Статті в журналах з теми "Natural sources of sound"
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Ambaskar, Adwait, and Victor Sparrow. "Open source acoustic model development for natural and protected environments." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 4 (August 1, 2021): 2184–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-2070.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Natural quiet and the sounds of nature are important natural resources and experiencing them is an important aspect of outdoor recreation experiences. Anthropogenic sound can negatively impact these resources and diminish the benefits realized from outdoor recreation. On public lands where many types of recreation share trails and landscapes, the sounds produced by some types of recreation (e.g., motorized recreation) can negatively impact the experiences of others. To effectively manage public resources including natural soundscapes and recreation opportunities, public land and recreation managers need an understanding of the effects of recreation-caused sounds like those associated with motorized recreation. Acoustic models for recreation and protected areas provide an essential tool to help in predicting sound levels generated by these anthropogenic sources and can aid in studying the extent of potential recreation conflicts, while providing a definite direction to mitigate such conflicts. An open source outdoor sound propagation model integrated with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) lays out a good foundation for mapping visitor experience affected by sound sources like gas compressors and motorized recreation sounds. The results thus produced present a preliminary version of an outdoor sound propagation tool, to assist parks and state forest services in making important management decisions to refine visitor experience.
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Lee, Sunwoong, Michele Zanolin, Aaron M. Thode, Robert T. Pappalardo, and Nicholas C. Makris. "Probing Europa's interior with natural sound sources." Icarus 165, no. 1 (September 2003): 144–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0019-1035(03)00150-7.
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Traer, James, and Josh H. McDermott. "Statistics of natural reverberation enable perceptual separation of sound and space." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 48 (November 10, 2016): E7856—E7865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1612524113.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In everyday listening, sound reaches our ears directly from a source as well as indirectly via reflections known as reverberation. Reverberation profoundly distorts the sound from a source, yet humans can both identify sound sources and distinguish environments from the resulting sound, via mechanisms that remain unclear. The core computational challenge is that the acoustic signatures of the source and environment are combined in a single signal received by the ear. Here we ask whether our recognition of sound sources and spaces reflects an ability to separate their effects and whether any such separation is enabled by statistical regularities of real-world reverberation. To first determine whether such statistical regularities exist, we measured impulse responses (IRs) of 271 spaces sampled from the distribution encountered by humans during daily life. The sampled spaces were diverse, but their IRs were tightly constrained, exhibiting exponential decay at frequency-dependent rates: Mid frequencies reverberated longest whereas higher and lower frequencies decayed more rapidly, presumably due to absorptive properties of materials and air. To test whether humans leverage these regularities, we manipulated IR decay characteristics in simulated reverberant audio. Listeners could discriminate sound sources and environments from these signals, but their abilities degraded when reverberation characteristics deviated from those of real-world environments. Subjectively, atypical IRs were mistaken for sound sources. The results suggest the brain separates sound into contributions from the source and the environment, constrained by a prior on natural reverberation. This separation process may contribute to robust recognition while providing information about spaces around us.
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Ackermann, David, Christoph Böhm, and Stefan Weinzierl. "On the numerical simulation of natural acoustic sound sources." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 141, no. 5 (May 2017): 3997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4989163.
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STEPHEN, R. O., and J. C. HARTLEY. "The Transmission of Bush-Cricket Calls in Natural Environments." Journal of Experimental Biology 155, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 227–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.155.1.227.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study discusses the structure of the calls of bush crickets Steropleurus nobrei and examines the way the structure of records of a bush-cricket call, comprising pure tone bursts and bursts of white noise, changes as these sounds propagate through different environments. Measurements of the coherence and spectral composition at different distances from the sound source are made in open and thickly vegetated environments. The results show that coherent frequency components in reproductions of the records of the natural call propagate over greater distances than do other components. The results are discussed in relation to the possible sources of information contained in insect calls and how the environment degrades these information sources as the call propagates away from the source. The consequences of the structure of the calls on the properties of the auditory organs of bush crickets is also discussed.
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MARKOU, Dimitris. "Exploring spatial patterns of environmental noise and perceived sound source dominance in urban areas. Case study: the city of Athens, Greece." European Journal of Geography 13, no. 4 (April 12, 2022): 60–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.48088/ejg.d.mar.13.2.060.078.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of the present study is to map spatial patterns related to noise pollution and the acoustic environment -in a broader context- in the urban area of Athens, Greece. The primary goal of this thesis is to present a comprehensive approach that combines elements of two basic methodologies related to acoustic environment studies: a) noise mapping and b) the soundscape approach. The main inputs are environmental noise measurements and perceptual sound source-related observations. The results feature three noise pollution maps (LAeq,30 sec, L10, and L90 indices) and three sound source maps which reflect the way in which the human ear perceives the presence of sounds. Additionally, the question of whether the spatial distribution of sound source dominance can be explained by the dispersion of environmental noise levels was examined using geographically weighted regressions (GWR). The GWR models showed that sound source-related observations are explained to a significant extent by all three indicators. Four important findings emerge from the analysis. Firstly, areas with high levels of noise pollution are characterized by high to moderate presence of technological and absence of anthropic and natural sounds. Secondly, regions, where there is a simultaneous presence of all sound sources, are characterized by moderate to low noise levels. Thirdly, the absence of technological sounds is observed in quiet areas. Finally, areas featuring a moderate presence of technological and natural sounds are mostly urban green spaces built-in proximity to the main road network.
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Woods, Kevin J. P., and Josh H. McDermott. "Schema learning for the cocktail party problem." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 14 (March 21, 2018): E3313—E3322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1801614115.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The cocktail party problem requires listeners to infer individual sound sources from mixtures of sound. The problem can be solved only by leveraging regularities in natural sound sources, but little is known about how such regularities are internalized. We explored whether listeners learn source “schemas”—the abstract structure shared by different occurrences of the same type of sound source—and use them to infer sources from mixtures. We measured the ability of listeners to segregate mixtures of time-varying sources. In each experiment a subset of trials contained schema-based sources generated from a common template by transformations (transposition and time dilation) that introduced acoustic variation but preserved abstract structure. Across several tasks and classes of sound sources, schema-based sources consistently aided source separation, in some cases producing rapid improvements in performance over the first few exposures to a schema. Learning persisted across blocks that did not contain the learned schema, and listeners were able to learn and use multiple schemas simultaneously. No learning was evident when schema were presented in the task-irrelevant (i.e., distractor) source. However, learning from task-relevant stimuli showed signs of being implicit, in that listeners were no more likely to report that sources recurred in experiments containing schema-based sources than in control experiments containing no schema-based sources. The results implicate a mechanism for rapidly internalizing abstract sound structure, facilitating accurate perceptual organization of sound sources that recur in the environment.
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Jo, Song, Ikei, Enomoto, Kobayashi, and Miyazaki. "Physiological and Psychological Effects of Forest and Urban Sounds Using High-Resolution Sound Sources." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 15 (July 24, 2019): 2649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152649.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Exposure to natural sounds is known to induce feelings of relaxation; however, only few studies have provided scientific evidence on its physiological effects. This study examined prefrontal cortex and autonomic nervous activities in response to forest sound. A total of 29 female university students (mean age 22.3 ± 2.1 years) were exposed to high-resolution sounds of a forest or city for 60 s, using headphones. Oxyhemoglobin (oxy-Hb) concentrations in the prefrontal cortex were determined by near-infrared spectroscopy. Heart rate, the high-frequency component of heart rate variability (which reflects parasympathetic nervous activity), and the ratio of low-frequency to high-frequency (LF/HF) components (which reflects sympathetic nervous activity) were measured. Subjective evaluation was performed using the modified semantic differential method and profiles of mood states. Exposure to the forest sound resulted in the following significant differences compared with exposure to city sound: decreased oxy-Hb concentrations in the right prefrontal cortex; decreased ln(LF/HF); decreased heart rate; improved feelings described as “comfortable,’’ “relaxed,” and “natural”; and improved mood states. The findings of this study demonstrated that forest-derived auditory stimulation induced physiological and psychological relaxation effects.
