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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 вересня 2023

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1

Khan, Mohd Asif, Shashi Bhooshan Tiwari, Himanshu Gupta, and Huma Noor. "Traditional, Pharmacological and Patenting Potential of Neem (Azadirachta indica): A Review." Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences 3, no. 4 (November 15, 2017): 383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32463/rphs.2017.v03i04.20.

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Анотація:

Since ancient time, herbal drugs were highly used in the prevention and cure of various human illnesses. In India, Azadirachta indica being commonly known as Neem or Margosa is one of the multi-functional trees; belonging to Meliaceae family. In 1992, the US National Academy of Sciences was published a report entitled ‘Neem- a tree for solving global problems’. It is still considered as ‘village dispensary’ throughout the India. There are two species of Azadirachta which have been investigated; Azadirachta indica that is found in the Indian subcontinent and Azadirachta excelsa Kack that is homegrown to Indonesia and Philippines. A large number of pharmacologically active substances have been identified and isolated from the different parts of neem including azadirachtin, meliacin, gedunin, salanin, nimbin, valassin and various other components which are derived from these main compounds. Many different studies have been evaluated and authenticated for its various traditional and pharmacological activities like itching, leprosy, wound healing, spermicidal, anti-inflammatory, insecticidal, antidiabetic and analgesic etc. In the beginning of 1979, patenting on neem was started by CSIR to separate the active compounds from neem oil. Its great implantation fights with soil erosion, global warming, deforestations and desertification world-wide. In 2002, World Neem Conference raised the neem tree as an industrial or commercial plant. This review is going to explore comprehensively; traditional, pharmacological potential along with patenting, environmental & industrial significant of various parts of neem tree with safety concerns.

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2

A.S., Mohite, and Dorlikar A.V. "Growth Regulating Effects of Natural Pesticide, Azadirachtin from Neem Tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) on Insects: A Review." International Journal of Zoological Investigations 08, no. 02 (2022): 774–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33745/ijzi.2022.v08i02.093.

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Azadirachtin is a tetranortriterpenoid derived from the neem tree Azadirachta indica A. juss. Azadirachtin has attracted worldwide attention as promising feeding deterrent, insect growth disruptor and sterilent. Azadirachtin based pesticides become very much popular because of its biodegradability and least toxicity to non- target organisms. It has now been promoted as an alternative insecticide in integrated pest management programmes. Azadirachtin has an ability to modify or suppress haemolymph ecdysteroid and juvenile hormone titres through inhibition of the secretion of brain peptides prothoracicotropic hormone and allatotropic hormone, which are responsible for inducing the synthesis and release of ecdysone from the prothoracic gland and juvenile hormone from corpora allata, respectively. Blocking the synthesis and release of ecdysone and juvenile hormone leading to disruption of coordination of moulting process. Furthermore, this compound is known to cause degenerative changes in the cells of insect endocrine glands. This review focuses on growth regulating effects of natural pesticide, azadirachtin from neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) on insects.

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3

Qodri, Udrika Lailatul. "Uji Organoleptik Serbuk Biji Azadirachta Indica Dalam Variasi Minyak." Jurnal Farmasi Tinctura 1, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35316/tinctura.v1i1.778.

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Neem plants (Azadirachta indica) are commonly found in Situbondo Regency, and currently underutilized nimba plants have many benefits, both in agriculture as pesticides and in pharmaceuticals as medicines. The content of the active compound is more commonly found in nimba seeds. The largest active compound that is an insecticide in neem seeds (Azadirachta indica) is azadirachtin. Azadirachtin is a group of terpenoid compounds which are generally non-polar so that the extraction process can use non-polar solvents. In this study using oil as a carrier solvent, it is known that oil is non-polar. This research was conducted with the aim to know the organoleptic test results of neem seed powder (Azadirachta indica) in oil variations. Organoleptic test results showed physical changes of the three oils, clearly visible in the color produced after treatment. The results of the three samples showed that the color was not clear (turbid). The aroma produced from each oil is not rancid and the pH measurement shows an increase from 5 to 6. Keywords: Azadirachta Indica Seed, Oil, Organoleptic Test ABSTRAK Tanaman nimba (Azadirachta indica) banyak ditemukan di Kabupaten Situbondo, dan pada saat ini kurang dimanfaatkan Tanaman nimba memiliki banyak manfaat, baik dalam bidang pertanian yaitu sebagai pestisida maupun dalam bidang farmasi yaitu sebagai obat-obatan. Kandungan senyawa aktif insektisida lebih banyak ditemukan dalam biji nimba. Senyawa aktif terbesar yang bersifat insektisida dalam biji nimba (Azadirachta indica) yaitu azadirachtin. Azadirachtin merupakan golongan senyawa terpenoid yang umumya bersifat non polar sehingga proses ekstraksinya dapat menggunkaan pelarut non polar. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan minyak sebagai pelarut pembawa, telah diketahui bahwa minyak bersifat non polar. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengatahui hasil uji organoleptik serbuk biji nimba (Azadirachta indica) dalam variasi minyak. Hasil uji organoleptik menunjukkan perubahan fisik dari ketiga minyak, terlihat jelas pada warna yang dihasilkan setelah perlakuan. Hasil dari ketiga sampel menunjukkan warna tidak jernih (keruh). Aroma yang dihasilkan dari masing-masing minyak yaitu tidak tengik serta pada pengukuran pH menunjukkan kenaikan dari 5 menjadi 6. Kata Kunci: Biji Azadirachta Indica, Minyak, Uji Organoleptik

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4

Loganathan, T., A. Barathinivas, C. Soorya, S. Balamurugan, T. G. Nagajothi, S. Ramya, and R. Jayakumararaj. "Physicochemical, Druggable, ADMET Pharmacoinformatics and Therapeutic Potentials of Azadirachtin - a Prenol Lipid (Triterpenoid) from Seed Oil Extracts of Azadirachta indica A. Juss." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, no. 5 (September 15, 2021): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i5.4981.

