Статті в журналах: "Natural self-regulation"

1

Trachuk, A. V. "SELF-REGULATING IN INFRASTRUCTURAL ENTERPRISES OF NATURAL MONOPOLIES." Strategic decisions and risk management, no. 4 (February 19, 2015): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2078-8886-2010-4-46-55.

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This article analyses the perspectives of using self-regulating in natural monopoly enterprises. A hypothesis is presented and proved that the conditions for using self-regulating in these enterprises appear only in existing competition medium. It is reasoned that “pure” self-regulation is hardly possible and most suitable option for them is co-regulation (on the examples of electric power and heat supply industries), while the state should keep possibility in principle of influencing self-regulatory body decisions.

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Medvedchuk, Oksana Valeriyovna. "STATE REGULATION AND SELF-REGULATION IN CONSTRUCTION." UKRAINIAN ASSEMBLY OF DOCTORS OF SCIENCES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 1, no. 13 (August 27, 2018): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/vadnd.v1i13.139.

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Іssues of self-regulation in the field of construction industry are considered. The necessity of ensuring and controlling the construction production, which is closely connected not only with economic but also social factors in terms of ensuring safe conditions for living or work, minimizing technical and technological risks, shaping a transparent system of pricing and investment in the construction industry has been updated. Feasibility of introducing a self-regulation system in Ukraine, which has a number of advantages over the existing hierarchical structure of state regulation in construction, are determined, as follows: exemption of state authorities from performing unusual for them functions, application of a liberal approach to openness in the construction market, ensuring high quality regulation and supervision, possibility of combining the efforts of government and society with the aim of achieving a brand new level of functioning of the construction industry. In Ukraine, there are significant prerequisites for the development of a self-regulating system of the construction industry caused by liberalization of the economy, the European vector of integration and processes of power decentralization. The international experience is analyzed, on the basis of what priority directions of cooperation with the leading international organizations providing technical supervision and rendering the advisory help are defined. The role of self-regulation of the technical component of construction in conditions of decentralization of power in Ukraine is defined as symbiosis of a mutually agreed system of cooperation of government-business-consumers, where the first set “rules of the game” by establishing an effective legal framework, the second ensure the quality of finished construction products, and the third — carry out “natural selection” of quality products, ensuring competitiveness of only socially responsible business.

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Lam, Runyi A., Jyh Y. Chwee, Nina Le Bert, Maike Sauer, Elke Pogge von Strandmann, and Stephan Gasser. "Regulation of self-ligands for activating natural killer cell receptors." Annals of Medicine 45, no. 4 (May 23, 2013): 384–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/07853890.2013.792495.

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4

Bern, Michael D., Bijal A. Parikh, Liping Yang, Diana L. Beckman, Jennifer Poursine-Laurent, and Wayne M. Yokoyama. "Inducible down-regulation of MHC class I results in natural killer cell tolerance." Journal of Experimental Medicine 216, no. 1 (December 17, 2018): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20181076.

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Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that are thought to kill cells that down-regulate MHC class I (MHC-I) through “missing-self” recognition. NK cells from B2m−/− mice that lack surface MHC-I, however, are not autoreactive as predicted by the missing-self hypothesis. As a result, it is unclear if MHC-I down-regulation in vivo induces NK cell reactivity or tolerance to missing-self. Here, we generated a floxed B2m mouse to acutely down-regulate MHC-I in vivo in a host that normally expresses MHC-I. Global down-regulation of MHC-I induced NK cell hyporesponsiveness and tolerance to missing-self without overt missing-self reactivity. In contrast, down-regulation of MHC-I on a small fraction of hematopoietic cells triggered missing-self reactivity. Surprisingly, down-regulation of MHC-I only on CD4+ T cells predominately induced tolerance to missing-self without resetting NK cell responsiveness. In this setting, inflammation triggered substantial missing-self reactivity. These results show that MHC-I down-regulation can induce either NK cell tolerance or killing in vivo and that inflammation promotes missing-self reactivity.

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Anderson, J. W. "The Natural Ways of Musicality, Language, and Self Regulation in Infants." Psychomusicology: A Journal of Research in Music Cognition 19, no. 1 (2005): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0094041.

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Fazzini, Pablo G., and Jose Luis Otegui. "Self-ignition of natural gas inside pipes at a regulation station." Engineering Failure Analysis 16, no. 1 (January 2009): 187–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2008.02.015.

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Lubashevskii, I. A., and V. V. Gafiychuk. "A Simple Model of Self-Regulation in Large Natural Hierarchical Systems." Journal of Environmental Systems 23, no. 3 (January 1, 1994): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/dkk9-qgt1-7dh0-2g3u.

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Sinelnikov, Alexander B. "Demographic Self-Regulation in Terms of Population Growth and Decline." Sociological Journal 25, no. 4 (2019): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2019.25.4.6819.

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The author of this article A.B. Sinelnikov polemizes with A.G. Vishnevsky and asks him several questions. Vishnevsky considers the population as a self-regulating system. This system itself brings its size (number of inhabitants) in line with the economic and environmental situation. Vishnevsky considers state intervention in the process of demographic self-regulation to be ineffective, when it comes to measures aimed at increasing birth rate. According to Sinelnikov, self-regulation can slow down population growth (“demographic explosion”). However, there is no self-regulation to protect against natural population decline (depopulation). This problem can only be solved through demographic policy.

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Bahramali, Homayoun, Dmitriy Melkonian, and Oliver O'Connell. "Self Regulation of the Heart: Natural Frequency and Damping of the Heart Contractions." Open Cybernetics & Systemics Journal 2, no. 1 (February 14, 2008): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874110x00802010001.

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10

Ellison, Amy, Carlos Marcelino Rodríguez López, Paloma Moran, James Breen, Martin Swain, Manuel Megias, Matthew Hegarty, Mike Wilkinson, Rebecca Pawluk, and Sofia Consuegra. "Epigenetic regulation of sex ratios may explain natural variation in self-fertilization rates." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1819 (November 22, 2015): 20151900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1900.

