greater spatial density of child care center spaces, defined as the number of licensed child care center spaces or “slots” per square mile, had higher rates of early child maltreatment referrals. Neighborhoods characterized by concentrated socioeconomic disadvantage, inadequate resources for informal child supervision, and ethnic heterogeneity experienced higher rates of early child maltreatment referrals and substantiations, while neighborhoods with larger concentrations of affluent residents and immigrants experienced lower rates. These results point to the importance of community context in understanding child maltreatment risk. They also suggest that early care and education resources may deserve special attention when developing community-based prevention programs to reduce the maltreatment of young children.

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Lackey, Jill, Peter Aumann, and Mary Roffers. "Building an Organization to Practice Anthropology: Process and Challenges." Practicing Anthropology 25, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.25.2.g33229525270r68k.

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Urban Anthropology Inc. was founded three and one-half years ago as a nonprofit membership organization to practice anthropology in urban areas in southeastern Wisconsin. The projects that have been funded and implemented by UrbAn since our founding fall under three categories. The first is an umbrella program called Milwaukee History-Up Close and Personal. Under this program, UrbAn personnel conduct a series of ethnographic studies on local cultural groups in Milwaukee, then summarize these in professional-quality documentaries. These videos then act as centerpieces for programs on local cultural history offered through Marquette University and several community-based organizations in Milwaukee. The second program category is our Neighborhood Building effort. Under this umbrella, UrbAn personnel work with local organizations to develop neighborhood oral histories, community gardens, nature/ecology programs, and public squares for social and cultural programming. The third umbrella category is our Working Anthropologists effort. Here we work with local universities, businesses, and community organizations to promote the benefits that anthropologists can bring to the community. Our goals under the latter project are both to increase job opportunities for anthropologists locally and to increase the beneficial practices of anthropology in southeastern Wisconsin.

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Morrisette, Michele L., and Judith A. Gierut. "Lexical Organization and Phonological Change in Treatment." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 45, no. 1 (February 2002): 143–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2002/011).

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Word frequency and neighborhood density are properties of lexical organization that differentially influence spoken-word recognition. This study examined whether these same properties also affect spoken-word production, particularly as related to children with functional phonological delays. The hypothesis was that differential generalization would be associated with a word's frequency and its neighborhood density when manipulated as input in phonological treatment. Using a multiple baseline across subjects design, 8 children (aged 3;10 to 5;4) were randomly enrolled in 1 of 4 experimental conditions targeting errored sounds in high-frequency, low-frequency, high-density, or low-density words. Dependent measures were generalization of treated sounds and untreated sounds within and across manner classes as measured during and following treatment. Results supported a hierarchy of phonological generalization by experimental condition. The clinical implications lie in planning for generalization through the input presented in treatment. Theoretically, the results demonstrate that lexical organization of words in the mental lexicon interacts with phonological structure in learning.

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31

Manzanilla, Linda R. "Cooperation and tensions in multiethnic corporate societies using Teotihuacan, Central Mexico, as a case study." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 30 (March 16, 2015): 9210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1419881112.

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In this paper, I address the case of a corporate society in Central Mexico. After volcanic eruptions triggered population displacements in the southern Basin of Mexico during the first and fourth centuries A.D., Teotihuacan became a multiethnic settlement. Groups from different backgrounds settled primarily on the periphery of the metropolis; nevertheless, around the core, intermediate elites actively fostered the movement of sumptuary goods and the arrival of workers from diverse homelands for a range of specialized tasks. Some of these skilled craftsmen acquired status and perhaps economic power as a result of the dynamic competition among neighborhoods to display the most lavish sumptuary goods, as well as to manufacture specific symbols of identity that distinguished one neighborhood from another, such as elaborate garments and headdresses. Cotton attire worn by the Teotihuacan elite may have been one of the goods that granted economic importance to neighborhood centers such as Teopancazco, a compound that displayed strong ties to the Gulf Coast where cotton cloth was made. The ruling elite controlled raw materials that came from afar whereas the intermediate elite may have been more active in providing other sumptuary goods: pigments, cosmetics, slate, greenstone, travertine, and foreign pottery. The contrast between the corporate organization at the base and top of Teotihuacan society and the exclusionary organization of the neighborhoods headed by the highly competitive intermediate elite introduced tensions that set the stage for Teotihuacan’s collapse.