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Анотація:

Azadirachtin (AZA) is the most abundant bioactive secondary metabolite (BASM) in neem seed oil extract (NSOE) of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. AZA is localised in different parts of the plant (seeds, fruits, flowers, leaves, stem, bark and root) however, with varying degree of concentration. It has been documented that maximum concentration of AZA is present to the tune of 48000 μg g-1 in the seeds. It has been established that the environmental conditions determines the overall content and composition of BASM in different parts of the plant. Neem plant parts are most commonly used as therapeutic agents in remote villages in India for its ethnomedicinal therapeutic potentials; however, its physicochemical, druggable and pharmacological properties inadequately described. In the present study an attempt has been made to evaluate the physicochemical, druggable and pharmacological properties of Azadirachtin in NSOE of A. indica from ADMET perspectives. Keywords: NEEM; Azadirachta indica; Azadirachtin; Pharmacoinformatics; ADMET; Drug-Likeness; Toxicology

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5

Devi, Jyoti, and Ram Babu Sharma. "Medicinal Importance of Azadirachta indica: An Overview." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 13, no. 6 (June 15, 2023): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v13i6.5992.

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Анотація:

Background: The neem tree has a long history of being referred to as a "wonder tree." Since the time of the Vedic civilization, neem has been used therapeutically in many different ways in India. The various components of the neem tree, including the stem, bark, roots, leaves, gum, seeds, fruits, and flowers, have a no. of chemical constituents and have been used as traditional medicines. The seeds, leaves, blossoms, and bark of this tree, are used for treating various diseases. Since ancient times, neem tree extracts have been widely employed in health management because they possess a number of health-promoting qualities. Some of the chemical constituents are named quercetin, azadirachtin, a number of limonoids, nimbosterol, etc. Objective: The aim of this review is to highlight the potential of Azadirachta indica in the treatment of various ailments and prospects associated with the delivery of Azadirachta indica. Methods: We reviewed the literature from journal publication websites and electronic databases, such as Bentham, Springer, Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, etc. Results: The abundant availability of sources of Azadirachta indica makes a point in favor of exhaustive exploration of this plant. This plant has been used in the treatment of a number of ailments from ancient times by human beings and these are reported to be having anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antihyperglycemic, and antioxidant potential. Conclusion: There are a number of health benefits of Azadirachta indica. The neem tree (Azadirachta indica) is found to have various medicinal/pharmacological actions. Keywords: Azadirachta indica, quercetin, carcinogenic, pharmacological effect, hepatoprotective, peroxidation.

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6

Sidat, Parin ., Sakshi Modh, Niyati Chavda, Vishakha Chauhan, Geera Kankura, and Aneri Dindoliwala. "Neem (Azadirachta indica): A Panacea of all Diseases." Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 23, no. 1 (May 15, 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18579/jopcr/v22.1.22.31.

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Анотація:

Neem (Azadirachta indica) belongs to the Meliaceae family. Neem is well-known around the world for its medicinal and nutritional properties. Various parts of the plant like fruits, leaves, flowers, twigs, gum, seed, oil, bark, and root are known to have medicinal properties and are scientifically established for the various properties. Since ancient times, plant’s parts have been utilized for their medicinal value. The plant contains a high amount of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzyme, and many other phytoconstituents such as isoprenoid-containing protomeliacins, limonoids, azadirone and Csecomeliacins such as azadirachtin, nimbin, and salanin. The non-isoprenoids include sulphurous compounds, polyphenolics like flavonoids and their glycosides, dihydrochalcone, coumarin and tannins, proteins (amino acids) and carbohydrates (polysaccharides), as well as aliphatic compounds. Due to such type of versatile phytoconstituents, the plants show lots of pharmacological applications. In this review article, we summarized the information regarding the various pharmacological activities of neem plants. All information presented in this review article regarding the beneficial application of Neem (Azadirachta indica) has been acquired by imminent various electronic databases including Scopus, Google scholar, Science Direct, Web of Science, and PubMed. The Neem plant, including leaves, bark, latex, seed, and their active constituents, plays a significant part in the management of progressive illness. The neem plant contains active ingredients were accountable for the basketful therapeutic function such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antispasmodic, antifungal, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antimalarial, antifertility, and also helps in proper digestion, hair growth, skin related problems and relief in menstrual pain and many more. The main findings showed that neem has strong medicinal properties and is also useful in cosmetic applications. There is no evidence of adverse effects of neem in literature. Only the people who are allergic to it can have side effects otherwise it is stomach friendly in all conditions due to which it can be applicable for treatment of various health related disorders. Keywords: Neem (Azadirachta indica), Phytochemical constituents, Therapeutic application

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7

Khurshid, Rukhshan, Sadia Majeed, Sumera Saghir, Maheen Saad, Huma Ashraf, and Iram Fayyaz. "Antiviral Activity of Extract of Neem (Azadirachta Indica) leaves: An in vivo study." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 4 (April 29, 2022): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2216410.

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Background: HCV in mainly replicate in liver cell and cause liver damage. The replication of HCV may be inhibited by leaves extract of neem (Azadirachta Indica). Aim: To find the antiviral activity of extract of neem (Azadirachta Indica) leaves. Methods: Thirty five hepatitis C positive and disappointment of conservative treatment were studied. Effect of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves was seen in serum of patient. Extract of Azadirachta indica leaves was prepared and given orally to patients. The seropositivity of hepatitis C was estimated prior and after the leave extract of neem by HCV- RNA quantitative analysis by Polymerase chain reaction. Level of ALT, AST and total protein were estimated by standard kit methods. Results: A high HCV seropositivity was observed in patients before taking neem extract. We observed that after using the leave extract of Azadirachta indica or neem, the HCV seropositivity was significantly decreased. Levels of enzymes ALT and AST were also significantly decreased after taking neem extract. However, the level of serum protein was not changed. Conclusion: Extracted leaves of Azadirachta indica may serve as valuable regimen against hepatitis C virus as it has an ability to inhibit the protease responsible for replication of virus. Keywords: HCV seropositivity, Azadirachta indica leaves, transaminases

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8

Mordue(Luntz), A. Jennifer, and Alasdair J. Nisbet. "Azadirachtin from the neem tree Azadirachta indica: its action against insects." Anais da Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil 29, no. 4 (December 2000): 615–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0301-80592000000400001.

