Готові списки джерел за темами / Neighborhood framework

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Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 8 червня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Neighborhood framework":

1

Aslani, Fereshteh, Kambod Amini Hosseini, and Alireza Fallahi. "A framework for earthquake resilience at neighborhood level." International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 11, no. 4 (April 13, 2020): 557–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-12-2019-0082.

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Purpose Despite long decades of research studies in the field of urban neighborhood resilience, there are still some unknown dimensions. In this regard, the study aims to develop a new framework for assessment of physical and social resilience at neighborhood level against earthquake. Design/methodology/approach Accordingly, first all indicators affecting earthquake resilience at neighborhood level have been determined. Subsequently, they have been weighted and prioritized, using analytical hierarchy process technique. One of the neighborhoods of Tehran city in Iran was selected for the case study. Then, four criteria of “robustness,” “redundancy,” “rapidity” and “resourcefulness” were considered as the basis for assessing neighborhood resilience. Findings It is shown that besides four well-known criteria, four other criteria including “adaptability,” “regularity,” “density” and “efficiency” should also be considered to assess earthquake resilience at neighborhood level. Therefore, a new framework is developed and formulated at this level. Paying attention to all eight criteria, the appropriate interventions to improve resiliency can be addressed. Practical implications This study proposes several practical approaches toward the more resilient neighborhoods against earthquakes. By considering the complexity and dynamic characteristics of earthquake resilience, it recommends the implementation of all resilience phases at every neighborhood to increase resilience. Originality/value This study proposes a framework in which in addition to physical and tangible indicators of resilience, non-physical and intangible ones are presented. Also, it is shown that besides well-known criteria, other criteria should also be considered using practical and community-based approaches.
2

Moghayedi, Alireza, Abid Mehmood, Kathy Michell, and Christiana Okobi Ekpo. "Modeling the Neighborhood Wellbeing of Townships in South Africa." Sustainability 15, no. 11 (May 24, 2023): 8542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15118542.

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Townships in South Africa are characterized by underdeveloped urban neighborhoods on the periphery of cities, where their inhabitants suffer from a poor quality of life. Given the relative lack of empirical research on the wellbeing of people living in townships in South Africa, this study attempts to fill the gap by understanding and modeling the relationships between household socioeconomic characteristics, housing and neighborhood conditions, and individual and community wellbeing to develop and empirically validate a neighborhood wellbeing framework. The hypothesized associations from the wellbeing framework were tested using 389 household interviews of the three largest townships in South Africa. The findings identify the challenges associated with adequate housing and lack of infrastructure in townships and how these affect the wellbeing of individuals and communities. The conclusion demonstrates how the neighborhood wellbeing framework, as an interdisciplinary approach, can improve the quality of life of inhabitants and communities in urban neighborhoods in general.
3

Kwok, Alan H., Julia Becker, Douglas Paton, Emma Hudson-Doyle, and David Johnston. "Stakeholders’ Perspectives of Social Capital in Informing the Development of Neighborhood-Based Disaster Resilience Measurements." Journal of Applied Social Science 13, no. 1 (February 15, 2019): 26–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1936724419827987.

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The cultivation of neighborhood-based social capital has gained significant attention in the disaster management sector in recent years as a means to increase community disaster resilience. However, within the sector, the concept of social capital remains unclear and its measurement is limited at the neighborhood level due to a focus on predominately top-down and quantitative approaches. By using a qualitative, inductive-driven approach, this paper proposes an integrated social capital measurement framework that combines qualitative and quantitative measures for evaluating levels of social capital in neighborhoods. Nine focus groups consisting of 58 participants across a range of socioeconomically and ethnically diverse urban neighborhoods in New Zealand and the United States were conducted. Three key themes were identified that relate to the formation, activation, and benefits of social capital resources: community demography, cultural influences on social support, and neighborhood governance. By synthesizing the study’s results and existing literature, this paper proposes a measurement framework that incorporates both quantitative indicators and contextual questions across six structural and four cognitive social capital domains. The framework can serve as a starting point for neighborhood stakeholders, emergency management practitioners, policymakers, and researchers to assess the resilience of neighborhoods and identify areas for improvement.
4

Li, Fuzhong, K. John Fisher, and Ross C. Brownson. "A Multilevel Analysis of Change in Neighborhood Walking Activity in Older Adults." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 13, no. 2 (April 2005): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.13.2.145.

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The article reports on a multilevel analysis conducted to examine change in neighborhood walking activity over a 12-month period in a community-based sample of 28 neighborhoods of 303 older adults age 65 and over. The study employed a multilevel (residents nested within neighborhoods) and longitudinal (4 repeated measures over 1 year) design and a multilevel analysis of change and predictors of change in neighborhood walking activity. Results indicated a significant neighborhood effect, with neighborhood-level walking characterized by a downward trajectory over time. Inclusion of baseline variables using selected perceived neighborhood-level social- and physical-environment measures indicated that neighborhoods with safe walking environments and access to physical activity facilities had lower rates of decline in walking activity. The findings provide preliminary evidence of neighborhood-level change and predictors of change in walking activity in older adults. They also suggest the importance of analyzing change in physical activity in older adults from a multilevel or macrolevel framework.
5

Witherspoon, Dawn P., Rebecca M. B. White, Mayra Y. Bámaca, Christopher R. Browning, Tamara G. J. Leech, Tama Leventhal, Stephen A. Matthews, et al. "Place‐Based Developmental Research: Conceptual and Methodological Advances in Studying Youth Development in Context." Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 88, no. 3 (November 12, 2023): 7–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mono.12472.

