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1
Byrnes, Joel, Lin Crase, and Brian Dollery. "Regulation versus pricing in urban water policy: the case of the Australian National Water Initiative." Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 50, no. 3 (September 2006): 437–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8489.2006.00332.x.
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Quiggin, John. "Repurchase of renewal rights: a policy option for the National Water Initiative." Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 50, no. 3 (September 2006): 425–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8489.2006.00342.x.
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Mansoor, Osman David, Rukhsana Ali, and Ruth Richards. "Regional survey supports national initiative for ‘water-only’ schools in New Zealand." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 41, no. 5 (July 27, 2017): 508–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12705.
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Aguilar-Barajas, Ismael, Nicholas P. Sisto, Víctor Magaña-Rueda, Aldo I. Ramírez, and Jürgen Mahlknecht. "Drought policy in Mexico: a long, slow march toward an integrated and preventive management model." Water Policy 18, S2 (December 1, 2016): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2016.116.
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Mexico is exposed to droughts and vulnerable to their impacts. Despite a history of serious economic and social consequences from drought, until recently national water policy did not acknowledge this type of natural disaster as a priority issue. This paper analyses how drought policy in Mexico has evolved since the creation of the National Water Commission in 1989 up to 2013, when the most specific initiative in that regard was introduced: the National Drought Program (Programa Nacional Contra la Sequía, PRONACOSE). Over that period of time drought has slowly but steadily gained importance in national water planning and management. Significant initiatives have been implemented, including a national drought early warning and monitoring system. Nevertheless, efforts still focus on compensating economic losses after the fact and little has been achieved in terms of reducing the country's vulnerability to drought. There is a great need to increase public awareness and boost the scientific knowledge necessary for the design of appropriate preventive measures. A long way remains to establish an effective, forward-looking, integrated and preventive drought management model.
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Vasiloff, Steven V., Dong-Jun Seo, Kenneth W. Howard, Jian Zhang, David H. Kitzmiller, Mary G. Mullusky, Witold F. Krajewski, et al. "Improving QPE and Very Short Term QPF: An Initiative for a Community-Wide Integrated Approach." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 88, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 1899–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-88-12-1899.
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Accurate quantitative precipitation estimates (QPE) and very short term quantitative precipitation forecasts (VSTQPF) are critical to accurate monitoring and prediction of water-related hazards and water resources. While tremendous progress has been made in the last quarter-century in many areas of QPE and VSTQPF, significant gaps continue to exist in both knowledge and capabilities that are necessary to produce accurate high-resolution precipitation estimates at the national scale for a wide spectrum of users. Toward this goal, a national next-generation QPE and VSTQPF (Q2) workshop was held in Norman, Oklahoma, on 28–30 June 2005. Scientists, operational forecasters, water managers, and stakeholders from public and private sectors, including academia, presented and discussed a broad range of precipitation and forecasting topics and issues, and developed a list of science focus areas. To meet the nation's needs for the precipitation information effectively, the authors herein propose a community-wide integrated approach for precipitation information that fully capitalizes on recent advances in science and technology, and leverages the wide range of expertise and experience that exists in the research and operational communities. The concepts and recommendations from the workshop form the Q2 science plan and a suggested path to operations. Implementation of these concepts is expected to improve river forecasts and flood and flash flood watches and warnings, and to enhance various hydrologic and hydrometeorological services for a wide range of users and customers. In support of this initiative, the National Mosaic and Q2 (NMQ) system is being developed at the National Severe Storms Laboratory to serve as a community test bed for QPE and VSTQPF research and to facilitate the transition to operations of research applications. The NMQ system provides a real-time, around-the-clock data infusion and applications development and evaluation environment, and thus offers a community-wide platform for development and testing of advances in the focus areas.
6
Griffiths, James, Faith Ka Shun Chan, Michelle Shao, Fangfang Zhu, and David Laurence Higgitt. "Interpretation and application of Sponge City guidelines in China." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 378, no. 2168 (February 17, 2020): 20190222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0222.
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‘Sponge City’ is the term used to describe the Chinese government's approach to urban surface water management. The concept was conceived in 2014 in response to an increasing incidence of urban flooding or water-logging in Chinese cities. While ambitious and far-reaching in its aim (of decreasing national flood risk, increasing water supply and improving water quality), the initiative must be implemented by individual subprovincial or municipal-level government entities. Thus, while the concept is similar to sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) in the UK (or low-impact development (LID) in the USA), it is developing with different regional characteristics, and during continuing rapid urbanization. Indeed, the increasing use of national rather than international examples of best practice reflects a growing body of knowledge that has evolved since the start of the Sponge City initiative. In this paper, interpretation and development of the national Sponge City guidelines are assessed for the Ningbo Municipality, an affluent and rapidly expanding city on China's low-lying east coast. While climate, geology and socio-economic factors can all be seen to influence the way that national guidelines are implemented, project financing, integration and assessment are found to be of increasing influence. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Urban flood resilience’.
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Kang, Dongwon, Hyunchul Park, and Miae Chae. "Water management strategies for desirable IWRM implementation and application to the initiative projects, Korea." E3S Web of Conferences 346 (2022): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202234601010.
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K-water has led national policymaking in South Korea through a master plan established in 2015 to raise national awareness on integrated water resources management (IWRM). It has promoted leading pilot projects as a short-term plan. Since the construction of the initial dam on the Seomjin River in 1928, inefficient water management has persisted. There was a jumble of agreements, treaties, regulations, and various institutions that could not keep up with the changing conditions in dam operation and water use caused by the construction of the new dam and auxiliary spillways on the river. Also, there were four agencies designated as dam usage rightholders: Two more were added to the original two dam licensees. Accordingly, the initiative project established a consensus on the need to streamline dam operations and promoted deriving social agreements through a council composed of the field-level departments of each water management agency. After government mediation, dam management regulations were revised to determine adjustments in the dam usage rights and the basic priorities in water use. This IWRM pilot model, which promotes the rational use of a dam by multiple users, successfully satisfied each stakeholder’s agreed-upon rights in 2019, the first project year.
8
Ray, Phoebe Z., Matthew A. Tarr, Huan Chen, and Amy M. McKenna. "Effect of Dispersant on Molecular Composition and Fate of Oil Exposed to Sunlight in Seawater Systems." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 300069. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014-1-300069.1.
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Oil spilled in aquatic systems is exposed to sunlight, resulting in important photochemical processes. Photochemistry likely plays a major role in the fate of oil spilled in areas with sunlight exposure, especially since high molecular weight aromatics are readily photodegraded but are resistant to biodegradation. In order to gain a clearer understanding of the water soluble compounds that are produced as a result of photoegradation, a study was performed to identifiy the water soluble compounds produced from sunlight irradiated oil films. Macondo Well oil was used in this study. A dark and irradiated sample were compared. The irradiated water fraction showed a large amount of oxygenated compounds produced. We utilized FT-ICR MS to identify water soluble compounds from irradiated oil on water. These results will enhance understanding of what type of water soluble compounds are formed in the water as a result of photodegradation and photooxidation. Work performed at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory was supported by NSF Division of Materials Research through DMR-11-57490, BP/The Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative to the Deep-C Consortium, and the State of Florida. Work performed at the University of New Orleans was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (CHE-1111525) and BP/The Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative.
9
Main, D., L. Ng, and A. North. "The Canadian National Water and Wastewater Benchmarking Initiative. Using process to drive improvement: strategic management of water in urban areas." Water Supply 6, no. 5 (October 1, 2006): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2006.824.
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Earth Tech has been successfully benchmarking Canadian municipal water, wastewater and stormwater utility operations since 1997. While the fundamental purpose of this project was metric benchmarking for the purpose of making performance comparisons to guide continuous improvement, the project is now serving as a dynamic platform to consider, examine, and implement a broad range of utility best practices that have resulted in superior performance where they have been implemented. The keys to success, however, were based more on a process that emphasizes communication, teamwork, and collaboration rather than the trend to push computerized data management systems to their fullest potential, and most importantly, in recognizing the importance of ‘hard work’. With these success factors now well understood and documented, it is feasible to benchmark almost any public infrastructure amongst agencies that are willing, regardless of their level of technological development. Finally, by sharing this methodology, the performance measure descriptions and detailed definitions, it is also feasible to make international comparisons in a simple and cost effective manner, thus opening the door to the broad exchange of international best practices.