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Self-fertilization (selfing) favours reproductive success when mate availability is low, but renders populations more vulnerable to environmental change by reducing genetic variability. A mixed-breeding strategy (alternating selfing and outcrossing) may allow species to balance these needs, but requires a system for regulating sexual identity. We explored the role of DNA methylation as a regulatory system for sex-ratio modulation in the mixed-mating fish Kryptolebias marmoratus. We found a significant interaction between sexual identity (male or hermaphrodite), temperature and methylation patterns when two selfing lines were exposed to different temperatures during development. We also identified several genes differentially methylated in males and hermaphrodites that represent candidates for the temperature-mediated sex regulation in K. marmoratus . We conclude that an epigenetic mechanism regulated by temperature modulates sexual identity in this selfing species, providing a potentially widespread mechanism by which environmental change may influence selfing rates. We also suggest that K. marmoratus , with naturally inbred populations, represents a good vertebrate model for epigenetic studies.

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11

Jenkin, Rebecca, Ian Frampton, Mathew P. White, and Sabine Pahl. "The relationship between exposure to natural and urban environments and children’s self-regulation." Landscape Research 43, no. 3 (July 11, 2017): 315–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2017.1316365.

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Demydenko, O., and V. Velichko. "Self-regulation and management of fertility restoration of typical chernozem in agroecosystems." Agricultural Science and Practice 3, no. 2 (July 15, 2016): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/agrisp3.02.063.

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Aim. To investigate the process of enhancing the self-organization and self-regulation of chernozem towards natural organization under the impact of long-term soil-protective surface tillage and to determine its impact on enhancing the ability of chernozem to adapt to environmental changes, preserving agroecological stability of the agroecosystem of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field, laboratory, computational, mathematical and statistical. Results. The complex years-long studies (1992–2015) demonstrated that the com- bination of soil-protective technologies of cultivating crops in the agroecosystems is a factor of affecting the character, orientation and self-regulation of energy- and mass exchange in a complicated network of interac- tions and interrelations of chernozems in agroecosystems. The determinant and governing impact in restoring the fertility of typical chernozem in the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine is soil-protective technologies of cultivating agricultural crops, based on surface tillage. The energy-wise appropriateness of creating the porous space of chernozem in conditions of soil-protective treatment should be deemed as thermodynamic code of soil formation or the process of implementing the “memory” about the morphogenicity of spatial soil form of chernozem of a high self-organization degree, which is in direct correlation with the process of enhancing the residual features of natural soil formation and accumulative orientation of fertility indices. Conclusions. The soil-protective system of agriculture should be viewed as a complex of methods and technologies of systemic or ecologically reasonable use of anthropogenic and natural energy resources. It creates the background to solve the main problem of agriculture – rational use of chernozem fertility with simultaneous extensive resto- ration, which ensures more complete use of the bioclimatic potential with optimal exploitation of natural and anthropogenic resources of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe territory.

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13

Keller, Johannes, and Stefan Pfattheicher. "Vigilant Self–Regulation, Cues of being Watched and Cooperativeness." European Journal of Personality 25, no. 5 (September 2011): 363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.797.

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The present research examined the interplay of individual differences in self–regulatory mechanisms as outlined in regulatory focus theory (promotion– and prevention–focus) and a cue of being watched in the context of cooperative behaviour. Study 1 revealed that the more individuals’ habitual self–regulatory orientation is dominated by a vigilant prevention focus, the more likely they are to act cooperatively (i.e. to donate money to natural conservation organizations) when a subtle cue of being watched renders reputational concerns salient. In contrast, when no such cue is provided individuals’ habitual vigilant self–regulatory orientation is negatively related to cooperative behaviour. Study 2 replicated the results of the initial study and examined interpersonal sensitivity (empathic concern) as a potential mediator of the observed effects. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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14

Kermarrec, Gilles, John R. Todorovich, and David S. Fleming. "An Investigation of the Self-Regulation Components Students Employ in the Physical Education Setting." Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 23, no. 2 (April 2004): 123–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.23.2.123.

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Research in educational psychology and sport psychology indicates that school achievement depends on students’ capacity to self-regulate their own learning processes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the self-regulation components employed by students in a natural physical education setting. Twenty-three French students, 14 and 15 years old, were videotaped during their regular physical education class as their teachers taught them a new skill. The students then watched a recording of their performance and provided the researcher with a verbal description of their cognitive activity during the lesson. Verbal data were then analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative techniques. The data revealed that the students employed a 17-component self-regulation model while learning a new skill in the natural physical education context. Three teaching models that emerged for eliciting the identified self-regulation components among students are also discussed.

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15

Ahmed, Sahnawaz, Ayan Chatterjee, Krishnendu Das, and Dibyendu Das. "Fatty acid based transient nanostructures for temporal regulation of artificial peroxidase activity." Chemical Science 10, no. 32 (2019): 7574–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sc02648g.

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Prokhorov, A. O., A. V. Chernov, and M. G. Yusupov. "FEATURES OF MENTAL STATES SELF-REGULATION OF STUDENTS WITH DIFFERENT LEVEL OF REGULATORY ABILITIES." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Philosophy. Psychology. Pedagogy 30, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 132–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9550-2020-30-2-132-142.

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The article presents the results of studying mental states characteristics, regulatory properties and methods of self-regulation of students with different level of self-regulation effectiveness during the semester exam. The effectiveness of self-regulation was assessed by the help of the author's research questionnaire and compared with the mark received on the exam. Diagnostic tools were supplemented by author's questionnaires for diagnosing the severity of mental states, regulatory properties and methods of students' self-regulation. The study involved 162 humanitarian and natural sciences students, grouped into samples with low and high effectiveness of mental states self-regulation during the exam. The study established the relationship between the effectiveness of self-regulation and the productivity of passing an exam. It was revealed that students with high effectiveness of self-regulation experience positive mental states (activity, thoughtfulness), while students with low effectiveness are dominated by negative ones (excitement, doubt). It is shown that the effectiveness of students’ mental states self-regulation is manifested not only in the modality (sign) of the experienced state, but also in a greater intensity of the substructures of mental states. It is established that there are regulatory properties that contribute to the highest effectiveness of mental states self-regulation (assertiveness, organization). It is found that the high effectiveness of students' self-regulation is combined with the use of active and rational methods of mental states self-regulation during the exam.