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AbstractScientists have, for some time, recognized that development unfolds in numerous settings, including families, schools, neighborhoods, and organized and unorganized activity settings. Since the turn of the 20th century, the body of mainstream neighborhood effects scholarship draws heavily from the early 20th century Chicago School of Sociology frameworks and have been situating development in neighborhood contexts and working to identify the structures and processes via which neighborhoods matter for a range of developmental outcomes, especially achievement, behavioral and emotional problems, and sexual activity. From this body of work, two new areas of developmental scholarship are emerging. Both areas are promising for advancing an understanding of child development in context. First, cultural‐developmental neighborhood researchers are advancing neighborhood effects research that explicitly recognizes the ways that racial, ethnic, cultural, and immigrant social positions matter for neighborhood environments and for youths' developmental demands, affordances, experiences, and competencies. This body of work substantially expands the range of developmental outcomes examined in neighborhood effects scholarship to recognize normative physical, emotional, cognitive, behavioral, social, and cultural competencies that have largely been overlooked in neighborhood effects scholarship that espoused a more color‐blind developmental approach. Second, activity space neighborhood researchers are recognizing that residential neighborhoods have important implications for broader activity spaces—or the set of locations and settings to which youth are regularly exposed, including, for example, schools, work, organized activities, and hang‐outs. They are using newer technologies and geographic frameworks to assess exposure to residential neighborhood and extra‐neighborhood environments. These perspectives recognize that time (i.e., from microtime to mesotime) and place are critically bound and that exposures can be operationalized at numerous levels of the ecological system (i.e., from microsystems to macrosystems). These frameworks address important limitations of prior development in context scholarship by addressing selection and exposure. Addressing selection involves recognizing that families have some degree of choice when selecting into settings and variables that predict families' choices (e.g., income) also predict development. Considering exposure involves recognizing that different participants or residents experience different amounts of shared and nonshared exposures, resulting in both under‐and over‐estimation of contextual effects. Activity space scholars incorporate exposure to the residential neighborhood environments, but also to other locations and settings to which youth are regularly exposed, like schools, after‐school settings, work, and hang‐outs. Unfortunately, the cultural‐development and activity space streams, which have both emerged from early 20th century work on neighborhood effects on development, have been advancing largely independently. Thus, the overarching aim of this monograph is to integrate scholarship on residential neighborhoods, cultural development, and activity spaces to advance a framework that can support a better understanding of development in context for diverse groups. In Chapters I and II we present the historical context of the three streams of theoretical, conceptual, and methodological research. We also advance a comprehensive cultural‐developmental activity space framework for studying development in context among children, youth, and families that are ethnically, racially, and culturally heterogeneous. This framework actively recognized diversity in ethnic, racial, immigrant, and socioeconomic social positions. In Chapters III–V we advance specific features of the framework, focusing on: (1) the different levels of nested and nonnested ecological systems that can be captured and operationalized with activity space methods, (2) the different dimensions of time and exposures or experiences that can be captured and operationalized by activity space methods, and (3) the importance of settings structures and social processes for identifying underlying mechanisms of contextual effects on development. Structures are setting features related to the composition and spatial arrangement of people and institutions (e.g., socioeconomic disadvantage, ethnic/racial compositions). Social processes represent the collective social dynamics that take place in settings, like social interactions, group activities, experiences with local institutions, mechanisms of social control, or shared beliefs. In Chapter VI, we highlight a range of methodological and empirical exemplars from the United States that are informed by our comprehensive cultural‐developmental activity space framework. These exemplars feature both quantitative and qualitative methods, including method mixing. These exemplars feature both quantitative and qualitative methods, including method mixing. The exemplars also highlight the application of the framework across four different samples from populations that vary in terms of race, ethnicity, gender, age, socioeconomic status (SES), geographic region, and urbanicity. They capture activity space characteristics and features in a variety of ways, in addition to incorporating family shared and nonshared activity space exposures. Finally, in Chapter VII we summarize the contributions of the framework for advancing a more comprehensive science of development in context, one that better realizes major developmental theories emphasizing persons, processes, contexts, and time. Additionally, we offer a place‐based, culturally informed developmental research agenda to meet the needs of an increasingly diverse population.
6

Lei, Man-Kit, Ronald L. Simons, Mary Bond Edmond, Leslie Gordon Simons, and Carolyn E. Cutrona. "The effect of neighborhood disadvantage, social ties, and genetic variation on the antisocial behavior of African American women: A multilevel analysis." Development and Psychopathology 26, no. 4pt1 (April 8, 2014): 1113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579414000200.

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AbstractSocial disorganization theory posits that individuals who live in disadvantaged neighborhoods are more likely to engage in antisocial behavior than are those who live in advantaged neighborhoods and that neighborhood disadvantage asserts this effect through its disruptive impact on social ties. Past research on this framework has been limited in two respects. First, most studies have concentrated on adolescent males. In contrast, the present study focused on a sample of adult African American females. Second, past research has largely ignored individual-level factors that might explain why people who grow up in disadvantaged neighborhoods often do not engage in antisocial behavior. We investigated the extent to which genetic variation contributes to heterogeneity of response to neighborhood conditions. We found that the impact of neighborhood disadvantage on antisocial behavior was mediated by neighborhood social ties. Further, the analysis indicated that the effects of neighborhood disadvantage and social ties on antisocial behavior were moderated by genetic polymorphisms. Examination of these moderating effects provided support for the differential susceptibility model of Gene × Environment. The effect of Gene × Neighborhood Disadvantage on antisocial behavior was mediated by the effect of Gene × Neighborhood Social Ties, providing support for an expanded view of social disorganization theory.
7

Weinmann, M., B. Jutzi, and C. Mallet. "Semantic 3D scene interpretation: A framework combining optimal neighborhood size selection with relevant features." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-3 (August 7, 2014): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-3-181-2014.