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Jambrošić, Kristian, Marko Horvat, Dominik Kisić, and Tin Oberman. "SPEAKER DISCRIMINATION IN MULTISOURCE ENVIRONMENTS AURALIZED IN REAL ROOMS." Akustika, VOLUME 37 (December 15, 2020): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36336/akustika20203719.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the recent development of audio in modern VR/AR systems and the increasing capability of synthesizing natural sound fields over headphones with head tracking, the question of the ability of our hearing system to discriminate multiple concurrent sound sources has become important again. We must understand how psychoacoustical and psychophysical limitations of the hearing system cope with novel technologies of virtual acoustics that can simulate an almost unlimited number of sound sources. Previous research has shown that the capacity of human hearing to discriminate a reference sound source is limited when there is background noise, a reverberant surrounding, or when other, disturbing sound sources simultaneously mask the reference source. A set of listening tests based on the cocktail-party effect was designed to determine the intelligibility of speech emitted by a reference sound source, with one to six disturbing sound sources simultaneously emitting speech from different directions around the listener. The tests were repeated in three test rooms with different acoustical properties, and two test signals were used: logatomes and regular spoken sentences with specific keywords. The results have revealed the changes in speech intelligibility scores in relation to the number of disturbing sources, their positions, and acoustical properties of test rooms.
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Deleforge, Antoine, Florence Forbes, and Radu Horaud. "Acoustic Space Learning for Sound-Source Separation and Localization on Binaural Manifolds." International Journal of Neural Systems 25, no. 01 (January 6, 2015): 1440003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129065714400036.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper, we address the problems of modeling the acoustic space generated by a full-spectrum sound source and using the learned model for the localization and separation of multiple sources that simultaneously emit sparse-spectrum sounds. We lay theoretical and methodological grounds in order to introduce the binaural manifold paradigm. We perform an in-depth study of the latent low-dimensional structure of the high-dimensional interaural spectral data, based on a corpus recorded with a human-like audiomotor robot head. A nonlinear dimensionality reduction technique is used to show that these data lie on a two-dimensional (2D) smooth manifold parameterized by the motor states of the listener, or equivalently, the sound-source directions. We propose a probabilistic piecewise affine mapping model (PPAM) specifically designed to deal with high-dimensional data exhibiting an intrinsic piecewise linear structure. We derive a closed-form expectation-maximization (EM) procedure for estimating the model parameters, followed by Bayes inversion for obtaining the full posterior density function of a sound-source direction. We extend this solution to deal with missing data and redundancy in real-world spectrograms, and hence for 2D localization of natural sound sources such as speech. We further generalize the model to the challenging case of multiple sound sources and we propose a variational EM framework. The associated algorithm, referred to as variational EM for source separation and localization (VESSL) yields a Bayesian estimation of the 2D locations and time-frequency masks of all the sources. Comparisons of the proposed approach with several existing methods reveal that the combination of acoustic-space learning with Bayesian inference enables our method to outperform state-of-the-art methods.
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Baxter, Caitlin S., Brian S. Nelson, and Terry T. Takahashi. "The role of envelope shape in the localization of multiple sound sources and echoes in the barn owl." Journal of Neurophysiology 109, no. 4 (February 15, 2013): 924–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00755.2012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Echoes and sounds of independent origin often obscure sounds of interest, but echoes can go undetected under natural listening conditions, a perception called the precedence effect. How does the auditory system distinguish between echoes and independent sources? To investigate, we presented two broadband noises to barn owls ( Tyto alba) while varying the similarity of the sounds' envelopes. The carriers of the noises were identical except for a 2- or 3-ms delay. Their onsets and offsets were also synchronized. In owls, sound localization is guided by neural activity on a topographic map of auditory space. When there are two sources concomitantly emitting sounds with overlapping amplitude spectra, space map neurons discharge when the stimulus in their receptive field is louder than the one outside it and when the averaged amplitudes of both sounds are rising. A model incorporating these features calculated the strengths of the two sources' representations on the map (B. S. Nelson and T. T. Takahashi; Neuron 67: 643–655, 2010). The target localized by the owls could be predicted from the model's output. The model also explained why the echo is not localized at short delays: when envelopes are similar, peaks in the leading sound mask corresponding peaks in the echo, weakening the echo's space map representation. When the envelopes are dissimilar, there are few or no corresponding peaks, and the owl localizes whichever source is predicted by the model to be less masked. Thus the precedence effect in the owl is a by-product of a mechanism for representing multiple sound sources on its map.
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Raghukumar, Kaustubha, Grace Chang, Frank Spada, and Craig Jones. "A Vector Sensor-Based Acoustic Characterization System for Marine Renewable Energy." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 3 (March 10, 2020): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8030187.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
NoiseSpotter is a passive acoustic monitoring system that characterizes, classifies, and geo-locates anthropogenic and natural sounds in near real time. It was developed with the primary goal of supporting the evaluation of potential acoustic effects of offshore renewable energy projects. The system consists of a compact array of three acoustic vector sensors, which measures acoustic pressure and the three-dimensional particle velocity vector associated with the propagation of an acoustic wave, thereby inherently providing bearing information to an underwater source of sound. By utilizing an array of three vector sensors, the application of beamforming techniques can provide sound source localization, allowing for characterization of the acoustic signature of specific underwater acoustic sources. Here, performance characteristics of the system are presented, using data from controlled acoustic transmissions in a quiet environment and ambient noise measurements in an energetic tidal channel in the presence of non-acoustic flow noise. Data quality is demonstrated by the ability to reduce non-acoustic flow noise contamination, while system utility is shown by the ability to characterize and localize sources of sound in the underwater environment.
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Mishra, Ambika P., Nicol S. Harper, and Jan W. H. Schnupp. "Exploring the distribution of statistical feature parameters for natural sound textures." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 23, 2021): e0238960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238960.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sounds like “running water” and “buzzing bees” are classes of sounds which are a collective result of many similar acoustic events and are known as “sound textures”. A recent psychoacoustic study using sound textures has reported that natural sounding textures can be synthesized from white noise by imposing statistical features such as marginals and correlations computed from the outputs of cochlear models responding to the textures. The outputs being the envelopes of bandpass filter responses, the ‘cochlear envelope’. This suggests that the perceptual qualities of many natural sounds derive directly from such statistical features, and raises the question of how these statistical features are distributed in the acoustic environment. To address this question, we collected a corpus of 200 sound textures from public online sources and analyzed the distributions of the textures’ marginal statistics (mean, variance, skew, and kurtosis), cross-frequency correlations and modulation power statistics. A principal component analysis of these parameters revealed a great deal of redundancy in the texture parameters. For example, just two marginal principal components, which can be thought of as measuring the sparseness or burstiness of a texture, capture as much as 64% of the variance of the 128 dimensional marginal parameter space, while the first two principal components of cochlear correlations capture as much as 88% of the variance in the 496 correlation parameters. Knowledge of the statistical distributions documented here may help guide the choice of acoustic stimuli with high ecological validity in future research.