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Meran, Georg, and Christian von Hirschhausen. "10 Years of natural gas sector regulation in Germany — With special focus on self regulation through association agreements („Verbändevereinbarungen“)." Zeitschrift für Energiewirtschaft 32, no. 3 (September 2008): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12398-008-0022-5.

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18

Hrbackova, Karla, and Anna Petr Safrankova. "Self-Regulation of Behaviour in Children and Adolescents in the Natural and Institutional Environment." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 217 (February 2016): 679–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.02.119.

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19

Beute, F., and Y. A. W. de Kort. "Natural resistance: Exposure to nature and self-regulation, mood, and physiology after ego-depletion." Journal of Environmental Psychology 40 (December 2014): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.06.004.

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20

Gregory, Jane Brodie, James W. Beck, and Alison E. Carr. "Goals, feedback, and self-regulation: Control theory as a natural framework for executive coaching." Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research 63, no. 1 (2011): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0023398.

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21

Hazuda, Мykhailo. "ACTIVATING BODIES OF LOCALSELF-GOVERNMENT IN MANAGEMENT OF RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES OF AGRICULTURE." International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.4715.

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The paper is dedicated to peculiarities of activating local self-government bodies in management of the processes of use of agricultural natural resources. Urgent problems concerning share of powers between the state and the region are substantiated. It was determined that bodies of local self-government have much less powers in management and control of the use of natural resources including agricultural renewable resources and in the sphere of environmental regulation than local administrations. Perspective tasks are described, which have to be solved by local self-government bodies in the process of managing use of renewable natural resources.

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Agina, Adel M., Piet A. M. Kommers, and Michael M. Steehouder. "The effect of nonhuman’s external regulation on detecting the natural development process of young children’s self-regulation during learning tasks." Computers in Human Behavior 27, no. 5 (September 2011): 1724–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.02.011.

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Bélanger, Simon, Megan M. Tu, Mir Munir Ahmed Rahim, Ahmad B. Mahmoud, Rajen Patel, Lee-Hwa Tai, Angela D. Troke, et al. "Impaired natural killer cell self-education and “missing-self” responses in Ly49-deficient mice." Blood 120, no. 3 (July 19, 2012): 592–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2012-02-408732.

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Abstract Ly49-mediated recognition of MHC-I molecules on host cells is considered vital for natural killer (NK)–cell regulation and education; however, gene-deficient animal models are lacking because of the difficulty in deleting this large multigene family. Here, we describe NK gene complex knockdown (NKCKD) mice that lack expression of Ly49 and related MHC-I receptors on most NK cells. NKCKD NK cells exhibit defective killing of MHC-I–deficient, but otherwise normal, target cells, resulting in defective rejection by NKCKD mice of transplants from various types of MHC-I–deficient mice. Self–MHC-I immunosurveillance by NK cells in NKCKD mice can be rescued by self–MHC-I–specific Ly49 transgenes. Although NKCKD mice display defective recognition of MHC-I–deficient tumor cells, resulting in decreased in vivo tumor cell clearance, NKG2D- or antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity–induced tumor cell cytotoxicity and cytokine production induced by activation receptors was efficient in Ly49-deficient NK cells, suggesting MHC-I education of NK cells is a single facet regulating their total potential. These results provide direct genetic evidence that Ly49 expression is necessary for NK-cell education to self–MHC-I molecules and that the absence of these receptors leads to loss of MHC-I–dependent “missing-self” immunosurveillance by NK cells.

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Ivashov, Anatoliy, and Andriy Simchuk. "The Concept of Pesticide-Free Pest Control in the Crimean Forests." Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University 7, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.7.4.34-45.

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Oak leafroller, gypsy and winter moths contribute to a pathological situation in the Crimean forests exposed to strong recreational activities, which add to the weakening of the forest ecosystems. In this respect we develop a concept of pesticide-free forest protection that presupposes an optimal balance between natural self-regulation opportunities and management, taking into account the long-term effects. The practical steps include preventive and current biological pest control, different in primary, secondary and tertiary niduses of pest outbreaks in the Crimean forests. All pest-control measures should be elaborated as a successive chain of steps joining in a common ecologically and economically sound system. Preventive and current bio-control actions become easy and soft with increase in the forest’s ecosystem complexity and restoration of natural self-regulation.

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Romero-Ayuso, Dulce, Pablo Alcántara-Vázquez, Ana Almenara-García, Irene Nuñez-Camarero, José Matías Triviño-Juárez, Patrocinio Ariza-Vega, José-Pascual Molina, and Pascual González. "Self-Regulation in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders “SR-MRehab: Un Colegio Emocionante”: A Protocol Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12 (June 12, 2020): 4198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124198.

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Self-regulation refers to the ability to control and modulate behavior, and it can include both emotional and cognitive modulation. Children with neurodevelopmental disorders may show difficulties in self-regulation. The main objective of this study is to improve self-regulation skills in children between 6 and 11 years of age with neurodevelopmental disorders. Methodology: A randomized controlled trial will be conducted with the use of “SR-MRehab: Un colegio emocionante”, based on a non-immersive virtual reality system where virtual objects can be managed by children in a natural way using their hands. Children will be recruited from several schools of Granada (Spain) and they will be randomly allocated to two groups. An assessment will be conducted before and after the intervention and 24 weeks after the end of the intervention process. The experimental group will receive the intervention using virtual reality. The control group will receive a standard self-regulation program. Both interventions will be performed once a week for a total of 10 sessions. Changes in self-regulation, as well as the acceptability of technology with the use of SR-MRehab, will be evaluated. The results will be published and will provide evidence regarding the use of this type of intervention in children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Trial registration: Registered with code NCT04418921.