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3D scene analysis by automatically assigning 3D points a semantic label has become an issue of major interest in recent years. Whereas the tasks of feature extraction and classification have been in the focus of research, the idea of using only relevant and more distinctive features extracted from optimal 3D neighborhoods has only rarely been addressed in 3D lidar data processing. In this paper, we focus on the interleaved issue of extracting relevant, but not redundant features and increasing their distinctiveness by considering the respective optimal 3D neighborhood of each individual 3D point. We present a new, fully automatic and versatile framework consisting of four successive steps: (i) optimal neighborhood size selection, (ii) feature extraction, (iii) feature selection, and (iv) classification. In a detailed evaluation which involves 5 different neighborhood definitions, 21 features, 6 approaches for feature subset selection and 2 different classifiers, we demonstrate that optimal neighborhoods for individual 3D points significantly improve the results of scene interpretation and that the selection of adequate feature subsets may even further increase the quality of the derived results.
8

Awad, Zuhal Eltayeb. "Towards a Comprehensive Approach for Sustainable Neighborhood -The Sudanese Context." Journal of Sustainable Development 15, no. 6 (November 14, 2022): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v15n6p79.

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This paper analyzed the main factors of sustainable neighborhoods to evaluate some of the residential neighborhoods in Sudan. The main objective of this study is to highlight the importance of a comprehensive framework for assessing sustainable neighborhood developments in Sudan. Four neighborhoods in Khartoum city were selected as case study areas with socio-spacial diversity. The analysis of the neighborhoods was based on land-use profile and field observations compared with UN-Habitat principles of the sustainable neighborhood which include: the design of street networks, high density, mixed land-use, social mix, and limited land-use specialization. The research examined the current situation in these neighborhoods and their potential to become sustainable in the future. The paper found that these neighborhoods are not fully sustainable and self-contained each selected neighborhood has some sustainable principles. The analysis showed that other influential factors contributing to urban sustainability are ignored by UN-Habitat principles such as the planning pattern of the area and the inhabitants' way of living. The paper presents a comprehensive framework to assess sustainable development in neighborhoods that include in addition to the above-mentioned urban parameters other factors such as location and distance from the town center, isolation from workplaces, and accessibility to a higher level of social services.
9

Tayebi, Safiyeh, Saeed Esfandi, Sajedeh Bahraini Moqadam, and Ayyoob Sharifi. "Investigating the Role of Neighborhood Development Offices (NDOs) in the Resilience of Deteriorated Urban Neighborhoods against the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Empirical Study of Tehran, Using a Hybrid Balanced-Based Assessment Framework." Urban Science 6, no. 4 (November 2, 2022): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci6040077.

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This study aimed to develop a balanced-based assessment framework to evaluate the effectiveness of Neighborhood Development Offices’ (NDOs) actions in improving the resilience of Tehran’s deteriorated neighborhoods against the COVID-19 pandemic. For this purpose, considering the main missions of NDOs, 20 indicators were extracted from the literature and delivered to the offices and residents of target neighborhoods to prioritize them. Next, using a combination of the K-means clustering method and the balance-based conceptual model, the degree of balance between the measures taken by NDOs and residents’ needs in each neighborhood was determined. Finally, short-term actions (such as teaching health protocols, providing neighborhood services, and providing walking and cycling infrastructures) and long-term actions (developing public spaces, facilitating access to healthcare, and reducing social inequality) are suggested, which simultaneously promote balanced resilience against the COVID-19 pandemic and possible future pandemics in all aspects of NDOs’ missions. The framework presented in this research can also be used to evaluate and boost the resilience of other deteriorated neighborhoods with similar conditions.
10

Aliprantis, Dionissi. "Making Our Neighborhoods, Making Our Selves: A Review Essay." Journal of Economic Literature 61, no. 3 (September 1, 2023): 1172–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.20211563.

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This essay reviews Making Our Neighborhoods, Making Our Selves, in which George C. Galster provides an overview of the literatures on neighborhood formation and neighborhood effects. I see two clear ways that Making Our Neighborhoods will serve as a reference strengthening these literatures. Given the state of the literature on neighborhood effects, which is often still at the stage of testing the existence and magnitude of such effects, the author’s framework for classifying the types of heterogeneity we might observe in neighborhood effects will be a valuable tool for researchers. And since the literature on neighborhood formation approaches the issues from a disparate set of fields, the author’s presentation of individual actors shaping neighborhood dynamics while using ideas of equilibrium, belief formation, equity and efficiency, and unpriced externalities should help unify understanding of the economic approach to neighborhood formation. While the author certainly does not shy away from race, I argue that several parts of the presentation would be clearer if they were tied more directly to racial segregation. (JEL D62, D83, I31, J15, R23, R31, Z13)
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Статті в журналах Дисертації

Дисертації з теми "Neighborhood framework":

1

Arble, Nicholas H. "Neighborhood Conservation Districts within the Framework of Neighborhood Planning: The Case of the Cottage Home Neighborhood of Indianapolis, Indiana." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1275071583.

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2

DeSollar, Samuel Joseph. "A framework for community design : Worcester's Main South neighborhood." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/65702.

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Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1997.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 109-110).
Communities and the connections between them act as the foundation for the fabric of great cities. Suburbs were originally intended as a utopian alternative to crowded urban conditions. However, the current model of residential suburban development in the United States grows less affordable for many Americans, segregates private life to a realm exclusive of community and wastefully consumes material resources . While unchecked development diminishes the rural landscape, urban neighborhoods deteriorate, lacking the resources and amenities of new developments. The transformation of blighted urban neighborhoods into dense, mixed-use communities is a viable alternative to suburban sprawl. This thesis proposes to explore methods of configuring a community within an existing urban site: its streets, lots, and buildings; to conserve land and resources, make housing affordable for a wider range of incomes, and perpetuate a sense of individual identity and community vitality. The strategies explored will be developed into a series of guidelines or urban code for the site. Layout of streets, lots, buildings and open spaces will be determined for a small community. Guidelines will be established not only for housing within the project, but those services necessary to support a viable community: commercial centers, open space, and institutional facilities. These guidelines will allow development of the site at an architectural scale.
by Samuel Joseph DeSollar.
M.Arch.
3

Jeddi, Babak. "A coordinated energy management scheme in a residential neighborhood under given market framework." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/200710/1/Babak_Jeddi_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis proposes a computationally efficient home energy management system to optimize the electricity payment and improve the occupant's comfort degree by appropriately scheduling all devices of the home. It incorporates solar panels, battery systems, thermostatically controlled appliances, and deferrable appliances. Also, this thesis develops a coordinated framework for the operation of multiple home energy management systems in a residential neighborhood based on the optimal and secure operation of the grid. The coordinated load scheduling framework enables customers to cooperate to optimize energy consumption at the neighborhood level and prevents any limitation violation in the grid operational constraints.
4

Abumansoor, Osama. "A Design and Evaluation of a Secure Neighborhood Awareness Framework for Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31171.