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Flippen, Chenoa. "Neighborhood Transition and Social Organization: The White to Hispanic Case." Social Problems 48, no. 3 (August 2001): 299–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sp.2001.48.3.299.

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El-Askari, Galen, Julie Freestone, Chicky Irizarry, Karen L. Kraut, Susan T. Mashiyama, Mary Anne Morgan, and Sheryl Walton. "The Healthy Neighborhoods Project: A Local Health Department's Role in Catalyzing Community Development." Health Education & Behavior 25, no. 2 (April 1998): 146–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109019819802500204.

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Studies show that community development approaches to health education may lead not only to improved social, economic, and health status but also to increased individual participation in health education and preventive health care activities. However, because of categorical funding restraints and philosophical issues, local health departments have rarely given control of defining project outcomes to the community. One such project was in a low-income urban neighborhood in the San Francisco Bay Area. In this Healthy Neighborhoods Project, the health department catalyzed community development and organization in a multiethnic public housing complex. As a result, an empowered community successfully advocated to improve public safety by installing street speed humps and increased street lighting. After project completion, residents initiated several additional health actions, including the removal of a neighborhood tobacco billboard. This article describes the project, which may serve as a model for other urban public health programs to explore their role in community empowerment.

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Elwood, Sarah A. "GIS Use in Community Planning: A Multidimensional Analysis of Empowerment." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 34, no. 5 (May 2002): 905–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a34117.

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A growing body of research examining the social and political implications of geographic information systems (GIS) considers the extent to which the use of this technology may empower or disempower different actors and institutions. However, these studies have tended not to articulate a clear conceptualization of empowerment. Thus, in this paper, I develop a multidimensional conceptual framework for assessing empowerment (and disempowerment), and employ it in examining the impacts of GIS use by community-based organizations engaged in urban planning and neighborhood revitalization. Drawing on a case study conducted with a Minneapolis, Minnesota, neighborhood organization, I show how this multidimensional framework fosters a more complete analysis of empowerment, and therefore, development of a more detailed explanation of the impacts of this new technology.

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35

Cusenza, Simone. "Organizing to reduce neighborhood alcohol problems: a frontline account." Contemporary Drug Problems 25, no. 1 (March 1998): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145099802500105.

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A brief account is given of community organization to control alcohol problems in the Parkdale neighborhood of Toronto. Appended are two products of this work: the contents of a booklet produced to help residents deal with problem bars and the text of a Toronto City Council resolution on neighborhood rights in liquor license applications.

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HUDZELIAK, Iryna. "TRANSFORMATION OF SINGLE-FAMILY RESIDENTIAL ZONE OF LVIV (THE CASE OF KOZELNYKY NEIGHBORHOOD)." Ekonomichna ta Sotsialna Geografiya, no. 86 (2021): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2413-7154/2021.86.6-15.

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The single-family residential zone occupies an important place in the geospatial organization of the city of Lviv. According to the genesis, there are three types of single-family residential zone - former villages, which entered the administrative boundaries of the city in the 20th century; specially planned neighborhoods of single-family residence for different social groups of the population; small plots of single-family residence in the central part of the city in areas with a significant difference in height. The spatial transformation of Kozelnyky began in the 1860s with the construction of the railway and led to the loss of part of the agricultural land and several residential neighborhoods. Joining Lviv in 1959 radically changed the geospatial organization of Kozelnyky. Industrial construction and the construction of city roads through the village contributed to the emergence of internal barriers, which, consequently, increased social isolation within the neighborhood. In present, Kozelnyky is a buffer between the southern industrial zone and the new Sykhiv residential district. The neighborhood of Kozelnyky has stable borders, except for the south-eastern outskirts, where the construction of multi-storey buildings is the most intensive. Planning features of privatized land plots and narrow streets inhibit the penetration of urban architectural forms into rural construction. Construction compaction is mainly done by erecting annexes or new buildings on smallholdings without sharing them. The population of Kozelnyky is about 1163 people, most of them are descendants of Ukrainians deported from Poland. The transformation of the social structure is mainly due to the change of generations with minimal migration. The specific social structure, hybrid features of everyday life and sustainable attitudes of most people to preserve the existing way of life will further slow down the spatial transformation and contribute to the preservation of the rural cultural landscape of the neighborhood. The most acute problems of the neighborhood are: mostly dirt roads, lack of social facilities, in many households - centralized water supply and sewerage. Solving these problems requires significant investments and purposeful urban planning decisions that will facilitate the integration of the single-family residential zone into the urban environment. The abandoned area with technical water settlers may in the future be turned into a recreational zone for the residents of Kozelnyky district and the adjacent multi-storey buildings.

