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1
Noetzli, Leila, Natalie Smith, Gary Brodsky, and Jorge Di Paola. "Expression Patterns Of NBEAL2 In Human Tissues and a Megakaryocytic Cell Line." Blood 122, no. 21 (November 15, 2013): 1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.1075.1075.
Анотація:
Abstract Gray platelet syndrome (GPS) is a rare autosomal recessive bleeding disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia, large platelets, and deficient alpha granules in platelets and megakaryocytes. The genetic cause of GPS was recently elucidated by our lab and others, and deleterious mutations were found in the gene NBEAL2 in several affected individuals. NBEAL2 stands for Neurobeachin-like 2 and is a large (30kb, 54 exon) gene on human chromosome 3p21.31. NBEAL2 is a member of a family of proteins that contain a BEACH (Beige and Chediak Higashi) domain which is a highly conserved domain that has been associated with protein functions such as vesicular trafficking, membrane dynamics, and receptor signaling. Very little is known about NBEAL2 other than its involvement with GPS. The relative expression of the NBEAL2 transcript, both in tissues and in subcellular compartments, is not known. It has previously been published that NBEAL2 protein coding isoforms are present in a variety of human tissues, but the abundance of NBEAL2 transcript in each tissue is not known. Furthermore, there is currently no available antibody that recognizes the 302 kDa NBEAL2 protein to validate that mRNA presence translates to protein expression. We have examined the relative transcript abundance of NBEAL2 in a human cDNA library and have validated a novel NBEAL2 antibody in a human megakaryocytic cell line (Dami) and human platelets. We obtained a human mRNA tissue library from Invitrogen which was reverse transcribed to cDNA. Tissues analyzed include bladder, brain, cervix, colon, esophagus, heart, kidney, liver, lung, ovary, placenta, prostate, skeletal muscle, small intestine, spleen, testes, thymus, thyroid, trachea, bone marrow, peripheral leukocytes, CD33+, and CD36+. To investigate relative transcript abundance, we used a Taqman qPCR probe designed to identify all six protein coding isoforms, as determined by Ensembl (http://uswest.ensembl.org). Highest NBEAL2 expression was seen in CD33+ cells, which was 54.3 fold higher than the tissue with lowest expression (skeletal muscle). Relatively high expression was also seen in the peripheral leukocytes, bone marrow, lung, esophagus, and cervix. Alternatively, NBEAL2 expression was low in the brain, despite the homology to the Neurobeachin (NBEA) brain specific protein. While high transcript abundance may infer function, relative protein expression is necessary to validate these findings. Therefore, we designed a novel NBEAL2 antibody against a 14 amino acid peptide (SLEPRRPEEAGAEVC) encoded by exon 1 of NBEAL2 that is 100% conserved between human and mouse. Western blot characterization of this antibody showed the expected approximately 300 kDa band in both soluble and insoluble Dami lysates and human platelet rich plasma lysates. Furthermore, the NBEAL2 antibody was also used for immunofluorescence of Dami cells to determine the approximate subcellular localization of the protein. Preliminary results suggest that NBEAL2 is localized to the cytoplasm, a finding that is consistent with a subcellular localization prediction program (Euk-mPLoc 2.0). In conclusion, we have determined the relative abundance of NBEAL2 transcript in several human tissues, and have begun to characterize a novel antibody against NBEAL2 using the human megakaryocytic Dami cell line and human platelets. Ongoing studies with this novel tool in the Nbeal2 knockout mouse model will likely provide new information about this elusive protein. Disclosures: Di Paola: CSL Behring: Consultancy; Pfizer: DSMB, DSMB Other.
2
Lo, Richard W., Ling Li, Fred G. Pluthero, Richard Leung, Koji Eto та Walter H. A. Kahr. "The endoplasmic reticulum protein SEC22B interacts with NBEAL2 and is required for megakaryocyte α-granule biogenesis". Blood 136, № 6 (6 серпня 2020): 715–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.2019004276.
Анотація:
Abstract Studies of inherited platelet disorders have provided many insights into platelet development and function. Loss of function of neurobeachin-like 2 (NBEAL2) causes gray platelet syndrome (GPS), where the absence of platelet α-granules indicates NBEAL2 is required for their production by precursor megakaryocytes. The endoplasmic reticulum is a dynamic network that interacts with numerous intracellular vesicles and organelles and plays key roles in their development. The megakaryocyte endoplasmic reticulum is extensive, and in this study we investigated its role in the biogenesis of α-granules by focusing on the membrane-resident trafficking protein SEC22B. Coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP) experiments using tagged proteins expressed in human HEK293 and megakaryocytic immortalized megakaryocyte progenitor (imMKCL) cells established binding of NBEAL2 with SEC22B, and demonstrated that NBEAL2 can simultaneously bind SEC22B and P-selectin. NBEAL2-SEC22B binding was also observed for endogenous proteins in human megakaryocytes using co-IP, and immunofluorescence microscopy detected substantial overlap. SEC22B binding was localized to a region of NBEAL2 spanning amino acids 1798 to 1903, where 2 GPS-associated missense variants have been reported: E1833K and R1839C. NBEAL2 containing either variant did not bind SEC22B coexpressed in HEK293 cells. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of SEC22B in imMKCL cells resulted in decreased NBEAL2, but not vice versa. Loss of either SEC22B or NBEAL2 expression resulted in failure of α-granule production and reduced granule proteins in imMKCL cells. We conclude that SEC22B is required for α-granule biogenesis in megakaryocytes, and that interactions with SEC22B and P-selectin facilitate the essential role of NBEAL2 in granule development and cargo stability.
3
Kahr, Walter H. A., Richard W. Lo, Ling Li, Fred G. Pluthero, Hilary Christensen, Ran Ni, Nima Vaezzadeh, et al. "Abnormal megakaryocyte development and platelet function in Nbeal2−/− mice." Blood 122, no. 19 (November 7, 2013): 3349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2013-04-499491.
Анотація:
Key Points Nbeal2 −/− mice are a model of human GPS, characterized by macrothrombocytopenia and α-granule-deficient platelets. NBEAL2 is required for normal platelet function and megakaryocyte development.
4
Darling, Thayer K., Michael P. Schenk, Chengjing C. Zhou, Franklin M. Maloba, Patrice N. Mimche, Jonathan M. Gibbins, Shawn M. Jobe та Tracey J. Lamb. "Platelet α-granules contribute to organ-specific pathologies in a mouse model of severe malaria". Blood Advances 4, № 1 (31 грудня 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000773.
Анотація:
Key Points Nbeal2 deficiency leads to significantly reduced lung and brain pathology and enhanced survival in a mouse model of malaria. Both antibody-dependent and antibody-independent platelet depletion in mice recapitulate the findings observed in Nbeal2−/− mice.
5
Mayer, Louisa, Maria Jasztal, Mercedes Pardo, Salvadora Aguera de Haro, Janine Collins, Tadbir K. Bariana, Peter A. Smethurst, et al. "Nbeal2 interacts with Dock7, Sec16a, and Vac14." Blood 131, no. 9 (March 1, 2018): 1000–1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2017-08-800359.
Анотація:
Key Points Nbeal2 interacts with Dock7, Sec16a, and Vac14; and missense variants that cause GPS disrupt the binding of Dock7 and Vac14. The level of the α-granule protein Dock7 in platelets from Nbeal2−/− mice and GPS cases is reduced and its signaling pathway is dysregulated.
6
Aarts, Cathelijn E. M., Kate Downes, Arie J. Hoogendijk, Evelien G. G. Sprenkeler, Roel P. Gazendam, Rémi Favier, Marie Favier, et al. "Neutrophil specific granule and NETosis defects in gray platelet syndrome." Blood Advances 5, no. 2 (January 25, 2021): 549–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002442.
Анотація:
Abstract Gray platelet syndrome (GPS) is an autosomal recessive bleeding disorder characterized by a lack of α-granules in platelets and progressive myelofibrosis. Rare loss-of-function variants in neurobeachin-like 2 (NBEAL2), a member of the family of beige and Chédiak-Higashi (BEACH) genes, are causal of GPS. It is suggested that BEACH domain containing proteins are involved in fusion, fission, and trafficking of vesicles and granules. Studies in knockout mice suggest that NBEAL2 may control the formation and retention of granules in neutrophils. We found that neutrophils obtained from the peripheral blood from 13 patients with GPS have a normal distribution of azurophilic granules but show a deficiency of specific granules (SGs), as confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy and mass spectrometry proteomics analyses. CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from patients with GPS differentiated into mature neutrophils also lacked NBEAL2 expression but showed similar SG protein expression as control cells. This is indicative of normal granulopoiesis in GPS and identifies NBEAL2 as a potentially important regulator of granule release. Patient neutrophil functions, including production of reactive oxygen species, chemotaxis, and killing of bacteria and fungi, were intact. NETosis was absent in circulating GPS neutrophils. Lack of NETosis is suggested to be independent of NBEAL2 expression but associated with SG defects instead, as indicated by comparison with HSC-derived neutrophils. Since patients with GPS do not excessively suffer from infections, the consequence of the reduced SG content and lack of NETosis for innate immunity remains to be explored.
7
Tang, Yuling, Hongping Wu, Caiyun Huo, Shumei Zou, Yanxin Hu, and Hanchun Yang. "Transcriptomic Profiling of Mouse Mast Cells upon Pathogenic Avian H5N1 and Pandemic H1N1 Influenza a Virus Infection." Viruses 14, no. 2 (January 29, 2022): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14020292.
Анотація:
Mast cells, widely residing in connective tissues and on mucosal surfaces, play significant roles in battling against influenza A viruses. To gain further insights into the host cellular responses of mouse mast cells with influenza A virus infection, such as the highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus H5N1 and the human pandemic influenza A H1N1, we employed high-throughput RNA sequencing to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and related signaling pathways. Our data revealed that H1N1-infected mouse mast P815 cells presented more up- and down-regulated genes compared with H5N1-infected cells. Gene ontology analysis showed that the up-regulated genes in H1N1 infection were enriched for more degranulation-related cellular component terms and immune recognition-related molecular functions terms, while the up-regulated genes in H5N1 infection were enriched for more immune-response-related biological processes. Network enrichment of the KEGG pathway analysis showed that DEGs in H1N1 infection were specifically enriched for the FoxO and autophagy pathways. In contrast, DEGs in H5N1 infection were specifically enriched for the NF-κB and necroptosis pathways. Interestingly, we found that Nbeal2 could be preferentially activated in H5N1-infected P815 cells, where the level of Nbeal2 increased dramatically but decreased in HIN1-infected P815 cells. Nbeal2 knockdown facilitated inflammatory cytokine release in both H1N1- and H5N1-infected P815 cells and aggravated the apoptosis of pulmonary epithelial cells. In summary, our data described a transcriptomic profile and bioinformatic characterization of H1N-1 or H5N1-infected mast cells and, for the first time, established the crucial role of Nbeal2 during influenza A virus infection.
8
Di Paola, Jorge. "Novel Congenital Platelet Disorders." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): SCI—39—SCI—39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.sci-39.sci-39.