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Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are envisioned to provide many road and safety applications that will improve drivers' awareness and enhance the driving experience. Many of proposed applications are location-based that depend on sharing the location information of vehicles and events among neighboring nodes. The location-based applications should provide vehicle operators with knowledge of the current surrounding conditions to help them make appropriate traveling decisions, such as avoiding traffic congestion. Drivers expect to receive accurate and reliable information from other vehicles. Therefore, securing localization service integrity is important to support a VANET's overall system reliability. In this thesis, we study the exchanged location information in VANETs and designed a framework to prevent potential security threats that will violate users' privacy and overcome limitations that can impact the exchanged data integrity and reliability. The solution developed a secure neighborhood awareness service and shared localization information management protocol in a VANET. The proposed framework is constructed through several components: (i) a location verification protocol that will secure location information by providing a non-line-of-sight (NLOS) verification protocol to overcome moving obstacle effects; (ii) privacy-preserving location information management to detect data inconsistency and provide a recovery process while preventing attackers from tracking individual vehicles; (iii) a trust model evaluation mechanism based on neighborhood awareness; (iv) an adaptive beacon protocol that will reduce the number of messages and provide quality of service(QoS) control for network managers and authorities. We also propose a security evaluation model that quantifies the security attributes for the localization service in a VANET. The model will help evaluate an integrated security measures that are provided by different components of the network services.
5

Wang, Nan. "A Framework of Transforming Vertex Deletion Algorithm to Edge Deletion Algorithm." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1504878748832156.

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6

Anderson, Alena. "On the Right Track: A Framework for Evaluating Commercial Corridor Revitalization in New Orleans." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2012. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1581.

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The purpose of this thesis is to provide leaders with a clear explanation of commercial corridor revitalization, standard for evaluation, and justification for the support of existing and future commercial corridor revitalization districts in New Orleans, LA. This thesis begins with a definition of commercial corridor revitalization and discussion of how it has been applied in New Orleans, LA. A standard framework for commercial corridor revitalization development and assessment is also established with several steps for implementation included. To test the feasibility, significance and relevance of the proposed framework, all of the steps mentioned were implemented in the New Orleans East Town Center Case Study. Key findings of this research may contribute to the providing a tool that evaluates criteria for evaluating city-wide policies to support the sustainability and vitality of existing and future commercial corridor revitalization districts in New Orleans, LA.
7

Conner, Eric. "Bringing live music to the main stage: a neighborhood analysis of music venues and their surrounding areas." Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/19073.

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Master of Regional and Community Planning
Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning
Huston Gibson
Often cities are in a perpetual struggle to increase or maintain community development within their districts; how can cities revitalize struggling neighborhoods? How can cities bring energy and life into portions of the downtown? How can cities encourage development for night-time destinations? There is no clear-cut answer to these questions, but this study will examine what amenities within districts may be in the presence of successful music venues. I will determine the district-based criteria for potential venue placement for success based on multiple case studies of different venues located within St. Louis, MO; Omaha, NE; and Indianapolis, IN as described in Yin’s Case Study Research (2009). These case studies will be compared using the community capital framework (Green & Haines, 2012) using a matrix based upon a) social, b) physical, c) financial, and d) cultural capitals. Each study will contain both qualitative and quantitative analysis in order to tell the story of each district for more comprehensive analysis.
8

Uysal, Mutlu. "A Hierarchical Object Localization And Image Retrieval Framework." Phd thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12607120/index.pdf.

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This thesis proposes an object localization and image retrieval framework, which trains a discriminative feature set for each object class. For this purpose, a hierarchical learning architecture, together with a Neighborhood Tree is introduced for object labeling. Initially, a large variety of features are extracted from the regions of the pre-segmented images. These features are, then, fed to the training module, which selects the "
best set of representative features"
, suppressing relatively less important ones for each class. During this study, we attack various problems of the current image retrieval and classification systems, including feature space design, normalization and curse of dimensionality. Above all, we elaborate the semantic gap problem in comparison to human visual system. The proposed system emulates the eye-brain channel in two layers. The first layer combines relatively simple classifiers with low level, low dimensional features. Then, the second layer implements Adaptive Resonance Theory, which extracts higher level information from the first layer. This two-layer architecture reduces the curse of dimensionality and diminishes the normalization problem. The concept of Neighborhood Tree is introduced for identifying the whole object from the over-segmented image regions. The Neighborhood Tree consists of the nodes corresponding to the neighboring regions as its children and merges the regions through a search algorithm. Experiments are performed on a set of images from Corel database, using MPEG-7, Haar and Gabor features in order to observe the power and the weakness of the proposed system. The "
Best Representative Features"
are found in the training phase using Fuzzy ARTMAP [1], Feature-based AdaBoost [2], Descriptor-based AdaBoost, Best Representative Descriptor [3], majority voting and the proposed hierarchical learning architecture. During the experiments, it is observed that the proposed hierarchical learning architecture yields better retrieval rates than the existing algorithms available in the literature.
9

Scott, Floy Odetta. "The influence of neighborhood, family, school, and student dimensions of social capital on academic achievement an integrated theoretical framework /." CONNECT TO THIS TITLE ONLINE, 2007. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-04302007-142743/.