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Chen, Fei-Lin. "A Community Policing Project in Taiwan: The Developments, Challenges, and Prospects of Neighborhood Watch." Chinese Public Administration Review 12, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 99–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153967542101200201.

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Neighborhood Watch is a community crime prevention program organized mainly by local residents to maintain order and deter crime. Neighborhood Watch is an important element of community policing in Taiwan. Relying on previous research, this study illustrates the implementation process of Neighborhood Watch in Taiwan. Starting in the 1970s, Neighborhood Watch in Taiwan evolved through several stages, shifting from a focus on moral alignment to community building and crime prevention. The central pillar of Neighborhood Watch is civilian patrol groups commonly organized by either the government at all levels as part of their civilian defense scheme or neighborhood patrol squads staffed by local volunteers. The organization and resources associated with Neighborhood Watch elucidate the government's intention to integrate the program into community policing as an effective tool for building community safety and strengthening crime prevention. It is reasonable to predict that the Taiwan government and police are likely to continue their support for the operation of Neighborhood Watch as part of collective efforts to build healthy and safe communities.

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Muramatsu, kenji, and Yosuke Mano. "A Study on Process of Transition from Traditional Neighborhood Organization to Neighborhood Association (cho-kai) in Tokyo Area." Journal of the City Planning Institute of Japan 43.3 (2008): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.11361/journalcpij.43.3.181.

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39

Muramatsu, kenji, and Yosuke Mano. "A Study on Process of Transition from Traditional Neighborhood Organization to Neighborhood Association (cho-kai) in Tokyo Area." Journal of the City Planning Institute of Japan 43 (2008): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11361/cpij1.43.0.31.0.

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40

Hwang, Jae-young. "The Community Compact and Neighborhood Organization of Sunchang-gun in 1893." Journal of Korean History 192 (March 31, 2021): 205–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31791/jkh.2021.03.192.205.

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41

Bestor, Theodore C. "Tradition and Japanese Social Organization: Institutional Development in a Tokyo Neighborhood." Ethnology 24, no. 2 (April 1985): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3773554.

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42

Roblin, Douglas W. "Validation of a Neighborhood SES Index in a Managed Care Organization." Medical Care 51, no. 1 (January 2013): e1-e8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0b013e3182349b97.

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43

Gilster, Megan E., and Cristian L. Meier. "Formal and Informal Neighborhood Social Organization: Which Promotes Better Resident Health?" Health & Social Work 41, no. 3 (May 30, 2016): 182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hsw/hlw024.

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44

Browning, Christopher R., and Matisa Olinger-Wilbon. "Neighborhood Structure, Social Organization, and Number of Short-Term Sexual Partnerships." Journal of Marriage and Family 65, no. 3 (August 2003): 730–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00730.x.

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45

Flanagan, John A. "Self-organization in the one-dimensional SOM with a decreasing neighborhood." Neural Networks 14, no. 10 (December 2001): 1405–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0893-6080(01)00110-1.

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46

Hertting, Nils. "Neighborhood network governance, ethnic organization, and the prospects for political integration." Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 24, no. 2 (April 7, 2009): 127–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10901-009-9136-2.

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47

Levine, Jeremy R., Theodore S. Leenman, Carl Gershenson, and David M. Hureau. "Political Places: Neighborhood Social Organization and the Ecology of Political Behaviors." Social Science Quarterly 99, no. 1 (February 9, 2017): 201–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12352.