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Nwete, Bede. "Corporate Social Responsibility and Transparency in the Development of Energy and Mining Projects in Emerging Markets; Is Soft Law the Answer?" German Law Journal 8, no. 4 (April 1, 2007): 311–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200005630.

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Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has today become the rhetoric of every Business Enterprise, especially those engaged in Natural Resource Development. This is in recognition of its intrinsic value to the business bottom line and its ability to stave off social and reputation risks that may not only affect a project's rate of return, but also subject to questioning, its ‘social licence’ to operate. But the ‘free rider’, ‘green wash’ and ‘blue wash’ problems that result from self-regulation inherent in the practical implementation of CSR initiatives, has led to questions as to whether self regulation as exemplified in the ‘soft law’ approach to CSR and transparency, is really the answer to the problem of using CSR and Transparency initiatives, to ensure that Mineral Resource Development benefits all parties on the Mineral Development Triangle. Is government regulation a better option or should industry driven self-regulation be allowed to continue? This paper reviews the above issues using examples from a few countries to show the way forward.

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Ozkur, Fatma, and Gokhan Duman. "Analyzing the Embedded Learning-Based Movement Education Program’s Effects on Preschool Children’s Visual-Motor Coordination and Self-Regulation." Journal of Education and Learning 8, no. 5 (September 20, 2019): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jel.v8n5p193.

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Preschool children’s visual-motor coordination skills are very valuable for their academic and social learnings. Using these skills, children have a broad movement repertoire, display better academic skills, participate in classroom activities and social relations, and develop self-regulation. Self-regulation is required for children to set their goals, purposeful planning, monitoring, and adapting. Children are natural players and they enjoy to move and play. Early childhood programs should consider supporting the visual-motor coordination in joint play situations to enhance children’s behaviors. This study used movement activities designed with embedded learning instruction to create cooperative play and increased group interactions among children. The purpose of this research was to analyze the embedded learning-based movement education program’s effects on preschool children’s visual-motor coordination and self-regulation development. For this purpose, an experimental research design with pretest-posttest, control group constructed. Control group children followed their traditional (MoNE, 2013) preschool education program while the experiment group pursued embedded learning-based movement education. Results indicated that both groups of children had significantly better (p.≤.0.05) visual-motor coordination and self-regulation skills. The difference was greater in experience group of children and the correlation was stronger between visual-motor coordination and self-regulation. It has been found that embedded learning-based movement education program positively affected preschool children’s visual-motor coordination and self-regulation.

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Kyrklund, Mikael, Heidi Kaski, Ramin Akhi, Antti E. Nissinen, Outi Kummu, Ulrich Bergmann, Pirkko Pussinen, Sohvi Hörkkö, and Chunguang Wang. "Existence of natural mouse IgG mAbs recognising epitopes shared by malondialdehyde acetaldehyde adducts and Porphyromonas gingivalis." Innate Immunity 27, no. 2 (January 14, 2021): 158–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753425920981133.

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Natural Abs are produced by B lymphocytes in the absence of external Ag stimulation. They recognise self, altered self and foreign Ags, comprising an important first-line defence against invading pathogens and serving as innate recognition receptors for tissue homeostasis. Natural IgG Abs have been found in newborns and uninfected individuals. Yet, their physiological role remains unclear. Previously, no natural IgG Abs to oxidation-specific epitopes have been reported. Here, we show the cloning and characterisation of mouse IgG mAbs against malondialdehyde acetaldehyde (MAA)-modified low-density lipoprotein. Sequence analysis reveals high homology with germline genes, suggesting that they are natural. Further investigation shows that the MAA-specific natural IgG Abs cross-react with the major periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis and recognise its principle virulence factors gingipain Kgp and long fimbriae. The study provides evidence that natural IgGs may play an important role in innate immune defence and in regulation of tissue homeostasis by recognising and removing invading pathogens and/or modified self-Ags, thus being involved in the development of periodontitis and atherosclerosis.

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Kartasheva, M., A. Klimanova, A. Prokhorov, A. Chernov, and M. Yusupov. "The effectiveness of mental states’ self-regulation of students in the course of educational activities." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1928.

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IntroductionStudied the psychological mechanisms of mental states’ self-regulation of students in the course of the educational activities: at lectures, seminars and exams.ObjectivesThe main aims of the study were: 1. To identify the typical methods and techniques of mental states’ self-regulation and regulatory abilities in everyday and stressful conditions of educational activity; 2. To establish the relationships between the quality of subject training, regulatory abilities and states of students; 3. To study the influence of mental structures (semantic, reflective) on self-regulation and regulatory abilities of students.MethodsTo solve these problems used a bank of 23 techniques, including 303 indicators. 260 1-st year students took part in the research (aged 18-20).ResultsAs a result of the research, identified the states typical for lectures, seminars, exams. Comparison of mental states characteristics of humanities students and students of natural sciences did not reveal any differences. Among the mental states of highly effective students, particular importance have the cognitive mental states: interest, thoughtfulness and concentration. Found that the effectiveness of students’ mental states self-regulation affects the productivity of passing the semester exam. The most commonly used methods are introspection (withdrawal), self-control, the use of logic, a positive attitude and search activity. This pattern is typical for both mathematics and psychology students.ConclusionsFound that students with high self-regulation efficiency more often use a wide range of regulatory technics. Established the properties of personality, providing high efficiency of self-regulation, these are: adequacy, awareness, independence and assertiveness. This work was supported by the RFBR grant № 19-29-07072.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

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Yakovlev, A. A., and E. S. Pozdeeva. "POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF SELF-REGULATION OF PARASITIC SYSTEMS IN THE BIOGEOCENOSIS." Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences 73, no. 3 (July 9, 2018): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vramn880.