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10

Kim, Jaecheol. "Innovation-diffusion processes in urban design movements: application of the model-prototype-adaptation framework to new urbanism and neighborhood development practices in Atlanta." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/37085.

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This dissertation investigates the transitions of urban design models in practice: the ways in which practitioners have adopted the urban design models and the factors that have influenced such adoption. In particular, this dissertation focused on the unexpected consequences of the adaptations of urban design models and distinguished these effects from those stemming from the inherent limitations of urban design models themselves. The major goal of this dissertation is to clarify the patterns of the transitions associated with urban design models in practice (particularly adaptation) to ensure a better understanding their impact on the urban environment. However, the transitions of urban design models in practice are complex phenomena that multiple actors with diverse interests have participated in and implemented numerous principles of the models over a long period of time and in diverse contexts. Therefore, to minimize such complexities while capturing important elements of the diffusion and adaptation processes, this dissertation presented a theoretical framework, the Model-Prototype-Adaptation (MPA) framework, based on recurring patterns of urban design movements. In the MPA framework, a "model" refers to an integrated set of urban design principles derived from a consensus of opinion of the enthusiastic proponents of an urban design movement; "prototypes" are projects developed by enthusiastic proponents who have strong commitment to the model and the movement; and "adaptations" are projects developed by eclectic followers who have weak commitment to the model and the movement and take advantage of the model for their interests and concerns. With these three key elements, the MPA framework hypothesizes two distinct transitions of urban design models in practice: "evolution," the developmental transition from old prototypes to new prototypes by enthusiastic proponents seeking to more effectively embody the model; and "divergence," a "watered down" application of the model in practice by eclectic followers responding to external factors such as market forces. This dissertation fleshed out the proposed basic MPA framework with historical reviews of the three urban design movements (Garden City, City Beautiful, and Modern) and a literature review of innovation-diffusion theories. In particular, the literature review focused on theories that present major factors influencing the adoption of innovations. The theories suggested that the ways in which adopters, who have different innovativeness and roles, perceive the attributes of innovations influence their decisions to adopt the innovations. In addition to the theoretical construction of the MPA framework, this dissertation presented a comparative case study with New Urbanist practices to test the MPA framework in a real world context. In particular, "divergence" of New Urbanism principles was examined specifically through a comparison of the six matched prototype-adaptation pairs of neighborhood developments in the Atlanta area. The case study first hypothesized three predictions about the perceptions and implementation of New Urbanism principles based on the MPA framework, that is, 1) enthusiastic proponents of New Urbanism perceive New Urbanism principles more positively than eclectic followers; 2) prototypes developed by enthusiastic proponents incorporate more New Urbanism principles and do so more thoroughly than adaptations developed by eclectic followers; and 3) New Urbanism principles that actors perceive more positively are implemented more often and more thoroughly. Data for the case study have been collected through interviews, surveys, field observations, planning documents, and local periodicals. The methods of analysis that were used in this study were pattern matching between predictions and observations, the explanation-building for the findings from pattern matching based on detailed contextual information derived from each case, and finally, cross-case synthesis. The comparative analysis showed that the case observations generally confirmed the three predictions. For example, among the New Urbanism principles, the "creation of an identifiable neighborhood" was perceived the most positively and also implemented the most often and thoroughly by both the enthusiastic proponents and the eclectic followers while "access to public transit" was perceived the least positively and implemented least often by both groups. In addition to the general confirmation of the three predictions, the analysis also revealed numerous unexpected findings, and efforts to build explanations for such findings based on the detailed contexts of each case yielded several important insights: the issue of compatibility between the thorough implementation of the New Urbanism model and the supply of affordable housing; the possibility of positive externalities from the proximity of prototypes to adaptations; two distinct flexibility arguments--flexibility for incremental accomplishment and that for contexts; the extent of public-private partnerships that broaden the influence of the New Urbanism principles beyond project boundaries; and communication problems between enthusiastic proponents and eclectic followers.
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Книги з теми "Neighborhood framework":

1

Bayer, Patrick J. A unified framework for measuring preferences for schools and neighborhoods. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.

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2

Balili, Alexandros. Spatial Disparities In Affordable Housing Development Across Local Geographies: Contextual Changes In The Urban Framework Of Housing And The Trajectory Of Affordable Housing Development Of Brooklyn As It Relates To Three Local Neighborhoods. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2020.

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3

Authority, Boston Redevelopment. The fenway/kenmore neighborhood: a framework for discussion. Draft. 1989.

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4

Authority, Boston Transportation. Transportation: a framework for improved access. 1986.

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5

Ezeh, Nkechy. Providing Hyper-Localized Early Childhood Programming: A Framework from the Early Learning Neighborhood Collaborative. Routledge, Chapman & Hall, Incorporated, 2023.

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6

Authority, Boston Redevelopment. Dudley interim briefing book prepared for the Roxbury neighborhood council: a framework for discussion. 1986.

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7

Neuberg, Steven L., and Andreana C. Kenrick. Discriminating Ecologies: A Life History Approach to Stigma and Health. Edited by Brenda Major, John F. Dovidio, and Bruce G. Link. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190243470.013.5.

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How does being discriminated against affect one’s health, and through what mechanisms? Most research has focused on two causal pathways, highlighting how discrimination increases psychological stress and exposure to neighborhood hazards. This chapter advances an alternative, complementary set of mechanisms through which stigma and discrimination may shape health. Grounded in evolutionary biology’s life history theory, the framework holds that discrimination alters aspects of the physical and social ecologies in which people live (e.g., sex ratio, unpredictable extrinsic causes of mortality). These discriminating ecologies pull for specific behaviors and physiological responses (e.g., risk-taking, sexual activity, offspring care, fat storage) that are active, strategic, and rational given the threats and opportunities afforded by these ecologies but that also have downstream implications for health. This framework generates a wide range of nuanced insights and unique hypotheses about the discrimination-health relationship, and suggests specific approaches to intervention while pointing to complex ethical issues.
8

Guizardi, Menara, and Silvina Merenson. Indians, Blacks and Morochos: Trajectories, Intersectionalities, and Class Frictions in a Neighborhood of Buenos Aires. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Institute for the Study of the Americas, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/9781469666457_guizardi.