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Silva, C., P. Ramalho, S. Quadros, H. Alegre, and M. J. Rosa. "Results of ‘PASt21’ – the Portuguese initiative for performance assessment of water and wastewater treatment plants." Water Supply 12, no. 3 (May 1, 2012): 372–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2012.004.
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Performance assessment of water supply and wastewater services is today a major issue. Over the past six years, the National Civil Engineering Laboratory (Portugal) has been developing performance assessment systems for drinking water treatment plants (WTPs) and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In 2009, a national field-test was launched in Portugal, ‘PASt21’, involving 27 plants (10 WTPs and 17 WWTPs). This paper presents an overview of the second generation of the performance indicator (PI) systems for the overall performance assessment of WTPs and WWTPs, the extent to which the systems were applied in the 5-year study period (2006–2010), and the aggregated results (average, median, percentiles 25 and 75, maximum and minimum) of representative PIs in each assessment group. It was concluded that all indicators are relevant, and the results show the ability of the proposed PI systems to assess the overall performance of a given treatment plant. The aggregated results are very important for the continuous improvement of the plant performance through benchmarking and periodic reassessment of targets.
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McKay, Clare, and Alex Gardner. "Water Accounting Information and Confidentiality in Australia." Federal Law Review 41, no. 1 (March 2013): 127–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22145/flr.41.1.5.
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A key objective of Australia's recent national water reforms is to keep water licence and entitlement holders accountable for the amounts of water they extract, trade and use. Water metering and the recording and reporting of water extraction and trading data are processes designed to ensure this accountability, and are central to Australia's water accounting regimes. Yet much of the data necessary to ensure compliance with water licences and access entitlements is not publicly available in Australia. This absence of publicly accessible information is due to a lack of rigour and transparency in statutory water accounting regimes. There are also restrictions imposed by water legislation and the laws of privacy and confidentiality that prevent public access to water accounting data, except in aggregated form. Consequently, commercial and industrial water consumers in Australia are not kept accountable for their consumptive water use and water market objectives are unfulfilled, contrary to the express provisions of the Intergovernmental Agreement on a National Water Initiative (‘NWI’). This article argues that statutory and policy frameworks for water accounting in most Australian jurisdictions fail to meet the NWI objectives for national water accounting. In response, it advocates legislative reforms that would facilitate the achievement of these objectives.
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Danert, Kerstin, Dotun Adekile, and Jose Gesti Canuto. "Striving for Borehole Drilling Professionalism in Africa: A Review of a 16-Year Initiative through the Rural Water Supply Network from 2004 to 2020." Water 12, no. 12 (November 24, 2020): 3305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123305.
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Drilled boreholes are vital to achieving universal, safe drinking water and meeting Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6.1, particularly in Africa. Poor quality siting, borehole design, drilling and completion lead to premature failure of the water supply. From 2004 to 2020, a multi-stakeholder initiative through the Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN) has endeavored to raise the professionalism of borehole drilling and its management in Africa. The initiative comprised in-country and desk studies, training, and the development of guidelines, manuals, training materials, short animated films for advocacy as well as using blogs, webinars and online communities of practice to share experiences. The initiative was funded to approximately USD 750,000 in total. Funding was fragmented throughout, but the initial support by the World Bank Water and Sanitation Programme Africa (WSP-AF), consistent leadership and subsequent partnerships between Skat Foundation, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), WaterAid UK and others enabled progression on the topic, as well as innovation and opportunities to be harnessed. The initiative has raised the profile of drilling professionalism, provided a wealth of materials and inspired others to take action. Thousands of stakeholders have improved their knowledge. Academic research on the topic has also increased and capacity strengthening of groundwater management and professional drilling is now an action area for the African Ministers Council on Water (AMCOW). UNICEF and WaterAid are among the organizations that have made changes to procurement and project management as a result of the initiative. Despite a growing recognition of the importance of drilling professionalism, reliable, long-term investment in in-country training and professional development, and addressing challenges in the institutional environment remains inadequate. Despite the importance of water well drilling, and commitments to SDG 6.1, capacity strengthening in this area remains a marginal issue for national and international political leadership, and arguably for international funding agencies.
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Chanan, A., S. Vigneswaran, and J. Kandasamy. "Valuing stormwater, rainwater and wastewater in the soft path for water management: Australian case studies." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 12 (December 1, 2010): 2854–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.544.
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A Water Sensitive City is now commonly acknowledged best practice for designing the cities of the future. In Australia, the National Water Initiative has allocated high priority towards offering insight into successful water sensitive urban development projects, to facilitate capacity building within the industry. This paper shares innovative water sensitive projects implemented at Kogarah City Council, in Sydney. Four key projects are discussed, demonstrating how stormwater, rainwater and wastewater can be incorporated into decentralised water systems to offer sustainable water management of the future. The case studies included in the paper highlight Kogarah's journey towards the Soft Path for Water Management.
14
Lebedev, I. M., and A. I. Gnetova. "Sustainable development goals and water use in the Russian Federation." Smetno-dogovornaya rabota v stroitel'stve (Estimated and contractual work in construction), no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/str-01-2206-07.
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The article analyzes the connection of the UN Sustainable Development Goals with projects on water use and improvement of the state of fresh water sources in Russia. The importance of cooperation between neighboring states on the problems of transboundary water bodies was emphasized, the agreements reached were named. Achievements in providing the population with high-quality and safe drinking water were noted. The author notes that the discharge of poorly treated and untreated effluents into rivers hinders the achievement of certain sustainable development goals and proposes to introduce the Clean Effluent initiative into the Ecology national project.
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Orozco-Medina, Martha Georgina, Javier Omar Martínez-Abarca, Arturo Figueroa-Montaño, and Valentina Davydova-Belitskaya. "Environmental Health Diagnosis in a Park as a Sustainability Initiative in Cities." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (August 10, 2020): 6436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166436.
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Environmental health diagnosis was made in a sport and recreational park in the city of Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. The objective of this research was to perform an environmental diagnosis in Tucson Park; it concentrated on air quality (fine and coarse particulate matter, carbon dioxide), environmental noise, water quality of springs and a pond according to national standards, and macroinvertebrates as biological indicators of water condition, as well as phytosanitary state of wooded area. Additionally, a survey was conducted to study environmental perception. Results of the study highlighted significant statistical differences concerning the amount and size of particles for the winter and spring seasons. Noise levels within the park premises exceeded the Mexican standard. Water quality measured through general criteria of integrated water quality index (WQI) qualified the park´s analyzed springs as acceptable but to abstain its use and human consumption. Finally, the perception survey identified insecurity as the major problem, followed by the lack of lighting and effective communication of courses and workshops for the community to attend. It is one of the first environmental diagnoses in sport parks in Mexico´s Metropolitan Areas as an integrated approach of ecosystem health and wellbeing of city inhabitants.
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MATHER, JOHN D. "NATIONAL WATER SUPPLY, DEBATES BETWEEN GEOLOGISTS AND ENGINEERS AND THE ROLE OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS." Earth Sciences History 37, no. 2 (January 1, 2018): 342–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6178-37.2.342.
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Responding to the initiative of their President, the Prince of Wales, the Society of Arts organised three meetings on National Water Supply, from 1878 to 1884. Since the early years of the nineteenth century, the issue of water supply had been examined by numerous Commissions and Committees, but they had failed to recommend any course of action leading to a comprehensive scheme. At the first Congress, in May 1878, twenty-four contributions were received in response to a call for views on how a national scheme might be implemented. It was agreed that a lack of information, was holding back action and a resolution was passed asking Government to establish a Commission to collect data on such things as rainfall, underground water and river flows. At a second Conference, in May the following year, the Society offered medals for dividing England and Wales into Water Supply Districts, receiving twelve submissions of which two were awarded silver medals. The submission of Frederick Toplis proposed a structure remarkably similar to that eventually adopted, almost 100 years later, in 1973. There had been no response to the resolution of the previous year, which was again supported without success. A third Conference, in July 1884, went over much of the ground covered previously. The three meetings were successful in that they brought together engineers, scientists and politicians, in a neutral environment, to discuss the ‘water question’, although disagreements between water engineers and geologists over the amount of underground water available were not resolved. They were unsuccessful in initiating Government action; the collection of rainfall data was not taken over by a Government Department until 1919, and it was not until 1935 that the systematic collection of data on both surface and groundwaters finally began.