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Ivannikov, A. N., V. I. Pavlov, and S. V. Holodova. "Determination of a Low Frequency Noise Source's Parameters by a Space Intensity Sensor." Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 12, no. 1 (March 1993): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026309239301200104.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this paper is to present the basic equations and the first results of an experimental investigation using the space intensity sensor. We offer a multi-element acoustic sensor that gives the opportunity to find the source's parameters (distance between the observer and the source, direction to the source, power of its radiation, its multipole type). It is very important for the diagnosis of natural low frequency sources. The results of the measurements of the sound multipole source's parameters are presented. The test's experimental data correspond well to the real controlled parameters.
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Baumgartner, Robert, Darrin K. Reed, Brigitta Tóth, Virginia Best, Piotr Majdak, H. Steven Colburn, and Barbara Shinn-Cunningham. "Asymmetries in behavioral and neural responses to spectral cues demonstrate the generality of auditory looming bias." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 36 (August 21, 2017): 9743–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1703247114.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Studies of auditory looming bias have shown that sources increasing in intensity are more salient than sources decreasing in intensity. Researchers have argued that listeners are more sensitive to approaching sounds compared with receding sounds, reflecting an evolutionary pressure. However, these studies only manipulated overall sound intensity; therefore, it is unclear whether looming bias is truly a perceptual bias for changes in source distance, or only in sound intensity. Here we demonstrate both behavioral and neural correlates of looming bias without manipulating overall sound intensity. In natural environments, the pinnae induce spectral cues that give rise to a sense of externalization; when spectral cues are unnatural, sounds are perceived as closer to the listener. We manipulated the contrast of individually tailored spectral cues to create sounds of similar intensity but different naturalness. We confirmed that sounds were perceived as approaching when spectral contrast decreased, and perceived as receding when spectral contrast increased. We measured behavior and electroencephalography while listeners judged motion direction. Behavioral responses showed a looming bias in that responses were more consistent for sounds perceived as approaching than for sounds perceived as receding. In a control experiment, looming bias disappeared when spectral contrast changes were discontinuous, suggesting that perceived motion in distance and not distance itself was driving the bias. Neurally, looming bias was reflected in an asymmetry of late event-related potentials associated with motion evaluation. Hence, both our behavioral and neural findings support a generalization of the auditory looming bias, representing a perceptual preference for approaching auditory objects.
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Heryanto, Bambang, Mona Anggiani, and Ashri Prawesthi. "KAJIAN SOUNDSCAPE DI RUANG PUBLIK TERBUKA TENGAH KOTA PADA MASA PANDEMI COVID-19 (STUDI KASUS: TAMAN CATTLEYA, TOMANG, JAKARTA BARAT)." Jurnal Arsitektur ARCADE 5, no. 2 (August 2, 2021): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.31848/arcade.v5i2.574.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract: Urban public spaces are public spaces that are visited by many urban residents with all the activities they can do. In the urban public space, various kinds of voices or sounds fill this space. Voices can be heard from any room or place in the city. The natural environment, humans, and mechanical equipment produce sound landscapes or soundscapes in the city space air. In urban public spaces, activities carried out by humans can produce artificial sound, while natural activities produce natural sound. The purpose of this study is to describe and explore the sound landscape in urban public space. This research was conduct on holidays, by observing various types of sounds and voices, the distribution of sources, time, and strength of sounds and voices to achieve the research objectives. Found that after the observation, in the open public space of Cattleya Tomang Park, West Jakarta, the results of mechanical sound sources came from the roar of motorized vehicles and the sound of construction work was more dominant than natural sounds that came from humans, trees, and animals. Research on soundscapes in urban public spaces is expected to be a basis for consideration in designing urban public spaces so that public spaces can be enjoyed more by city residents who use them. Abstrak: Ruang publik kota merupakan ruang publik yang banyak dikunjungi oleh warga kota dengan segala kegiatan yang bisa dilakukan. Di dalam ruang publik kota, berbagai ragam suara atau bunyi mengisi ruang ini. Bentang suara dapat didengar dari berbagai ragam ruang atau tempat di kota. Alam lingkungan, manusia, maupun peralatan mekanik memproduksi bentang suara atau soundscape di udara ruang kota. Di ruang publik kota, kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh oleh manusia dapat menghasilkan bunyi, sementara kegiatan alami menghasilkan suara. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menggambarkan dan mengeksplorasi bentang suara yang berada di ruang publik kota. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada hari libur, dengan mengobservasi berbagai macam jenis bunyi dan suara, sebaran sumber, waktu, dan kekuatan bunyi dan suara untuk mencapai tujuan penelitian. Didapati setelah pengamatan, pada ruang publik terbuka Taman Cattleya Tomang, Jakarta Barat, hasil sumber bunyi mekanik berasal dari deru mesin kendaraan bermotor dan bunyi pekerjaan konstruksi pembangunan gedung lebih dominan dibandingkan dengan suara alami yang datang dari manusia, pepohonan, maupun hewan. Penelitian soundscape di ruang publik kota ini diharapkan dapat menjadi dasar pertimbangan dalam perancangan ruang publik kota agar ruang publik lebih dapat dinikmati oleh warga kota yang memanfaatkannya.
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Hawkins, Ruth. "‘For the Birds’: A sound installation." Organised Sound 17, no. 3 (January 11, 2012): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355771811000409.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper describes the background and development of a sound installation which, over a period of time, brings together site-specific field recordings, and acoustic and amplified sounds in a complex of natural and technological sources. During the installation diverse genres of recording and territories of sound become potentially, transiently available as local birdsong, background noises and the sounds of recordings and audio technologies are realised through enculturated experiences of recordings and ambient modes of listening. The work has closely evolved out of an existing field recording practice and the version described here remains a proposal – at the time of writing – to be completed in spring 2011. The way in which the installation has contingently emerged has become a critical part of the work which – instead of being conceived of as a untransferable ‘new reality’ essentially related to a site – will be used to open and connect recorded sound to the prolific wider circulation of mediated sound and – across different milieux – to the world ‘itself’.
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Papet, L., N. Grimault, N. Boyer, and N. Mathevon. "Influence of head morphology and natural postures on sound localization cues in crocodilians." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 7 (July 2019): 190423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190423.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As top predators, crocodilians have an acute sense of hearing that is useful for their social life and for probing their environment in hunting situations. Although previous studies suggest that crocodilians are able to localize the position of a sound source, how they do this remains largely unknown. In this study, we measured the potential monaural sound localization cues (head-related transfer functions; HRTFs) on alive animals and skulls in two situations, both mimicking natural positions: basking on the land and cruising at the interface between air and water. Binaural cues were also estimated by measuring the interaural level differences (ILDs) and the interaural time differences (ITDs). In both conditions, HRTF measurements show large spectral variations (greater than 10 dB) for high frequencies, depending on the azimuthal angle. These localization cues are influenced by head size and by the internal coupling of the ears. ITDs give reliable information regarding sound-source position for low frequencies, while ILDs are more suitable for frequencies higher than 1.5 kHz. Our results support the hypothesis that crocodilian head morphology is adapted to acquire reliable localization cues from sound sources when outside the water, but also when only a small part of their head is above the air–water interface.
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Heinsoo, Heinike, and Eva Saar. "Sound symbolism of expressive verbs in Finnic languages (Estonian, Finnish, Ingrian, Votic)." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 6, no. 1 (June 9, 2015): 55–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2015.6.1.04.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article will study language, using the contrastive-descriptive method, as a phonetic imitation of the world around us, and will concentrate on the verb vocabulary, based on sound imitation and natural sound imitation, characteristic of the Finnic languages spoken in the region of the Gulf of Finland, i.e. Estonian, Finnish, Ingrian and Votic, with a special focus on verbs expressing sounds produced by inanimate sound generators/sources. The investigation clarifies the differences between expressive verbs and general vocabulary in terms of phonetic composition, and describes derivation patterns of expressive verbs. In comparisons of the four related languages, the theory of sound symbolism has not been confirmed. It is almost impossible to find identical expressive lexemes (stems) carrying the same (collocative) meaning in all four closely related languages.