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This book addresses the relationships between stratification and social mobilities in Argentina today, using an ethnographic study on class relations in the San Telmo neighborhood (located in the country’s capital, Buenos Aires). Relying on the extended case method, we narrate Ramiro’s life history. He is a worker who has lived in the neighborhood for forty years, striving to carve out his career through a network of micro- and macrosocial relationships that frame his daily conflicts. We start by synthesizing the debates on class internationally and in Argentina, establishing the study’s initial theoretical frameworks, and describing the methodology used. We then reconstruct Ramiro’s life, starting from his experiences in his home province of Tucumán and narrating his migration to and arrival in Buenos Aires, his settling in San Telmo, his labor insertion, and the class conflicts that he currently experiences. We conclude by presenting a tentative anthropological conceptualization of class.
9

Ellis, Steven J. R. The Roman Retail Revolution. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198769934.001.0001.

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Tabernae were ubiquitous among all Roman cities, lining the busiest streets and dominating their most crowded intersections, and in numbers not known by any other form of building. That they played a vital role in the operation of the city—indeed in the very definition of urbanization—is a point too often under-appreciated in Roman studies, or at best assumed. The Roman Retail Revolution is a thorough investigation into the social and economic worlds of the Roman shop. With a focus on food and drink outlets, and with a critical analysis of both archaeological material and textual sources, Ellis challenges many of the conventional ideas about the place of retailing in the Roman city. A new framework is forwarded, for example, to understand the motivations behind urban investment in tabernae. Their historical development is also unraveled to identify three major waves—or, revolutions—in the shaping of retail landscapes. Two new bodies of evidence underpin the volume. The first is generated from the University of Cincinnati’s recent archaeological excavations into a Pompeian neighborhood of close to twenty shop-fronts. The second comes from a field survey of the retail landscapes of more than a hundred cities from across the Roman world. The richness of this information, combined with an interdisciplinary approach to the lives of the Roman sub-elite, results in a refreshingly original look at the history of retailing and urbanism in the Roman world.
10

Biglan, Anthony. Coercion and Public Health. Edited by Thomas J. Dishion and James Snyder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324552.013.26.

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This book looks at the evidence of the effects of coercion on multiple psychological, behavioral, and health problems. It discusses these effects in the context of families, schools, communities, neighborhoods, and work sites. Then it provides the encouraging notion that treatment and prevention of coercion can exist within a public health framework. The chapter describes how public health principles can bolster existing knowledge about treatment and prevention to further expand efforts already in place to help reduce the prevalence of coercion. The chapter contains clearly defined steps to challenge researchers and policymakers to bring about the changes that can improve the emotional health of the nation as dramatically as the tobacco control movement affected smoking in this country.

Частини книг з теми "Neighborhood framework":

1

Schmid, Hillel. "Theoretical Framework." In Neighborhood Self-Management, 11–25. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1259-2_2.

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2

Zhang, Jijie, Yan Yang, Yong Liu, and Meng Han. "NE-WNA: A Novel Network Embedding Framework Without Neighborhood Aggregation." In Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases, 453–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26390-3_26.

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3

Uysal, Mutlu, and Fatos Yarman-Vural. "ORF-NT: An Object-Based Image Retrieval Framework Using Neighborhood Trees." In Computer and Information Sciences - ISCIS 2005, 595–605. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11569596_62.

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4

Rose, Daniel J., and Thomas P. Flynn. "Clues of Displacement: The Gentrification of Silver Hill." In Frontiers in Sociology and Social Research, 75–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11756-5_5.

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AbstractIn the United States, gentrification typically involves whites displacing African American, working-class communities. This work uses a political economy framework to better understand the clues displacement leaves behind. Specifically, this research investigates what happened to a former community in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, known as Silver Hill, which was an enclave of mostly African American residents founded in the late nineteenth century just west of the city. Through archival research and investigation of the remaining traces of the neighborhood, we develop a theory of spatial erasure that highlights how wealthy white communities that grew up around Silver Hill subsumed and eradicated it. Specifically, racial capitalism played a major role in the abuse and neglect of Silver Hill. The neighborhood became surrounded by wealthy white developments which cut off road access to their homes. Today, a cemetery, two houses, and a litany of historical records offer clues about what was once a thriving African American community. Additionally, descendants of the neighborhood’s residents provide key information about its life and death. We discuss the implications of examining this history, especially as it pertains to the collective remembrance of Silver Hill.
5

Mancini, Simona. "A New Large Neighborhood Search Based Matheuristic Framework for Rich Vehicle Routing Problems." In Computer Aided Systems Theory – EUROCAST 2015, 789–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27340-2_97.

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6

Chen, Tao, and Markus Schneider. "The Neighborhood Configuration Model: A Framework to Distinguish Topological Relationships between Complex Volumes." In Advances in Conceptual Modeling. Recent Developments and New Directions, 251–60. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24574-9_32.

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7

Fuller, Trevor K. "Mapping Environmental Justice: A Framework for Understanding Sustainability at the Neighborhood Scale in Indianapolis." In Urban Sustainability: Policy and Praxis, 201–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26218-5_13.

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8

Smmarwar, Santosh K., Govind P. Gupta, and Sanjay Kumar. "Malware Detection Framework Based on Iterative Neighborhood Component Analysis for Internet of Medical Things." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 98–106. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54547-4_8.