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Cecilia A Geronimo and Audie L Geronimo. "Groundwater Consumption, Quality and Economics in a Higher Education Institution: A Water Sustainability Initiative." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 8, no. 1 (July 30, 2021): 072–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2021.8.1.0103.
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The demand for groundwater in a Higher Education Institution is very imperative since it’s the only source of water, all were drawn from its deep wells and shallow wells. The land areas were all occupied by buildings and concrete roads, only two parks have spaces with soil. Thus, the groundwater consumption, quality, and economics of a Higher Education Institution were evaluated. The mixed methods of research were used, checklist, questionnaire, and secondary data from the different offices were made to gather data on the status of the groundwater consumption in terms of water supply facilities and fixtures, the microbiological and physicochemical properties of groundwater to monitor the water quality, the cost of the extracted and distributed groundwater for its economics, including the problems encountered by the stakeholders on water supply and the proposed groundwater sustainability management plan. The volume of groundwater consumption was computed based on the formulas in the Philippine Plumbing Code, the laboratory tests results were compared with the Philippine National Standard on Drinking Water, and the cost of water facilities and fixtures were taken from the office in charge of infrastructure development. The faculty members, non-teaching personnel, and students were interviewed about the problems encountered in the water supply, and based on the results of the study a Water Sustainability Management initial plan was proposed.
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johnson, jay, and Adam Ehsan Ali. "Ecological Modernization and the 2014 NHL Sustainability Report." Sociology of Sport Journal 35, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2017-0011.
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In December 2015, the National Hockey League (NHL) was invited to present on a special sport panel showcasing the green leaders of the sport industry, which was hosted as part of the COP 21 United Nations climate change talks in Paris. The NHL has won numerous awards for its environmental initiatives over the last number of years, arguably the most important of which was the release of its 2014 Sustainability Report (SR), where it highlighted its carbon footprint, water and energy use, as well as its numerous environmental projects. Utilizing the concept of ecological modernization (EM), this paper presents a detailed analysis of the NHL SR in order to explore how environmental advocacy, citizenship, and initiative is produced and shaped by the professional sporting industry.
19
Hayball, N. P. "Climate variability and water-sharing plans: Transferability of Australian approaches to Vietnam." Journal of Water and Climate Change 1, no. 4 (December 1, 2010): 258–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2010.002.
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Water reforms in Australia have been comparatively progressive, including the agreement to the National Water Initiative (2004) and the implementation of over 130 water-sharing plans. Most of these plans include processes for dealing with climate variability, but only a few incorporate processes for addressing potential climate change impacts. Approaches include the use of scenario planning to better understand water availability and use; rules for prioritising water use; and setting aside reserve allocations. Vietnam, on the other hand, has had the legislative mandate since 1999 to develop water-sharing plans but has yet to do so. Recent reforms have led to the preparation of the National Target Program for a Sustainable Water Sector (NTPSWS): the national strategic plan for water resource management. The approval of the NTPSWS by the Vietnamese Government may provide the right incentive to gather resources to commence planning. The approaches used in Australia for addressing climate variability and potential climate change impacts would be transferable in the Vietnam context. Success, however, is probably dependent on strengthening institutional arrangements of the Vietnam water sector that includes increasing awareness of the benefits of water-sharing planning for sustainable water resource management at both the agency and community levels.
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Senecal, Catherine, and Chandra A. Madramootoo. "Tools for the implementation of integrated water resources management (IWRM) in the Caribbean." Water Policy 15, no. 5 (July 16, 2013): 859–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2013.016.
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While many countries and regional authorities in the Caribbean have embraced the concept of integrated water resources management (IWRM) and recognized its guiding principles as beneficial, few have possessed the capacity to implement it since its enunciation in the Dublin Principles of 1992. The Caribbean Water Initiative (CARIWIN) endeavoured over a 6-year period, 2006–2012, to build capacity in a collaborative process with national governments and regional and international agencies. The result of this collaborative process was the selection of three Caribbean-specific tools to support the implementation of the key components of IWRM. These tools were National Water Information Systems, the Caribbean Drought and Precipitation Monitoring Network, and Community Water Strategies. This paper describes these three tools and the process promoted through CARIWIN for their successful adoption and implementation, i.e. a program including professional development, institutional partnerships, research, and dissemination of knowledge.
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Garbuzarova, E. G. "Regulatory Initiatives of Central Asian Countries in Addressing Transboundary Water Issues." Post-Soviet Issues 8, no. 2 (August 19, 2021): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2021-8-2-219-228.
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After the collapse of the USSR the Central Asian countries found themselves facing serious regional challenges that hinder constructive interstate cooperation. Among such challenges the problem of transboundary water resources should be highlighted. The lack of a coordinated policy for regulating water flows continues to put the Central Asian countries in a vulnerable position, negatively affecting their national security, socio-economic development and the environmental situation in the region. Throughout their sovereign development the countries of the region tried to solve transboundary water problems by combining external and internal mechanisms. However, a solution to the problem that would meet the national interests of all interested countries was not found.Recently the ruling elites of the Central Asian countries have intensified the process of solving the water problem showing political will. They put forward a number of initiatives. A big role in reviving this issue belongs to Uzbekistan which has opened a new milestone in the settlement of water and energy conflicts in the region. Uzbekistan demonstrates a desire to solve the water problem constructively at the regional level. In this regard the proposals of the President of Uzbekistan Sh.Mirziyoyev acquired great importance in solving the transboundary water problems of Central Asia. In 2018 Sh. Mirziyoyev put forward the initiative to adopt a Regional program for the rational use of water resources in Central Asia. Shortly before that he expressed a desire to participate in the implementation of joint hydropower projects with Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Analyzing the current shifts in the water and energy issue we can talk about increasing trust between the countries of Central Asia and the beginning of the formation of a new regional interstate model of relations on the distribution of transboundary water resources.
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Campos Gallo, A. "Adapting and improving resilience to climate change in communities (moravian community as a pilot), by creating new capabilities based on the implementation of a new water culture; protection and management of natural resources." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-7/W3 (April 30, 2015): 1453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-7-w3-1453-2015.
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Water, in all its dimensions and scope, concerns humans as civilization, individuals and communities immersed in an environment that faces serious environmental threats and changes. The efficient way to deal with this crisis is education of present and future generations, breaking paradigms, creating awareness and new development models, seeking community groups and forces to empower their water resource and care, manage and renew it in an efficient and sustainable manner. The multiple uses of water in personal uses, irrigation, agro-industry and clean energy production, transforms this resource in a strategic element to any nation. With support from the Centro Nacional de Alta Tecnología (CeNAT), it was possible to formulate the “Agenda Ambiental de Moravia”, agreeing to be the “Consejo Técnico de Fuerzas Vivas” (CTFV) from Moravia - articulated network of stakeholders – the one that coordinate all actions refered to water Resources, pollution and cleaner technologies and protected Areas. CeNAT and CTFV have developed distinguished efforts to improve the Moravians quality of life, and this has led the initiative of constitution of a whole education and training project in rescuing the Upper Basin of the Río Tárcoles, through the implementation of an ecological – recreative garden ("Parque Comunitario Pulmón Verde de Moravia"), fostersing good use of natural resources, and also works as a platform for training and awareness program in Sustainable Development, based on “Hacia una Nueva Cultura del Agua” (powered through the United Nations by Dr. Pedro Arrojo Agudo and his " Feria de Aguas, Ríos y Pueblos”, presented in many countries). This initiative is projected to the national and international communities, through the “Water International Conference”, which propel initiatives, laws and decisions which enable the development of Costa Rica and other countries under a sustainable model, focused on this essential component for life on the planet.
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Radcliffe, J. C. "Evolution of water recycling in Australian cities since 2003." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 4 (August 1, 2010): 792–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.362.