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The neem tree has long been recognized for its unique properties both against insects and in improving human health. It is grown in most tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world for shade, reforestation and for the production of row material for natural insecticides and medicines. Azadirachtin, a complex tetranortriterpenoid limonoid from the neem seeds, is the main component responsible for the toxic effects in insects. Six international conferences on neem and a vast scientific literature report both the antifeedant and physiological effects of neem. This article reviews the behavioral and physiological properties of azadirachtin, including effects on insect reproduction, direct and "secondary" antifeedancy, and the physiological effects measured as growth reduction, increased mortality and abnormal and delayed moults. These effects are here categorized in two ways: direct effects on cells and tissues and indirect effects exerted via the endocrine system. It also describes the work carried out to date to identify the mode of action of azadirachtin at the cellular level. The differential effects between animal phyla and over non-target organisms are discussed and point to its potential success as a safe insecticide.

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9

Oktadiana, Isma, and Venny Diah Ningsih. "Aktivitas Penolak Serangga (Insect Repellent) Ekstrak Klorofom Biji Mimba (Azadirachta Indica) Terhadap Kutu Beras (Calandra Oryzae)." Jurnal Farmasi Tinctura 1, no. 2 (June 29, 2020): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.35316/tinctura.v1i2.989.

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Plants that are currently being developed as botanical insecticides are those that produce essential oils. The largest active compound that is insecticidal in neem (Azadirachta indica) is azadirachtin, this compound belongs to the triterpenoid group. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of insect repellent activity of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed chlorophome extract against rice lice (Calandra oryzae). This research is an experimental study using a completely randomized design (CRD). Consisting of neem seed extract treatment with a concentration of 0.1% and 0.5% and a control in the form of distilled water each 10 times. The results of this study indicated that the concentration of 0.1% and 0.5% neem seed extract test increased the mortality of rice lice. The longer the application time, the higher the mortality rate of rice lice. In the treatment of 0.5% neem seed extract, it could cause 67% mortality compared to 0.1% neem seed extract treatment and control. Keywords: Neem seeds, insect repellent, Calandra oryzae ABSTRAK Tumbuhan yang saat ini sedang dikembangkan sebagai insektisida nabati yaitu tumbuhan yang menghasilkan minyak atsiri. Senyawa aktif terbesar yang bersifat insektisida pada tanaman mimba (Azadirachta indica) adalah azadirachtin, senyawa ini termasuk dalam kelompok triterpenoid. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui tingkat aktivitas penolak serangga (insect repellent) ekstrak klorofom biji mimba (Azadirachta indica) terhadap kutu beras (Calandra oryzae). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental yang menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Terdiri atas perlakuan ekstrak biji mimba konsentrasi 0.1% dan 0.5 % dan kontrol berupa akuades masing-masing 10 kali ulangan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Uji ekstrak biji mimba konsentrasi 0.1% dan 0.5% meningkatkan mortalitas kutu beras. Semakin lama waktu aplikasi maka semakin tinggi tingkat mortalitas kutu beras. Pada perlakuan ekstrak biji mimba 0.5% dapat menyebabkan kematian sebesar 67% dibandingkan dengan perlakuan ekstrak biji mimba 0.1% dan kontrol. Kata Kunci: Biji Nimba, penolak serangga, Calandra oryzae

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10

Sidhu, O. P., Vishal Kumar, and Hari M. Behl. "Variability in Neem (Azadirachta indica)with Respect to Azadirachtin Content." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51, no. 4 (February 2003): 910–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf025994m.

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11

Rekha, U. Vidhya. "Known data on the therapeutic use of Azadiracta indica (neem) for type 2 diabetes mellitus." Bioinformation 18, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.6026/97320630018082.

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There has been growing interest for the therapeutic use of traditional herbs in the management of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications. Data shows the hypoglycemic activity of Azadirachta indica in diabetes. Therefore, it is of interest to document known data on the therapeutic use of Azadiracta indica (neem) for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

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12

Kurniati, Ridha, Nurdin Saidi, and Rosnani Nasution. "ANTIFEEDANT ACTIVITY FROM NEEM LEAF EXTRACT (Azadirachta indica A Juss)." Jurnal Natural 18, no. 1 (January 24, 2018): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jn.v18i1.8781.