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9

Eeckhout, Bart, Rob Herreman, and Alexander Dhoest. "A Gay Neighborhood or Merely a Temporary Cluster of “Strange” Bars? Gay Bar Culture in Antwerp." In The Life and Afterlife of Gay Neighborhoods, 221–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66073-4_10.

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AbstractThis chapter investigates the historical permutations of those areas that come closest to qualifying as lesbian and gay neighborhoods in Antwerp, the largest city in Flanders (the northern, Dutch-speaking part of Belgium). Although Antwerp has come to be represented as the “gay capital” of Flanders, it never developed a full-fledged gay neighborhood in the Anglo-American tradition of the concept. The clustering of sexual minorities in the city has been limited largely to the economic, social, and cultural business of (nightlife) entertainment, with lesbian and gay meeting places historically concentrating in particular neighborhoods that, moreover, have shifted over time and dissipated again. The chapter’s fine-grained analysis intends to reveal geographic, social, and cultural specificities for which a more detailed understanding of both the Antwerp and the Belgian contexts is necessary. Its tripartite structure is shaped by the specific heuristic conditions set by it. Because the larger historical context for the investigated subject remains to be written, the chapter first undertakes a substantial and panoramic survey of the emergence of gay nightlife in Antwerp during the early half of the twentieth century. This provides the framework needed for a more detailed analysis in the second part, which zooms in on an area in the immediate vicinity of the Central Station and takes as its emblematic focus one sufficiently long-term and iconic gay bar, called Café Strange. Finally, the chapter zooms out again to sketch how even such a limited gay nightlife cluster in Antwerp has evaporated again in the course of the twenty-first century, leaving a landscape that is hard to map and largely virtual.
10

Patias, Nikos, Francisco Rowe, and Stefano Cavazzi. "A Scalable Analytical Framework for Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Neighborhood Change: A Sequence Analysis Approach." In Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography, 223–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14745-7_13.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Neighborhood framework":

1

Gao, Jiechao, Wenpeng Wang, Zetian Liu, Md Fazlay Rabbi Masum Billah, and Bradford Campbell. "Decentralized Federated Learning Framework for the Neighborhood." In SenSys '21: The 19th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3485730.3493450.

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2

Ho, Duy H., Raj Marri, Sirisha Rella, and Yugyung Lee. "DeepLite: Real-Time Deep Learning Framework for Neighborhood Analysis." In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bigdata47090.2019.9005651.

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3

Khan, Rabia, Naima Iltaf, Muhammad Umar Shafiq, Fawad Ur Rehman, and Obaidullah. "Metadata Based Cross-Domain Recommender Framework Using Neighborhood Mapping." In 2023 International Conference on Sustainable Technology and Engineering (i-COSTE). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i-coste60462.2023.10500780.

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4

Khan, Rabia, Naima Iltaf, Muhammad Umar Shafiq, Fawad ur Rehman, and Obaidullah. "Metadata based Cross-Domain Recommender Framework using Neighborhood Mapping." In 2023 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Computer Science and Data Engineering (CSDE). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csde59766.2023.10487686.

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5

Chen, Yang, Xin Yang, Jiani Zheng, and Wei Wang. "A Framework for Feature Construction Based on Neighborhood Rough Set." In 2021 16th International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Knowledge Engineering (ISKE). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iske54062.2021.9755319.

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6

Lin, Xuan, Zhe Quan, Zhi-Jie Wang, Tengfei Ma, and Xiangxiang Zeng. "KGNN: Knowledge Graph Neural Network for Drug-Drug Interaction Prediction." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/380.

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Drug-drug interaction (DDI) prediction is a challenging problem in pharmacology and clinical application, and effectively identifying potential DDIs during clinical trials is critical for patients and society. Most of existing computational models with AI techniques often concentrate on integrating multiple data sources and combining popular embedding methods together. Yet, researchers pay less attention to the potential correlations between drug and other entities such as targets and genes. Moreover, recent studies also adopted knowledge graph (KG) for DDI prediction. Yet, this line of methods learn node latent embedding directly, but they are limited in obtaining the rich neighborhood information of each entity in the KG. To address the above limitations, we propose an end-to-end framework, called Knowledge Graph Neural Network (KGNN), to resolve the DDI prediction. Our framework can effectively capture drug and its potential neighborhoods by mining their associated relations in KG. To extract both high-order structures and semantic relations of the KG, we learn from the neighborhoods for each entity in the KG as their local receptive, and then integrate neighborhood information with bias from representation of the current entity. This way, the receptive field can be naturally extended to multiple hops away to model high-order topological information and to obtain drugs potential long-distance correlations. We have implemented our method and conducted experiments based on several widely-used datasets. Empirical results show that KGNN outperforms the classic and state-of-the-art models.
7

Xie, Pingping, Wenlin Yan, Peizheng Xuan, Jizhong Zhu, Yang Wu, Xiufeng Li, and Jin Zou. "Conceptual Framework of Blockchain-based Electricity Trading for Neighborhood Renewable Energy." In 2018 2nd IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ei2.2018.8581887.

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8

Jayashree, L., and R. Sandanalakshmi. "Priority based routing framework for neighborhood area network in smart grid communication." In 2017 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Signal Processing and Networking (WiSPNET). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wispnet.2017.8300009.

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9

Xu, Yueshen, Jianwei Yin, and Wei Lo. "A Unified Framework of QoS-Based Web Service Recommendation with Neighborhood-Extended Matrix Factorization." In 2013 IEEE 6th International Conference on Service-Oriented Computing and Applications (SOCA). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/soca.2013.10.