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The prolonged Australian drought which commenced in 2002, and the agreement between Australia's Commonwealth and States/Territories governments to progress water reform through the National Water Initiative, has resulted in many new recycling projects in Australia's capital cities. Dual reticulation systems are being advanced in new subdivision developments in Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide. Brisbane has installed three large Advanced Water Treatment Plants that are designed to send indirect potable recycled water to the Wivenhoe Dam which is Brisbane's principal water reservoir. Numerous water recycling projects are serving industry and agriculture. Experimental managed aquifer recharge is being undertaken with wetland-treated stormwater in Adelaide and reverse osmosis treated wastewater in Perth. New National Water Quality Management Strategy recycled water guidelines have been developed for managing environmental risks, for augmentation of drinking water supplies, for managed aquifer recharge and for stormwater harvesting and reuse. Many recent investments are part-supported through Commonwealth government grants. Desalination plants are being established in Melbourne and Adelaide and a second one in Perth in addition to the newly-operational plants in Perth, South-East Queensland and Sydney. Despite there being numerous examples of unplanned indirect potable recycling, most governments remain reluctant about moving towards planned potable recycling. There is evidence of some policy bans still being maintained by governments but the National Water Commission continues to reinforce the necessity of an even-handed objective consideration of all water supply options.
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Wang, Y. H., T. H. Ger, J. R. Lou, and C. T. Chang Chien. "Water-saving Strategies in the Face of Water Shortage Crisis: A Case Study of Science Museum in Taiwan." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 987, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/987/1/012014.
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Abstract In the past two years, Taiwan has rarely experienced the typhoons that usually bring her abundant rainfall. The southern region, in particular, is facing a severe crisis of water shortage. Meanwhile, the National Science and Technology Museum (NSTM), in Kaohsiung, Southern Taiwan, has launched several exhibitions and activities, seeking to attract large numbers of visitors. These events consume much water, in the midst of a water crisis. In the face of such a crisis, water-saving strategies are critical. Thus, using qualitative interviews and analyses, this research found that water-saving activities organized by NSTM were effective in reminding people to conserve water. Our analysis also shows that the strategy of building a rainwater harvesting system as an alternative water source can save as much as 4.94% of tap water. These achievements make the NSTM initiative a good exemplar of water-saving strategies.
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Benjaoran, Vacharapoom, and Patranid Parinyakulset. "Green initiative in Suranaree University of Technology in Thailand." MATEC Web of Conferences 174 (2018): 01028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817401028.
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Suranaree University of Technology (SUT) has participated in the Universitas Indonesia (UI) GreenMetric World University Rankings since 2013. It attempts to pursue campus sustainability programs and policies. The rankings is broadly based on the frameworks of environment, economy, and equity. The measurement criteria are divided into six categories with different point weighting i.e. setting and infrastructure, energy and climate change, waste, water, transportation, and education. These criteria heavily and directly involve the tasks and responsibilities of SUT's the Division of Buildings and Ground. A lot of environmental challenges in civil engineering and infrastructure works need to be achieved. The results of this year self-assessment show that although the university is in the developing stage, it can preserve both natural and planted forests more than 90%. It takes seriously role in green initiative by contributing 30% of total budget on sustainable efforts each year. It receives four national awards in the recognition of energy conservation initiative for green buildings. The university establishes the Integrated Solid Waste Management Plant (ISWM Plant) based on mechanical and biological treatment (MBT) which turns general wastes into valuable and sellable refuse-derived fuel (RDF). Moreover, these sustainable movements are in the continuous improvement process.
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ZORKÓCIOVÁ, OTÍLIA, DENISA ČIDEROVÁ, and TATIANA SLUKA. "VIRTUAL WATER POTENTIAL OF SELECTED COMMODITIES IN CO-OPERATION OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC WITH COUNTRIES OF THE WESTERN BALKANS." AD ALTA: 11/02 11, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33543/1102309315.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Our paper rests on two fundamentals: firstly, the EU's initiative to deepen cooperation with and the prospect of its enlargement to the Western Balkans region; and, secondly, the urgency to address sustainable development issues in the international environment. As the virtual water perspective represents an innovative approach in the field of sustainable development, the aim of our paper is to analyse trade-related characteristics based on the water footprint concept (complementary to the alternative RCA/RTA indexes designed to calculate a country's comparative advantage or disadvantage). In our paper, we analyse and evaluate selected commodities traded by the Slovak Republic and the Western Balkans countries in terms of the absolute/comparative advantage related to the national water footprints.
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Kirkegaard, J. A., J. R. Hunt, T. M. McBeath, J. M. Lilley, A. Moore, K. Verburg, M. Robertson, et al. "Improving water productivity in the Australian Grains industry—a nationally coordinated approach." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 7 (2014): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14019.
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Improving the water-limited yield of dryland crops and farming systems has been an underpinning objective of research within the Australian grains industry since the concept was defined in the 1970s. Recent slowing in productivity growth has stimulated a search for new sources of improvement, but few previous research investments have been targeted on a national scale. In 2008, the Australian grains industry established the 5-year, AU$17.6 million, Water Use Efficiency (WUE) Initiative, which challenged growers and researchers to lift WUE of grain-based production systems by 10%. Sixteen regional grower research teams distributed across southern Australia (300–700 mm annual rainfall) proposed a range of agronomic management strategies to improve water-limited productivity. A coordinating project involving a team of agronomists, plant physiologists, soil scientists and system modellers was funded to provide consistent understanding and benchmarking of water-limited yield, experimental advice and assistance, integrating system science and modelling, and to play an integration and communication role. The 16 diverse regional project activities were organised into four themes related to the type of innovation pursued (integrating break-crops, managing summer fallows, managing in-season water-use, managing variable and constraining soils), and the important interactions between these at the farm-scale were explored and emphasised. At annual meetings, the teams compared the impacts of various management strategies across different regions, and the interactions from management combinations. Simulation studies provided predictions of both a priori outcomes that were tested experimentally and extrapolation of results across sites, seasons and up to the whole-farm scale. We demonstrated experimentally that potential exists to improve water productivity at paddock scale by levels well above the 10% target by better summer weed control (37–140%), inclusion of break crops (16–83%), earlier sowing of appropriate varieties (21–33%) and matching N supply to soil type (91% on deep sands). Capturing synergies from combinations of pre- and in-crop management could increase wheat yield at farm scale by 11–47%, and significant on-farm validation and adoption of some innovations has occurred during the Initiative. An ex post economic analysis of the Initiative estimated a benefit : cost ratio of 3.7 : 1, and an internal return on investment of 18.5%. We briefly review the structure and operation of the initiative and summarise some of the key strategies that emerged to improve WUE at paddock and farm-scale.
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Neto, Octavio Pimenta Reis. "Socioeconomic, Energetic and Carbon Impacts of a Large-Scale Model of Municipal Solid Waste Treatment in the Largest Brazilian Metropolitan Region." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 5, no. 5 (June 10, 2020): 1328–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20may594.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The National Solid Waste Policy (PNRS) by the Law 12,305 of Aug. 2nd in 2010, is the Brazilian initiative to manage the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generated in the national territory. The Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP) is the largest Brazilian economic macro-region which generates 10% of all MSW in the country which is practically 100% treated in landfills, as suggested by the PNRS. However, its landfills are close to the exhaustion and build new ones collide with the lack of land availability in the region surrounded by water reservoirs. Areas far from the waste generation do not seem to be an economical alternative, due to high freight fee and requirements for environmental licensing.
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Sternberg, Troy, Chris McCarthy, and Buho Hoshino. "Does China’s Belt and Road Initiative Threaten Food Security in Central Asia?" Water 12, no. 10 (September 25, 2020): 2690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102690.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) needs little introduction; the infrastructure investment will reconfigure development in Central Asia. As its origin story and initial encounter, Central Asia offers a prismatic lens to delve into the vital impacts and significant changes wrought by the BRI. In the dryland region, the BRI impact on watersheds and agriculture is a critical challenge with direct implications for food security. Framed by diverse research sources, we utilized spatial datasets from the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative and the World Bank to explore the intersection of food production, water and development. Investigation evaluates the possible trade-offs that Chinese infrastructure investment can have on the communities and environment of Central Asia. The findings identify more than 15,000 km of rail and 20,000 km of roads linked to the BRI crisscrossing the region in 2018. Whilst these transport corridors have improved connectivity, many of these rails and roads traverse important agricultural and water zones, creating undetermined risks and opportunities. Land use change was examined within a 10-km buffer around BRI roads and rails from 2008 to 2018. Railways increased by 23% during this time, yet irrigated and rainfed agriculture decreased whilst urban areas markedly expanded. Contextual research identifies how Chinese policies may encourage agribusiness investment for food exports as possible disruptions to national and regional food supply. However, to date Central Asia provides <1% of Chinese agricultural imports. In fact, Afghanistan is the region’s dominant export market, tripling agricultural imports >300% in this time. Similarly, five times more livestock are traded within the region than to China. Evaluating infrastructure change is essential to understand BRI impacts on environments and societies, with the food-water nexus a particular concern in Central Asia. Limited Chinese imports of Central Asian agriculture suggests the region’s food security will not be significantly altered by the Belt and Road Initiative.