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Jeffs, Andrew, Nick Tolimieri, and John C. Montgomery. "Crabs on cue for the coast: the use of underwater sound for orientation by pelagic crab stages." Marine and Freshwater Research 54, no. 7 (2003): 841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf03007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Several studies have suggested that underwater sound may provide an orientation cue for the pelagic stages of coastal crustacea, such as crabs and lobsters, to find their way from the open ocean to the coast where they can settle. Yet, there has been no field evidence to support this phenomenon and it is unclear whether pelagic crustacean stages even have the ability to orient towards sources of underwater sound, such as that which emanates from reefs. Artificial sources of natural underwater sound were deployed offshore in conjunction with light traps to determine if the larval and post-larval stages of coastal crabs were attracted to coastal reef sound. The results demonstrated that the pelagic stages of crabs respond to underwater sounds and that they may use underwater sound to orient towards the coast. The orientation behaviour was modulated by lunar phase, being evident only during first- and last-quarter moon phases, at the time of neap tides. Active orientation during neap tides may take advantage of these incoming night-time tides for predator avoidance or may permit more effective directed swimming activity than is possible during new and full moon spring tides.
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Lee, Hsiao Mun, Heow Pueh Lee, and Zhiyang Liu. "Acoustical Environment Studies in the Modern Urban University Campuses." Acoustics 4, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/acoustics4010002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The quality of the acoustic environments at Xi’an Jiatong-Liverpool University (XJTLU) and Soochow University (Dushuhu Campus, SUDC) in Suzhou City were investigated in the present work through real-time noise level measurements and questionnaire surveys. Before commencing the measurements and surveys, these two campuses’ sound sources were summarized and classified into four categories through on-site observation: human-made, machinery, living creatures, and natural physical sounds. For the zones near the main traffic road, with a high volume of crowds and surrounded by a park, sound from road vehicles, humans talking, and birds/insects were selected by the interviewees as the major sound sources, respectively. Only zone 3 (near to a park) at XJTLU could be classified as A zone (noise level < 55 dBA) with an excellent quality acoustical environment. All other zones had either good or average quality acoustical environments, except zone 1 (near to main traffic road) at XJTLU, with a fair-quality acoustical environment.
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Fristrup, Kurt M. "Automated parsing of sound level meter data into artifacts, natural sources, and noise." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 145, no. 3 (March 2019): 1753. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5101421.
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Ruslyakov, Dmitry. "ACOUSTIC MODELS OF THE MAIN SOURCES OF NOISE OF MULTI-SPINDLE DRILLING WOODWORKING MACHINE." VOLUME 39, VOLUME 39 (2021): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36336/akustika20213910.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The harmful factors in the woodworking industry include the increased noise level in the workplace. This is especially true when working with multi-spindle drilling woodworking machines. The main sources of noise include the constant speed of drills, the geometric shape of the motor and the body of the cutting units, as well as the pneumatic feed mechanism of the cutting units or workpieces. The article presents a theoretical justification of noise sources, which allowed us to obtain the equation of sound power of noise sources in general form. The acoustic calculation of the main noise sources was performed using the obtained formulas. The obtained acoustic models of the main noise sources showed that the practical calculation of sound pressure levels or sound power is actually reduced to determining the vibration rates on the natural vibration forms of the sources.
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Raffa, Francesco, Giovanni Ludeno, Giuseppa Buscaino, Gianmaria Sannino, Adriana Carillo, Rosario Grammauta, Domenico Spoto, Francesco Soldovieri, Salvatore Mazzola, and Francesco Serafino. "Coupling of Wave Data and Underwater Acoustic Measurements in a Maritime High-Traffic Coastal Area: A Case Study in the Strait of Sicily." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 34, no. 12 (December 2017): 2589–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-17-0046.1.
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AbstractUnderwater acoustic monitoring combined with real-time sea surface observations and numerical model forecasts could improve the efficiency of natural and anthropogenic sound source discrimination. In this work, acoustic sound pressure levels at different frequencies were compared with significant wave heights, measured using an X-band radar system, and then matched against independent data derived from a Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) model in order to confirm their reliability. The acoustic data were recorded from a fixed buoy located in the Sicilian Channel at 4.9 km from the coast and 33 km from the X-band radar system installed at Cape San Marco (in the southwest region of Sicily). All data were acquired during two different periods: 28 February–16 March 2015 and 23 April–27 May 2015. The level of noise at the 16-Hz octave band showed the best linear correlation , with in situ radar observations of significant wave height. Radar measurements of wave height coupled with in situ acoustic measurements give a characterization of the level of noise as result of sea state in a specific area. These measurements could be used to discriminate natural sources of noise (waves) from other sound sources, such as biological and anthropogenic sources. This discrimination contributes to understanding the impact of acoustic pollution on marine environments and provides a monitoring plan protocol for safeguarding biodiversity in the Mediterranean coastal areas.
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Godin, Oleg A., and Iosif M. Fuks. "Transmission of acoustic-gravity waves through gas–liquid interfaces." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 709 (August 10, 2012): 313–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2012.336.
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AbstractIt was demonstrated recently that gas–liquid interfaces, which are usually almost perfect reflectors of acoustic waves, become anomalously transparent, and the power flux in the wave transmitted into the gas increases dramatically, when a compact sound source in the liquid approaches the interface within a fraction of the wavelength (Godin, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 97, 2006b, 164301). Powerful underwater explosions and certain natural sources, such as underwater landslides, generate very low-frequency waves in water and air, for which fluid buoyancy and compressibility simultaneously serve as restoring forces. In this paper, analysis of sound transmission through gas–liquid interfaces is extended to acoustic-gravity waves (AGWs) and applied to the air–water interface. It is found that, as for sound, the interface becomes anomalously transparent for sufficiently shallow compact sources of AGWs. Depending on the source type, the increase of a wave power flux into gas due to diffraction effects can reach several orders of magnitude. The physical mechanisms responsible for the anomalous transparency are discussed. Excitation of an interface wave by a point source in the liquid is shown to be an important channel of AGW transmission into the gas, which has no counterpart in the case of sound.
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Verma, Deepank, Arnab Jana, and Krithi Ramamritham. "Classification and mapping of sound sources in local urban streets through AudioSet data and Bayesian optimized Neural Networks." Noise Mapping 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 52–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/noise-2019-0005.
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Abstract Deep learning (DL) methods have provided several breakthroughs in conventional data analysis techniques, especially with image and audio datasets. Rapid assessment and large-scale quantification of environmental attributes have been possible through such models. This study focuses on the creation of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) based models to classify sound sources from manually collected sound clips in local streets. A subset of an openly available AudioSet data is used to train and evaluate the model against the common sound classes present in the urban streets. The collection of audio data is done at random locations in the selected study area of 0.2 sq. km. The audio clips are further classified according to the extent of anthropogenic (mainly traffic), natural and human-based sounds present in particular locations. Rather than the manual tuning of model hyperparameters, the study utilizes Bayesian Optimization to obtain hyperparameter values of Neural Network models. The optimized models produce an overall accuracy of 89 percent and 60 percent on the evaluation set for three and fifteen-class model respectively. The model detections are mapped in the study area with the help of the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) spatial interpolation method.
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Manzano, Jerónimo Vida, José Antonio Almagro Pastor, Rafael García Quesada, Francesco Aletta, Tin Oberman, Andrew Mitchell, and Jian Kang. "The “sound of silence” in Granada during the COVID-19 lockdown." Noise Mapping 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 16–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/noise-2021-0002.