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Antifeedant activity of neem leaf (A. indica A. Juss) has been identified by against Tenebrio molitor bio-indicator. The highest activity was obtained on ethyl acetate extract at 0.5% concentration having Antifeedant Index (AI) of 51.53% and most active at 10% concentration of 82.05%. The method used to test the antifeedant activity is the no choice leaf disk method. Secondary metabolites contained in neem leaf extract (A. indica A. juss) include terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, saponins and phenolics. Keywords: Neem leaf (Azadirachta Indica A.Juss), No choice leaf disk method, Antifeedant ActivityREFFERENCES Benge, M.D. 1986. Neem the Cornucopia Tree. S and T/FENR Agroforestation Technical Series No. 5. Agency for International Development Washington, D.C.190p.Schumutterer., H. 2002. Properties and Potensial of Natural pPsticides from Neem Tree, Azadirachta indica Ann. Rev. Entomol. 35; 271-291Alzohairy, M.A. 2016. Review Article Therapeutics Role of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Their Active Constituents in Diseases Prevention and Treatment, Article ID 7382506, 11p.4. Patel, S.M., Venkata., K.C.N., Bhattacharyya, P., Sethi, G., Bishayee, A. 2016. Potential of Neem (Azadirachta indica) For Prevention and treatment of Oncologic Diseases Seminar In Cancer BiologyDiabate, D., Gnago, J.A., Tano, Y., 2014. Toxicity, Antifeedant and Repellent, effect of Azadirachta indica A. Juss and Jatropa carcus L. aqueous extracts agaianst Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res. 4 (11) : 51 – 60Jeyasankar, A., and Gokilamani, D., 2016. Biology and eco-friendly control of Amaranth pests, Hymenia recurvalis Fabricus and Psara basalis (Lepidoptera : Crambidae) Inter. J. Acad. Stud. 2 (4): 218 – 230.Pavunraj, M., Muthu, C., Ignacimuthu,S., Janarthanan, S., Duraipandiyan, V., Raja, N. and Vimalraj, S. 2011. Antifeedant Activity of a Novel 6-(4,7-hydroxyl-heptyl)Quinone From The Leaves of The Milkweed Pergularia daemia on The Cotton Bollworm Helicoverpa armegera (Hub.) and The Tobacco Armworm Spodoptera litura (Fab.) Phytoparasitica 39 : 145 – 150.Munoz, E., Lamilla, C., Marin, J.C., Alarcon, J., Cespedes, C.L.m 2012. Antifeedant, Insect Growth and Insecticidal Effec of Calceolaria talcana (Calceolariaceae) on Dropsopphila melanogaster and Spodoptera frugiperda Industrial Crops and Product, 42, 137 – 144.Saxena, M., Saxena, J., Nema, R., Singh, D and Gupta, A. 2013. Phytochemistry of Medicinal Plants Journal pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 1;6.Liu, L., Zhao, Y.L., Cheng, G.G., Chen, Y.Y., Qin, angX.J., C.C.W., Yang, X.W., Liu, Y.P., Luo, X.D, 2014. Antifeedant activity and effect of fruits and seed extract of Cabralea canjerana canjerana (Vell.) Mart. (Meliaceae) on the immature stages of the fall armworm Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Crops and Product. 65 ; 156 – 158.Schoonhven, LM. 1982. Biologycal Aspect of Antifeedant . Ent, Exp and Appl .31: 57 - 69Gahukar, R.T. 2014. Factor Affecting Content and Bioefficacy of Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) Phytochemicals used in Agriculture pest control A Review. Crop Protection. 62: 93 – 99.Pattanaik, S.J., Ranghupati, N.D.,Chary, P.2006.Ecomorphometric Marker Reflect Variation in Azadirachtin Contents of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae) in Select Regions of Andhra Pradesh India. Curr. Sci, 91:628 – 636.Adel, M.M., Sehnal, H., Jurzysta, M. 2000. Effects of Alfalfa safonin on the Moth Spodoptera litura Journal of Chemical Ecology, 26 : 7-14Shuklar, Y.N., Rani, A. Tripathi,A.K., Sharma, S. 1996. Antifeedant, Activity of Ursolic Acid Isolation from Duboisia myoporoides Phytotheraphy, 10 : 359 – 360Walter, J.F. 1999. Commercial With Neem Product, P. 155-170. In Franklin R, Hall and Julius J. Menn. Biopesticides Use and Delivery. Humana Press. Totowo, New Jersey.

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Nerkar, A. G., and G. S. Chakraborthy. "Review of azadirachta indica." Current Trends in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry 3, no. 3 (July 15, 2021): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ctppc.2021.004.

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Анотація:

Neem () belonging to Maliaceae family is very important medicinal plant. Neem is used different medicinal system; Ayurveda, Unani, Homeopathic medicines against various diseases. Each part of neem tree which has some medical property which act on various diseases.

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14

Jarvis, Andrew P., E. David Morgan, S. Andrew Van Der Esch, Fabio Vitali, Steven V. Ley, and Andrew Pape. "Identification of Azadirachtin in Tissue-Cultured Cells of Neem (Azadirachta Indica)." Natural Product Letters 10, no. 2 (May 1997): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10575639708043721.

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15

Khan, Asma, Zinnat Ara Begum, Md Ismail Khan, Hasanur Rahman, and Layla Afroza Banu. "Effect of Neem (Azadirachta Indica) on Fertility in Male Rats." Journal of Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College 5, no. 1 (August 18, 2013): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jssmc.v5i1.16206.

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Анотація:

Background: Azadirachta indica locally known as neem has been claimed to possess antifertility properties by many investigators. Objective: The present study was designed to evaluate the antifertility effect of Azadirachta indica leaf powder in male rats. Methodology: The study was carried out in pharmacology and Therapeutic Department of Dhaka Medical College during the period of January 2008 to December 2008. Total number of 24 rats was divided into 4 groups. Group A was served as control, group B, C and D were treated by Azadirachta indica leaf powder orally, inj. testosterone I/M, & Azadirachta indica leaf powder orally, inj. testosterone I/M respectively for 48 days. They were sacrificed on 49 day. Then morphological and histological study was done. Result: The result showed that the all of the Azadirachta indica leaf powder treated rats has significant antispermatognic effect as well as antiandrogenic effect. Conclusion: The Azadirachta indica leaf powder reduced motility and density of sperm and causes structural changes of leydig cells and seminiferous tubule. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jssmc.v5i1.16206 J Shaheed Suhrawardy Med Coll, 2013;5(1):39-42

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16

Singh, U. P., S. Maurya, and D. P. Singh. "Phenolic Acids in Neem (Azadirachta indica)." Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy 5, no. 1 (January 2005): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j157v05n01_05.

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Singh, U. P., S. Maurya, and D. P. Singh. "Phenolic Acids in Neem (Azadirachta indica)." Journal Of Herbal Pharmacotherapy 5, no. 1 (August 3, 2005): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j157v05n01_05.

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Ghedira, K., and P. Goetz. "Azadirachta indica A. Juss.—Neem, Meliaceae." Phytothérapie 12, no. 4 (July 21, 2014): 252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10298-014-0876-4.

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Hartanto, Eddy Sapto, and Tiurlan Farida Hutajulu. "Pemanfaatan Azadirachtin dari Mimba (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) untuk Sediaan Anti Semut." Jurnal Riset Teknologi Industri 8, no. 16 (August 25, 2016): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.26578/jrti.v8i16.1556.