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Liu, Gengyuan, Asim Nawab, Fanxin Meng, Aamir Mehmood Shah, Xiaoya Deng, Yan Hao, Biagio F. Giannetti, Feni Agostinho, Cecília M. V. B. Almeida, and Marco Casazza. "Understanding the Sustainability of the Energy–Water–Land Flow Nexus in Transnational Trade of the Belt and Road Countries." Energies 14, no. 19 (October 2, 2021): 6311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196311.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Increasing economic and population growth has put immense pressure on energy, water and land resources to satisfy national and supra-national demand. Through trade, a large proportion of such a demand is fulfilled. With trade as one of its key priorities, the China Belt and Road Initiative is a long-term transcontinental investment program. The initiative gained significant attention due to greater opportunities for economic development, large population and different levels of resource availability. The nexus approach has appeared as a new viewpoint in discussions on balancing the competing sectoral demands. However, following years of work, constraints exist in the scope and focus of studies. The newly developed multi-regional input–output (MRIO) models covering the world’s economy and its use of resources permit a comprehensive analysis of resource usage by production and consumption at different levels, and bring more knowledge about resource nexus problems. Using the MRIO model, this work simultaneously tracks energy, water and land use flows and investigates the transnational resource nexus. A nexus strength indicator is proposed which depends on ternary diagrams to grade countries based on their combined resources’ use and sectoral weighting. Equal sectoral weighting is assigned. The analysis presented a sectorally balanced nexus approach. Findings support existing work by recognizing energy, water and land as the robust transnational connections, from both production and consumption points of view. Resource nexus issues differ from country to country owing to inequalities in industrial set-up, preferences in economic policy and resource endowments. The paper outlines how key resource nexus problems can be identified and prioritized in view of alternative and often opposing interests.
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de Rham, Laurent, Yonas Dibike, Spyros Beltaos, Daniel Peters, Barrie Bonsal, and Terry Prowse. "A Canadian River Ice Database from the National Hydrometric Program Archives." Earth System Science Data 12, no. 3 (August 24, 2020): 1835–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1835-2020.
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Abstract. River ice, like open-water conditions, is an integral component of the cold-climate hydrological cycle. The annual succession of river ice formation, growth, decay and clearance can include low flows and ice jams, as well as midwinter and spring break-up events. Reports and associated data of river ice occurrence are often limited to single locations or regional assessments, are season-specific, and use readily available data. Within Canada, the National Hydrometric Program (NHP) operates a network of gauging stations with water level as the primary measured variable to derive discharge. In the late 1990s, the Water Science and Technology Directorate of Environment and Climate Change Canada initiated a long-term effort to compile, archive and extract river-ice-related information from NHP hydrometric records. This data article describes the original research data set produced by this near 20-year effort: the Canadian River Ice Database (CRID). The CRID holds almost 73 000 recorded variables from a subset of 196 NHP stations throughout Canada that were in operation within the period 1894 to 2015. Over 100 000 paper and digital files were reviewed, representing 10 378 station years of active operation. The task of compiling this database involved manual extraction and input of more than 460 000 data entries on water level, discharge, ice thickness, date, time and data quality rating. Guidelines on the data extraction, rating procedure and challenges are provided. At each location, time series of up to 15 variables specific to the occurrence of freeze-up and winter-low events, midwinter break-up, ice thickness, spring break-up, and maximum open-water level were compiled. This database follows up on several earlier efforts to compile information on river ice, which are summarized herein, and expands the scope and detail for use in Canadian river ice research and applications. Following the Government of Canada Open Data initiative, this original river ice data set is available at https://doi.org/10.18164/c21e1852-ba8e-44af-bc13-48eeedfcf2f4 (de Rham et al., 2020).
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Baker, Karl, Roger Carman, Graeme Blick, and Stuart Caie. "Mapping New Zealand 2025 – A National Perspective." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-21-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Land Information New Zealand (LINZ) is in a unique position internationally. This Central Government organisation houses New Zealand’s national mapping agency, hydrographic authority and geodetic survey office all under one roof. This gives the organisation the opportunity to think broadly about future directions and leverage a combined centre of expertise and skills, across the three disciplines, nationwide.</p><p>In 2007, LINZ launched the Geospatial Strategy to improve coordination, sharing and use of geospatial data across New Zealand’s government entities. The Strategy had four goals &ndash; good governance across the system; creating and maintaining key geospatial datasets; accessible and useable Government geospatial data; and interoperability.</p><p>Since then, LINZ has begun a 10-year programme of work &ndash; Mapping New Zealand 2025 &ndash; to deliver the mapping, data and expertise needed to address some of the most significant challenges facing the country, now and in the future &ndash; firstly resilience and climate change, secondly urban growth and thirdly water. These three challenges prioritise LINZ’s work under its 2017 Outcomes Framework. The vision is seamless land and sea mapping, from the top of Aoraki/Mount Cook to the edge of the continental shelf.</p><p>Mapping New Zealand 2025 brings together initiatives, leadership and investment, and builds on core LINZ expertise in mapping and charting, data partnerships with other organisations and new technologies to deliver this programme.</p><p>This paper will give an outline and update on the five major components that make up the Mapping New Zealand 2025 work programme.</p> <ol><li>Improving New Zealand’s Bathymetry Data &ndash; Decision-makers around the world are increasing their use of marine information to tackle issues such as the sustainability of ocean resources. LINZ is working with national and international organisations on projects to drive improvements in New Zealand’s depths information and to map the world’s ocean floors. Coupled with international projects, LINZ is also focusing on local initiatives such as building relationships and partnerships to ensure valuable New Zealand marine data is collected efficiently, is more accessible and reusable. The organisation is also now coordinating retrieval of data, samples and reports from international vessels undertaking marine science research in New Zealand’s Exclusive Economic Zone, Territorial Sea and Continental Shelf.</li><li>National Elevation and Imagery Partnerships &ndash; Aerial imagery and elevation (LiDAR) are foundational data infrastructure for New Zealand, with many critical applications. LINZ operates a successful partnership model for procuring and publishing aerial imagery across New Zealand, an initiative begun after the Canterbury earthquakes, when imagery over Christchurch was in great demand, but not accessible. The initiative has made aerial imagery of the entire country available to all, under a creative commons licence. LINZ has also recently established national coordination of elevation (LiDAR) data to maximise its value to New Zealand. Coordinating procurement partnerships and publishing data for open reuse are the focus of this ambitious initiative.</li><li>Mapping the coastal zone &ndash; New Zealand’s coastal zone is of great economic, social and environmental importance, and it is where climate change processes will impact the most. Fit-for-purpose coastal mapping is essential to modelling and decision-making that help us adapt and mitigate risks to our communities, individual property and infrastructure. LINZ is undertaking a one-year pilot as an initial step towards determining the needs for, and benefits of, improved coastal mapping. The pilot is stocktaking existing datasets that map parts of the coast (or intertidal or littoral zone) and identifying a fit-for-purpose reference frame for analysing data. The work will then move on to investigate the products needed to improve coastal mapping and decision-making and develop a prototype tool for mapping and visualisation.</li><li>Joining land and sea data &ndash; Currently in New Zealand, elevation and depths datasets are captured to a range of reference surfaces and datums, limiting our ability to merge them together. The largest challenges are across the coastal zone, where LINZ is working with the National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA) to develop a tool for ‘seamless’ linking of land and sea data. This project is being run in tandem with improving coastal mapping mentioned above, as the definition of tidal surfaces (such as mean high-water springs) are limited by the accuracy of digital terrain models and the ability to connect tidal surfaces to the coast. This project will also deliver an improved national tidal model. New Zealand’s current model was developed between 1996 and 2000 and is built on a now obsolete platform. The updated model will be recreated on a new platform and be able to use 20 additional years of data and improvements in global modelling technologies.</li><li>Maximising the benefits of Earth observation data &ndash; 2018 saw a greatly increased awareness of the potential applications of Earth observation data and technologies in government, industries and research in New Zealand. LINZ is joining with major stakeholders such as the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment’s Space Agency, Venture Southland and the Centre for Space Science Technology to develop a national strategy for maximising the benefits of Earth observation. Aside from this national focus, LINZ will work on how best to utilise Earth observation in our own activities, in areas such as using remote sensing to map our built environments and understanding potential applications for interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), which uses radar images of Earth’s surface collected by satellites to map ground deformation.</li></ol><p> Each of these five projects are at different stages of maturity. The presentation will cover off what each project has accomplished to date. We will present what the future holds for the programme and how Mapping New Zealand 2025 will allow LINZ, and the wider New Zealand community, to think and work differently.</p>
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Day, D., and S. White. "Minimum performance standards for showerheads in Australia: the benefits and the barriers." Water Supply 3, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0032.