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Abstract Exceptional circumstances in the city of Granada due to the COVID-19 lockdown have provided the opportunity to characterise the impact of humans on its urban acoustic climate. Traditional environmental noise management and urban sound planning usually take into account noise sources in the city, such as industrial activities or road traffic noise, in model estimations, as well as in empirical research. But trying to isolate human impact by itself, human activity including social activity, walking, talking or just going around the city, has always been a difficult or even impossible task. The COVID-19 lockdown measures have provided the opportunity to study urban climate as never before, affected just by natural or animal noise sources. Previous soundscape research at some iconic sites in the city of Granada carried out in 2019 before the lockdown and a special measuring campaign carried out at the same locations during the lockdown in 2020 offered valuable information on sound levels and local characteristics in order to carry out this comparison. Results show a great change in environmental noise levels that is interesting not only because of its magnitude, but also for its implications, especially at those sites where social human activity was an identifying characteristic. Natural or animal sounds became surprisingly evident at some study sites, especially where road traffic noise dramatically decreased, leading to significantly lower background noise levels. Important spectral changes are observed before and during the lockdown, suggesting a shift from anthropic to animal sources in the acoustic environment.
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Menze, Sebastian, Daniel P. Zitterbart, Ilse van Opzeeland, and Olaf Boebel. "The influence of sea ice, wind speed and marine mammals on Southern Ocean ambient sound." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 1 (January 2017): 160370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160370.
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This paper describes the natural variability of ambient sound in the Southern Ocean, an acoustically pristine marine mammal habitat. Over a 3-year period, two autonomous recorders were moored along the Greenwich meridian to collect underwater passive acoustic data. Ambient sound levels were strongly affected by the annual variation of the sea-ice cover, which decouples local wind speed and sound levels during austral winter. With increasing sea-ice concentration, area and thickness, sound levels decreased while the contribution of distant sources increased. Marine mammal sounds formed a substantial part of the overall acoustic environment, comprising calls produced by Antarctic blue whales ( Balaenoptera musculus intermedia ), fin whales ( Balaenoptera physalus ), Antarctic minke whales ( Balaenoptera bonaerensis ) and leopard seals ( Hydrurga leptonyx ). The combined sound energy of a group or population vocalizing during extended periods contributed species-specific peaks to the ambient sound spectra. The temporal and spatial variation in the contribution of marine mammals to ambient sound suggests annual patterns in migration and behaviour. The Antarctic blue and fin whale contributions were loudest in austral autumn, whereas the Antarctic minke whale contribution was loudest during austral winter and repeatedly showed a diel pattern that coincided with the diel vertical migration of zooplankton.
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Hjortkjær, Jens, Tanja Kassuba, Kristoffer H. Madsen, Martin Skov, and Hartwig R. Siebner. "Task-Modulated Cortical Representations of Natural Sound Source Categories." Cerebral Cortex 28, no. 1 (October 23, 2017): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhx263.
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Zerne, Pamela, David Perrott, John Cote, and Charles Lira. "Discrimination of the orientation of a natural sound source." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 84, S1 (November 1988): S80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2026497.
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Wallis, Rory, and Hyunkook Lee. "The Reduction of Vertical Interchannel Crosstalk: The Analysis of Localisation Thresholds for Natural Sound Sources." Applied Sciences 7, no. 3 (March 14, 2017): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app7030278.
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Nystuen, Jeffrey A., Marios N. Anagnostou, Emmanouil N. Anagnostou, and Anastasios Papadopoulos. "Monitoring Greek Seas Using Passive Underwater Acoustics." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 32, no. 2 (February 2015): 334–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00264.1.
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AbstractThe Hellenic Center for Marine Research POSEIDON ocean monitoring and forecasting system has included passive underwater acoustic measurements as part of its real-time operations. Specifically, low-duty-cycle long-term passive acoustic listeners (PALs) are deployed on two operational buoys, one off Pylos in the Ionian Sea and the second off Athos in the northern Aegean Sea. The first step toward the quantitative use of passive ambient sound is the classification of the geophysical sources—for example, wind speed and rain rate—from the noise of shipping, from other anthropogenic activities, and from the natural sounds of marine animals. After classification, quantitative measurements of wind speed and precipitation are applied to the ambient sound data. Comparisons of acoustic quantitative measurements of wind speed with in situ buoy anemometer measurements were shown to be within 0.5 m s−1. The rainfall detection and quantification was also confirmed with collocated measurements of precipitation from a nearby coastal rain gauge and operational weather radar rainfall observations. The complicated condition of high sea states, including the influence of ambient bubble clouds, rain, and sea spray under high winds, was sorted acoustically, and shows promise for identifying and quantifying such conditions from underwater sound measurements. Long-term data were used in this study to derive sound budgets showing the percent occurrence of dominant sound sources (ships, marine mammals, wind, and rain), their relative intensity as a function of frequency, and statistical summaries of the retrieved rainfall amounts and wind speeds at the two buoy locations in the Aegean and Ionian Seas.
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Lee, Jung-Han, Sung-Hyub Ko, Seom-Kyu Jung, and Jong-Wu Hyeon. "Tertiary Waves Measured during 2017 Pohang Earthquake Using an Underwater Glider." Applied Sciences 9, no. 18 (September 14, 2019): 3860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9183860.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An underwater glider equipped with a hydrophone observed the acoustic sounds of an earthquake that occurred on 15 November 2017 05:29:32 (UTC) in the Pohang area. The underwater glider observed the earthquake sounds after 19 s (05:29:51) at approximately 140 km from the Pohang epicenter. In order to distinguish the earthquake sound from the glider’s operation noise, the noise sources and Sound Pressure Level (SPL) of the underwater glider were analyzed and measured at laboratory tank and sea. The earthquake acoustic signal was distinguished from glider’s self-noises of fin, pumped Conductivity-Temperature-Depth profiler (CTD) and altimeter which exist over 100 Hz. The dominant frequencies of the earthquake acoustic signals due to the earthquake were 10 Hz. Frequencies at which the spectra had dropped 60 dB were 50 Hz. By analysis of time correlation with seismic waves detected by five seismic land stations and the earthquake acoustic signal, it is clearly shown that the seismic waves converted to Tertiary waves and then detected by the underwater glider. The results allow constraining the acoustic sound level of the earthquake and suggest that the glider provides an effective platform for enhancing the earth seismic observation systems and monitoring natural and anthropogenic ocean sounds.
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Nakamoto, Kyle T., Trevor M. Shackleton, and Alan R. Palmer. "Responses in the Inferior Colliculus of the Guinea Pig to Concurrent Harmonic Series and the Effect of Inactivation of Descending Controls." Journal of Neurophysiology 103, no. 4 (April 2010): 2050–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00451.2009.
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One of the fundamental questions of auditory research is how sounds are segregated because, in natural environments, multiple sounds tend to occur at the same time. Concurrent sounds, such as two talkers, physically add together and arrive at the ear as a single input sound wave. The auditory system easily segregates this input into a coherent percept of each of the multiple sources. A common feature of speech and communication calls is their harmonic structure and in this report we used two harmonic complexes to study the role of the corticofugal pathway in the processing of concurrent sounds. We demonstrate that, in the inferior colliculus (IC) of the anesthetized guinea pig, deactivation of the auditory cortex altered the temporal and/or the spike response to the concurrent, monaural harmonic complexes. More specifically, deactivating the auditory cortex altered the representation of the relative level of the complexes. This suggests that the auditory cortex modulates the representation of the level of two harmonic complexes in the IC. Since sound level is a cue used in the segregation of auditory input, the corticofugal pathway may play a role in this segregation.