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Nowadays, the use of natural plant source insecticides is one of the best choice due to its characteristic, which is safer and easily degradable by nature (biodegradable) compared to synthetic materials. One of plant sources which consists of active components for insecticides is neem plant. The extraction of seed (a1) and leaf of neem (a2) produce neem’s active compound was conducted by using Effective Microorganism. The efficacy test of the neem seed and leaf was conducted by using extract concentrated of 3% (b1) and 6% (b2) and observed with interval of 2 to 6 days. The extraction products were evaporated with rotary vacuum evaporator. The extracs obtained were tested their solubility. The higest Azadirachtin were obtained on combination of a1b2 (neem”seeds, EM4, 6%)for 6 days fermentation period which acquired 1313,23 ppm of azadirachtin and combination of a2b2 (neem’ leaves, EM4 6%)which acquired 665,69 of azadirachtin. The active compounds were tested their ability as insecticide at 50 ppm of azadirachtin concentration ABSTRAK Saat ini, penggunaan anti serangga nabati yang berasal dari tanaman sudah menjadi salah satu pilihan terbaik, karena relatif lebih aman, mudah terurai di alam dibandingkan dengan bahan sintetik. Salah satu jenis tanaman yang mengandung bahan aktif dan bermanfaat untuk anti semut adalah tanaman mimba Ekstraksi biji mimba (a1) dan daun mimba (a2) untuk menghasilkan bahan aktif mimba menggunakan Effective Mikroorganism (EM4) dengan menggunakan konsentrasi 3% (b1) dan 6% (b2), dengan pengamatan selama 2, 4 dan 6 hari. Dari hasil uji kelarutan ekstrak a1b2 (biji mimba, kadar EM4, 6%) diperoleh azadirachtin tertinggi yaitu sebesar 1313,23 ppm dengan lama fermentasi selama 6 hari, sedangkan dengan perlakuan a2b2 (daun mimba, kadar EM4, 6%) adalah sebesar 665,69 ppm. Hasil uji manfaat ekstrak mimba untuk mengendalikan semut dengan menggunakan kadar azadirachtin sebesar 50 ppm. Kata kunci : azadirachtin, efektif microorganism, ekstraksi, mimba, semut,

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Ramdas, Miss Lavhale Harshada. "Formulation of Herbal Gel for Wound Healing from Hollarrhena Pubences, Withania Somnifera, Azadirachta Indica, Curcuma Longa." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 12 (December 31, 2021): 1128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.39488.

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Abstract: The present reaearch has been undertaken with the aim to fomulate and evaluate the herble gel containng alcoholic extract of Hollarrhena pubences(kurchi), Withania somnifera(ashwagandha), curcuma longa(turmeric)Azadiracht indica(neem). The gel formulation prepared by using various polymer bases(methyl cellulose) . The stability study have carried as perICH guideline. The result show that the gel formulation containing kurchi, ashwagandha, turmeric, neem has better stability than other. All formulation studied on animal model(rat).The present work justifies the use oh herbal gel containing ashwagandha, turmeric, neem, kurchi for wound healing. Keywords: wound healing; Hollarrhena pubences, withania somnifera, curcuma longa, azadirachta indica; topicle gel.

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Adhikari, Kripa, Sudip Bhandari, Dikshya Niraula, and Jiban Shrestha. "Use of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) as a biopesticide in agriculture: A review." Journal of Agriculture and Applied Biology 1, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): 100–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/jaab.01.02.08.

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Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) is a member of Meliaceae family, a fast-growing tropical evergreen plant whose products were found effective against economically important insect pests and diseases. All parts of this plant particularly leaf, bark, and root extracts have the biopesticidal activities. Azadirachtin, a biopesticide obtained from neem extract, can be used for con-trolling various insect pests in agriculture. It acts on insects by repelling them, by inhibiting feeding, and by disrupting their growth, and reproduction. Neem-based formulations do not usually kill insects directly, but they can alter their behavior in significant ways to reduce pest damage to crops and reduce their reproductive potential. The neem is considered as an eas-ily accessible, eco-friendly, biodegradable, cheap, and non-toxic biopesticide which control the target pests. Thus, this re-view highlighted the extract, byproducts and roles of neem that can be used as potential biopesticide in agriculture.

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Venkateswarlu, B., Medeleine Pirat, N. Kishore, and Abdul Rasul. "Mycorrhizal inoculation in neem (Azadirachta indica) enhances azadirachtin content in seed kernels." World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 24, no. 7 (November 24, 2007): 1243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11274-007-9593-2.

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Ferreira, Lorena Sales, and Stênio Nunes Alves. "Neem (Azadirachta indica): larvicidal properties - a review." Conexão Ciência (Online) 16, no. 1 (July 8, 2021): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24862/cco.v16i1.1287.

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Introdução: Os mosquitos vetores de doenças são um problema de saúde pública em todo o mundo. Entretanto, controlar esses insetos é um desafio, e assim os inseticidas naturais são uma estratégia promissora devido seu potencial e baixa toxicidade. O neem (Azadiractha indica A. Juss, Meliaceae) é uma árvore que possui vários compostos bioativos e um amplo espectro de ação, incluindo repelência e larvicida. Objetivos: Esta revisão tem como objetivo mostrar o uso de produtos à base de Neem usados contra vetores de doenças. Metodologia: Vários artigos foram analisados e mostraram que diferentes compostos derivados estão sendo avaliados, como extratos, óleos, bolo de neem (subproduto da extração), além de nanopartículas sintetizadas. Resultados: Com base nos resultados, fornecemos uma lista de compostos avaliados que mostraram ser variáveis em relação aos valores de CL50 em relação a três espécies de mosquitos (Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles stephensi e Aedes aegypti). Conclusão: Comprovamos a relevância médica desta árvore no combate a estes vetores de doenças.

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Sadeghian, Mohammad Mehdi, and Forough Mortazaien. "Investigation of Compounds from Azadirachta indica (Neem)." Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 6, no. 2 (February 1, 2007): 444–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2007.444.445.

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Koul, Opender, Murray B. Isman, and C. M. Ketkar. "Properties and uses of neem, Azadirachta indica." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-001.

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The versatility of the neem tree Azadirachta indica A. Juss. is reviewed. This species, native to India, grows in nutrient-poor soils in arid habitats and has tremendous potential for human use. Various derivatives of the tree have potential use in toiletries, pharmaceuticals, the manufacture of agricultural implements and furniture, cattle and poultry feeds, nitrification of soils for various agricultural crops, and pest control. Since neem is a natural renewal resource producing extensive useful biomass, its propagation and economic exploitation will be beneficial, particularly to the Third World. In recent years, some useful commercial products have been developed from A. indica, and mere is considerable scope for future product development. Potentially profitable lines of research on this plant species are suggested.

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Benelli, Giovanni, Angelo Canale, Chiara Toniolo, Akon Higuchi, Kadarkarai Murugan, Roman Pavela, and Marcello Nicoletti. "Neem (Azadirachta indica): towards the ideal insecticide?" Natural Product Research 31, no. 4 (August 12, 2016): 369–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2016.1214834.

