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1
Pain, Adam. "Agricultural Research in Sri Lanka: An Historical Account." Modern Asian Studies 20, no. 4 (October 1986): 755–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00013718.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An underlying premise of much of the comment on developing countries' agricultural research organizations and capabilities, has been that they are weak, and have been unsuccessful in generating new technologies and meeting farmers' needs. Indeed, one of the very justifications for the setting up of the series of international research institutes, such as the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) was that national research programmes were seen to lack sufficient strength and organization to be able to respond to the urgent needs of food production that were identified in the 1960s. It was argued that a primary role of the International Centres would be to support and develop such national research programmes both through training and the provision of new plant varieties and technologies, and that the building up of local research capability in developing countries would come only after the International Research Centres had developed and transferred the new technologies.
2
DE JANVRY, A., and A. H. KASSAM. "TOWARDS A REGIONAL APPROACH TO RESEARCH FOR THE CGIAR AND ITS PARTNERS." Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 2 (April 2004): 159–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479703001637.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
At its International Centres Week in October 2000 (ICW2000), the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) adopted a new Vision and Strategy. This paper is about Plank 4 of the CGIAR's Vision and Strategy which calls for the adoption, in collaboration with national and regional partners, of a regional approach to research planning, priority setting and implementation. Given the poverty and impact focus of international public goods research, both national agricultural research systems (NARS) and the CGIAR have advantages in pursuing a regional approach as a component of their respective activities. For the NARS in the region, this means seeking advantages at the regional level that they could not derive solely from a national-level approach. For the CGIAR, this means seeking complementary gains that it could not achieve exclusively through a global or ecoregional approach. These mutual advantages open the door for partnerships in regional research between NARS and their regional organizations, and the CGIAR. The paper highlights the advantages as well as risks and limitations of a regional approach to research. Since ICW2000, all regional and sub-regional organizations and CGIAR Centres have taken action to facilitate consultation processes that could eventually lead to the establishment of a regional approach to research for the CGIAR and NARS. The paper notes some emerging lessons, and takes a forward look.
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Maass, Brigitte L., and Bruce C. Pengelly. "Tropical and subtropical forage germplasm conservation and science on their deathbed! 1. A journey to crisis." Outlook on Agriculture 48, no. 3 (September 2019): 198–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030727019867961.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
While interest in the potential of tropical and subtropical forage (TSTF) germplasm for improved livestock production commenced earlier, it was not until the 1950s and 1960s that plant collecting and research on diversity and utilization of grasses and legumes reached significant global momentum. The subsequent engagement in pasture and forage research by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) centres, such as the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) and International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA; 1974–1995)/International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI; since 1995) from the 1970s onwards, built on the advances made by national centres in Australia, the United States of America, Kenya and elsewhere. By 1990–2000, TSTFs were recognized for contributing to a range of commercial and smallholder livestock production systems in Latin America, Australia, Southeast Asia, South Asia and Africa. However, their use, the value of further research and the need to maintain the very large and diverse collections held in international and national genebanks were challenged by this time because of perceived environmental risks, questions about whether or not past achievements could be bettered and the high costs of maintaining genebanks. Since then, the decline in investment and the quality of conservation and curation has been a relatively rapid process and reached the crisis point of today in just 20–25 years. This article traces 70 years of expansion and then decline of plant collecting, conservation, research and commercialization of TSTFs as a new commodity and examines the reasons for the sharp changes that have taken place. In a second article (this issue), the argument is made for swift and drastic action to prevent critical germplasm from being lost, to enable genebanks to play their crucial and unique role in underpinning improving production and productivity in livestock systems and to provide key germplasm tools to achieve environmental benefits.
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Freeland, G. "Setting donor research agendas." BSAP Occasional Publication 21 (1998): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00032018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper uses the United Kingdom (UK) government's Department for International Development (DFID) centrally funded renewable natural resources research strategy (RNRRS) programme as an example to answer the key questions of: (i) what research; (ii) why conduct research; and (iii) why set an agenda?Donor research organizations may fund research through various channels. DFID funds research through its multilateral programmes (e.g. to the system of International Agricultural Research Centres which constitute the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research); as components of its bilateral development programmes with individual countries (e.g. assistance to the development of the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) and the Kenyan National Agricultural Research Programme) and sometimes through projects with non-governmental organizations (NGOs), as part of the Joint Funding Scheme. Research funded through these avenues is, however, part of a larger agenda to which the DFID has agreed but not necessarily set. In the interests of pursuing strategic and wider research objectives, the outputs of which may later be applied through development programmes, DFID also has a centrally controlled fund for research, which is not specific to any one country or organization. The part of that research programme relevant to natural resources is called the RNRRS (Research Task Group, 1994). Other donors have similar centrally funded research programmes and it is these to which the title refers and for which it is appropriate that the donor organization sets its own agenda.