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The current epidemiological literature mainly presents the mechanisms of self-regulation of a single parasitic system influenced by natural and social factors. At the same time, epidemiology traditionally considers particularly the epidemic process of individual infections. In the human population however, many pathogenic microorganisms circulate and cause diseases in humans simultaneously; nevertheless the possibility of interactions between the various parasitic systems included in biogeocenosis and the influence of the considered interrelation on the development of the epidemic process and its manifestations is not taken into account generally. The presented study basing on the analysis of literary publications discusses possible mechanisms causing processes of self-regulation of parasitic systems in the conditions of biogeocenosis and, primarily, the integrative-competitive relations that develop between them as the leading regulating force. Therefore the following position is justified: regulatory processes in one parasitic system occur when influenced by self-regulation processes in biogeocenosis as a whole in response to the influence of both external and internal factors. Ultimately, the authors associate tendencies in the incidence of individual nosological forms, transformation of the structure of infectious pathology in different time periods, and some other manifestations of the epidemic process with the self-adaptation of ecosystems.

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Singh, Ramendra, Rakesh Kumar Singh, and Diptiman Banerji. "Emotion regulation – natural reward strategy linkage and its impact on sales performance: the mediating impact of salesmanship skills." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 33, no. 3 (April 3, 2018): 353–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-10-2016-0236.

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Purpose In the context of an emerging market, this paper empirically investigates the direct as well as the indirect impact of natural reward strategies (NRS) on the sales performance of B2B sales force. It also investigates the mediating impact of salesmanship skills on the NRS–sales performance linkage. Design/methodology/approach Structural equation modeling (using AMOS 18 software) is used to analyze the data collected, using a survey questionnaire from a sample of 317 B2B salespersons of a single media firm in India. Findings Results indicate that NRS are influenced primarily by a salesperson’s emotion regulation abilities, while salesmanship skills partially mediate in the NRS–performance relationship. Research limitations/implications The study results are based on convenience sampling, which may limit the theoretical generalization of the results across all emerging markets. Originality/value It is one of the earliest studies in the B2B sales literature that integrates multiple theoretical perspectives from job-demands-resources theory, self-regulation theory, motivation and skills theory and social cognitive theory. These theories have been synthesized; then they have been used to develop and test the impact of emotional regulation on NRS components of self-leadership among salespersons, and its subsequent direct impact on sales performance, as well as mediating impact via salesmanship skills.

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Arrenberg, Philomena, Ramesh Halder, and Vipin Kumar. "Cross-regulation between distinct natural killer T cell subsets influences immune response to self and foreign antigens." Journal of Cellular Physiology 218, no. 2 (February 2009): 246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.21597.

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Berger, Eva M., Henning Hermes, Guenther Koenig, Felix Schmidt, and Daniel Schunk. "Self-regulation training and job search input: A natural field experiment within an active labor market program." Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics 98 (June 2022): 101858. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2022.101858.

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Mehl, Matthias R., Charles L. Raison, Thaddeus W. W. Pace, Jesusa M. G. Arevalo, and Steve W. Cole. "Natural language indicators of differential gene regulation in the human immune system." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 47 (November 6, 2017): 12554–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1707373114.

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Adverse social conditions have been linked to a conserved transcriptional response to adversity (CTRA) in circulating leukocytes that may contribute to social gradients in disease. However, the CNS mechanisms involved remain obscure, in part because CTRA gene-expression profiles often track external social–environmental variables more closely than they do self-reported internal affective states such as stress, depression, or anxiety. This study examined the possibility that variations in patterns of natural language use might provide more sensitive indicators of the automatic threat-detection and -response systems that proximally regulate autonomic induction of the CTRA. In 22,627 audio samples of natural speech sampled from the daily interactions of 143 healthy adults, both total language output and patterns of function-word use covaried with CTRA gene expression. These language features predicted CTRA gene expression substantially better than did conventional self-report measures of stress, depression, and anxiety and did so independently of demographic and behavioral factors (age, sex, race, smoking, body mass index) and leukocyte subset distributions. This predictive relationship held when language and gene expression were sampled more than a week apart, suggesting that associations reflect stable individual differences or chronic life circumstances. Given the observed relationship between personal expression and gene expression, patterns of natural language use may provide a useful behavioral indicator of nonconsciously evaluated well-being (implicit safety vs. threat) that is distinct from conscious affective experience and more closely tracks the neurobiological processes involved in peripheral gene regulation.

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Yusuf, Muhammad, Mardan Mardan, and Nahdiyah Nahdiyah. "Natural Environment Character Education Based on Islam." International Journal on Advanced Science, Education, and Religion 2, no. 3 (November 5, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33648/ijoaser.v2i3.35.

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Character education oriented toward the environmental care is required in the local, national and global scales following the environmental crisis and the unbalance of the ecosystem that harms mankind. Education is the most effective means for dealing the aforementioned challenges. Drawing on the concept of the Quran and Sunnahthematically, the complete concept regarding the character education oriented toward the environmental care was uncovered, namely the education of environmental awareness based transcendental values because its correspondence to the nature of mankind. The highest value of character education is based on the spirituality that views the nature as tajjalli(the self-manifestation of God) and signal of god. The principles of character education should be well-planned, gradual, controllable, evaluative and sustainable. In such a context, understanding, habituation, exemplary models, culture, consistent regulation are required, which are subsequently internalized and at the end become a character.

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Mason, Arthur. "Forms of time in Alaska natural gas development." Polar Record 49, no. 1 (December 6, 2011): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247411000702.

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ABSTRACTEnergy companies and builders of energy transportation infrastructure find it difficult to evaluate Arctic natural gas development. Their business critical decisions require the assessment of not just technical risks but intangible issues regarding the future and past interactions of an energy system. These concerns call attention to the problem of time. In this article, I examine three types of time from which efforts to commercialise Alaska natural gas are drawn into the temporality of global energy markets: (1) volatility time, in which price spikes determine outcome; (2) government time, in which law and regulation assist in commercial enterprise, and; (3) entrepreneurial time, in which individuals of industry take initiative. These types of expectation in Alaska natural gas development correspond consequently to three methods for fixing time and space. In short, they are three development time-spaces or chronotopes. By offering these forms of time, taking place between 2000–2005, this article draws attention to concrete visualisations of constructing a pipeline to deliver natural gas from Alaska to continental United States. I argue that these efforts represent precise and well-marked steps and reflect a specific course of development, passing from self-confident ignorance, to self-reflective consultation and finally to genuine understanding.