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Chemistruck, Mike, Andrew Allen, John Snyder, and Nikunj Raghuvanshi. "Efficient acoustic perception for virtual AI agents." Proceedings of the ACM on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques 4, no. 3 (September 22, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3480139.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We model acoustic perception in AI agents efficiently within complex scenes with many sound events. The key idea is to employ perceptual parameters that capture how each sound event propagates through the scene to the agent's location. This naturally conforms virtual perception to human. We propose a simplified auditory masking model that limits localization capability in the presence of distracting sounds. We show that anisotropic reflections as well as the initial sound serve as useful localization cues. Our system is simple, fast, and modular and obtains natural results in our tests, letting agents navigate through passageways and portals by sound alone, and anticipate or track occluded but audible targets. Source code is provided.
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Krantzberg, G., and R. K. Sherman. "Severn Sound Sediment Chemistry and Bioassessment, 1988–1990." Water Quality Research Journal 30, no. 4 (November 1, 1995): 635–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1995.048.
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Abstract Fine-grained sediment in the embayments of Severn Sound contains metals that exceed the Ontario Ministry of the Environment's lowest effect level, the level at which some disturbance of the sediment dwelling community can be expected. Sediment in Penetang Bay has concentrations of Cr that are above the provincial Severe Effect Level, the level at which a compound is expected to be detrimental to the majority of benthic species. Nevertheless, chronic sediment bioassays resulted in little measurable sublethal toxicity. Based on evidence from weak acid extraction of metals from sediment, the lack of toxicity may be due to the limited bioavailability of metals. The potential for metals to enter the food web was suggested by metal bioaccumulation observed for test species. Chromium and Ni concentrations in mayflies were significantly correlated with total Cr and Ni in sediment, and Zn and Cu tissue concentrations were not correlated with total metals in sediment. In general, the bioaccumulation of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb by test species was more strongly correlated with extractable metals and with metals in the <63 µm size fraction than with total metals in bulk sediment, demonstrating that the total sediment pool of metals was not biologically available. Remedial actions for sediment in Severn Sound should focus on source control and natural sediment recovery, given the lack of sublethal chronic toxicity. Confirmation that active sources are not present and an ability to predict the natural recovery period for marginally contaminated regions would assist in fully restoring the sound.
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Goverts, S. Theo, and H. Steven Colburn. "Binaural Recordings in Natural Acoustic Environments: Estimates of Speech-Likeness and Interaural Parameters." Trends in Hearing 24 (January 2020): 233121652097285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2331216520972858.
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Binaural acoustic recordings were made in multiple natural environments, which were chosen to be similar to those reported to be difficult for listeners with impaired hearing. These environments include natural conversations that take place in the presence of other sound sources as found in restaurants, walking or biking in the city, and so on. Sounds from these environments were recorded binaurally with in-the-ear microphones and were analyzed with respect to speech-likeness measures and interaural difference measures. The speech-likeness measures were based on amplitude–modulation patterns within frequency bands and were estimated for 1-s time-slices. The interaural difference measures included interaural coherence, interaural time difference, and interaural level difference, which were estimated for time-slices of 20-ms duration. These binaural measures were documented for one-fourth-octave frequency bands centered at 500 Hz and for the envelopes of one-fourth-octave bands centered at 2000 Hz. For comparison purposes, the same speech-likeness and interaural difference measures were computed for a set of virtual recordings that mimic typical clinical test configurations. These virtual recordings were created by filtering anechoic waveforms with available head-related transfer functions and combining them to create multiple source combinations. Overall, the speech-likeness results show large variability within and between environments, and they demonstrate the importance of having information from both ears available. Furthermore, the interaural parameter results show that the natural recordings contain a relatively small proportion of time-slices with high coherence compared with the virtual recordings; however, when present, binaural cues might be used for selecting intervals with good speech intelligibility for individual sources.
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Deconto, Lucimary S., Mariane B. S. Novelli, Daniel J. da Silva Lima, and Emygdio L. A. Monteiro-Filho. "Influence of natural and anthropogenic sound sources on the soundscape of the Cananéia estuary, southeastern Brazil." Marine Pollution Bulletin 169 (August 2021): 112502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112502.
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KANEV, N. G., A. S. FADEEV, and I. E. TSUKERNIKOV. "Evaluation of Sound Insulation of Intense Sources of Pulsed Noise by Building Structures in Natural Conditions." Stroitel'nye Materialy, no. 6 (2021): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31659/0585-430x-2021-792-6-25-29.
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Ohta, Hiroyuki. "Sound of Linear Guideway Type Recirculating Linear Ball Bearings." Journal of Tribology 121, no. 4 (October 1, 1999): 678–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2834123.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The sound characteristics of linear guideway type (LGT) recirculating linear ball bearing driven at a constant linear velocity was studied. The measurement results of the sound characteristics showed that the LGT recirculating linear ball bearing has a sound property between line sound source and point sound source, and the measured overall sound pressure level increases with increasing the linear velocity of the carriage. The rate of increase of the overall sound pressure level to the linear velocity was analyzed combining the deduction of Yamada et al. and the results of previous studies on the collision sound. The results of this analysis match roughly the rate of increase of the measured overall sound pressure level to the linear velocity. We also observed the main peaks in the sound spectra of the LGT recirculating linear ball bearing itself. As a result, it was made clear that the main peaks are caused by the lower rolling natural vibration of the carriage, the pitching natural vibration of the carriage, and the vertical natural vibration of the carriage. In addition, the frequencies of the main peaks can be estimated by using presented expressions fRL, fP, and fv.
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Bueno, Irene, Jessica Williams-Nguyen, Haejin Hwang, Jan M. Sargeant, André J. Nault, and Randall S. Singer. "Impact of point sources on antibiotic resistance genes in the natural environment: a systematic review of the evidence." Animal Health Research Reviews 18, no. 2 (December 2017): 112–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s146625231700007x.
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AbstractThere is a growing concern about the role of the environment in the dissemination of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG). In this systematic review, we summarize evidence for increases of ARG in the natural environment associated with potential sources of ARB and ARG such as agricultural facilities and wastewater treatment plants. A total of 5247 citations were identified, including studies that ascertained both ARG and ARB outcomes. All studies were screened for relevance to the question and methodology. This paper summarizes the evidence only for those studies with ARG outcomes (n= 24). Sixteen studies were at high (n= 3) or at unclear (n= 13) risk of bias in the estimation of source effects due to lack of information or failure to control for confounders. Statistical methods were used in nine studies; three studies assessed the effect of multiple sources using modeling approaches, and none reported effect measures. Most studies reported higher ARG concentration downstream/near the source, but heterogeneous findings hindered making any sound conclusions. To quantify increases of ARG in the environment due to specific point sources, there is a need for studies that emphasize analytic or design control of confounding, and that provide effect measure estimates.
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Vagle, Svein, Rianna E. Burnham, Caitlin O’Neill, and Harald Yurk. "Variability in Anthropogenic Underwater Noise Due to Bathymetry and Sound Speed Characteristics." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 10 (September 23, 2021): 1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9101047.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Oceanic acoustic environments are dynamic, shaped by the spatiotemporal variability in transmission losses and sound propagation pathways of natural and human-derived noise sources. Here we used recordings of an experimental noise source combined with transmission loss modeling to investigate changes in the received levels of vessel noise over space and time as a result of natural water column variability. Recordings were made in the Juan de Fuca Strait, on the west coast of Vancouver Island, a biologically productive coastal region that hosts several cetacean species. Significant variability in noise levels was observed due to changing water masses, tied to seasonal temperature variation and, on a finer scale, tidal movements. Comparisons of interpreted received noise levels through the water column indicated that vessel noise recorded by bottom-stationed monitoring devices might not accurately represent those received by whales in near-surface waters. Vertical and temporal differences of 3–5 dB were commonly observed in both the recorded and modeled data. This has implications in estimating the success of noise mitigation measures, and our understanding of the change in sound fields experienced by target species for conservation.