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Singh, Keshav, Ajay Singh, and D. K. Singh. "Molluscicidal activity of neem (Azadirachta indica A.Juss)." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 52, no. 1 (May 1996): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(96)01383-9.

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Upadhyay, Shakti N., Suman Dhawan, Sanjay Garg, and G. P. Talwar. "Immunomodulatory effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) oil." International Journal of Immunopharmacology 14, no. 7 (October 1992): 1187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0192-0561(92)90054-o.

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Kumar, Ashok, A. R. Rao, and H. Kimura. "Radiosensitizing effects of Neem (Azadirachta indica) oil." Phytotherapy Research 16, no. 1 (2002): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.873.

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Isman, M. B., O. Koul, J. T. Arnason, J. Stewart, and G. S. Salloum. "DEVELOPING A NEEM-BASED INSECTICIDE FOR CANADA." Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 123, S159 (1991): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm123159039-1.

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AbstractLeaves of the neem tree, Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae), have been used for centuries in India to protect stored grain from insect attack. Recent concern for the effects of synthetic insecticides on the environment and human health has provided the impetus for a reappraisal of the utility of neem derivatives as botanical crop protectants. Neem and its active principle, the limonoid azadirachtin, have several properties that are highly desirable for a natural insecticide. Azadirachtin is the most potent natural insect antifeedant discovered to date, suppressing insect feeding at concentrations of less than 1 part per million. Azadirachtin is also a potent insect growth regulator, which acts by disrupting molting and development, and interfering with reproduction in adult insects. These actions have been observed in over 90% of the more than 200 species of pest insects tested to date. Neem also has systemic action in some plants which could prove extremely valuable against stem- and root-feeding pests that are difficult to control. Finally, neem is essentially non-toxic to vertebrates, and in fact has a long history of medicinal use in southeast Asia.In the present paper we review our research aimed at developing a neem-based insecticide for use against pests of Canadian agriculture. We document the potent antifeedant action of azadirachtin in laboratory bioassays against the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner, and the variegated cutworm, Peridroma saucia Hübner, and the molt-disrupting action of the compound in the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes Fab., and the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus Dallas. Both antifeedant and insect growth regulatory activities of various samples of neem seed oil are shown to be correlated to azadirachtin concentrations in the oils. Field trials of an experimental neem insecticide conducted against pests of crucifers, corn, and potato in British Columbia, Ontario, and Prince Edward Island, respectively, indicate that the neem insecticide provides pest control as effective as or better than pyrethrum, the current botanical insecticide of choice for organic growers. The commercial prospectus for neem insecticides in Canada is discussed in light of our results.

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Davies, Fred T., Sharon A. Duray, Sein Hla Bo, and Lop Phavaphutanon. "MYCORRHIZAL GROWTH ENHANCEMENT OF NEEM (AZADIRACHTA INDICA) SEEDLINGS." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 670c—670. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.670c.

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The Neem tree is of ornamental, revegetation, biomass and medicinal value. The compound azadirachtin, which is derived from Neem seeds, is commercially used for insecticidal properties. In a 2×2 factorial experiment, Neem seedlings were either colonized with the mycorrhizal fungi Glomus intraradices or noninoculated and fertilized with full strength Long Ashton Mineral Solution at 11 or 22 ppm P. Mycorrhizal and P main effects were highly significant (p-value<0.001) with all growth parameters except R:S ratio. Mycorrhizal plants had greater leaf number, leaf area, leaf dry weight, shoot and root dry weight than noncolonized seedlings. The higher P (22 ppm) level plants had superior growth compared with low P plants. Leaf area and leaf dry weight were similar in mycorrhizal/low P plants and nonmycorrhizal/high P plants. These results suggest that mycorrhizal growth enhancement has important implications for Neem trees which are found in agriculturally poor soils in hot and arid regions.

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Reddy, I. V. Srinivasa, and P. Neelima. "Neem (Azadirachta indica): A Review on Medicinal Kalpavriksha." International Journal of Economic Plants 9, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 059–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/2/2021.0437d.

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Neem, has thrown the light worldwide in recent years, due to its wide range of medicinal properties. The tree has been largely used in Naturopathy, Unani and Homoeopathic medicine and has become a lodestar of current medicine. Further it elaborates a vast array of biologically active compounds that are chemically diverse and structurally complex. More than 150 compounds have been isolated from different parts of neem and these have been divided into two major classes isoprenoids and non-isoprenoids, which are proteins and carbohydrates. Further, it consists of sulphurous compounds, polyphenolic compounds such as flavonoids and their glycosides, dihydrochalcone, coumarin, tannins and aliphatic compounds. All parts of the neem tree viz., leaves, flowers, seeds, fruits, roots and bark have been used traditionally for the treatment of inflammation, infections, fever, skin diseases, dental disorders, etc. Every part of the neem tree viz., roots, seeds, flowers, bark, leaves, fruit pulp and its constituents have been demonstrated to exhibit immune modulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti hyperglycaemic, antiulcer, antimalarial, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, antimutagenic, antidiabetic and anticarcinogenic properties.

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Yakkundi, Shirish R., R. Thejavathi, and B. Ravindranath. "Variation of azadirachtin content during growth and storage of neem (Azadirachta indica) seeds." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 43, no. 9 (September 1995): 2517–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf00057a036.

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Allan, Eunice J., Janakie P. Eeswara, Shaun Johnson, A. Jennifer Mordue Luntz, E. David Morgan, and Trevor Stuchbury. "The production of azadirachtin by in-vitro tissue cultures of neem,Azadirachta indica." Pesticide Science 42, no. 3 (November 1994): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.2780420302.

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Abudulai, Mumuni, B. M. Shepard, and P. L. Mitchell. "Antifeedant and Toxic Effects of a Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss)-Based Formulation Neemix® Against Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 38, no. 3 (July 1, 2003): 398–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-38.3.398.