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10

Holzer, Markus, Frank Schumacher, Ivan Flores, Thomas Greiner, and Wolfgang Rosenstiel. "A real time video processing framework for hardware realization of neighborhood operations with FPGAs." In 2011 21st International Conference Radioelektronika (RADIOELEKTRONIKA 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/radioelek.2011.5936393.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Neighborhood framework":

1

Caballero, Nicolas, Jessica Balest, Grazia Giacovelli, Tahmineh Akbarinejad, Gilles Desthieux, Matteo Formolli, Tobias Kristiansen, Gabriele Lobaccaro, Mark Snow, and Martin Thebault. An Integrated Framework for Stakeholder and Citizen Engagement in Solar Neighborhoods. IEA SHC Task 63, March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task63-2024-0001.

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This report proposes an integrated framework for stakeholder engagement in solar neighborhoods, informed by practical insights from behavioral science (a practice known as behavioral design). It includes insights from behavioral science and detail how their application can enrich participatory processes, contextualizing these insights to the case of solar neighborhood planning. A stakeholder ENGAGEment-behavioral Design framework (ENGAGED), was developed. This framework is intended to inform engagement processes in solar neighborhood planning and highlight how several phases in the development of a solar project can be informed by engagement activities and citizen participation.
2

Wilczynski, Eric. Solar Neighborhood Financing Mechanisms and Business Models. Edited by Maria Wall. IEA SHC Task 63, March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task63-2024-0002.

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Since solar neighborhoods often span multiple land use spaces, local community members are key stakeholders in these developments. As such, involving the community can help promote and accelerate the investment and dissemination of these developments. In doing so, certain solar neighborhood business models can include individuals who otherwise cannot gain direct benefits from solar projects due to not having the ability to purchase their own solar equipment. Within the framework of IEA SHC Task 63, business models were developed to be flexible in terms of who sponsors the project versus who ultimately owns/hosts the completed development. This allows for models where community members can be involved in some way - either as sponsors of the project or as part of a customer base leasing or subscribing to the project's output.
3

Talamas Marcos, Miguel Ángel. Preliminary Evidence of Surviving Competition: Neighborhood Shops vs. Convenience Chains. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004453.

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Hundreds of millions of microenterprises in emerging economies face increased competition from the entry and expansion of large firms that offer similar products. This paper studies how one of the worlds most prevalent microenterprises, neighborhood shops, confront competition from convenience chains (e.g., 7-Eleven) in Mexico. To address the endogeneity in time and location of chains store openings, I pair two-way fixed effects with a novel instrument that, at the neighborhood level, shifts the profitability of chains but not of shops. An expansion from zero to the average number of chain stores in a neighborhood reduces the number of shops by 16%. Consistent with the theoretical framework, this reduction is not driven by an increase in shop exit but by a decrease in shop entry. Shops retain their sales of fresh products and 96% of their customers, but customers visit shops less often and spend less on non-fresh and packed goods. I present evidence consistent with shops surviving by exploiting comparative advantages stemming from being small and owner-operated, such as lower agency costs, building relationships with the community, and offering informal credit.
4

Kruger, Diana, Marcelo Ochoa, Dante Contreras, and Daniela Zapata. The Role of Social Networks in the Economic Opportunities of Bolivian Women. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011264.

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This paper explores the role of social networks in determining the participation of Bolivian women in income-generating activities. The empirical analysis intends to explore the impact of this new social variable on the economic choices of women and its relative importance with respect to other individual characteristics, such as education or number of children in the household. The empirical framework defines social network as the average outcome of people living in the same neighborhood. Estimation results suggest that social networks are an effective channel through which women obtain access to salaried jobs, which are of higher quality than jobs as self-employers. In contrast, their male counterparts find a positive but statistically insignificant effect from social networks. When considering the sex of the contact, it is found that women in urban areas benefit from other women being employed, while in rural areas women benefit from the presence of more employed male workers.
5

Bayer, Patrick, Fernando Ferreira, and Robert McMillan. A Unified Framework for Measuring Preferences for Schools and Neighborhoods. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13236.

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6

She, Ruifeng, and Yanfeng Ouyang. Analysis of Drone-based Last-mile Delivery Systems under Aerial Congestion: A Continuum Approximation Approach. Illinois Center for Transportation, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/23-014.

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This paper presents a systematic analysis and design framework for a spectrum of last-mile delivery systems that leverage unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Four distinct modes are considered: (1) direct drone deliveries from a fixed depot; (2) drone deliveries from parked trucks that carry bulk parcels to customer neighborhoods; (3) drone deliveries from nonstopping trucks that tour customer neighborhoods; and (4) as a benchmark, traditional truck-based home deliveries. We present a new continuum-approximation approach that is used for analysis of both truck routing and aerial-UAV traffic. We compared the operational cost and efficiency of different delivery schemes to reveal how a certain scheme is the most efficient under various scenarios. We demonstrate the applicability of our model on expansive real-world roadway networks and further conduct analysis on grid networks, yielding key analytical insights. The drone-based delivery is demonstrated to be superior to conventional truck-only delivery, suggesting a significant potential for socioeconomic benefit. It is observed that when servicing a relatively low demand over a small area, dispatching drones directly from the distribution facility is the most efficient method. As the demand grows or spans a wider area, collaborative strategies are preferred, as they better cope with certain aspects, such as the long line-haul cost or the ramping aerial congestion, by striking a balance between efficiency and flexibility.
7

Bonhomme, Stéphane, and Angela Denis. Estimating heterogeneous effects: applications to labor economics. Madrid: Banco de España, May 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/36556.

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A growing number of applications involve settings where, in order to infer heterogeneous effects, a researcher compares various units. Examples of research designs include children moving between different neighborhoods, workers moving between firms, patients migrating from one city to another, and banks offering loans to different firms. We present a unified framework for these settings, based on a linear model with normal random coefficients and normal errors. Using the model, we discuss how to recover the mean and dispersion of effects, other features of their distribution, and how to construct predictors of the effects. We provide moment conditions on the model’s parameters, and outline various estimation strategies. One of the main objectives of the paper is to clarify some of the underlying assumptions by highlighting their economic content, and to discuss and inform some of the key practical choices.

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