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Feugère, Lionel, Gabriella Gibson, Nicholas C. Manoukis, and Olivier Roux. "Mosquito sound communication: are male swarms loud enough to attract females?" Journal of The Royal Society Interface 18, no. 177 (April 2021): 20210121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2021.0121.
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Given the unsurpassed sound sensitivity of mosquitoes among arthropods and the sound source power required for long-range hearing, we investigated the distance over which female mosquitoes detect species-specific cues in the sound of station-keeping mating swarms. A common misunderstanding, that mosquitoes cannot hear at long range because their hearing organs are ‘particle-velocity’ receptors, has clouded the fact that particle velocity is an intrinsic component of sound whatever the distance to the sound source. We exposed free-flying Anopheles coluzzii females to pre-recorded sounds of male An. coluzzii and An. gambiae s.s. swarms over a range of natural sound levels. Sound levels tested were related to equivalent distances between the female and the swarm for a given number of males, enabling us to infer distances over which females might hear large male swarms. We show that females do not respond to swarm sound up to 48 dB sound pressure level (SPL) and that louder SPLs are not ecologically relevant for a swarm. Considering that swarms are the only mosquito sound source that would be loud enough to be heard at long range, we conclude that inter-mosquito acoustic communication is restricted to close-range pair interactions. We also showed that the sensitivity to sound in free-flying males is much enhanced compared to that of tethered ones.
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Grim, Patrick, Trina Kokalis, Ali Tafti, and Nicholas Kilb. "Evolution of communication with a spatialized genetic algorithm." Evolution of Communication 3, no. 2 (December 31, 1999): 105–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eoc.3.2.02gri.
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We extend previous work by modeling evolution of communication using a spatialized genetic algorithm which recombines strategies purely locally. Here cellular automata are used as a spatialized environment in which individuals gain points by feeding from drifting food sources and are 'harmed' if they fail to hide from migrating predators. Our individuals are capable of making one of two arbitrary sounds, heard only locally by their immediate neighbors. They can respond to sounds from their neighbors by opening their mouths or by hiding. By opening their mouths in the presence of food they maximize gains; by hiding when a predator is present they minimize losses. We consider the result a 'natural' template for benefits from communication; unlike a range of other studies, it is here only the recipient of communicated information that immediately benefits. A community of'perfect communicators' could be expected to make a particular sound when successfully feeding, responding to that same sound from their neighbors by opening their mouths. They could be expected to make a different sound when 'hurt' and respond to that second sound from their neighbors by hiding. Suppose one starts from a small set of 'Adam and Eve' strategies randomized across a cellular automata array, and uses a genetic algorithm which operates purely locally by cross-breeding strategies with their most successful neighbors. Can one, in such an environment, expect evolution of local communities of 'perfect communicators'? With some important qualifications, the answer is 'yes'.
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Sambu, Mathan, Musli Nizam Yahya, Hanif Abdul Latif, Mohamed Nasrul Mohamed Hatta, and Mohd Imran bin Ghazali. "The Acoustical Characteristics Analysis on Different Type of Natural Fibres." Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (July 2015): 242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.242.
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Natural fibres are fibre that can be directly obtained from an animal, mineral, or vegetable sources. Recently natural materials are becoming a good alternative for synthetic material as they provide good health to a greener environment. This aim of this study to investigate and compared the acoustic characteristics of three natural fibres; Kenaf fibre(Hibiscus Cannabinus), Ijuk fibre(Arenga Pinnata), and Coconut coir fibre, where each material is qualified for acoustical absorption. During the processing stage, each fibre is reinforced with 60:40 ratio of pure latex separately. The fibres are then compressed after the pure latex treatment into circular samples, of 28 mm and 100 mm diameters respectively. The thickness of each sample is fixed at 50mm. The acoustical performances were evaluated by using an impedance tube instrument. This study also investigates the effect of air gap of 10mm and 50mm in the sound absorption performance. The results show that, all the three fibres have reached an optimum level of sound absorption value of more than 0.7. The frequency peak value of Kenaf is obtained in a range of 700 Hz – 800 Hz, while for coconut coir is at 1000 Hz – 1075 Hz frequency range. Only Ijuk has obtained the highest frequency range of 3200 Hz – 3400 Hz. The results demonstrate that these three fibres are a promising light and environment-friendly sound absorption material as they are ready to replace the common synthetic fibre.
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Rika Kustina. "ONOMATOPE BAHASA DEVAYAN." Jurnal Metamorfosa 8, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 112–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.46244/metamorfosa.v8i1.348.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Onomatopoeia is the naming of objects or deeds by sound imitation. Imitation of sound does not only include animal, human, natural, or audible sounds, but also sounds that describe moving objects, collisions, or human feelings or emotions. In this study, onomatopoeia is the result of an imitation of sound (which is more or less the same as the original sound) and is arbitrary. This study aims to describe the Devayan language onomatopoeia of natural sounds, animal sounds and human voices. This type of research uses a qualitative descriptive approach. The data source of this research is 7 community leaders of Simeulue, namely native speakers of the Devayan language in Simeulue Cut, data obtained from sounds imitated by the community. Data collection techniques used in this study were interview, record, see and note technique. The results showed that imitations of sounds originating from natural sounds were found to be around 26 imitations of sounds, including imitations of the sound "Falls" Druuhhmm! and the sound of "Thunder" geudamdum !. Furthermore, the sound of animals found about 25 sounds, such as imitation of the sound of "Buffalo" ongng ... a ... k !, the sound of "Rooster at dawn" my.ku..ut ...! and the sound of "Cats" meauu !. Finally, imitations of sounds originating from human voices found about 19 sounds, including imitation of human voice "sneeze" hacyhihh! The form of words contained in the mock sound data is a form of compounding morpheme to indicate a repetitive, prolongation of the voice that indicates activities and conditions that last long, and condensation of sounds that are marked with small letters that indicate something fast. They use these imitations in various conditions.
Abstrak
Onomatope adalah penamaan benda atau perbuatan dengan peniruan bunyi. Peniruan bunyi tersebut tidak hanya mencakup suara hewan, manusia, alam, atau suara yang dapat didengar saja, namun juga suara yang menggambarkan benda bergerak, benturan, maupun perasaan atau emosi manusia. Dalam penelitian ini, onomatope merupakan hasil tiruan bunyi (yang kurang lebih sama dengan suara aslinya) dan bersifat arbitrer. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan onomatope bahasa Devayan suara alam, suara hewan dan suara manusia. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif. Sumber data penelitian ini adalah 7 tokoh masyarakat Simeulue, yaitu penutur asli bahasa Devayan yang ada di Simeulue Cut, data diperoleh dari bunyi-bunyi yang ditirukan oleh masyarakat tersebut. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah teknik wawancara, rekam, simak dan catat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tiruan bunyi yang berasal dari suara alam ditemukan sekitar 26 tiruan bunyi, diantaranya seperti tiruan suara “Terjun” Druuhhmm!, suara “Angin berhembus kencang” Ffeooff! dan suara “Guntur” geudamdum!. Selanjutnya, suara hewan ditemukan sekitar 25 tiruan bunyi, diantaranya seperti Tiruan suara “Kerbau” ongng…a..k!, suara “Ayam jantan waktu subuh” ku.ku..ut…! dan suara “Kucing” meauu!. Terakhir, tiruan bunyi yang berasal dari suara manusia ditemukan sekitar 19 tiruan bunyi, diantaranya seperti Tiruan suara manusia “Bersin” hacyhihh!, suara “Batuk” huk..uhuk!, dan suara “Waktu teriris pisau pada bagian jari tangan” auch!. Bentuk kata yang terdapat pada data tiruan bunyi adalah bentuk pemajemukan morfem untuk menunjukkan suatu yang berulang-ulang, pemanjangan suara yang menunjukkan aktivitas dan keadaan yang berlangsung lama, dan pemadatan suara yang ditandai dengan huruf kecil yang menunjukkan sesuatu yang cepat. Mereka menggunakan tiruan tersebut dalam berbagai kondidsi yang ada.