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This paper discusses the potential merits and opportunities of introducing national minimum performance standards (MPS) for water efficient appliances, in particular showerheads. At a national level the introduction of MPS for showerheads by 2005 is expected to result in a reduction in the demand for water by over 79 GL/annum by 2015. The reduction in energy consumption associated with reduced water heating needs by water efficient showerheads is 7.7 million GJ/annum, while greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced by 1.3 million tonnes CO2/annum, by 2015. This initiative will generate benefits to an array of stakeholders. These benefits include: increased allocation of water for environmental flows, reduced demand on groundwater sources, reduced wastewater flows and associated pollution, and financial benefits to water utilities, particularly if the utility is experiencing water supply or wastewater treatment constraints. Regulation will also protect the investment (estimated to be of the order of $16 million) that a number of water utilities are making in incentive and retrofit programs. The most effective form of regulation to achieve the greatest outcomes in terms of reducing water and energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions is a regulation that controls the supply of showerheads on the basis of flow rate. The MPS being proposed is 9 L/minute, and regulation would involve mandatory labelling of showerheads and compliance with the AAA-rating. The legislative options and challenge of introducing such a requirement within the current regulatory environment are discussed.
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Henriksen, Hans Jørgen, Raphael Schneider, Julian Koch, Maria Ondracek, Lars Troldborg, Ida K. Seidenfaden, Søren Julsgaard Kragh, Eva Bøgh, and Simon Stisen. "A New Digital Twin for Climate Change Adaptation, Water Management, and Disaster Risk Reduction (HIP Digital Twin)." Water 15, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15010025.
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The paper analyzes the national DK-model hydrological information and prediction (HIP) system and HIP portal viewed as a ‘digital twin’ and how the introduction of real-time dynamic updating of the DK-model HIP simulations can make room for plug-in submodels with real-time boundary conditions made available from an HIP portal. The possible feedback to a national real-time risk knowledge base during extreme events (flooding and drought) is also discussed. Under climate change conditions, Denmark is likely to experience more rain in winter, more evapotranspiration in summer, intensified cloudbursts, drought, and sea level rise. These challenges were addressed as part of the Joint Governmental Digitalization Strategy 2016–2020 for better use and sharing of public data about the terrain, water, and climate to support climate adaptation, water management, and disaster risk reduction. This initiative included the development of a new web-based data portal (HIP portal) developed by the Danish Agency for Data Supply and Infrastructure (SDFI). GEUS delivered 5 terabytes of hydrological model data to the portal, with robust calibration methods and hybrid machine learning (ML) being key parts of the deliverables. This paper discusses the challenges and potentials of further developing the HIP digital twin with ‘plug-in digital twins’ for local river basins, including feedback to the national level.
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Waheed, Abdul, Thomas Bernward Fischer, and Muhammad Irfan Khan. "Climate Change Policy Coherence across Policies, Plans, and Strategies in Pakistan—Implications for the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor Plan." Environmental Management 67, no. 5 (March 17, 2021): 793–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-021-01449-y.
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AbstractClimate Change (CC) adaptation and mitigation policy coherence (PC) across sectors is essential to effectively address CC challenges and support synergies. Pakistan is highly vulnerable to CC. In this paper, the extent to which Pakistan’s national and provincial water, agriculture, and energy sector policies, development plans and strategies are aligned in a CC policy coherent manner is established. In this context, a qualitative content document analysis with associated scoring is used to assess government documents. Furthermore, implications of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor Initiative (CPEC; 2017–2030), the biggest infrastructure investment program ever in Pakistan, are discussed. An important result is that sectoral policies are found to have different degrees of PC. Better coherence is found at federal than at provincial levels. Furthermore, CC policies are found to be more coherently addressed in water and agriculture policies than in energy policies. It is suggested that to achieve higher levels of CC PC, federal and provincial governments should establish mechanisms of intergovernmental consultation for policy-making and cross-sectoral planning, especially in the energy sector. Our findings can help the Government of Pakistan to transform CPEC into a model green Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in the region. In this context, there are important implications with regards to e.g., reducing coal-based energy projects and environmentally damaging infrastructure activities in sensitive ecosystems. With this paper, the authors want to raise awareness of the key importance of CC PC, particular in context of the BRI. Many countries participating in the initiative have carbon reduction targets in place.
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Haider, Husnain, Rehan Sadiq, and Solomon Tesfamariam. "Multilevel performance management framework for small to medium sized water utilities in Canada." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 42, no. 11 (November 2015): 889–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2015-0227.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In Canada, small to medium sized water utilities (SMWU) do not often participate in National Water and Wastewater Benchmarking Initiative due to lesser economies of scale, lack of resources, and data limitations. Consequently, such SMWU are managing their functional components (i.e., environmental, personnel, operational, physical assets, customer satisfaction, public health, and financial) without quantitatively assessing and knowing if they are meeting their performance objectives. A multilevel performance management framework, consisting of five modules has been developed and implemented for SMWU in BC, Canada. The framework provides an approach to identify and select the suitable performance indicators for SMWU, and to use them for inter-utility performance benchmarking under limited data. The subsequent modules can be used for detailed performance management at utility, system, and sub-component levels. The utility managers can effectively employ this framework to identify the underperforming functional components and can rationally take corrective actions, and address customer satisfaction with efficient inventory management and data analyses.
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Ajisegiri, Benson, Luis A. Andres, Samir Bhatt, Basab Dasgupta, Juan A. Echenique, Peter W. Gething, Jonathan Grabinsky Zabludovsky, and George Joseph. "Geo-spatial modeling of access to water and sanitation in Nigeria." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 9, no. 2 (March 21, 2019): 258–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.089.
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Abstract The paper presents the development and implementation of a geo-spatial model for mapping populations’ access to specified types of water and sanitation services in Nigeria. The analysis uses geo-referenced, population-representative data from the National Water and Sanitation Survey 2015, along with relevant geo-spatial covariates. The model generates predictions for levels of access to seven indicators of water and sanitation services across Nigeria at a resolution of 1 × 1 km2. Overall, the findings suggest a sharp urban–rural divide in terms of access to improved water, basic water, and improved water on premises, a low availability of piped water on premises and of sewerage systems throughout the country, a high concentration of improved sanitation in select states, and low rates of nationwide open defecation, with a few pockets of high rates of open defecation in the central and southern non-coastal regions. Predictions promise to hone the targeting of policies meant to improve access to basic services in various regions of the country. This article has been made Open Access thanks to the generous support of a global network of libraries as part of the Knowledge Unlatched Select initiative.