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Matzat, U., and E. M. Vrieling. "Self-regulated learning and social media – a ‘natural alliance’? Evidence on students’ self-regulation of learning, social media use, and student–teacher relationship." Learning, Media and Technology 41, no. 1 (July 15, 2015): 73–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2015.1064953.

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Pelletier, Janette, and Ellen Fesseha. "The Impact of Full-Day Kindergarten on Learning Outcomes and Self-Regulation Among Kindergarten Children at Risk for Placement in Special Education." Exceptionality Education International 29, no. 3 (December 20, 2019): 42–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5206/eei.v29i3.9386.

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Two-year, play-based, full-day kindergarten (FDK) has been shown to have long-term academic and self-regulation benefits for young children. This article addresses the question of whether FDK has particular benefits for children who may be at risk for placement in special education. Participants included 592 kindergarten children in their second year of kindergarten, with an average age of 5 years, 9 months. Parent reports indicated that 56% of the children spoke a language other than English at home. The research design exploited a natural experiment that occurred due to the phasing-in of FDK, creating two groups of children who attended either FDK or half-day kindergarten (HDK). Kindergarten children’s outcomes in vocabulary, reading, writing, mathematics, and self-regulation were used to create two achievement groups based on data cut-points: below average and average to above average. Following a series of binary logistic regression analyses, results showed that HDK children were significantly more likely than FDK children to be in the below average group in the areas of reading, vocabulary, and self- regulation. In fact, results for self-regulation showed that HDK children were three times more likely to fall into the below average group. These results are consistent with our larger study on the longitudinal impact of FDK to Grade 3. The article discusses the importance of play-based learning in fostering self-regulation and providing opportunities for small- group learning in the FDK program. For children who struggle academically, full-day learning through play with the guidance of an educator team may present additional benefits.

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Sinelnikov, Alexander B. "What will Increase the Birth Rate — Benefits for Families with Children or Demographic Self-Regulation?" Sociological Journal 26 (2020): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2020.26.2.7272.

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The author criticizes the opinion of A.G. Vishnevsky that so-called demographic selfregulation, i.e. the population spontaneous reacting to living conditions, can stop the natural decline of the population (depopulation). Depopulation creates problems for the state, but not for families. Families with one or two children don’t get in trouble for having “too few” children. On the contrary, after the birth of their third child, their living conditions deteriorate. Depopulation cannot be expected to lead to a spontaneous increase in the birth rate to the level of a simple replacement of generations. Only demographic policy, i.e. providing benefits and allowances for families with three or more children can solve this problem.

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Dāboliņš, Jānis, and Jānis Grundspeņķis. "The Role of Feedback in Intelligent Tutoring System." Applied Computer Systems 14, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acss-2013-0011.

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Abstract Improvement of IT technologies, expansion of internet and popularization of web technologies have enabled technology enhanced learning introduction in adaption of general matters and acquaintance of specialized problems. It is necessary to integrate in ITS (Intelligent Tutoring System) analysis mechanisms and reactions to simulate or overcome natural tutoring environment achievements. In the development of learning systems it is necessary to take into account both individual needs and requirements, as well as the resources of information technologies. Feedback should be aligned, as much as possible, to the learner’s individuality, special needs, self-evaluation, self-explanation, self-regulation, etc.

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Khan, Mohammad Tanzimudin, and Tony Lynch. "The Genealogy of Contemporary Nature/Forest Conservation." Human Geography 6, no. 3 (November 2013): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194277861300600309.

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We seek to understand the contemporary adaptive co-management framework of natural/forest resource conservation. To do this we trace the genealogy of adaptive co-management and its call for the “democratic participation” of “all stakeholders”. We show how this inserted commercial agents as stakeholders, thus providing contemporary neoliberal accumulation regimes with a problem-solving framework for natural/forest conservation shaped by, and amenable to, their characteristic managerial discourse of “flexibility”, “innovation”, “voluntary self-regulation”, “incentivization”, “partnership”, “network(ing)”, “social learning” and “local knowledge”.

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Malik, Arif, Misbah Sultana, Aamer Qazi, Mahmood Husain Qazi, Gulshan Parveen, Sulayman Waquar, Abdul Basit Ashraf, and Mahmood Rasool. "Role of Natural Radiosensitizers and Cancer Cell Radioresistance: An Update." Analytical Cellular Pathology 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6146595.

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Cancer originates from genetic mutations accumulation. Cancer stem cells have been depicted as tumorigenic cells that can differentiate and self-renew. Cancer stem cells are thought to be resistant to conventional therapy like chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Radiation therapy and chemotherapy damage carcinomic DNA cells. Because of the ability of cancer stem cells to self-renew and reproduce malignant tumors, they are the subject of intensive research. In this review, CSCs radioresistant mechanisms which include DNA damage response and natural radiosensitizers have been summed up. Reactive oxygen species play an important role in different physiological processes. ROS scavenging is responsible for regulation of reactive oxygen species generation. A researcher has proved that microRNAs regulate tumor radiation resistance. Ionizing radiation does not kill the cancer cells; rather, IR just slows down the signs and symptoms. Ionizing radiation damages DNA directly/indirectly. IR is given mostly in combination with other chemo/radiotherapies. We briefly described here the behavior of cancer stem cells and radioresistance therapies in cancer treatment. To overcome radioresistance in treatment of cancer, strategies like fractionation modification, treatment in combination, inflammation modification, and overcoming hypoxic tumor have been practiced. Natural radiosensitizers, for example, curcumin, genistein, and quercetin, are more beneficial than synthetic compounds.