Kata Kunci: Onomatope, Bahasa, Devayan
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Tamariska ; Roni Sugiarto, Livie. "THE DYNAMICS OF SOUNDSCAPE CONNECTION WITH ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS ON TERAS CIKAPUNDUNG BANDUNG." Riset Arsitektur (RISA) 2, no. 03 (July 5, 2018): 248–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/risa.v2i03.2945.248-263.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract- In architecture of public space, the experience of place plays an important role in the making of the good quality of public spaces. The experience of the space is multi-sensory, so architecture should emphasize its attention also on the architectural space approach through auditory experience. The study was conducted to determine the dynamics connection of soundscape experience and Terrace Cikapundung architecture.The research method is qualitative and descriptive analysis. Quantitative measurements are made to complement the qualitative data. The analysis is done through questionnaire distribution, field observation, analysis, and by relating it with the study of theories about public space architecture, soundscape, sacred sounds, sense of place, intention of architecture, and perception theory.In Terrace Cikapundung are found quite a lot of natural sounds, which are considered as sounds that improve the quality of the people spatial experience. The natural sounds that are found there are the sound of birds, wind, and water flow. While the dominant voice heard is the sound of motor vehicle, which is considered as disturbing sound for the audiences in particular “man-made zone” (zone that borders the highway). This indicates that there are some architectural elements that have not been able to work optimally, especially the design of bordering element between the site with the main sound source (Jalan Siliwangi). Furthermore, the concave physical topology and the zonation of “man-made zone” and “natural zone” is well designed, based on the variety characterictic of function, location, and order of architectural elements, that will give us the study and example of spatial making and good experience of place. Through design that concern in the multi-sensory aspects of experience, especially in auditory experience, the experience of space can be felt thoroughly and the quality of a public space can be increased. Key Words: soundscape, architectural element, open public space
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Tamariska ; Roni Sugiarto, Livie. "THE DYNAMICS OF SOUNDSCAPE CONNECTION WITH ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS ON TERAS CIKAPUNDUNG BANDUNG." Riset Arsitektur (RISA) 2, no. 03 (July 5, 2018): 249–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/risa.v2i03.2945.249-263.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract- In architecture of public space, the experience of place plays an important role in the making of the good quality of public spaces. The experience of the space is multi-sensory, so architecture should emphasize its attention also on the architectural space approach through auditory experience. The study was conducted to determine the dynamics connection of soundscape experience and Terrace Cikapundung architecture.The research method is qualitative and descriptive analysis. Quantitative measurements are made to complement the qualitative data. The analysis is done through questionnaire distribution, field observation, analysis, and by relating it with the study of theories about public space architecture, soundscape, sacred sounds, sense of place, intention of architecture, and perception theory.In Terrace Cikapundung are found quite a lot of natural sounds, which are considered as sounds that improve the quality of the people spatial experience. The natural sounds that are found there are the sound of birds, wind, and water flow. While the dominant voice heard is the sound of motor vehicle, which is considered as disturbing sound for the audiences in particular “man-made zone” (zone that borders the highway). This indicates that there are some architectural elements that have not been able to work optimally, especially the design of bordering element between the site with the main sound source (Jalan Siliwangi). Furthermore, the concave physical topology and the zonation of “man-made zone” and “natural zone” is well designed, based on the variety characterictic of function, location, and order of architectural elements, that will give us the study and example of spatial making and good experience of place.Through design that concern in the multi-sensory aspects of experience, especially in auditory experience, the experience of space can be felt thoroughly and the quality of a public space can be increased. Key Words: soundscape, architectural element, open public space
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Didkovskyi, Vitalii, Vitaly Zaets, and Svetlana Kotenko. "Revealing the effect of rounded noise protection screens with finite sound insulation on an acoustic field around linear sound sources." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 1, no. 5 (109) (February 26, 2021): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.224327.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper reports studying the reduction of traffic noise by rounded noise protection screens with finite sound insulation, that is, those that can pass sound. Almost all models of acoustic screens, which are examined by analytical methods, are either direct or such that disregard the passage of sound through the screen, that is, it is assumed that the screen sound insulation is non-finite. This approach made it possible to solve the problem for a simplified model analytically but made it impossible to analyze the required sound insulation of noise protection screens. In the current paper, the problem of investigating an acoustic field around the screen whose sound insulation is finite has been stated, that is, it was taken into consideration that a sound wave propagates through the body of the screen. In addition, a given problem considers a rounded screen, rather than vertical, which is also used in different countries. Such a problem was solved by the method of partial domains. This method has made it possible to strictly analytically build a solution to the problem by simplifying it to solving an infinite system of algebraic equations, which was solved by the method of reduction. The screen model was set by the values of the density and speed of sound in the screen material. This approach has made it possible to change the acoustic impedance of the screen material and thereby change the sound insulation of the screen. That has made it possible to quantify the effect of screen sound insulation on its effectiveness. It has been shown that the efficiency of noise protection screens with finite sound insulation is approaching the efficiency of acoustically rigid screens, provided that the screen's natural sound insulation is 13–15 dB greater than the estimated efficiency of the rigid screen. The study results could make it possible to more accurately assess the effectiveness of noise protection screens. Determining the screen acoustic efficiency would make it possible to set requirements for its sound insulation characteristics. That could make it possible to select the designs of noise protection screens with minimal physical parameters, such as thickness, weight, etc.
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Sweet, K. A., B. P. Sweet, D. G. E. Gomes, C. D. Francis, and J. R. Barber. "Natural and anthropogenic noise increase vigilance and decrease foraging behaviors in song sparrows." Behavioral Ecology 33, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 288–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arab141.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Animals glean information about risk from their habitat. The acoustic environment is one such source of information, and is an important, yet understudied ecological axis. Although anthropogenic noise has become recently ubiquitous, risk mitigation behaviors have likely been shaped by natural noise over millennia. Listening animals have been shown to increase vigilance and decrease foraging in both natural and anthropogenic noise. However, direct comparisons could be informative to conservation and understanding evolutionary drivers of behavior in noise. Here, we used 27 song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) and 148 laboratory behavioral trials to assess foraging and vigilance behavior in both anthropogenic and natural noise sources. Using five acoustic environments (playbacks of roadway traffic, a whitewater river, a whitewater river shifted upwards in frequency, a river with the amplitude modulation of roadway traffic, and an ambient control), we attempt to parse out the acoustic characteristics that make a foraging habitat risky. We found that sparrows increased vigilance or decreased foraging in 4 of 6 behaviors when foraging in higher sound levels regardless of the noise source or variation in frequency and amplitude modulation. These responses may help explain previously reported declines in abundance of song sparrows exposed to playback of intense river noise. Our results imply that natural soundscapes have likely shaped behavior long before anthropogenic noise, and that high sound levels negatively affect the foraging-vigilance trade-off in most intense acoustic environments. Given the ever-increasing footprint of noise pollution, these results imply potential negative consequences for bird populations.