Анотація:
The processes of megakaryocyte differentiation, proplatelet formation, and the daily release of 1011 platelets into the bloodstream are tightly regulated. Genetic disturbances can lead to a cascade of downstream molecular alterations that markedly affect the function of megakaryocytes and platelets. Therefore, identifying new genes and their function in megakaryocytes and platelets is critical for understanding how these unique cells contribute to health and disease. Over the last decade advances in genomics, specifically next generation sequencing, have allowed for the discovery of several mutations and genetic variants that cause disease or influence associated hematological traits. By performing platelet RNA-Seq we were among the first to identify NBEAL2 as the causative gene for gray platelet syndrome (GPS) and showed that NBEAL2 regulates megakaryocyte development and platelet function.1-3 Mice carrying targeted Nbeal2 null alleles not only replicated the thrombocytopenia and lack of alpha granules observed in humans, but also provided new information about the role of platelets in thromboinflammation, wound healing, myelofibrosis and metastasis dissemination.4-7 More recently, we and others found that germline mutations in ETV6 lead to thrombocytopenia, red cell macrocytosis, and predisposition to lymphoblastic leukemia.8,9ETV6 encodes an ETS family transcriptional repressor, which exerts its activity by binding a consensus sequence in the promoter regions of DNA. Mice with conditional Etv6 knockout in megakaryocytic-erythroid cells are thrombocytopenic indicating the involvement of Etv6 in thrombopoiesis.10 Several of the families recently described have a missense mutation in the central domain of ETV6 (p.P214L). This mutation results in aberrant cellular localization of ETV6, decreased transcriptional repression, and impaired megakaryocyte maturation. The bone marrow of individuals affected by this mutation show hyperplasia of immature megakaryocytes suggesting a differentiation arrest. Deep sequencing of the platelet transcriptome also revealed significant differences in mRNA expression levels between patients with the ETV6 p.P214L mutation and non-affected family members, indicating that ETV6 is critically involved in defining the molecular phenotype and function of platelets. Consistent with this notion, individuals with the ETV6 p.P214L mutation experience bleeding that is disproportionate to their mild thrombocytopenia. We have also used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to generate a mouse colony where the human p.P214L ETV6 mutation was inserted into the conserved site of Etv6. Mice with this mutation (Etv6H.P214L) have reduced platelet counts. In summary, advances in human genetics that led to the discovery of novel congenital platelet disorders coupled with relevant animal models will likely contribute to our understanding of megakaryopoiesis and platelet function. References 1. Kahr WH, Hinckley J, Li L, et al. Mutations in NBEAL2, encoding a BEACH protein, cause gray platelet syndrome. Nature genetics. 2011;43(8):738-740. 2. Gunay-Aygun M, Falik-Zaccai TC, Vilboux T, et al. NBEAL2 is mutated in gray platelet syndrome and is required for biogenesis of platelet alpha-granules. Nature genetics. 2011;43(8):732-734. 3. Albers CA, Cvejic A, Favier R, et al. Exome sequencing identifies NBEAL2 as the causative gene for gray platelet syndrome. Nature genetics. 2011;43(8):735-737. 4. Deppermann C, Cherpokova D, Nurden P, et al. Gray platelet syndrome and defective thrombo-inflammation in Nbeal2-deficient mice. The Journal of clinical investigation. 2013. 5. Kahr WH, Lo RW, Li L, et al. Abnormal megakaryocyte development and platelet function in Nbeal2(-/-) mice. Blood. 2013;122(19):3349-3358. 6. Guerrero JA, Bennett C, van der Weyden L, et al. Gray platelet syndrome: proinflammatory megakaryocytes and alpha-granule loss cause myelofibrosis and confer metastasis resistance in mice. Blood.2014;124(24):3624-3635. 7. Tomberg K, Khoriaty R, Westrick RJ, et al. Spontaneous 8bp Deletion in Nbeal2 Recapitulates the Gray Platelet Syndrome in Mice. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):e0150852. 8. Noetzli L, Lo RW, Lee-Sherick AB, et al. Germline mutations in ETV6 are associated with thrombocytopenia, red cell macrocytosis and predisposition to lymphoblastic leukemia. Nature Genetics. 2015;47(5):535-538. 9. Zhang MY, Churpek JE, Keel SB, et al. Germline ETV6 mutations in familial thrombocytopenia and hematologic malignancy. Nature genetics. 2015;47(2):180-185. 10. Wang LC, Swat W, Fujiwara Y, et al. The TEL/ETV6 gene is required specifically for hematopoiesis in the bone marrow. Genes & development. 1998;12(15):2392-2402. Disclosures Di Paola: CSL BEhring: Consultancy; Biogen: Consultancy.
9
Kim, Dongjune A., Katrina J. Ashworth, Jorge Di Paola та David N. Ku. "Platelet α-granules are required for occlusive high-shear-rate thrombosis". Blood Advances 4, № 14 (22 липня 2020): 3258–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002117.
Анотація:
Abstract von Willebrand factor (VWF) is essential for the induction of arterial thrombosis. In this study, we investigated the critical role of platelet VWF in occlusive thrombosis formation at high shear in mice that do not express platelet VWF (Nbeal2−/−). Using in silico modeling, in vitro high-shear microfluidics, and an in vivo Folts model of arterial thrombosis we reproduced the platelet dynamics that occur under pathological flow in a stenosed vessel. Computational fluid dynamics (CFDs) simulated local hemodynamics in a stenosis based on arterial geometries. The model predicted shear rates, time course of platelet adhesion, and time to occlusion. These predictions were validated in vitro and in vivo. Occlusive thrombosis developed in wild-type control mice that had normal levels of plasma VWF and platelet VWF in vitro and in vivo. Occlusive thrombosis did not form in the Nbeal2−/− mice that had normal plasma VWF and an absence of platelet VWF. Occlusive thrombosis was corrected in Nbeal2−/− microfluidic assays by the addition of exogenous normal platelets with VWF. Combining model and experimental data, we demonstrated the necessary requirement of platelet VWF in α-granules in forming an occlusive thrombus under high shear. These results could inspire new pharmacological targets specific to pathological conditions and prevent arterial thrombosis.
10
Guerrero, Jose A., Cavan Bennett, Louise van der Weyden, Harriet McKinney, Melody Chin, Paquita Nurden, Zoe McIntyre та ін. "Gray platelet syndrome: proinflammatory megakaryocytes and α-granule loss cause myelofibrosis and confer metastasis resistance in mice". Blood 124, № 24 (4 грудня 2014): 3624–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2014-04-566760.
Анотація:
Key Points Proinflammatory MKs from mice with GPS drive the extension of myelofibrosis, splenomegaly, and emperipolesis. The lack of preformed α-granules in Nbeal2−/− platelets leads to protection against cancer metastasis.
11
Sims, Matthew C., Louisa Mayer, Janine H. Collins, Tadbir K. Bariana, Karyn Megy, Cecile Lavenu-Bombled, Denis Seyres, et al. "Novel manifestations of immune dysregulation and granule defects in gray platelet syndrome." Blood 136, no. 17 (October 22, 2020): 1956–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.2019004776.
Анотація:
Abstract Gray platelet syndrome (GPS) is a rare recessive disorder caused by biallelic variants in NBEAL2 and characterized by bleeding symptoms, the absence of platelet α-granules, splenomegaly, and bone marrow (BM) fibrosis. Due to the rarity of GPS, it has been difficult to fully understand the pathogenic processes that lead to these clinical sequelae. To discern the spectrum of pathologic features, we performed a detailed clinical genotypic and phenotypic study of 47 patients with GPS and identified 32 new etiologic variants in NBEAL2. The GPS patient cohort exhibited known phenotypes, including macrothrombocytopenia, BM fibrosis, megakaryocyte emperipolesis of neutrophils, splenomegaly, and elevated serum vitamin B12 levels. Novel clinical phenotypes were also observed, including reduced leukocyte counts and increased presence of autoimmune disease and positive autoantibodies. There were widespread differences in the transcriptome and proteome of GPS platelets, neutrophils, monocytes, and CD4 lymphocytes. Proteins less abundant in these cells were enriched for constituents of granules, supporting a role for Nbeal2 in the function of these organelles across a wide range of blood cells. Proteomic analysis of GPS plasma showed increased levels of proteins associated with inflammation and immune response. One-quarter of plasma proteins increased in GPS are known to be synthesized outside of hematopoietic cells, predominantly in the liver. In summary, our data show that, in addition to the well-described platelet defects in GPS, there are immune defects. The abnormal immune cells may be the drivers of systemic abnormalities such as autoimmune disease.
12
Shinde, Vishal, Nara Sobreira, Elizabeth S. Wohler, George Maiti, Nan Hu, Giuliana Silvestri, Sonia George, et al. "Pathogenic alleles in microtubule, secretory granule and extracellular matrix-related genes in familial keratoconus." Human Molecular Genetics 30, no. 8 (March 17, 2021): 658–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddab075.
Анотація:
Abstract Keratoconus is a common corneal defect with a complex genetic basis. By whole exome sequencing of affected members from 11 multiplex families of European ancestry, we identified 23 rare, heterozygous, potentially pathogenic variants in 8 genes. These include nonsynonymous single amino acid substitutions in HSPG2, EML6 and CENPF in two families each, and in NBEAL2, LRP1B, PIK3CG and MRGPRD in three families each; ITGAX had nonsynonymous single amino acid substitutions in two families and an indel with a base substitution producing a nonsense allele in the third family. Only HSPG2, EML6 and CENPF have been associated with ocular phenotypes previously. With the exception of MRGPRD and ITGAX, we detected the transcript and encoded protein of the remaining genes in the cornea and corneal cell cultures. Cultured stromal cells showed cytoplasmic punctate staining of NBEAL2, staining of the fibrillar cytoskeletal network by EML6, while CENPF localized to the basal body of primary cilia. We inhibited the expression of HSPG2, EML6, NBEAL2 and CENPF in stromal cell cultures and assayed for the expression of COL1A1 as a readout of corneal matrix production. An upregulation in COL1A1 after siRNA inhibition indicated their functional link to stromal cell biology. For ITGAX, encoding a leukocyte integrin, we assayed its level in the sera of 3 affected families compared with 10 unrelated controls to detect an increase in all affecteds. Our study identified genes that regulate the cytoskeleton, protein trafficking and secretion, barrier tissue function and response to injury and inflammation, as being relevant to keratoconus.
13
Reed, Jenna, Margot Deckers, Philippe Van den Steen, Aaron Petrey, Brian D. Evavold, and Tracey Lamb. "Deciphering the role of platelet alpha granules in alveolar-capillary breakdown in severe malaria." Journal of Immunology 210, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2023): 241.13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.210.supp.241.13.
Анотація:
Abstract Malaria is considered the deadliest disease in human history, killing hundreds of thousands annually. A hallmark of severe malaria is the breakdown of blood-organ barriers, such as in the lungs and brain, but the precise mechanism of how this occurs remains unknown. We determined that, unlike wildtype mice (C57BL6), mice with platelet alpha-granule deficiencies (Nbeal2−/−) did not die of malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (MA-ARDS) when infected with Plasmodium berghei NK65-Edinburgh (PbE). While wildtype mice exhibited significant alveolar-capillary breakdown by 6 days post-infection, as measured by alveolar protein concentrations and Evans blue permeation, Nbeal2−/− mice did not develop severe pathology. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that PbE-infected Nbeal2−/− mice had reduced CD8 T cell lung recruitment and activation compared to wildtypes. From this data, we concluded that a component of platelet alpha granules is crucial for activating CD8 T cells that subsequently damage the alveolar barrier. We hypothesized that the enzyme hyaluronidase 2 (HYAL2) is that crucial component and plays a 2-fold role: 1) that it directly contributes to barrier breakdown by cleaving hyaluronan (HA) from the endothelial glycocalyx (eGC), and 2) that the HA fragments released after eGC cleavage promote inflammation via CD44-binding. We found that HA is elevated in the plasma of infected mice. Preliminary data suggest that CD44 splice variants are differentially expressed in the lungs of naïve vs. PbE-infected mice, which could alter the binding kinetics with HA. Together, these data support the hypothesis that platelet HYAL2 is a critical mediator of MA-ARDS.