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Heriamsal, Krisman, Asma Amin, and Muhammad Rizky Prawira. "Analisis Kepentingan Tiongkok dalam Kebijakan Belt and Road Initiative di Pakistan." Indonesian Journal of Peace and Security Studies (IJPSS) 3, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 32–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/ijpss.v3i2.82.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study aims to analyze China's interests in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) policies in Pakistan. Currently, Pakistan is China's strategic partner in the implementation of the BRI project. The infrastructure development in several sectors in Pakistan is being carried out massively through direct loans from China. This certainly raises questions regarding China's interests in Pakistan and this study attempts to answer these questions. This study uses descriptive qualitative research methods with literature study as the data collection technique. To analyze the case, this study applies offensive realism theory, with the concepts of hegemony, and national interest. The results of this study indicate that China's efforts in Pakistan are actually a form of Chinese active maneuvers in achieving its interests, namely hegemony. Through the BRI project, China can connect with the largest oil-producing countries in order to meet its high industrial needs. Second, the connectivity created by BRI enables China to increase its force capability in the South Asian region. Third is political interests, in which China can create a positive image to substantially increase its diplomatic power and strengthen its international status. Lastly, the ideological interest in which China uses slogans such as the 'Chinese Dream' for the stability and legitimacy of Xi Jinping and the Chinese Communist Party over their domestic society
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Husna, Riyana, Tri Joko, and Nurjazuli Nurjazuli. "Faktor Risiko Yang Mempengaruhi Kejadian Skabies Di Indonesia : Literatur Review." Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan 11, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.47718/jkl.v11i1.1340.
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Scabies is a skin disease caused by infestation and sensitization of the Sarcoptes Scabiei v. Hominis mite that occurs in communities, groups, or families living in dense, low economy, and low knowledge. Maintenance of personal hygiene strongly determines the health status, where the individual consciously and on the personal initiative to maintain health dan prevent disease. Objective: Know more about the personal effect of hygiene on the incidence of scabies. Methods: Using literature studies from both national and international journals by summarizing the topic of discussion and comparing the results presented in the article. Results: There is a significant influence between personal hygiene habits, environmental sanitation, physical conditions of water, level of knowledge, density of room occupancy, age, sex, room ventilation area, bed, keteter installation, length of stay and water bacteriological examination. with the incidence of scabies. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between personal hygiene, environmental sanitation, physical water conditions, level of knowledge, age, occupancy density. someone with an incidence of scabies
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Wolff, H. P., L. Wolf, A. Subah, J. Guttman, A. Tamimi, A. Jarrar, A. Salman, and E. Karablieh. "Methodological challenges in evaluating performance, impact and ranking of IWRM strategies in the Jordan Valley." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 7 (October 1, 2012): 1407–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.310.
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The philosophy of integrated water resource management (IWRM), as formulated in several international summits, yielded numerous interpretations and extensions over the last decade but always focused on the overall objective of maximizing the welfare and livelihood of the people concerned. One of the major constraints of this concept is the gap between the well-defined philosophy and the fuzzy definition of operational and testable indicators for the achievement of its goals. This leads to difficulties in the evaluation of potential contributions from technological and managerial improvements. The experience of the multi-lateral IWRM research initiative SMART in the lower Jordan Valley shows that the evaluation and ranking of alternative IWRM strategies and their elements relies simultaneously on the identification of local goals and their interfaces with the superordinate national water sector policies. The documentation of the, still ongoing, development process of suitable assessment procedures describes their methodological embedding and conclusions drawn for the heterogeneous situation of water-related settings in this transboundary watershed.
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Ite, Dr Uwem E. "Community perceptions of the Cross River National Park, Nigeria." Environmental Conservation 23, no. 4 (December 1996): 351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900039217.
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SummaryNational Parks have become the most widely-used category of protected areas in developing countries, including sub-Saharan Africa. Several studies have shown that local-community support for National Parks is based mainly on perceptions of benefits and costs against the background of social, cultural, political and economic considerations. This paper examines the experience in the Cross River National Park (CRNP) in southeast Nigeria using data collected through rapid rural appraisal techniques, household questionnaire surveys, focus group discussions and guided interviews. The results show that in spite of a high level of community awareness of the need to conserve the forests of the study area, there is a low level of local support for the CRNP forest conservation initiative. Four main factors are identified as the main influences on the support extended to the project, namely: reality and expectations of socio-economic development, the pace of project implementation, the relationship between park staff and communities, and the historical rights of local people to the forest of the study area. The implications of the findings relate to the long-term sustainability of the CRNP as a protected forest area.
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Wilson, N. "Community-based stream conservation initiatives in British Columbia, Canada." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 11 (June 1, 2002): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0392.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
British Columbia is a diverse province, with ecosystems ranging from semi-arid deserts to valley glaciers and vast ice fields. By world standards, BC has an abundance of fresh water in its lakes and rivers. However, rivers have been exploited for social and industrial purposes, often to the detriment of the natural values. Community groups and non-government organizations have been active in rehabilitating and restoring waterways. The Outdoor Recreation Council of BC is a provincial non-government organization that has been instrumental in river conservation issues in BC. Three key initiatives have been established by the Council since its formation in 1975. BC Rivers Day has grown into the largest river celebration of its kind in North America, and there is a move to establish a national Rivers Day in Canada based on the model established in BC. Second is the annual Endangered Rivers List compiled by the Council and released each spring. The third initiative is the River Recovery Project in which dams and impoundment structures were evaluated against a set of criteria. A short list of candidates was generated by the project that will be further studied to determine what actions should be taken to alter the management of the structures to restore ecological values of the rivers and streams on which they are built. The three initiatives described rely on local community support. The Outdoor Recreation Council of BC provides coordination, promotion, and publicity as well as some resource materials while local groups and communities take on stewardship roles for their local streams. This model may be useful for other jurisdictions.
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Booty, William, and Glenn Benoy. "Multicriteria Review of Nonpoint Source Water Quality Models for Nutrients, Sediments, and Pathogens." Water Quality Research Journal 44, no. 4 (November 1, 2009): 365–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2009.037.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract There now exists a large number of nonpoint source models that have been developed for watershed management issues. As part of the National Agri-Environmental Standards Initiative (NAESI), it was necessary to evaluate which model or models would be the best choice for examining various best management practices for nutrients, sediments, and pathogens in test watersheds. Environment Canada has committed to the development of environmental performance standards that will guide environmentally sustainable agricultural practices and management. A literature review was carried out and a short list of 13 models was selected that met the basic needs of the project. These models were subsequently evaluated based on a multicriteria analysis that considered 21 model characteristics. A weight and a total score quantify the relative importance of each criterion. The top six models were SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool), AnnAGNPS (Annualized Agricultural Nonpoint Source), BASINS (Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources), GIBSI (Gestion Intégrée des Bassins versants á l'aide d'un Systéme Informatisé), AGNPS (Agricultural Nonpoint Source), and HSPF (Hydrologic Simulation Program - Fortran).
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Zevenbergen, Chris, Dafang Fu, and Assela Pathirana. "Transitioning to Sponge Cities: Challenges and Opportunities to Address Urban Water Problems in China." Water 10, no. 9 (September 12, 2018): 1230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10091230.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
At present, the Sponge City Concept (SCC) is gaining ground, Sponge Cities technologies are becoming more and more accepted by Chinese city governments, and the first best practices are being shared. However, there are still many challenges ahead which hamper effective implementation and upscaling. This paper presents an overview of some opportunities and constraints for the take up of this approach and has drawn upon international experiences. In China at the national level, the State Council has set a progressive target for the SCC initiative to be achieved in 2030. This target seems to be ambitious as the time needed for integrative planning and design and implementation is much longer than traditional sectoral approaches often omitting to address social well-being, the (local) economy, and ecosystem health. This particularly holds true for the existing building stock. Transforming the existing building stock requires a long-term planning horizon, with urban restoration, regeneration, and modernization being key drivers for adapting the city to become a sponge city. A key challenge will be to align the sponge city initiative (SCI) projects with infrastructure and urban renovation portfolios. Moreover, substantial investment needs and a lack of reliable financing schemes and experience also provide a huge challenge for China. This calls for an integrative opportunistic strategy that creates enabling conditions for linking the SCI investment agenda with those from other sectors. These transformations cannot be made overnight: completing the transformation process will typically take a life time of one generation. The progress in sustainable urban water management is also impacted by innovations in technologies as well as in management strategies. These technological innovations create fertile ground for businesses to adapt state-of-the-art developments from around the world and contextualize them into fit-for-purpose products. China is well-placed to play a leading role in this process in the coming decade.