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Mastan Vali, Shaik, and P. Sujatha. "Multidimensional Data Analysis of Location Based Social Network." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.36 (December 9, 2018): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.36.24534.

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Long range interpersonal communication benefits gather data on clients' social contacts, make an expansive interrelated informal organization, and open to clients how they are connected to others in the system. The basic of an OSN contains of customized client profiles, which for the most part encase interests (e.g. bought in intrigue gatherings), perceiving data (e.g. name and photograph), and individual contacts (e.g. rundown of connected clients, alleged "companions"). The ability to accumulate and inspect such information conveys particular chances to perceive the central belief systems of interpersonal organizations, their creation, movement and attributes. These sorts of informal communities are classified to be specific scholarly, general and area based interpersonal organizations. In this paper, we concentrated on the area based interpersonal organizations. Here, we investigations the diverse kinds of information that utilizations in area based interpersonal organizations and furthermore examine the effect of online datasets on neighborhood based interpersonal organization.

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Thompson, Amy E., John P. Walden, Adrian S. Z. Chase, Scott R. Hutson, Damien B. Marken, Bernadette Cap, Eric C. Fries, et al. "Ancient Lowland Maya neighborhoods: Average Nearest Neighbor analysis and kernel density models, environments, and urban scale." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 2, 2022): e0275916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275916.

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Many humans live in large, complex political centers, composed of multi-scalar communities including neighborhoods and districts. Both today and in the past, neighborhoods form a fundamental part of cities and are defined by their spatial, architectural, and material elements. Neighborhoods existed in ancient centers of various scales, and multiple methods have been employed to identify ancient neighborhoods in archaeological contexts. However, the use of different methods for neighborhood identification within the same spatiotemporal setting results in challenges for comparisons within and between ancient societies. Here, we focus on using a single method—combining Average Nearest Neighbor (ANN) and Kernel Density (KD) analyses of household groups—to identify potential neighborhoods based on clusters of households at 23 ancient centers across the Maya Lowlands. While a one-size-fits all model does not work for neighborhood identification everywhere, the ANN/KD method provides quantifiable data on the clustering of ancient households, which can be linked to environmental zones and urban scale. We found that centers in river valleys exhibited greater household clustering compared to centers in upland and escarpment environments. Settlement patterns on flat plains were more dispersed, with little discrete spatial clustering of households. Furthermore, we categorized the ancient Maya centers into discrete urban scales, finding that larger centers had greater variation in household spacing compared to medium-sized and smaller centers. Many larger political centers possess heterogeneity in household clustering between their civic-ceremonial cores, immediate hinterlands, and far peripheries. Smaller centers exhibit greater household clustering compared to larger ones. This paper quantitatively assesses household clustering among nearly two dozen centers across the Maya Lowlands, linking environment and urban scale to settlement patterns. The findings are applicable to ancient societies and modern cities alike; understanding how humans form multi-scalar social groupings, such as neighborhoods, is fundamental to human experience and social organization.

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Li, Yonghui, and Yanling Xu. "A Study on Landscape VR Design of Special Neighborhood Based on Traditional Culture." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (July 12, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7596883.

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The characteristic neighborhoods with traditional culture fully reflect the city’s history and culture while carrying urban life. The essence of the regional culture is transformed into the unique symbolic elements of the city. The focuses of landscape renovation design of characteristic neighborhoods are to refine regional cultural symbols, maintain the spirit of neighborhood places, carry forward historical and traditional cultural characteristics, and enhance people’s perception of traditional culture through scientific and systematic organization and planning. This paper fuses virtual objects with real entities. This technology is aimed at providing a brand-new transformation method for construction personnel in the digital transformation of IoTs. From the perspective of the construction site application of the entire landscape design, in the process of continuous development and testing of the software, it provides a large key technology research, which provides the key for the actual construction use requirements and related technical requirements of virtual reality technology. This paper mainly analyzes the main application of virtual reality and IOTs in the digital transformation of IoTs.

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