14
Bottega, Roberta, Elena Nicchia, Caterina Alfano, Ana C. Glembotsky, Annalisa Pastore, Debora Bertaggia-Calderara, Bettina Bisig, et al. "Gray platelet syndrome: Novel mutations of the NBEAL2 gene." American Journal of Hematology 92, no. 2 (January 17, 2017): E20—E22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajh.24610.
15
Pluthero, Fred G., Jorge Di Paola, Manuel D. Carcao, and Walter H. A. Kahr. "NBEAL2 mutations and bleeding in patients with gray platelet syndrome." Platelets 29, no. 6 (June 5, 2018): 632–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09537104.2018.1478405.
16
Nand, Sucha, Manuel O. Diaz, David E. Marinier, Mark A. Walshauser, Amy B. Rosenfeld, Laura C. Michaelis, Patrick J. Stiff, and Xiaowu Gai. "Germ-Line and Somatic Mutations in Familial Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPNs). a Pilot Study." Blood 124, no. 21 (December 6, 2014): 3214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.3214.3214.
Анотація:
Abstract Background: Familial MPNs are uncommon disorders that, like sporadic cases, are characterized by clonal hematopoiesis and presence of somatic mutations, e.g. JAK2, CALR, MPL and occasionally TET2. There is little information, however, about germ-line mutations in these families that may explain the low penetrance hereditary predisposition. Methods: We studied five families with MPNs, each with at least 2 affected members. After obtaining an informed consent, clinical data was obtained from the patients’ electronic medical records. Blood and buccal samples were collected from patients and unaffected relatives. Exome sequencing was performed on the blood DNA samples using Agilent SureSelect Human All Exon V5+UTRs exome capture kit followed by massively parallel sequencing with Illumina HiSeq 2000. Sanger sequencing was then done on both the blood and buccal swab DNA samples to validate selected gene variants and to differentiate the nature of those variants (germ line or somatic). Results: The 5 families participating in this study had the following diagnoses: 1. Mother: polycythemia vera (PV); son: essential thrombocythemia (ET), 2. Mother: primary myelofibrosis (MF); daughter: unclassifiable MPN (UMPN), 3. Father: PV; son: PV, 4. Sister: MF; sister: MF, 5. Two aunts: MF; niece; UMPN. Six patients were positive for JAK2, V617F mutation. Blood and buccal samples were collected from 5 patients and 4 relatives. In all 5 families, the pro-band was younger at the time of diagnosis than his/her affected relatives. The clinical course of the MPNs appeared to be similar to the sporadic form. Exome sequencing revealed TET2 mutations in 2 probands. In addition, novel non-synonymous mutations in several candidate genes, KMT2D, KMT2C, NBEAL1, NBEAL2, AHNAK2, RNF213, were identified in the blood samples from the patients but not their unaffected relatives. These include two novel KMT2D mutations in two unrelated families. These 2 mutations were also found in the matching buccal swab samples, indicating that they are germ line mutations. Discussion: KMT2D and KMT2C mutations have been previously identified as somatic mutations in lymphoid malignancies, including non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (Morin 2011), and as germ line compound heterozygote mutations in infant MLL and ALL (Valentine 2014). About 32% of diffuse large cell lymphoma and 89% of follicular lymphoma have somatic mutations of KMT2D. NBEAL2 germ line mutations are associated with familial gray platelet syndrome, where some patients have myelofibrosis (Gunay-Aygun 2011). To our knowledge, this is the first report describing germ line mutations in familial MPNs. The possible role of these mutations in predisposition to MPN will be discussed. Studies on additional families with MPNs are planned. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
17
Deppermann, Carsten, Deya Cherpokova, Paquita Nurden, Jan-Niklas Schulz, Ina Thielmann, Peter Kraft, Timo Vögtle, et al. "Gray platelet syndrome and defective thrombo-inflammation in Nbeal2-deficient mice." Journal of Clinical Investigation 123, no. 8 (July 1, 2013): 3331–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/jci69210.
18
Kahr, Walter HA, Jesse Hinckley, Ling Li, Hansjörg Schwertz, Hilary Christensen, Jesse W. Rowley, Fred G. Pluthero, et al. "Mutations in NBEAL2, encoding a BEACH protein, cause gray platelet syndrome." Nature Genetics 43, no. 8 (July 17, 2011): 738–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.884.
19
Wijgaerts, Anouck, Christine Wittevrongel, Chantal Thys, Timothy Devos, Kathelijne Peerlinck, Marloes R. Tijssen, Chris Van Geet, and Kathleen Freson. "The transcription factor GATA1 regulates NBEAL2 expression through a long-distance enhancer." Haematologica 102, no. 4 (January 12, 2017): 695–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2016.152777.
20
Sowerby, John M., David C. Thomas, Simon Clare, Marion Espéli, Jose A. Guerrero, Kim Hoenderdos, Katherine Harcourt, et al. "NBEAL2 is required for neutrophil and NK cell function and pathogen defense." Journal of Clinical Investigation 127, no. 9 (August 7, 2017): 3521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/jci91684.
21
Tomberg, Kärt, Rami Khoriaty, Randal J. Westrick, Heather E. Fairfield, Laura G. Reinholdt, Gary L. Brodsky, Pavel Davizon-Castillo, David Ginsburg, and Jorge Di Paola. "Spontaneous 8bp Deletion in Nbeal2 Recapitulates the Gray Platelet Syndrome in Mice." PLOS ONE 11, no. 3 (March 7, 2016): e0150852. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150852.
22
Albers, Cornelis A., Ana Cvejic, Rémi Favier, Evelien E. Bouwmans, Marie-Christine Alessi, Paul Bertone, Gregory Jordan, et al. "Exome sequencing identifies NBEAL2 as the causative gene for gray platelet syndrome." Nature Genetics 43, no. 8 (July 17, 2011): 735–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.885.
23
Bottega, R., A. Pecci, E. De Candia, N. Pujol-Moix, P. G. Heller, P. Noris, D. De Rocco, et al. "Correlation between platelet phenotype and NBEAL2 genotype in patients with congenital thrombocytopenia and -granule deficiency." Haematologica 98, no. 6 (October 25, 2012): 868–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2012.075861.
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Barg, A., E. Avishai, R. Dardik, S. Levy-Mendelovich, O. Cohen, B. Roth Jelinek, O. Barel, T. Livnat, and G. Kenet. "PB1390 Gray Platelet Syndrome- Novel NBEAL2 Pathogenic Variants and Hemostasis Evaluation by Global Coagulation Assays." Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis 7 (October 2023): 101518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rpth.2023.101518.
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Cao, Lijuan, Jian Su, Jiaming Li, Ziqiang Yu, Xia Bai, Zhaoyue Wang, Lijun Xia, and Changgeng Ruan. "A novel nonsense NBEAL2 gene mutation causing severe bleeding in a patient with gray platelet syndrome." Platelets 29, no. 3 (May 15, 2017): 288–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09537104.2017.1306041.
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Gunay-Aygun, Meral, Tzipora C. Falik-Zaccai, Thierry Vilboux, Yifat Zivony-Elboum, Fatma Gumruk, Mualla Cetin, Morad Khayat та ін. "NBEAL2 is mutated in gray platelet syndrome and is required for biogenesis of platelet α-granules". Nature Genetics 43, № 8 (17 липня 2011): 732–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.883.
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Riley, Roger, Asad Khan, Shella Pai, Laura Warmke, Marcus Winkler, and William Gunning. "A Case of Chronic Thrombocytopenia in a 17-Year-Old Female." Laboratory Medicine 50, no. 4 (June 22, 2019): 406–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/labmed/lmz013.
Анотація:
AbstractStorage pool deficiency (SPD) is a group of rare platelet disorders that result from deficiencies in α-granules, δ-granules, or both. One type of α-SPD is gray platelet syndrome (GPS), caused by mutations in the neurobeachin-like 2 (NBEAL2) gene that results in a bleeding diathesis, thrombocytopenia, splenomegaly, and progressive myelofibrosis. Due to the lack of α-granules, platelets have a gray and degranulated appearance by light microscopy. However, definitive diagnosis of GPS requires confirmation of α-granule deficiency by electron microscopy. Treatment is nonspecific, with the conservative utilization of platelet transfusions being the most important form of therapy. We present a case of a 17-year-old female with a past medical history of thrombocytopenia, first identified at the age of five. Her clinical symptomatology included chronic fatigue, gingival bleeding, bruising, menorrhagia, and leg pain. This report will discuss both the clinical and the pathophysiologic aspects of this rare platelet disorder.
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Coenen, D., and S. Whiteheart. "PB1402 NBEAL2 and the Intragranular Proteoglycan, Serglycin, Both Contribute to the Initiation and Progression of Aortic Aneurysms." Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis 7 (October 2023): 101685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rpth.2023.101685.
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Lo, Richard W., Ling Li, Richard Leung, Fred G. Pluthero та Walter H. A. Kahr. "NBEAL2 (Neurobeachin-Like 2) Is Required for Retention of Cargo Proteins by α-Granules During Their Production by Megakaryocytes". Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 38, № 10 (жовтень 2018): 2435–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/atvbaha.118.311270.
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Louzil, Jan, Jana Stikarova, Dana Provaznikova, Ingrid Hrachovinova, Tereza Fenclova, Jan Musil, Martin Radek, et al. "Diagnosing Czech Patients with Inherited Platelet Disorders." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 22 (November 19, 2022): 14386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214386.
Анотація:
A single-center study was conducted on 120 patients with inherited disorders of primary hemostasis followed at our hematological center. These patients presented a variety of bleeding symptoms; however, they had no definitive diagnosis. Establishing a diagnosis has consequences for the investigation of probands in families and for treatment management; therefore, we aimed to improve the diagnosis rate in these patients by implementing advanced diagnostic methods. According to the accepted international guidelines at the time of study, we investigated platelet morphology, platelet function assay, light-transmission aggregometry, and flow cytometry. Using only these methods, we were unable to make a definitive diagnosis for most of our patients. However, next-generation sequencing (NGS), which was applied in 31 patients, allowed us to establish definitive diagnoses in six cases (variants in ANKRD26, ITGA2B, and F8) and helped us to identify suspected variants (NBEAL2, F2, BLOC1S6, AP3D1, GP1BB, ANO6, CD36, and ITGB3) and new suspected variants (GFI1B, FGA, GP1BA, and ITGA2B) in 11 patients. The role of NGS in patients with suspicious bleeding symptoms is growing and it changes the diagnostic algorithm. The greatest disadvantage of NGS, aside from the cost, is the occurrence of gene variants of uncertain significance.