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The antifeedant activity of Neemix 4.5 EC, a commercial formulation of azadirachtin from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss), was tested against adult Nezara viridula (L.) in the laboratory using a cowpea pod-dip method. A toxicity assay was conducted by dipping fourth-instar nymphs. Feeding by adults was significantly reduced in treated pods compared with controls, based on counts of salivary deposits on pod surfaces, inside pod walls and on seeds. The antifeedant effect of azadirachtin was significantly greater on pods treated with 5% aqueous solution than on those treated with 0.5%, indicating that the antifeedant activity was related to concentration. Bugs were initially repelled by Neemix before approaching treated pods to feed. The LC50 for nymphs was 61% (27450 ppm azadirachtin) at 2 d and ranged from 1.8 to 6.2% (810 to 2790 ppm) at 5 d post-treatment, which indicated that neem was slow acting. Sublethal treatment of nymphs disrupted molting and caused morphological defects in adults. Development time to adulthood also was prolonged, and longevity of females was reduced by neem treatments. Azadirachtin may provide an effective component of a comprehensive management program for N. viridula.

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Osazee, Faithfulness O., and Eribe M. Jonathan. "Therapeutic Potentials of Neem Against Malaria Parasite: A Review." Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 9, no. 2b (July 16, 2023): 180–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/dujopas.v9i2b.20.

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Malaria presents a significant public health threat, affecting both developed and developing nations. The rise of drug resistance in regions with high malaria prevalence has posed challenges in effectively managing the disease. Azadirachta Indica, commonly known as the neem plant, has long been recognized as a medicinal plant in Asia and Africa, with historical usage in treating malaria parasites. The neem plant contains various bioactive compounds, making it a popular ingredient in traditional remedies. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of neem leaf and seed extracts in combating malaria parasites. The information used in this review was obtained from previously published studies sourced from various journals. The findings suggest that neem (Azadirachta indica) seeds or leaves show promise as a potential treatment for inhibiting the malaria parasite. However, further research is required to ascertain the antimalarial potency of the neem plant before confidently recommending it as a treatment for malaria parasites.

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Asghar, Hafiza Anam, Syed Qamar Abbas, Muhammad Kamran Arshad, Asra Jabin, Bakhtawar Usman, Mueez Aslam, and Azeem Asghar. "Therapeutic Potential of Azadirachta indica (Neem)-A Comprehensive Review." Scholars International Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine 5, no. 3 (March 8, 2022): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sijtcm.2022.v05i03.001.

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Background: Plant based traditional health care is one of the ancient remedies used to prevent and treat many health-related disorders. Due to increasing cost of medicine in the modern era, people are now moving towards the utilization of ancient ethno medicinal plants-based remedies to prevent and treat diseases as well as to maintain their health. Azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem has been used since ancient times as ethno medicinal plant due to its pharmacological and therapeutic potential. Different parts of this plant including leaves, fruit, bark, seeds and flowers can be used to prevent many diseases. Many structurally complex and biologically active components can be extracted and utilized from different parts of neem. Purpose: Purpose of this review is to highlight the importance of different parts of neem as they contain various biologically active components that are beneficial in prevention and treatment of various health related disorders. Method: Science direct, Google scholar, Web of Science and PubMed were accessed to review the therapeutic potential of neem in different diseases. Results: Neem has been demonstrated to exhibit anti-cancer, immunostimulant, orodental, skin protection, neuropharmacological, ulcer treating, anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-malarial, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-viral, anti-parasitic, anti-hyperglycemic, antioxidant, anti-hyperlipidemic, hepatoprotective, renal protection and hematological parameters maintaince properties. Conclusion: There is no evidence of adverse effects of neem in literature. Only the people who are allergic to it can have side effects otherwise it is stomach friendly in all conditions due to which it can be used for treatment of various health related disorders.

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Prasad, Rajendra, and Samendra Prasad. "Neem and the Environment." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT 4, no. 01 (January 31, 2018): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v4i01.11608.

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Neem ( Juss) can play a key role in C-sequestration, Azadirachta indica reducing nitrous oxide (N2O) production from the agricultural fields, checking desertification and reducing nitrate eutrophication of surface and groundwater due to fertilizer nitrogen. Neem is a shady tree and reduces temperature of the micro environment under it. Neem also contains a large number of volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) that may purify the air around the tree; this is in addition to production of oxygen during the day as most trees and plants do.

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Azkiyah, Siti Zamilatul. "Pengaruh Ukuran Serbuk Biji Azadirachta Indica Dalam Minyak Kelapa Terhadap Organoleptik." Jurnal Farmasi Tinctura 1, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.35316/tinctura.v1i1.772.

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Neem (Azadiractha indica) has a dominant secondary metabolite compound in the form of azadirachtin found in the seeds. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of neem seed powder in coconut oil solvents on organoleptics. In this study using maceration and oil infusion extraction methods and organoleptic results were analyzed descriptively qualitatively including color, aroma and pH. Based on the results of the study showed that there was an effect of the size of neem seed powder in coconut oil solvent on organoleptic tests. In the observation of the color treatment of 80 mesh neem seed powder has the most concentrated color (+++) and the clearest (coconut oil) control. The results of the observation of the aroma of all treatments and controls are not rancid. In the pH measurement results are all acidic namely dick 5 and all treatments have a pH of 6. Keywords: Nimba Seeds, Coconut Oil, Organoleptic. ABSTRAK Nimba (Azadiractha indica) memiliki senyawa metabolit sekunder dominan berupa azadirachtin yang terdapat pada bagian biji. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh serbuk biji nimba dalam pelarut minyak kelapa terhadap organoleptik. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode ekstraksi maserasi dan infus minyak dan hasil organoleptik dianalisis deskriptif kualitatif meliputi warna, aroma dan pH. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh ukuran serbuk biji nimba dalam pelarut minyak kelapa terhadap uji organoleptik. Pada pengamatan warna perlakuan serbuk biji nimba 80 mesh memiliki warna tidak jernih (+++) paling pekat dan kontrol (minyak kelapa) jernih. Hasil pengamatan aroma semua perlakuan dan kontrol tidak tengik. Pada hasil pengukuran pH semuanya bersifat asam yaitu kontol 5 dan semua perlakuan memiliki pH 6. Kata Kunci: Biji Nimba, Minyak Kelapa, Organoleptik.

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Chagas, Ana Carolina de Souza, and Luiz Da Silva Vieira. "Ação de Azadirachta indica (Neem) em nematódeos gastrintestinais de caprinos." Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science 44, no. 1 (February 1, 2007): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2007.26661.