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Asiati, Seni. "Learning to write short stories with self-regulation strategy development (SRSD) and text song." Hortatori : Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 1, no. 1 (July 25, 2019): 08–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30998/jh.v1i1.29.

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This classroom action research aims to improve the skills of writing short stories in junior high school students with strategies SRSD and song texts. The issues are the focus of study in this research is; Do SRSD and song texts can improve learning students' writing? From the analysis of the data, the conclusions obtained from this research is to increase the ability of students to write short stories with SRSD and text tracks that can be seen from the increasing student learning outcomes. It can be seen from the evidence of quantitative and qualitative evidence. Quantitative evidence: the value of students who achieve KKM 34 students (94%), student scores less than KKM 2 students (5.5%). There was an increase of 80.2% from the first cycle and the second cycle. Qualitative evidence shows: (1) the student is doing the learning beminat (2) students are more daring expression (3) the learning environment more natural and fun. Observation of the students do in school activity. Evidence suggests that learning to write short stories SRSD and text can be used to improve the ability to write short stories.

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Singh, Rakesh, and Pingali Venugopal. "The impact of salesperson customer orientation on sales performance via mediating mechanism." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 30, no. 5 (June 1, 2015): 594–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-08-2012-0141.

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Purpose – This study aims to address the need to study salesperson’s customer orientation and its effectiveness to explain the efficacy of predispositions and skills at individual level. This study is set in the Indian context and, therefore, offers a detailed insight from an Indian sales force perspective. Also, this study introduces self-leadership into sales literature. Design/methodology/approach – A model was tested using survey data collected from salespeople within a print media company located in India. A structural equation model was used to test the hypotheses. Findings – The results suggest an interesting interplay between salesperson’s customer orientation and his/her sales performance. The relationship between customer orientation is fully mediated by salesperson’s emotion regulation ability and his/her salesmanship skills. Results support the role of natural rewards strategies as driver of individual level customer orientation which will be of great interest in future research in this area. Research limitations/implications – The research suggests that a salesperson’s customer orientation relates positively with sales performance through two process variables – emotion regulation and salesmanship skills. Within an Indian sales force, individual salesperson’s customer orientation is significantly influenced by his/her natural rewards strategies which have important implication for sales force recruitment. Moreover, sales training and other interventions targeted toward building salesmanship skills and emotion regulation abilities may actually enhance effectiveness of customer-oriented sales force. Theoretical and managerial applications are also discussed. Originality/value – This study extends the literature through its examination of an Indian sales force, the incorporation of self-leadership construct (natural rewards strategies) and its argument for an alternative approach toward salesperson’s customer orientation effectiveness.

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Burr, Daisy A., Rachel G. Pizzie, and David J. M. Kraemer. "Anxiety, not regulation tendency, predicts how individuals regulate in the laboratory: An exploratory comparison of self-report and psychophysiology." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): e0247246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247246.

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Anxiety influences how individuals experience and regulate emotions in a variety of ways. For example, individuals with lower anxiety tend to cognitively reframe (reappraise) negative emotion and those with higher anxiety tend to suppress negative emotion. Research has also investigated these individual differences with psychophysiology. These lines of research assume coherence between how individuals regulate outside the laboratory, typically measured with self-report, and how they regulate during an experiment. Indeed, performance during experiments is interpreted as an indication of future behavior outside the laboratory, yet this relationship is seldom directly explored. To address this gap, we computed psychophysiological profiles of uninstructed (natural) regulation in the laboratory and explored the coherence between these profiles and a) self-reported anxiety and b) self-reported regulation tendency. Participants viewed negative images and were instructed to reappraise, suppress or naturally engage. Electrodermal and facial electromyography signals were recorded to compute a multivariate psychophysiological profile of regulation. Participants with lower anxiety exhibited similar profiles when naturally regulating and following instructions to reappraise, suggesting they naturally reappraised more. Participants with higher anxiety exhibited similar profiles when naturally regulating and following instructions to suppress, suggesting they naturally suppressed more. However, there was no association between self-reported reappraisal or suppression tendency and psychophysiology. These exploratory results indicate that anxiety, but not regulation tendency, predicts how individuals regulate emotion in the laboratory. These findings suggest that how individuals report regulating in the real world does not map on to how they regulate in the laboratory. Taken together, this underscores the importance of developing emotion-regulation interventions and paradigms that more closely align to and predict real-world outcomes.

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G.G., Zhilyaev, and Gisovskiy V.B. "Mechanisms of self-regulation of the development of natural populations of Homogyne alpina (L.) Cass. (Asteraceae) in the Carpathians." Chornomorski Botanical Journal 16, no. 1 (April 18, 2020): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu1990-553x/2020-16-1-4.

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Segev, Ronen, and Eshel Ben-Jacob. "From Neurons to Brain: Adaptive Self-Wiring of Neurons." Advances in Complex Systems 01, no. 01 (March 1998): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525998000053.

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During embryonic morphogenesis, a collection of individual neurons turns into a functioning network with unique capabilities. Only recently has this most staggering example of emergent process in the natural world, began to be studied. Here we propose a navigational strategy for neurites growth cones, based on sophisticated chemical signaling. We further propose that the embryonic environment (the neurons and the glia cells) acts as an excitable media in which concentric and spherical chemical waves are formed. Together with the navigation strategy, the chemical waves provide a mechanism for communication, regulation, and control required for the adaptive self-wiring of neurons.

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Yurkovskaya, T. K. "Vegetation structure of tundra and taiga on the map of the natural vegetation of Europe." Geobotanical mapping, no. 2007 (2007): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/geobotmap/2007.13.