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Urban, Denisa, Ling Li, Hilary Christensen, Fred G. Pluthero, Shao Zun Chen, Michael Puhacz, Parvesh M. Garg та ін. "The VPS33B-binding protein VPS16B is required in megakaryocyte and platelet α-granule biogenesis". Blood 120, № 25 (13 грудня 2012): 5032–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2012-05-431205.
Анотація:
Abstract Patients with platelet α or dense δ-granule defects have bleeding problems. Although several proteins are known to be required for δ-granule development, less is known about α-granule biogenesis. Our previous work showed that the BEACH protein NBEAL2 and the Sec1/Munc18 protein VPS33B are required for α-granule biogenesis. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen, mass spectrometry, coimmunoprecipitation, and bioinformatics studies, we identified VPS16B as a VPS33B-binding protein. Immunoblotting confirmed VPS16B expression in various human tissues and cells including megakaryocytes and platelets, and also in megakaryocytic Dami cells. Characterization of platelets from a patient with arthrogryposis, renal dysfunction, and cholestasis (ARC) syndrome containing mutations in C14orf133 encoding VPS16B revealed pale-appearing platelets in blood films and electron microscopy revealed a complete absence of α-granules, whereas δ-granules were observed. Soluble and membrane-bound α-granule proteins were reduced or undetectable, suggesting that both releasable and membrane-bound α-granule constituents were absent. Immunofluorescence microscopy of Dami cells stably expressing GFP-VPS16B revealed that similar to VPS33B, GFP-VPS16B colocalized with markers of the trans-Golgi network, late endosomes and α-granules. We conclude that VPS16B, similar to its binding partner VPS33B, is essential for megakaryocyte and platelet α-granule biogenesis.
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Mohamed, Sara, Martina Di Palma, Michela Faleschini, Daniela De Benedittis, Maria Luisa Moleti, Luisa Cardarelli, Anna Maria Testi, Giovanna Palumbo, Anna Savoia, and Fiorina Giona. "Chronic Thrombocytopenia in Children: What Could It Hide?" Blood 136, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2020): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-138651.
Анотація:
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is one of the most common hemorrhagic disorders in childhood, often caused by an acute self-limiting event. However, 30% of these children develop chronic ITP. Identification of the underlying causes in ITP is an important challenge. Inherited thrombocytopenia (IT) is a rare, underdiagnosed disease, included among the chronic platelet disorders. Next-Generation-Sequencing (NGS) could be an efficient way of discovering potential IT-associated mutations in children with chronic ITP. The purpose of this retrospective study was to investigate children with chronic ITP using a targeted NGS, in order to identify IT-associated mutations. Between June 2017 and April 2020, mutational screening by a targeted NGS was performed on 19 children, either with a familial history of IT [4 unrelated patients (pts)], or with chronic ITP (15 pts), after all other causes of thrombocytopenia were excluded. Nineteen relatives were also investigated. This study was carried out in collaboration with the Laboratory of Genetics, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo in Trieste, that developed a targeted NGS method for the simultaneous analysis of 28 IT genes. The cost of the NGS tests were supported by the public healthcare service. We retrospectively divided our cohort of 19 pts, into three subgroups: Group I included 4 unrelated pts with familial IT; Group II consisted of 6 pts with chronic ITP and a clinical history and/or laboratory features associated with familial IT; and, Group III included 9 pts with chronic ITP refractory to several treatments (Table 1). The median age at the initial diagnosis of thrombocytopenia was lower in Group I than in Groups II and III (19/12 years vs 1310/12 years and 9 years, respectively, p=0.33). The median time between the diagnosis of thrombocytopenia, and the time of the study, was shorter in Group I compared to Groups II and III (11.7 months vs 45.3 and 51.7 months, respectively, p=0.16). Median platelet count at the disease onset was lower in Group III than in Groups I and II (21 x 109/L vs 99 x 109/L and 38 x 109/L, respectively, p=0.28). The median MPV values were 12.5 fL, 9.85 fL and 8.8 fL in Groups II, III, and I respectively. Bleeding symptoms requiring treatment were present at diagnosis in 1/6 (16%) and in 5/9 (55%) children of Groups II and III, respectively. Genetic variants, usually detected in IT, were found in heterozygosity in all children in Groups I and II, and in 7/9 (78%) in Group III. Two out of 4, 2/6 and 2/9 children in Groups I, II, and III, respectively, presented ≥2 variants. Among the 4 children of Group I, ANKDR26 variant was found in 2 pts, together with GP1BA and NBEAL2 (pt#1) and TUBB1 (pt#2). ANKDR26 variant was also recorded as a single mutation in their relatives. Two different variants involving GP1BA (c.98T>A and c.515C<T) were detected in the remaining 2 children of Group I and in their relatives. Pt #4 with GP1BA c.515C>T mutation with mild macrothrombocytopenia had relatives with a previous diagnosis of monoallelic Bernard-Souliers syndrome. As shown in table 1, ABCG8, ACTN1, ETV6, GP1BA, MYH9, SLFN14, or WAS variants, found in combination in 2 pts (pt#5, pt#8), were also detected in the children in Group II, as well as, at least one of the relatives (for a total of 7 cases). ABCG5, ABCG8, ETV6, FLNA, GP1BA, NBEAL2, or SLFN14 were found as variants in patients of Group III. The peripheral blood smear evaluation confirmed the diagnosis of grey platelet syndrome with two NBEAL2 mutations in pt #16. SLFN14, as a single variant, was associated with macrothrombocytopenia in one pt (#10). Three pts (#5, #6, #17), with variants of ABCG8 had hypercholesterolemia. In the cohort of pts with chronic ITP, 4 (#12, #13, #14, #15) had relatives with thrombocytopenia, and 2 (#11, #13) had a familial history of hematological malignancies. Segregation analysis in families, and functional studies to evaluate the pathogenic role of the variants reported, are still in progress. The clinical significance of IT-associated mutations in chronic ITP is uncertain, and yet to be clarified. However, our experience has shown that an in-depth clinical history, and accurate peripheral blood smear examinations, are important to better characterize chronic ITP in children. A targeted NGS method for the simultaneous analysis of different IT genes, has demonstrated to be an effective approach to explore in-depth the IT-associated mutations in children with chronic ITP, refractory to treatment. Table 1. Disclosures Giona: Novartis: Research Funding; Takeda: Speakers Bureau; Sanofi Genzyme: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau.
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Jia, Siyuan, Yunyan He, Meirong Lu, Ning Liao, Yonghong Lei, Nikuze Lauriane, Kairong Liang, and Hongying Wei. "Identification of novel pathogenic F13A1 mutation and novel NBEAL2 gene missense mutation in a pedigree with hereditary congenital factor XIII deficiency." Gene 702 (June 2019): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2019.03.067.
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Collins, J., H. Foster, L. Mayer, A. Crosby, A. Evans, W. Lau, S. Mason, et al. "PB0355 Knock-in of Homozygous NBEAL2 Variants to Model Gray Platelet Syndrome in Megakaryocytes Derived from CRISPR-Cas9-edited Pluripotent Stem Cells." Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis 7 (October 2023): 101493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rpth.2023.101493.
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Kahr, Walter H. "Molecular Triggers of Granule Formation in Megakaryocytes and Platelets." Blood 120, no. 21 (November 16, 2012): SCI—34—SCI—34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.sci-34.sci-34.
Анотація:
Abstract Abstract SCI-34 Platelet secretory granules develop within maturing bone marrow-resident megakaryocytes, where α-granules, δ-granules, and lysosomes are transported to extending proplatelets (1) and undergo further maturation after platelets are released into the circulation. Mature platelets contain 50 to 80 membrane-enclosed α-granules, three to eight dense (δ-) granules, and a few lysosomes. δ-granules store calcium, phosphate, ADP, ATP, and serotonin, which play important roles during platelet activation. α-granules store numerous soluble and membrane-bound proteins, including adhesion molecules, cytokines, chemokines, coagulation and fibrinolytic proteins, immunologic modulators, and an assortment of complement, growth, and pro- and antiangiogenic factors. These play important roles in clotting, angiogenesis, inflammation, wound healing, and bone remodeling, and provide defenses against infections. Insights into megakaryocyte and platelet δ-granule development have come from studying inherited δ-granule deficiencies such as Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) and Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS; MIM214500), for which mouse models also exist. Several genes/proteins linked to the regulation of vesicle trafficking have been implicated in δ-granule formation. These include components of BLOC (biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex) protein complexes (BLOC-1, −2, and −3), known vesicle-trafficking proteins (VPS33A and the β3A and δ subunit of AP-3), and the BEACH domain, containing protein LYST. Less is known about α-granule development, in which two inherited disorders result in platelets lacking α-granules: ARC syndrome (Arthrogryposis, Renal dysfunction, and Cholestasis; MIM208085) and gray platelet syndrome (GPS; MIM139090). GPS is characterized by variable thrombocytopenia and large, gray-appearing platelets on blood smears, with α-granules and α-granule proteins markedly decreased or absent. We and others recently determined that GPS is caused by mutations in NBEAL2, encoding a BEACH protein (2, 3, 4). Our work has also shown that the large α-granule-deficient platelets in ARC syndrome can arise due to mutations in VPS33B, encoding the Sec1/Munc18 (SM) protein VPS33B involved in vesicular trafficking (5). SM proteins are known to interact with membrane-associated soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion (NSF)-attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) of the syntaxin subfamily. Recently we have also identified VPS16B as a VPS33B-binding protein. A patient with homozygous missense mutations in C14orf133, encoding VPS16B, has ARC syndrome, with platelets lacking α-granules and stored α-granule proteins. Thus VPS16B is also required for megakaryocyte and platelet α-granule formation, and, in contrast to GPS, in which platelets have α-granule membrane proteins such as P-selectin, VPS16 null platelets lack P-selectin. The observation that GPS and ARC platelets lack α-granules but contain δ-granules, while HPS platelets are devoid of δ-granules but contain α-granules, suggests there are distinct pathways for δ-granule and α-granule biogenesis in maturing megakaryocytes. Immunofluorescence microscopy suggests that VPS16B and VPS33B act along the trans-Golgi network/late endosome/α-granule vesicular trafficking pathway during formation of α-granules in megakaryocytes. It is predicted that complexes containing VPS33B and VPS16B facilitate docking and fusion of intracellular vesicles during α-granule formation, while NBEAL2 promotes the maturation of nascent α-granule vesicles. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
36
Shibata, Yusuke, Kazuhito Kawakita, and Daigo Takemoto. "Age-Related Resistance of Nicotiana benthamiana Against Hemibiotrophic Pathogen Phytophthora infestans Requires Both Ethylene- and Salicylic Acid–Mediated Signaling Pathways." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 23, no. 9 (September 2010): 1130–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-23-9-1130.
Анотація:
Phytophthora infestans, the agent of late blight disease of potato, is a hemibiotrophic pathogen with biotrophic action during early infection and necrotrophic in the later stage of colonization. Mature Nicotiana benthamiana was resistant to P. infestans, whereas relatively young plants were susceptible to this pathogen. Young plants became resistant following a pretreatment with acibenzolar-S-methyl, a functional analog of salicylic acid (SA), indicating that susceptibility of young plants is due to a lack of induction of SA signaling. Further analysis with virus-induced gene silencing indicated that NbICS1 and NbEIN2, the genes for SA biosynthesis and ethylene (ET) signaling, respectively, are required for the resistance of mature N. benthamiana against P. infestans. Furthermore, these genes are required for the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by treatment of the INF1 elicitor. In NbICS1-silenced plants, cell death induced by either INF1 or necrosis-inducing protein NPP1.1 was significantly accelerated. Expression of genes for phytoalexin (capsidiol) biosynthesis, NbEAS and NbEAH, were regulated by ET, and gene silencing of either of them compromised resistance of N. benthamiana to P. infestans. Together, these results suggest that resistance of N. benthamiana against hemibiotrophic P. infestans requires both SA-regulated appropriate induction of cell death and ET-induced production of phytoalexin.