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Ikeda, Syunsuke. "Adaptation to Global-Warming-Triggered Water Disasters Measures Taken by Science Council of Japan." Journal of Disaster Research 4, no. 1 (February 1, 2009): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2009.p0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As pointed out by Assessment Report 4 of IPCC, global climate change will increase the magnitude and frequency of water-related disasters such as flooding, surge and drought. In addition to this the social changes such as population problems in Japan will aggravate the vulnerability to the disasters. Two concepts to cope with the water-related disasters triggered by climate change are adaptation and mitigation. Though abatement of GHG gas emissions has been eagerly argued, Japan should be more concerned with and take the initiative both for mitigation and adaptation. As adaptation measures for water-related disasters, 3 measures are proposed in this paper; building disaster-awareness societies, building physical/social structures, and adaptation R&D. In addition to them, it is necessary to bring reconstruction of the national land into medium- and long term views as paradigm shift. In this paper, the following recommendations are proposed for the adaptation: the Japanese government should be aware of the importance of adaptation and strongly promote adaptation to mitigate water-related disasters, and the government should also cooperate in establishing adaptation in sustaining development of Asian monsoon areas and development programs.
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Shogren, Arial J., Jay P. Zarnetske, Benjamin W. Abbott, Samuel Bratsman, Brian Brown, Michael P. Carey, Randy Fulweber, et al. "Multi-year, spatially extensive, watershed-scale synoptic stream chemistry and water quality conditions for six permafrost-underlain Arctic watersheds." Earth System Science Data 14, no. 1 (January 14, 2022): 95–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-95-2022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Repeated sampling of spatially distributed river chemistry can be used to assess the location, scale, and persistence of carbon and nutrient contributions to watershed exports. Here, we provide a comprehensive set of water chemistry measurements and ecohydrological metrics describing the biogeochemical conditions of permafrost-affected Arctic watersheds. These data were collected in watershed-wide synoptic campaigns in six stream networks across northern Alaska. Three watersheds are associated with the Arctic Long-Term Ecological Research site at Toolik Field Station (TFS), which were sampled seasonally each June and August from 2016 to 2018. Three watersheds were associated with the National Park Service (NPS) of Alaska and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and were sampled annually from 2015 to 2019. Extensive water chemistry characterization included carbon species, dissolved nutrients, and major ions. The objective of the sampling designs and data acquisition was to characterize terrestrial–aquatic linkages and processing of material in stream networks. The data allow estimation of novel ecohydrological metrics that describe the dominant location, scale, and overall persistence of ecosystem processes in continuous permafrost. These metrics are (1) subcatchment leverage, (2) variance collapse, and (3) spatial persistence. Raw data are available at the National Park Service Integrated Resource Management Applications portal (O'Donnell et al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9SBK2DZ) and within the Environmental Data Initiative (Abbott, 2021, https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/258a44fb9055163dd4dd4371b9dce945).
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Sennett, Amy, Emma Chastain, Sarah Farrell, Tom Gole, Jasdeep Randhawa, and Chengyan Zhang. "Challenges and responses in the Murray–Darling Basin." Water Policy 16, S1 (March 1, 2014): 117–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2014.006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper traces the evolving institutional and policy responses to the social, environmental and economic needs of stakeholders in the Murray–Darling Basin. The paper begins by describing four cycles of challenge and response in the basin: the first period (1830–1900) witnessed the state-level development of irrigation and navigation in the basin; the second period (1900–1982) encompassed the construction of the basin's major engineering projects and irrigation infrastructure; the third period (1982–2007) covered the institution of market reforms under a ‘whole Basin’ management approach, in particular, the development of inter-state water trading and the National Water Initiative; and the fourth phase (2007–present), marks the assertion of federal authority over water management with the passing of the Water Act in 2007. The second section of the paper provides background on the basin's natural environment and its infrastructure. This section also describes the increasing centralization of basin management authority by the federal government. The paper's final section presents three key questions for the basin's future: (1) the politically acceptable balance between environmental and economic uses for water in the basin; (2) the appropriate allocation of responsibility between federal and state basin management authorities; and (3) the best way to deliver the desired environmental outcomes.
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Fagt, Sisse, Jeppe Matthiessen, Camilla Thyregod, Karsten Kørup, and Anja Biltoft-Jensen. "Breakfast in Denmark. Prevalence of Consumption, Intake of Foods, Nutrients and Dietary Quality. A Study from the International Breakfast Research Initiative." Nutrients 10, no. 8 (August 14, 2018): 1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10081085.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Breakfast is considered by many to be the most important meal of the day. This study examined the intake of nutrients and foods at breakfast among Danes and the relation to the overall dietary quality. Data were derived from the Danish National Survey on Diet and Physical Activity 2011–2013, a cross-sectional national food consumption study. A total of 3680 participants aged 6–75 years were included in the analyses of breakfast consumption. The Nutrient Rich Food Index 9.3 method was used to examine the overall dietary quality of the diet. The intake of nutrients and foods at breakfast were compared across dietary quality score tertiles by ANCOVA adjusted for energy and socio economic status. Breakfast was eaten frequently by children and adults and contributed with 18–20% of total energy intake. Breakfast was relatively high in dietary fibre, B vitamins, calcium and magnesium and low in added sugar, total fat, sodium, vitamin A and D. A decrease in the intake of added sugar, total fat and saturated fat and an increase in the intake of dietary fibre and most micronutrients were seen across tertiles of dietary quality scores. Commonly consumed foods provided at breakfast in Denmark included bread, breakfast cereals and dairy products as well as water, coffee and juice, while intakes of fruits, vegetables, cakes and soft drinks were low.
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Ahmed, Jashim Uddin, Wahida Shahan Tinne, Md Al-Amin, and Maliha Rahanaz. "Social innovation and SONO filter for drinking water." Society and Business Review 13, no. 1 (February 12, 2018): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbr-08-2017-0060.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose Bangladesh is facing an alarming situation with the drinking water in its most areas, as groundwater used for drinking has been contaminated with naturally occurring inorganic arsenic. Many entrepreneurs along with the government are trying to cope up with this problem. SONO filter is one of them that is based on the social innovation concept. Social innovation is defined as innovative products/services motivated by the goal of meeting a social need, with the opportunity to create new social collaborations. This paper aims to examine the concepts of social innovation, which advocates enhancing values to society and the social benefit to all the stakeholders. Design/methodology/approach This is an exploratory study and presents the evolution, the development of the social business model and its implementation. Abul Hussam initiated the social business concept through SONO filter that is commercialized through the Manob Sakti Unnayan Kendro. The study has been conducted entirely on the basis of documentary information and data available in the public domain. Findings The findings show a hopeful contribution toward enhancing social benefits to society especially in arsenic-affected areas. SONO filter helps to mitigate the water-borne diseases and make people clean and safe, as well as healthy, by providing pure drinking water. Even by drinking pure water, people with arsenic-related diseases are getting better day by day through this social initiative. Originality/value Business based on social innovation is a new and really a good working concept. It has faced many hurdles in its journey to meet social objectives. Many researchers, entrepreneurs, non-profit organizations, national planners and society leaders will surely be benefited by its solution.
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Yang, Qi, Glenn Benoy, Zhengyong Zhao, Thien Lien Chow, Charles P. A. Bourque, and Fan-Rui Meng. "Watershed-level analysis of exceedance frequencies for different management strategies." Water Quality Research Journal 46, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2011.020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Exceedance of water-quality standards is important in assessing water quality. The effectiveness of soil conservation Beneficial Management Practices (BMPs) should be measured according to the BMPs' impact on exceedance frequencies. However, estimating exceedance frequencies for different management scenarios with field measurements is practically impossible due to difficulties in obtaining adequate data for analysing different combinations of BMPs. The objective of this modeling research was to analyse exceedance frequencies for different management strategies applied in the Black Brook Watershed (BBW). Daily concentrations of total suspended sediments (TSS) and soluble phosphorous (sol-P) were predicted with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and assessed against water-quality standards from the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) and National Agri-Environmental Standards Initiative-Ideal Performance Standards (NAESI-IPS). The investigated BMPs included conservation tillage, reduced fertilizer application, crop rotation, flow diversion terraces (FDT) and the combination of all four BMPs. The results indicated that FDT was the most effective at reducing exceedance frequencies of TSS and sol-P. Under the different management scenarios, we calculated the annual exceedance frequencies of TSS and sol-P concentrations above the CCME (20–45% and 10–26%) and NAESI-IPS (32–55% and 20–38%).