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O problema da resistência em nematódeos gastrintestinais de caprinos, associado ao crescente interesse por alternativas de controle, levou à investigação da ação de Azadirachta indica sobre estes parasitas. No teste in vitro observou-se a ação ovicida e larvicida de extratos aquosos de folhas verdes e secas de Neem, em cinco concentrações. No teste in vivo administrou-se 30g de folhas secas por animal/dia, durante cinco dias. Os animais foram monitorados através de OPG diário durante 28 dias e as larvas foram quantificadas e identificadas através de coprocultura. Detectou-se a predominância de Haemonchus sp. na estação chuvosa e de Trichostrongylus spp. na estação seca. O extrato aquoso de folhas secas in vitro, na concentração de 240.000ppm, reduziu em 89% a eclosão das larvas de nematódeos gastrintestinais. Entretanto, esta concentração é muita elevada e inviabiliza sua aplicação no controle da verminose. A administração oral de folhas secas trituradas não reduziu o OPG dos animais durante um período de 28 dias após o tratamento. Estudos investigativos com A. indica devem se concentrar na ação biológica do óleo extraído diretamente da semente, que possui maior quantidade de azadirachtina que as folhas. A administração do óleo também é mais fácil, já que as folhas têm sabor amargo e são evitadas pelos animais.

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Kaushik, Atul, Monika Kaushik, and Renu Tanwar. "Ethnomedicine: Applications of Neem (Azadirachta indica) in dentistry." Dental Hypotheses 3, no. 3 (2012): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2155-8213.103933.

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Rahmani, ArshadHusain, Ahmad Almatroudi, Faris Alrumaihi, and AmjadAli Khan. "Pharmacological and therapeutic potential of neem (Azadirachta indica)." Pharmacognosy Reviews 12, no. 24 (2018): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/phrev.phrev_8_18.

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Uzzaman, Shakib. "Pharmacological activities of neem (Azadirachta indica): A review." International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Life Science 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33545/27072827.2020.v1.i1a.8.

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Khillare, B., and T. G. Shrivastav. "Spermicidal activity of Azadirachta indica (neem) leaf extract." Contraception 68, no. 3 (September 2003): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-7824(03)00165-3.

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Chinnasamy, N., N. Harishankar, P. Uday Kumar, and C. Rukmini. "Toxicological studies on debitterized neem oil (Azadirachta indica)." Food and Chemical Toxicology 31, no. 4 (April 1993): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(93)90079-e.

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Quraishi, Afaque, V. Koche, P. Sharma, and S. K. Mishra. "In vitro Clonal Propagation of Neem (Azadirachta indica)." Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 78, no. 3 (September 2004): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:ticu.0000025647.58548.3d.

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Boeke, Sara J., Marelle G. Boersma, Gerrit M. Alink, Joop J. A. van Loon, Arnold van Huis, Marcel Dicke, and Ivonne M. C. M. Rietjens. "Safety evaluation of neem (Azadirachta indica) derived pesticides." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 94, no. 1 (September 2004): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.05.011.

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Uzzaman, Shakib. "Pharmacological activities of neem (Azadirachta indica): A review." International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Clinical Research 1, no. 2 (January 1, 2019): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.33545/2664763x.2019.v1.i2a.7.

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Uddin, Dr Md Shahab, Dr Zannatun Nahar Nuri, Dr Md Khorshed Alam, and Dr Obydul Hoq. "Neem (Azadirachta indica) in health care: A review." International Journal of Unani and Integrative Medicine 2, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33545/2616454x.2018.v2.i2a.30.

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Rahmadani, Kharmila, Baso Manguntungi, Arwansyah Arwansyah, Oslan Jumadi, Muhammad Aziz Khizbullah, Alfin Hidayat, Nayeng Githa Aiyodya Ayunda, Muhammad Faiz, Leggina Rezzy Vanggy, and Ermin Septiawati. "Efficiency of Nitrification Inhibitor on Designing Nitrogen Fertilizer by Neem Compounds Based on Molecular Docking." Trends in Sciences 20, no. 1 (November 24, 2022): 6395. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2023.6395.

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Анотація:

In the agricultural trade, nitrogen fertilizer is one among the popular fertilizers within the world market. However, the high use of nitrogen fertilizers causes negative impacts within the type of environmental pollution, each in water, soil, and within the air. Nitrification inhibitor required to enhance the potency of nitrogen fertilizer use to realize additional economical production of food crops and minimize fertilizer related pollution of the environment. Neem (Azadirachta indica) act as an inhibitor nitrification that contained high tannin and the other secondary metabolite compounds. Neem plants encapsulated by urea as a nitrification inhibitor can increase nitrogen efficiency in the soil during fertilization. This research is a computational experiment research in solving problems using Molecular Docking Analysis. Molecular Docking method was performed using AutoDock Vina Tools 1.5.6 and Open Babel 2.4.1 Program. The use of molecular docking aims to predict ligand bonds and target proteins that focus on affinity and bond interactions. The high and low affinity of ligand-protein bonds is influenced by free bond energies, surface interactions, and intermolecular interactions. The results represent Neem (A. Indica) contains high tannin and the other secondary metabolite compounds (Nimbin, Nimbidin, Nimbic Acid, Nimbidinin, Nimbinin, Azadirachtin, Diepoxy Azadiradione, Dyhidrogedunin, Gallic Acid and Gedunin). Those metabolite compounds can inhibiting 4 enzymes such as methane monooxygenase, Hydroxylamine oxidoreductase, Nitric oxide reductase and Nitrite Reductase. From 10 metabolite compounds, Diepoxy Azadiradione and Gedunin may become the most stable complex that indicated become strength binding energy based on the lowest energy score of −10.3 kcal/mol. HIGHLIGHTS One of the agricultural problem is the inefficiency of Nitrogen fertilization will be released in the form of N2O and Nitrate gases which pollute the environment as a result of the nitrification process Azadirachta indica is known to have secondary metabolite which have the ability to inhibit nitrification The molecular docking method was used as an initial analysis of the effectiveness of secondary metabolites from Azadirachta indica inhibiting enzymes that play a role in the nitrification process GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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