37
Luo, Fangxiu, Jialu Zhao, Yubao Chen, Zhenping Peng, Ran An, Yeling Lu, and Jiaming Li. "Clinical and Molecular Characteristics of Megakaryocytes in Myelodysplastic Syndrome." Global Medical Genetics 11, no. 02 (June 2024): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0044-1787752.
Анотація:
Abstract Objective Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a malignant clonal disorder of hematopoietic stem cells which is characterized by morphologic dysplasia. However, the pathological characteristics of megakaryocytes (MKs) in MDS patients with gene mutation are not well established. Methods Bone marrow MK specimens from 104 patients with primary MDS were evaluated, and all patients were distributed into two groups according to gene mutation associated with functional MKs. The morphologic and cellular characteristics of MKs and platelets were recorded and compared. Results The more frequently mutated genes in MDS patients were TUBB1 (11.54%), VWF (8.65%), NBEAL2 (5.77%), and the most common point mutation was TUBB1 p.(R307H) and p.(Q43P). Patients with MK mutation showed a decrease in adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation, high proportion of CD34+ CD61+ MKs (10.00 vs. 4.00%, p = 0.012), and short overall survival (33.15 vs. 40.50 months, p = 0.013). Further, patients with a higher percent of CD34+ CD61+ MKs (≧20.00%) had lower platelet counts (36.00 × 109/L vs. 88.50 × 109/L, p = 0.015) and more profound emperipolesis (p = 0.001). By analyzing RNA-sequencing of MKs, differentially expressed mRNA was involved in physiological processes including platelet function and platelet activation, especially for MDS patients with high percent of CD34+CD61+MKs. The high levels of expression of CD62P, CXCL10, and S100A9 mRNA, shown by RNA sequencing, were validated by PCR assay. Conclusion High proportion of CD34+ CD61+ MKs was a poor prognostic factor in MDS patients with MK mutation. CD62P, CXCL10, and S100A9 may be the potential targets to evaluate the molecular link between gene defects and platelet function.
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Naik, Gurudatta, Dongquan Chen, Michael Crowley, David Crossman, Katherine C. Sexton, William E. Grizzle, Amitkumar N. Mehta, and Guru Sonpavde. "Whole-exome sequencing (WES) of penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) to identify multiple recurrent mutations." Journal of Clinical Oncology 34, no. 2_suppl (January 10, 2016): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2016.34.2_suppl.484.
Анотація:
484 Background: Molecular alterations and drivers of PSCC, an orphan malignancy, remain unclear. The Cancer Genome Atlas is not studying PSCC and the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer has performed targeted analyses only. We report WES of PSCC tumors from a group of patients (pts). Methods: Freshfrozen macrodissected PSCC tumor tissue and adjacent normal tissue samples were procured from the Cooperative Human Tissue Network. DNA was isolated from tissue sections by phenol chloroform extraction. Exome capture was performed with the Agilent SureSelect clinical research exome kit and whole exome-seq was done on the Illumina HiSeq2500 with paired end 100bp chemistry. Raw sequence data in Fastq format were aligned to human reference genome and quantified, and compared by using a local instance of Galaxy (galaxy.uabgrid.uab.edu). These data were analyzed for mutations (SNPs) analysis, by Partek Genomic Suite/Flow(PGS, Partek, St. Louis, MO) for variance calling against human reference genome (hg19) as referenced to dbSNP; and copy number variants (cnv) by FishingCNV tool together with picard tools/samtools/GATK). We focused on missense mutations and amplifications among ≥ 2 tumor samples but not in normal samples as they may cause upregulation of gene/protein function, which may be therapeutically actionable. Results: PSCC tumors were available from 11 patients and adjacent normal tissue from 3 patients. The 10 most common genes with > 4 missense mutations among ≥ 2 tumor samples overall were the following in decreasing order of frequency: MUC4, HLA-DPA1, MUC16, XIRP2, SSPO, TTN, FCGBP, PABPC3, ALPK2 and MKI67. The top upstream transcriptional regulators were PIH1D3, PRDM5, PTK2, Coup-Tf and NBEAL2. When examining candidate actionable genes, recurrent missense alterations were seen in PIK3C2A and PIK3C2G. Additional analysis will study alterations in functional domains and cnv. Conclusions: WES identified a relatively high mutation burden in PSCC withrecurrent missense mutations in multiple genes, notably including the PI3K gene among potentially actionable genes. Validation of these findings and further study of downstream effects is required.
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Abraham, Shirley M., Dong Chen, Karen Simon, Thomas Markello, and William A. Gahl. "GFI1B Mutation Associated Alpha-Delta Platelet Storage-Pool Deficiency: A Case Report and Its Potential Important Implication." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 3727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.3727.3727.
Анотація:
Abstract Background: In addition to NBEAL2, a single dominant-negative mutation in the GFIB1 gene has been associated with grey platelet syndrome but no association has been mentioned with dense granule deficiency. Here we describe a child with thrombocytopenia, alpha-delta granule deficiency, and a homozygous missense mutation in GFIB1. Case Report:The patient is an 8y/o Hispanic male born to non-consanguineous parents. Prenatal and birth history were unremarkable. No family history of blood disorders or pediatric malignancies. The boy has 2 healthy older siblings, no dysmorphic features, and normal skin pigmentation and eye findings. Renal function and hearing are normal. At 3mo he was noted to have multiple spontaneous petechiae along with an isolated thrombocytopenia of 46K/uL. At 10 months, a bone marrow evaluation showed increased megakaryocytes suggestive of ITP. By 3years of age, he received three treatments of IVIG without an adequate response. His platelet counts have generally ranged between 30-50K/uL. With acute illnesses, they drop to 15-20K/uL. His bleeding symptoms have primarily been spontaneous bruising and petechiae as well as prolonged epistaxis. His symptoms have been generally controlled with anti-fibrinolytic agents alone. Platelet transfusions have been reserved for surgical procedures or significant bleeding symptoms. Further evaluations over the past 5 years have included peripheral smears, showing atypical large hypo-granular platelets, and two additional bone marrow aspirates, showing megakaryocytic hyperplasia with numerous osteoclast-like forms and occasional small mono-lobated megakaryocytes and evident emperipolesis. Anti-nuclear antibody testing and platelet direct and indirect antibody testing were negative. Platelet electron microscopy showed that platelets virtually contained no dense granules (0.05 dense granules/platelet, 200 platelets) and about 30-40% of the platelets had markedly decreased alpha granules. Some platelets had complex canalicular networks and membrane vacuoles. These features are consistent with an alpha-delta platelet storage-pool deficiency. A myeloid malignancy mutation panel, performed using next generation sequencing, detected no variants of known significance. Gene sequencing for MHY9-related disorders as well as DNA breakage analysis for Fanconi's anemia were negative. However, DNA sequencing of the patient's sample revealed a homozygous missense mutation (c923 T>C; p.Leu308Pro) in the GFIB1gene; each parent carried one copy of this change. Conclusion: GFIB1, mapped to chromosome 9q34.13, encodes a transcriptional repressor that is important for megakaryopoiesis. It has been reported in patients with gray platelet syndrome; an inherited platelet disorder associated with thrombocytopenia and decreased alpha granules. This case points to an association of biallelic GFIB1 mutations with alpha-delta granule deficiency. This case underscores the importance of platelet esoteric testing and molecular analysis in the diagnosis of hereditary platelet disorders. As a targetable mutation in the future, this could revolutionize the early diagnosis and treatment of this rare platelet disorder. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Vincent, Benjamin G., Darshan Singh, Michael Wu, Sally A. Hunsucker, Gheath Alatrash, Kathryn Ruisaard, Pariya Sukhumalchandra, et al. "RNA-Seq Expression Profiling of AML Stem Cells Reveals Differential Expression of Lineage Differentiation Markers and Novel Splice Variants." Blood 120, no. 21 (November 16, 2012): 2502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.2502.2502.
Анотація:
Abstract Abstract 2502 Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are resistant to conventional chemotherapy, able to sustain leukemia through treatment, and may regenerate disease after treatment completion. Understanding the biological differences between LSCs and non-LSC leukemic blasts will be important for developing improved and targeted AML therapies. We report here the results of an RNA-Seq analysis of differential gene and splice variant expression in LSC-enriched vs. non-enriched leukemia fractions in 8 AML patients. Using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) we divided 8 adult AML patient blast samples into LSC-enriched (“LSC” = Lin-, CD34+, CD38-) and “non-LSC” fractions. We extracted total RNA from each sample, purified mRNA, and performed massively parallel RNA sequencing using the Illumina HiSeq platform. Hierarchical clustering based on RPKM gene expression values showed greater similarity between LSC and non-LSC fractions within each patient's leukemia than similarity of LSC and non-LSC fractions among patients. Three hundred seventy-one genes were differentially expressed between the LSC and non-LSC fractions, with the most prominent public differences being increased expression of myeloid differentiation markers (e.g. LYZ, MPO, HBA/B) in the non-LSC samples. The LSC fractions displayed increased expression of CD34, FLT3, N-ras, K-ras, AML1, cyclin D1, CD61, and M-SCF. Pathway analysis revealed statistically significant differences in gene expression in the KEGG-defined Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Cell Cycle, and Hematopoietic Cell Lineage pathways between the LSC and non-LSC fractions. Using the MapSplice software package we identified multiple novel splice variants present in ≥ 6 of the 8 AML patient samples. These splices were found in genes known to be associated with leukemogenesis including MYC, MTOR, and FLT3. In addition to the identification of novel splices in AML associated genes, we used the FDM software package to measure differential splice utilization between the LSC vs. non-LSC fractions. Using FDM, we measured statistically significant splice utilization between LSCs and non-LSCs in 87 genes including ZNF34, NUMA1, NBEAL2, BAT2D1, FGR, MAP3K6, RFX5, NFATC2IP, and LRMP. In addition to these globally differentially spliced genes, several splice variants were highly differentially expressed between LSC and non-LSC fractions in individual patients (e.g. MAGED4, CYBB, IL17RA). Somewhat unexpectedly, no genes were both significantly differentially expressed and differentially spliced in the LSC vs. non-LSC fractions. To our knowledge, the data reported here represent the first RNA-Seq analysis of LSC-enriched vs. non-enriched AML fractions. Our results confirm prior gene-expression microarray studies that showed differential gene expression in LSC-enriched vs. non-enriched fractions. We extend this work by reporting the discovery of novel splice variants in AML associated genes and observe, for the first time differential splice utilization between LSC and non-LSC fractions. These results should prove valuable for both understanding LSC biology and guiding development of LSC-specific therapeutic strategies. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Rivera, Candido E., Prakash Vishnu, Gretchen Schaef Johns, Rajiv K. Pruthi, and Dong Chen. "Identification of a Novel Heterozygous Mutation (c.2213T>G;p.Leu738Arg) in Platelet Glycoprotein ITGB3 gene in a Patient with Glanzmann's Thrombasthenia." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 1158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-117995.