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I have focused only on some features of structure in the taiga vegetation cover. In conclusion I would like to tell some words about the causes of complicated space structure of the taiga and tundra vegetation cover. The causes of latitudinal differentiation are climatic undoubtedly, but heterogeneity of vegetation cover within the limits of tundra and taiga subzones is accounted for different factors. In tundra abiogenic factors prevail, first of all the permafrost processes. That is the reason why tundra vegetation cover is so sensible to any disturbances and so hard regenerates after various transformations. In taiga the space structure is mostly the result of self-regulation and self- restoration of biota. The abiotic factors, certainly, play significant role, but they recede to the second plan. So we showed that in the north and middle taiga the structure of vegetation cover, during the Holocene up to present time, is determined in many respects by the increasing role of mires. Suffice it to look at the map of distribution of mires in order to estimate their role in vegetation cover of the easteuropean taiga (Yurkovskaya, 1980). So, the increase of mire area on the Russian Plain in m2/year per 1000 ha varies between 200 and 700, the average increas is ca 300—400 m2/year (Elina et all., 2000). The mires favour peniplenization and unite the separate areas of forest communities into the whole by means of forming the buffer paludificated territories (various hydrophilous variants of forest communities). But if mires, at all their stability, after destroying practically don't restore, the forests even after continuous cuttings restore their structure and composition through the series of successional stages unless an ecotope is damaged completely. Hence the space structure of taiga is the result, first of all, self development and self regulation of its vegetation cover. But, as it is known, at present time the process of destruction of natural biota has gone too far that the question arises not only about supporting its state and structure but also about the survival of the mankind itself. In this regard the vegetation map of Europe is the invaluable basis, which gives the starting point for all conservational, ecological and economical measures. But it is important to learn reading and using the map. And this is one of our actual goals.

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Milarika, Ni Putu Oka, I. Made Candiasa, and Ni Ketut Widiartini. "PENGARUH PERSEPSI SISWA PADA MATA PELAJARAN BIOLOGI DAN EKSPEKTASI KARIR TERHADAP REGULASI DIRI DAN HASIL BELAJAR BIOLOGI." Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan Indonesia 8, no. 2 (September 4, 2019): 100–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jpepi.v8i2.2751.

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AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh persepsi siswa pada mata pelajaran biologi, ekspektasi karir, dan regulasi diri terhadap hasil belajar biologi. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian ex-post facto dengan pendekatan jalur. Variabel eksogenus dalam penelitian ini adalah persepsi siswa pada mata pelajaran biologi dan ekspektasi karir, sedangkan variabel endogenusnya adalah regulasi diri dan hasil belajar biologi. Penelitian ini dilakukan di SMA Laboratorium Undiksha Singaraja pada siswa kelas X MIA dengan besar sampel 43 orang siswa. Data persepsi siswa pada mata pelajaran biologi, ekspektasi karir, dan regulasi diri dikumpulkan dengan angket, sedangkan data hasil belajar diperoleh dari nilai ulangan harian dan penilaian akhir semester. Data dianalisis dengan analisis jalur (pathway analysis). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1) ada pengaruh yang signifikan persepsi siswa pada mata pelajaran biologi terhadap regulasi diri, 2) ada pengaruh yang signifikan ekspektasi karir terhadap regulasi diri 3) ada pengaruh langsung persepsi siswa pada mata pelajaran biologi terhadap hasil belajar biologi 4) ada pengaruh langsung ekspektasi karir terhadap hasil belajar biologi 5) ada pengaruh tidak langsung persepsi siswa terhadap hasil belajar biologi melalui regulasi diri, dan 6) ada pengaruh tidak langsung ekspektasi karir terhadap hasil belajar biologi melalui regulasi diri. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa peningkatan hasil belajar biologi dapat diupayakan dengan peningkatan persepsi siswa, ekspektasi karir, dan regulasi diri.Kata kunci: ekspektasi karir, hasil belajar biologi, regulasi diri, persepsi AbstractThis study aims to determine the effect of students' perceptions on biology subjects, career expectations and self-regulation towards biology learning outcomes. This research was an ex-post facto with pathway approach. Exogenous variables in this study were students' perceptions on biology subjects and career expectations, while endogenous variables were self-regulation and biology learning outcomes. This research was conducted at SMA Laboratorium Undiksha Singaraja in X Grade Natural Science students with total sample were 43 students. The data in this study were collected using student perception questionnaires on biology subjects, career expectations, and self-regulation. While learning outcomes data was collected from tests and final test. Data was analyzed by pathway analysis. The result show 1) there are effects of students 'perception on biology subject toward self-regulation, 2) there are effects of career expectation toward self-regulation, 3) there are direct effects of students' perception on biology subject toward biology learning outcomes, 4) there are direct effects of career expectations toward biology learning outcomes, 5) there are indirect effects of students' perception on biology subject toward biology learning outcomes through self-regulation, and 6) there are indirect effects of career expectations toward biology learning outcomes through self-regulation. So it can be conclude that the improvement of biology learning outcomes can be pursue from increase of student perception , carrer expectation, and self-regulation.Keywords : career expectations, learning outcomes, self-regulation, studens’ perception

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Lambert, Gretchen. "Ecology and natural history of the protochordates." Canadian Journal of Zoology 83, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 34–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-156.

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The last comprehensive reviews of ecology and natural history of ascidians were included in the excellent 1971 publication by Millar on the biology of ascidians and the 1991 treatise on New Caledonia ascidians by Monniot, Monniot, and Laboute. Several hundred papers have been published since that time, greatly expanding our knowledge of environmental tolerances and responses to increasing levels of anthropogenically derived toxins in marine waters, energetics and feeding strategies, predator–prey relationships, competition both intra- and inter-specific that include many studies of self–nonself recognition in colonial species, modes and environmental regulation of reproduction and development, symbionts, natural-product chemistry as antifouling and antipredator defenses, and dispersal mechanisms. The relatively new field of molecular genetics is revealing the presence of cryptic species and is helping to determine the origin of anthropogenically transported individuals, an important and growing problem that affects natural ecological relationships in marine communities worldwide. We are learning more about the difficult-to-study abyssal and Antarctic species. There have been great advances in our understanding of the importance in open-ocean food webs of the planktonic Appendicularia and Thaliacea. Also included in this review is a brief discussion of recent work on the Cephalochordata and Hemichordata.

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