Анотація:
Abstract BACKGROUND: Glanzmann's thrombasthenia (GT) is an inherited platelet disorder (IPD) that leads to clinically significant bleeding. Platelets from patients with GT can show qualitative or quantitative defects of platelet membrane glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa complex. Most GT are caused by autosomal recessive genetic defects in ITGA2B and ITGB3 (genes for GPIIb and GPIIIa, respectively) with rare cases showing an autosomal dominant pattern. Accurate diagnosis of GT requires a constellation of both phenotypic and genetic studies. Here we report a unique case of autosomal dominant GT resulted from thorough phenotypic and genetic studies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A 19 year-old woman was recently evaluated for life-long history of easy bruising and severe menorrhagia that was only partially responsive to medroxyprogesterone. She has severe thrombocytopenia first recognized shortly after birth with a platelet count around 20x109/L. Platelet size was normal. She was presumed to have immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (ITP) since early infancy, but lacking responsiveness to the conventional treatments of ITP including immunomodulation, splenectomy and thrombopoietin receptor agonists. Family history was negative for a bleeding diathesis. Both von Willebrand factor antigen and activity were within normal range. Bone marrow aspirate and biopsy with associated chromosome studies were all normal. Platelet surface glycoprotein assessment by flow cytometry using antibodies to GP IIb, IIIa, Ia, Ib-a, VI, IX, and whole exome sequencing (WES) utilizing a predefined list of 53 clinically significant genes* related to genetically IPDs were performed. Due to thrombocytopenia platelet aggregation studies could not be performed. METHODS/RESULTS: Platelet surface expression of GPIIb (CD41) and GPIIIa (CD61) were markedly decreased suggestive of a variant of GT (Figure). WES performed with Illumina HiSeq 2500 sequencing system by using Agilent SureSelelct CRE kit V1 to capture and target the exonic regions showed presence of a heterozygous mutation in ITGB3 gene (c2213T>G; p.Leu738Arg). By in silico prediction modeling, this mutation is likely to be pathogenic and results in the substitution of hydrophobic leucine with hydrophilic arginine in the transmembrane domain of the β3 subunit of alpha IIb/beta 3 integrin (αIIbβ3), the platelet receptor that binds to fibrinogen. Interestingly, GPVI is also decreased which may be associated with GPIIb and GPIIIa deficiency or due to accelerated shedding since no GPVI mutation was identified. CONCLUSION: We describe a patient with GT associated with a novel heterozygous autosomal dominant mutation in ITGB3 gene with substitution of leucine with arginine (c2213T>G; p.Leu738Arg). This deletion caused a low expression of αIIbβ3 integrin on her platelets surface and severe thrombocytopenia. This case underscores the importance of an integrated phenotyping and genotyping approach to render a definitive diagnosis of an IPD. *Platelet exome gene list: ABCG5, ABCG8, ACBD5, ACTN1, ANKRD26, ANO6, AP3B1, BLOC1S3, BLOC1S6, CYCS, DTNBP1, ETV6, FLI1, FLNA, GATA1, GFI1B, GP1BA, GP1BB, GP6, GP9, HOXA11, HPS1, HPS3, HPS4, HPS5, HPS6, ITGA2B, ITGB3, LYST, MASTL, MPL, MYH9, NBEAL2, ORAI1, PSRX1, P2RY12, PLA2G4A, PRKACG, RASGRP2, RBM8A, RUNX1, STIM1, STX11, STXBP2, TBXA2R, TBXAS1, THPO, TUBB1, UNC13D, VIPAS39, VPS33B, VPS45, WAS Figure Figure. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Kapoor, Urvi, Shipra Kaicker, Jenny Shek, Robyn Gartrell, and Monica Bhatia. "Two Hit Theory for the Pathogenesis of Type 3 Congenital Amegakaryocytic Thrombocytopenia." Blood 142, Supplement 1 (November 28, 2023): 5454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2023-190490.
Анотація:
Congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia (CAMT) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia with an absence of megakaryocytes. It can lead to aplastic anemia or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). CAMT is linked to a mutation in the c-MPL gene on chromosome 1, which encodes the thrombopoietin receptor. In 2005, CAMT was categorized into three types based on the severity of c-MPL gene loss. Type 1 is the most severe, leading to early-onset pancytopenia and bone marrow abnormalities. Type 2 shows a temporary increase in platelets during infancy, followed by bone marrow failure at 3-6 years due to partial gene function. Type 3 has normal c-MPL function but produces ineffective megakaryocytes. We report a case of a patient with CAMT-like symptoms, without a c-MPL gene mutation, suggesting the presence of an alternative genetic defect. Methods Multi-institutional collaboration and review of medical records in addition to PubMed search for thrombocytopenia, bleeding complications, macrocytosis, trisomy 6, GATA2 variant, inherited bone marrow failure. Case Description A 12-year-old male with severe thrombocytopenia initially observed at 2 years of age. Bleeding complications included scalp hematoma, excessive bleeding during adenoidectomy, widespread petechiae, purpura, epistaxis, and gum bleeding. During this time platelet count ranged between 30-80,000 x10 3/uL. At 10 years of age, bleeding worsened with platelet counts of 6-20,000 x10 3/uL. Mean platelet volume (MPV) remained within the normal range. Simultaneously there was a decline in hemoglobin and the emergence of macrocytosis. Mother had moderate thrombocytopenia during pregnancy, older sibling with similar thrombocytopenia but asymptomatic. Clinical presentation made immune thrombocytopenia, autoimmune disorders, and immune dysregulation-induced platelet destruction unlikely. Inherited thrombocytopenia panel testing for 42 germline variants was negative. Bone marrow biopsy showed 60% cellularity and was remarkable for a decrease in megakaryocytes. Cytogenetic analysis revealed trisomy 6 in 7/20 metaphases. Molecular hematopathology identified a GATA2 variant in 50% of the alleles. Inherited BMF panel revealed heterozygosity for multiple variants of unknown significance (VUS), including c.5096A>G (p.Asp1699Gly) in BRCA2 gene, c.3898A>G (p.Ile300Val) in LYST gene, 1408A>G (p.Thr470Ala) in PALB2 gene, and c.7240G>A (p.Val2414Met) in tVPS13B gene. Another BMF panel revealed two additional heterozygous VUS - NBEAL2 and ADAMTS13. Testing for Fanconi anemia and dyskeratosis congenita were negative. Whole exome sequencing revealed heterozygosity for a 1.57 Mb duplication on chromosome 3q29. Additional molecular pathology panel testing for 468 genes, germline genetic testing for lysosomal disorders and mucopolysaccharidoses, were also negative. Repeat bone marrow testing demonstrated a progressive decrease in cellularity to 5-30% with trilineage hypoplasia. With extensive yet inconclusive diagnostic workup, worsening clinical presentation, and progressive hypocellularity of the bone marrow, he underwent an ABO incompatible stem cell transplantation (9:10, A HR) from a mismatched unrelated donor. The conditioning regimen was myeloablative with busulfan, cyclophosphamide, anti-thymocyte globulin, and post-transplant cyclophosphamide. Currently, he is 150 days post-transplant with peripheral blood chimerism demonstrating 97.7% donor on day 98. Platelet counts have normalized, and he has not required a transfusion for nearly 100 days. Discussion This case report highlights the concept of a “double hit” hypothesis. While homozygous mutations of PALB2 and BRCA2 are individually associated with Fanconi anemia and BMF syndromes, no hematological pathology has been documented in their heterozygous forms, raising the question of whether the co-expression of these variants in a heterozygous state could result in a similar disease phenotype as their homozygous counterparts. This finding prompts further exploration into the potential impact of combined variants on disease manifestation.
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Bastida, Jose Maria, Mónica del Rey, Rocío Benito, Isabel Sanchez-Guiu, Susana Riesco, Maria Jesús Peñarrubia, Rosa Fisac, et al. "Design and Validate of Next-Generation Sequencing Panel for Inherited Platelet Disorders." Blood 124, no. 21 (December 6, 2014): 4210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.4210.4210.
Анотація:
Abstract Introduction The inherited platelet disorders (IPD) are a heterogeneous group of rare diseases including quantitative and/or qualitative platelet defects. Classically, patients with IPD are first functionally tested to know the possible defect before sequencing a single or a few genes. Phenotipyc diagnostic of IPD often requires light transmission aggregometry, quantitative analysis of receptors by flow cytometry and fluorescence and electron microscopy. This diagnostic strategy is complex, poorly standardised and time consuming. In addition, the phenotype can seldom guide the singles candidates genes for conventional Sanger squencing. Therefore, many patients remain without a accurate diagnosis of their IPD. Next generation sequencing (NGS) enables the simultaneous analysis of large groups of candidate genes in IPD and may be useful for rapid genetic diagnosis. The aim of this study was to design and validate a NGS panel for IPD. Patients & Methods We describe a strategy for rapid genetic diagnosis of IPD with Illumina sequencing of 60 candidates genes previously associated with IPD (table1). The baits were designed to tile 400 kb of gDNA sequence corresponding to the exons and splice sites in all known transcripts of the candidate genes identified. The bait library was tested by enriching the candidate IPD genes from 50 ng DNA obtained and sequencing by Nextera Rapid Custom Enrichment system. Results were analysed by Variant Studio system and Sequencing Analysis Viewer. A total of 21 patients were studied. For the validation process, DNA samples of 9 unrelated patients with IPD and their mutation known were used: two patients with Glanzmann Thrombasthenia (ITGA2B, p.Ala989Thr, p.Val982Met and p.Glu538Stop; ITGB3, p.Leu222Pro and p.Tyr216Cys), one Hermansky-Pudlak Sd. (HPS1, p.Glu204 Stop), another with Bernard-Soulier Sd. (GPIX, p.Phe71Stop), a case of Congenital Amegakaryocytic Thrombocytopenia (MPL, p.Arg102Cys), and 2 patients with Chediak Higashi Sd. (LYST, p.Gly3725Arg and p.Cys258Arg). Once validated, the NGS panel was used for genetic diagnostic of 8 patients with suspected IPD. Results Eleven mutations, previously identified in another center by conventional sequencing, were detected by our panel NGS (100% success in the validation process). We then tested this strategy for patients with suspected of IPD without diagnosis: I. a 13 years old girl with agenesis of the corpus callosum, facial dysmorphia, renal agenesis and thrombocytopenia was diagnosed of Thrombocytopenia FLNA-related and Periventricular Nodular Heterotopia (PNHV)[mutation in the FLNA was detected (p.Thr1232Ile)]. II. A two years old patient with severe thrombocytopenia and recurrent infections was diagnosed of Wiskott-Aldrich Sd (WAS, p.Arg268Gly fs Stop40). III. A patient with deafness, macrothrombocytopenia, and Döhle bodies was diagnosed by MYH9 deletion (MYH9; p.Asp1925Thr fs Stop23). IV. Six members of a family (2 of them with symptoms of mucocutaneous bleeding, and macrothrombocytopenia), in which an insertion in NBAL2 (p.Gly1142Arg fs Stop49) gene was found. Therefore, Gray Platelet Sd was diagnosed. Moreover, one patient with aspirin-like syndrome showed a P2RY12 mutation (p.Val279Met). Finally, mother and son with mild Hemophilia A (F8; p.Gln2208Arg) were detected. Conclusions This NGS panel enables a rapid genetic diagnostic of IPD. The use of NGS-based strategy is a feasible tool for the diagnosis of IPD that could be added to the screening of these disorders. Five mutations have not previously been described in the literature. Table 1: Sixty candidates' genes previously associated with IPD: Inherited Platelet Disorders Genes = 60 Cytoskeletal Assembly and Structural Proteins GP1BA, GP1BB, GP5, A2M, GP9, VWF, ITGA2, ITGA2B, ITGB3, ABCA1, ANO6,FERMT3, ACTN1, MASTL Disorders of agonist platelet receptors P2RX1, P2RY1, P2RY12, TBXA2R, TBXAS1, ADRA2A, GP6, CD36 o GP4, DTNBP1 Disorders signal transduction GNAI3, GNAQ, GNAS, PLA2G7, PLCB2PTS, GGCX, DPAGT1, DHCR24 Disorders of platelet granules NBEAL2, GFI1B, PLAU, HPS1, HPS3, HPS4, HPS5, HPS6, LYST, MLPH, BLOC1S3, BLOC1S6, AP3B1, VIPAS39, VPS33B, RAB27A, MYO5A, USF1 Thrombocytopenias and syndromes WAS, MYH9, FLNA, FLI1, STIM1, HOXA11, ANKRD26, MPL, RBM8A RUNX1, GATA1 Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Ochi, Yotaro, Kenichi Yoshida, Ying-Jung Huang, Ming-Chung Kuo, Yusuke Shiozawa, Yasuhito Nannya, Yuichi Shiraishi, et al. "Molecular Profiling of Blastic Transformation in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 1725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-114512.
Анотація:
Abstract Background Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is characterized by the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene. Despite the dramatic improvement of its prognosis in recent years by the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), a minority of chronic phase (CP) CML patients fail to respond to TKI therapies and progress to blast crisis (BC), showing dismal clinical outcomes. While acquired mutations in ABL1 kinase have been identified as a common mechanism for TKI resistance, recent genetic studies have revealed that patients with BC frequently harbor one or more genetic alterations implicated in myeloid malignancies, suggesting additional mutations other than ABL1 mutations might drive disease progression. However, our knowledge about the mechanism of TKI resistance and progression to BC is largely limited by the scarcity of matched CP and BC samples, which were investigated for genetic alterations in relatively small number of genes. Here, we performed comprehensive genomic studies of CML-BC using paired CP and BC samples to investigate the mutation profiles associated with BC. Method We performed whole-exome sequencing of 53 patients with CML-BC, including 40 myeloid and 13 lymphoid crisis cases, as well as corresponding CP controls to investigate acquired mutations during disease progression from CP to BC. We also performed targeted-capture sequencing of known and putative driver genes in an additional 15 CML-BC samples. Combined, a total of 68 CML-BC samples were analyzed for somatic mutations, copy number abnormalities, and structural variations. Results Commonly affecting ASXL1, GATA2, and IKZF1, mutations were found only in a minority of CP cases (10/53 [19%]). However, most cases acquired somatic mutations during disease evolution from CP to BC; in whole-exome sequencing, an average of 17 additional non-synonymous mutations were newly acquired per case during evolution from CP to BC. Mutations in CML-BC frequently involved known driver genes, such as ASXL1, RUNX1, ABL1, TP53, BCOR/BCORL1, and WT1. In addition, we identified novel targets of recurrent mutations, including UBE2A, NBEAL2 and KLC2. Of note, most these driver mutations were not detected in corresponding CP samples and newly acquired, whereas ASXL1 mutations were often found in corresponding CP samples in a minor population, suggesting that ASXL1 mutations at CP might play an important role in the disease progression to BC. Mutational profiles were similar between cases with and without a history of TKI therapy before BC, except for frequent ABL1 mutations among TKI-treated cases, mostly affecting the kinase domain. Compared with lymphoid BC, myeloid BC showed a higher number of somatic mutations, which was more prominent for ASXL1, TP53, and WT1 mutations. Copy number abnormalities were rarely found in CML-CP cases (8/53), but were common and newly acquired in 29 (55%) cases with CML-BC, 18 of which showed complex karyotype-like (≥3) abnormalities. Amplification of chromosome 6 and/or 8 were characteristics of myeloid BC, while deletion of chromosome 7 was more characteristic of lymphoid BC. In some cases, structural variations other than BCR-ABL1 translocation were newly acquired in CML-BC, which frequently involved genes implicated in myeloid malignancies such as RUNX1, CBFB, and MECOM. When mutations, copy number abnormalities, and structural variants were combined, most BC cases had at least one driver alterations, which might be involved in CML-BC. Conclusion Through a comprehensive sequencing analysis using paired samples of CP and BC, we demonstrate a role of additional driver events during the clonal evolution to BC. Additional mutations were common even in CML-CP, some of which might contribute to the progression to BC. Disclosures Takaori-Kondo: Celgene: Honoraria, Research Funding; Novartis: Honoraria; Janssen Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Honoraria; Pfizer: Honoraria.
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Lim, Ken-Hong, Yu-Cheng Chang, Yi-Hao Chiang, Huan-Chau Lin, Chiao-Yi Chang, Ching-Sung Lin, Ling Huang, et al. "Overexpression of Calr Mutants Perturbs Developmental Hematopoiesis in Zebrafish Embryos." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 4282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.4282.4282.
Анотація:
Abstract Introduction: Calreticulin (CALR) is a 46-kDa highly conserved, multicompartmental and multifunctional protein. CALR acts as a Ca2+ binding chaperone protein and participates in ensuring proper protein and glycoprotein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum. CALR mutations have been identified in about 30% of JAK2 and MPL unmutated essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis. Although the expression of CALR mutants resulted in pathogenic thrombocytosis in adult mice, whether CALR mutants may disrupt normal hematopoiesis during early development remains unknown. Here we aimed to evaluate the effects of mutant CALR during embryonic hematopoietic development using the in vivo zebrafish model. Methods: Full-length CALR wild-type,and CALR-del52 and CALR-ins5 mutants cDNAs were subcloned in the pCS2+ vector and a bicistronic pSYC-102 T2A vector, respectively. Capped CALR mRNAs from the above vectors were micro-injected into 1-2 cells stage wild-type AB strain, Tg(cd41:GFP) and Tg(fli1:EGFP) zebrafish embryos, respectively. cd41+ thrombocytes were counted at 3 and 5 days post fertilization (dpf), respectively. Gene expression of hematopoietic lineage-specific and cytokine and cytokine receptor genes were evaluated by quantitative reverse-transcription and real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) from 1 to 3 dpf. Morpholino (MO) was used to knock down cytokine receptor genes mpl, epor and csf3r. Results: The expression of CALR proteins from the injection of 100 pg mRNA was confirmed by CALR N-terminal and mutant specific antibodies, respectively. Expression of both CALR-del52 and CALR-ins5 mutant mRNA significantly increased the numbers of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in the caudal hematopoietic tissue when compared with CALR-wt mRNA at 3 dpf. No obvious changes in the angiogenesis were visualized in CALR-wt and mutant CALR expressing embryos at 3 dpf in the fli1:EGFP line when compared with uninjected control. Mutant CALR-del52 significantly increased the number of cd41+ thrombocytes at 5 dpf (mean 162.5±4.1 per embryo) when compared to CALR-wt (mean 117.1±3.1 per embryo, P<0.001), mutant CALR-ins5 (mean 128.3±6.1 per embryo, P<0.001) and uninjected control (mean 136.7±3.0 per embryo, P<0.001), respectively. At 5 dpf, the number of cd41+ thrombocytes significantly decreased upon mpl MO knockdown (mean 43.6±4.9 per embryo) when compared to the control MO group (mean 123.5±5.9 per embryo, P<0.001) and the mutant CALR-del52 group (P<0.001). Importantly, co-injection of CALR-del52 mutant mRNA (mean 73.7±5.1 per embryo) can only partially reverse the knockdown effect of mpl MO. In contrast, the numbers of cd41+ thrombocytes did not decrease significantly upon epor MO or csf3r MO knocked-down compared with the control MO group. When CALR-del52 mutant mRNA was co-injected with epor or csf3r MOs, the numbers of cd41+ thrombocytes were comparable to those of CALR-del52-injected embryos. In Q-PCR experiments, the expression of cmyb, runx1 and scl significantly increased in only CALR-ins5 mutant group at 3 dpf when compared to 2 dpf. The expression of αeHb and βeHb significantly decreased in both CALR-del52 and CALR-ins5 mutant groups at 2 dpf but the expression of gata1 remained unchange. The effects of CALR-del52 and CALR-ins5 mutant groups on the expression of cytokine and cytokine receptor genes included the upregulation of mpl at 1 dpf followed by progressive downregulation at 2 dpf and 3 dpf but relatively stable expression of tpo and epo during early development. In the group of genes related to thrombopoiesis, the expression of emilin1a and nbeal2 was significantly downregulated in CALR-del52 group at 3 dpf when compared to 2 dpf. Conclusions: In this study, we showed that the expression of mutant CALR causes thrombocytosis through an mpl-dependent mechanism and perturbs developmental hematopoiesis in zebrafish embryos. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Jingyao, Ma, Zhenping Chen, Huiqing LIU, Jialu Zhang, Hao GU, and Runhui Wu. "Application of High-Throughput Sequencing in the Diagnosis of Inherited Immune-Thrombocytopenia from Children Chronic/Refractory ITP." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-126771.
Анотація:
BACKGROUND: Inherited thrombocytopenias are a group of hereditary diseases with reduced platelet counts and associated bruising and bleeding as the main clinical manifestations. These entities may be hard to distinguish from ITP, particularly difficult immune thrombocytopenia complicates primary immunodeficiency and immunological treatments are effective in increasing the platelet count. Then when the course of thrombocytopenia is prolonged and other abnormalities, eg. infection, either are non-existent or subtle, distinguishing such diseases from ITP may be clinically almost impossible. However, in order to carry out proper disease management, accurate diagnosis is very necessary and urgently needed, especially in childhood. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate: 1) the detection rate of inherited immune thrombocytopenia by high-throughput, next-generation sequencing (NGS) from children with apparent chronic and refractory ITP, and 2) the value of NGS in screening and diagnosis of inherited "immune" thrombocytopenia. METHODS: We retrospectively collected 245 cases of chronic and refractory ITP in children with transient response to Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) and/ or glucocorticoid and/ or other immunosuppressive therapy, all of whom underwent genetic testing from April 2016 to April 2019. Their clinical data were systematically recorded and analyzed. We introduced a high-throughput, NGS platform into the routing diagnosis of those patients and analyzed the gene-sequencing results. We compared the differences between patients with positive gene mutations and those who carried suspected gene mutations. All subjects and their legal guardians gave written informed consent to the investigation. RESULTS: Sixteen patients were excluded as their final diagnosis was malignancy, aplastic anemia (AA), or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Among the remaining 229 cases, 32 patients (14%) received a genetic diagnosis. Twenty-five patients (11%) had pathogenic mutations in 12 genes including CASP10(2), WAS(12), LRBA(1), CARD(1), ITGA2B(2), ITGB(1), CD36(1), NFKB2(1), NBEAL2(1), UNC13D(1), KMT2D(1), TNFRS13B(1) known to be included in lymphoproliferation or autoimmunity, whereas 7 patients (3%) carried a suspected pathogenic variant in 6 genes including: GATA(1), MYH-9(1), PTPN-11(1), RUNX(1), SLX4(2), TUBB1(1) that had not been reported in the context of autoimmune diseases. Among the 25 patients with known mutations, 16 patients (7%) could be definitely diagnosed as inherited immune thrombocytopenia and formed the Diagnosed Group (DG) according to their phenotype, inheritance and pathogenicity of the mutated gene, while 9 cases in this category and 7 patients who carried probable pathogenic variants constitute the Suspected Diagnosed Group (SDG). We compared their clinical and laboratory phenotype with the biggest difference identified in age of onset (median: 4.08 months in DG vs 54.00 months in SDG, P =0.002). Other variables analyzed included duration of time with misdiagnosis (median: 13.5 months vs 26.0 months, P=0.430), baseline platelet count (median: 6×109/L vs 5×109/L, P=.0.282), level of IL-4 (median: 0 vs 0, P=0.232), level of IL-6 (median: 13.32 vs 7.48 P=1.000), bleeding severity (without any bleeding: 1 vs 0; merely petechia/ecchymosis: 3 vs 6; bleeding in skin and one another location: 6 vs 4; bleeding in more than 2 location: 2 vs 2. P=0.542) and rate of identification of autoimmune antibodies between the two groups (P=0.662). CONCLUSIONS: Definite or suspected genetic etiologies consistent with inherited immune thrombocytopenia were identified in approximately one-seventh of cases of apparent chronic ITP. These cases would have been classified as "routine" cases of childhood ITP based on response to standard first-line ITP treatments and the absence of overt other findings. Eventually, their chronicity would have increased suspicion of an underlying etiology and the correct diagnosis made. The definite diagnosis group and the suspected group were identical clinically and in laboratory testing in every way except for age of onset suggesting that the suspected group was also likely inherited immune thrombocytopenia. Wide-ranging genetic screening (NGS) should be offered in children chronic/refractory ITP. The genetic findings have prognostic significance and may guide the choice of a targeted treatment in the future. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Bloom, A. Anthony, Kevin W. Bowman, Junjie Liu, Alexandra G. Konings, John R. Worden, Nicholas C. Parazoo, Victoria Meyer, et al. "Lagged effects regulate the inter-annual variability of the tropical carbon balance." Biogeosciences 17, no. 24 (December 17, 2020): 6393–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6393-2020.
Анотація:
Abstract. Inter-annual variations in the tropical land carbon (C) balance are a dominant component of the global atmospheric CO2 growth rate. Currently, the lack of quantitative knowledge on processes controlling net tropical ecosystem C balance on inter-annual timescales inhibits accurate understanding and projections of land–atmosphere C exchanges. In particular, uncertainty on the relative contribution of ecosystem C fluxes attributable to concurrent forcing anomalies (concurrent effects) and those attributable to the continuing influence of past phenomena (lagged effects) stifles efforts to explicitly understand the integrated sensitivity of a tropical ecosystem to climatic variability. Here we present a conceptual framework – applicable in principle to any land biosphere model – to explicitly quantify net biospheric exchange (NBE) as the sum of anomaly-induced concurrent changes and climatology-induced lagged changes to terrestrial ecosystem C states (NBE = NBECON+NBELAG). We apply this framework to an observation-constrained analysis of the 2001–2015 tropical C balance: we use a data–model integration approach (CARbon DAta-MOdel fraMework – CARDAMOM) to merge satellite-retrieved land-surface C observations (leaf area, biomass, solar-induced fluorescence), soil C inventory data and satellite-based atmospheric inversion estimates of CO2 and CO fluxes to produce a data-constrained analysis of the 2001–2015 tropical C cycle. We find that the inter-annual variability of both concurrent and lagged effects substantially contributes to the 2001–2015 NBE inter-annual variability throughout 2001–2015 across the tropics (NBECON IAV = 80 % of total NBE IAV, r = 0.76; NBELAG IAV = 64 % of NBE IAV, r = 0.61), and the prominence of NBELAG IAV persists across both wet and dry tropical ecosystems. The magnitude of lagged effect variations on NBE across the tropics is largely attributable to lagged effects on net primary productivity (NPP; NPPLAG IAV 113 % of NBELAG IAV, r = −0.93, p value < 0.05), which emerge due to the dependence of NPP on inter-annual variations in foliar C and plant-available H2O states. We conclude that concurrent and lagged effects need to be explicitly and jointly resolved to retrieve an accurate understanding of the processes regulating the present-day and future trajectory of the terrestrial land C sink.
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Singh, Ram Sewak, Demissie Jobir Gelmecha, Satyasis Mishra, Gemechu Dengia, and Devendra Kumar Sinha. "A Novel Machine Learning Approach for Detection of Coronary Artery Disease Using Reduced Non-linear and Chaos Features." International Journal Bioautomation 26, no. 3 (September 2022): 273–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/ijba.2022.26.3.000786.
Анотація:
In this research paper, authors present an automated system in this paper that integrates a ranking technique with Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Generalized Discriminant Analysis (GDA) and a 1-Norm Bidirectional Extreme Learning Machine (1-NBELM) to reliably classify normal and coronary artery disease groups. Twenty chaotic and non-linear attributes were hauling out from the Heart Rate Variability (HRV) signal to detect coronary artery disease groups. The HRV data for this study derived from a typical database of Normal Old (ELY), Young (YNG), and Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) people. Fisher, Wilcoxon and Bhattacharya were used to compute the rankings of attributes. GDA then turned the ranking features into a new feature. The Radial Basis Function (RBF) kernel was used to transfer original features to a high-dimensional feature space in GDA and PCA, and then it was deployed to 1-NBELM, which utilized the sigmoidal or multiquadric non-linear activation. Numerical experiments were performed on the combination of database sets as Young-ELY, Healthy-CAD, and Healthy ELY-CAD subjects. The numerical results show that ROC with GDA and 1-NBELM approach achieved an accuracy of 98.12±0.14, 96.21±0.12 and 99.87±0.28 for Young-CAD, Young-ELY and Healthy ELY-CAD groups with the use of sigmoidal and multiquadric activation function. The Fisher with GDA and 1-NBELM and Bhattacharya with GDA and 1-Norm Extreme Learning Machine (1-NELM) approach achieved an accuracy of 99.98±0.21 for all databases.
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Chen-Liang, Tzu Hua, Ana M. Hurtado López, Laura Palomo, Teresa Bernal Del Castillo, Mar Tormo, Maria Lourdes Hermosin, María-José Jimenez, et al. "Germline and Acquired Genetic Variants in Myelodysplastic Syndromes in Young Adults without a Preexisting Disorder or Organ Dysfunction." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 4339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-116045.
Анотація:
Abstract Background and Aim:It is increasingly recognized that patients with a de novomyelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) onset as young adults, lacking any other feature of a congenital disorder, may share a pathogenic overlap due to the presence of both germline and somatic variants. Identifying an inherited pathogenic variant has important therapeutic implications beyond family counselling: adapting the selection of sibling donor, the use of highly cytotoxic therapy and the monitoring for other cancer development. However, most studies have focused on patients with suspected inherited disorders based on the presence of physical abnormalities and/or family history. In addition, a mixture of pediatric and adult cases is usually reported. The aim of this study is to characterize the germline and tumor variants in a group of adult MDS patients without accompanying congenital physical anomalies and or family antecedent of bone marrow failure. Methods: We included 72 patients from 15 Spanish centers with a diagnosis of MDS between 18 and 60 years old (y.o). Patients with a previously diagnosed or suspected (one physical anomaly or family history) congenital syndrome were excluded. Diagnoses were made in accordance with the WHO 2016 classification. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) libraries were prepared using SureSelectXT Target Enrichment and sequenced on a HiSeq4000 platform (IlluminaInc.). Mean number of reads per sample was 138,726,017 with a Phred Quality Score >30 in 95.05% of bases. Read mapping sequence alignment and variant calling were performed using Biomedical Workbench (Qiagen). WES was performed on 72 tumor and 32 paired germinal DNA (buccal swab). To identify potential germline-causal mutations, a selection tool was implemented incorporating 239 genes associated with cause or predisposition to bone marrow failure or cancer. Variants with an ExAC, TOPMed and/or European 1000 Genomes minor allele frequency ≥0.01 were discarded. Results: The median age at diagnosis was 49 y.o. The cohort was categorised into two groups, less or equal 50 y.o. (62.5%) and between 50 and 60 y.o. (37.5%). In the first group, the frequency according to the WHO classification were 12% MDS with single lineage dyplasia (MDS-SLD), 8% MDS with ring sideroblasts (MDS-RS), 11% MDS with multilineage dyplasia (MDS-MLD), 24% MDS with excess blasts(MD-EB), 4% MDS with isolated del(5q)(MDS-del5q), 4% MDS unclassifiable and 4% chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). Meanwhile, in the group with age more than 50 y.o., the subtypes were 3.7% MDS-SLD, 7.4% MDS-RS, 29.6% MDS-MLD, 40.7% MD-EB, 3.7% MDS-del5q, and 14.8% CMML.Patients less or equal 50 y.o. were stratified based on IPSS-R as very low (4%), low (64%), intermediate (20%), high (12%) and very high (0%); and the group of more than 50 y.o. as very low (14.8%), low (33.3%), intermediate (29.6%), high (11.1%) and very high (11.1%).The mean number of somatic mutations was 0.68 in patients with less or equal 50 y.o. and 1.37 in those between 50 and 60 y.o., p=0.033 (U Mann-Whitney); and regarding germline variants, the first group mean number was 2.44 (p25-75, 1-3) and the second group showed a mean of 1.85 (QI 25-75, 1-3), p= 0,331.In the whole cohort, germline variants were found in 62 out of 72 patients, with the following frequencies: ATR(N=5, 6.9%), followed by BARD1(N=5, 6.9%), ERCC6L2(N=4, 5.6%), MSH6(N=4, 5.6%), TCIRG1(N=4, 5.6%), NBEAL2(N=4, 5.6%), ASXL1(N=3, 4.2%), ATM(N=3, 4.2%), MPL(N=3, 4.2%), NF1(N=3, 4.2%), RECQL4(N=3, 4.2%), SAMD9L(N=3, 4.2%), WRN(N=3, 4.2%).Among germline variants, those reported previously as pathogenic or likely pathogenic, or involving genes associated with familial MDS/AML included: ERCC6L2(N=4, 5.6%), SAMD9L(N=3, 4.2%), and one case mutated for DDX41, FANCC, JAK2, MSH6, SETBP1, MUTYH, BRCA1and RECQL4. In the whole cohort, somatic variants were found in 38 patients, with the following frequencies: TP53(N=7, 9.7%), ASXL1(N=7, 9.7%), SETBP1(N=5, 6.9%), NF1(N=5, 6.9%), SRSF2(N=4, 5.5%). Conclusion:In this subset of young adults with de novo MDS without congenital anomalies and/or familial history suggesting the presence of an undiagnosed congenital syndrome, 18% of the cohort harbored a likely causative germline variant. In addition, we noted a predominance of variants affecting genes with a cancer predisposition limited to the hematopoietic system, rather than classical telomere, DNA damage genes with an established mendelian link. Table. Table. Disclosures Díez-Campelo: Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau.
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