5
Wiyono, S., Suwardi, and A. M. Syakir. "International Conference on Modern and Sustainable Agriculture (ICOMSA): Building Future Agriculture for Better World." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1133, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 011001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1133/1/011001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The development of modern agriculture is inseparable from efforts to optimize agricultural land resources and increase sectoral competitiveness based on dynamic innovation following the challenges. Modern agriculture is characterized by applying technology and innovation that can be adapted to the conditions and needs of productive activities in the agricultural sector. Agricultural innovations can include technological and agricultural institutions' innovations that are in line with the times. Sustainable agriculture plays an essential role in sustaining natural resources for future generations. Sustainable agriculture emphasizes the need for the stability of natural ecosystems, including biological living systems and materials. This includes the maintenance of biological diversity, genetic resources, soil, water, and agro-climate resources, as well as environmental health and comfort. Moreover, the world is facing the challenge of global warming (the greenhouse effect). Modern and sustainable agriculture is essential for various problems in agriculture. Both are currently the focus of various stakeholders, such as farmers, researchers, and policymakers worldwide. Both are expected to become sustainable solutions to meet food and energy needs and minimize the impact of more significant environmental damage. International Conference on Modern Sustainable Agriculture was virtually-held in collaboration between the Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University with The International Society for Southeast Asian Agricultural Sciences (ISSAAS) Indonesian Chapter and Indonesian Society for Agronomy (PERAGI). Prof. Arif Satria, Rector of IPB University, Indonesia and Dr. Suwardi, M.Agr., President of International Society for Southeast Asian Agricultural Sciences (ISSAAS) Indonesian Chapter had given their speech as the keynote speakers for this conference. This conference also had 8 notable invited speakers from various international universities and research centers who delivered their expertise in modern and sustainable agriculture: Prof. Abdul Rashid Muhamed Shariff from Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, Prof. Makoto Yokohari from The University of Tokyo, Japan, Prof. Salmah Yaakop, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia, Prof. Masayoshi Shigyo from Yamaguchi University, Japan, Prof. Byoung Ryong Jeong from Gyeongsang National University, Republic of Korea, Prof. Greta Formaglio from National Institute for Agricultural Research, France, Prof. Anas D Susila from IPB University, Indonesia, and Prof. Hadi Susilo Arifin from IPB University, Indonesia had given their speech as invited speakers for this conference. List of Summary of Conference, Committee are available in this pdf.
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Ayuk-Takem, J. A., S. N. Lyonga, and J. M. Ngeve. "COLLABORATION BETWEEN NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SYSTEMS, INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTERS, AND FUNDING AGENCIES FOR TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSFER: THE CASE OF THE CAMEROON NATIONAL ROOT CROPS IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM." Acta Horticulturae, no. 380 (November 1994): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1994.380.7.
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Biggs, Stephen D. "Evaluation in national agricultural research Edited by Douglas Daniels International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada, 1987, 162 pp. (paperback)." Public Administration and Development 9, no. 4 (September 1989): 466–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pad.4230090418.
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Ryan, John, Habib Ibrahim, Afif Dakermanji, and Abdoul Aziz Niane. "Training and Capacity Building: An Essential Strategy for Development at an International Research Center." Sustainable Agriculture Research 1, no. 2 (July 5, 2012): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v1n2p57.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In order to be meaningful, agricultural research has to provide solutions to problems, especially in the international agricultural research system which is designed to contribute to enhanced food production and improved rural livelihoods in the lesser-developed world. Training and human resource development, whether at the technical support or research scientists/managerial level, is fundamental to an effective agricultural research and technology transfer system. By comparison with the developed world, the national agricultural research systems (NARS) in developing countries are weak, often with ineffective extension programs, as typified by the West Asia-North Africa (WANA) region, which is served by the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA). Despite the potential benefits of enhancing human skills, training and human resource development activities are often under-valued and under-funded in international research centers that serve developing countries. By highlighting training at ICARDA and its mandate countries, we sought to give renewed focus on this important component of the mission of the Consultative Group on Agricultural Research (CGIAR). In this article, we considered ICARDA’s philosophy and concepts on training, collaborating institutions, educational materials, categories of training, development of training courses, significant outcomes of training, shifting paradigms, and future directions. ICARDA’s innovative collaborative approach is a model to be emulated not only by the Centers but by other international institutions involved in agricultural and rural development in the developing countries. At this crucial time of restructuring of the CGIAR, renewed emphasis on training has never been more urgent.
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von Kaufmann, R. R., and H. A. Fitzhugh. "Technical constraints to ruminant livestock production in sub-Saharan Africa." BSAP Occasional Publication 16 (1993): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00031025.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractConstraints do not only occur in production systems. They also limit the support available from research and extension and they have serious consequences for human welfare in Africa and for the whole community of nations.The agricultural research agendas in sub-Saharan Africa are indicating more concern for appropriate technology and interest in collaboration but support for research is declining when it is most urgently needed. Food production in sub-Saharan Africa is not keeping pace with demand and this is a cause of instability that will constrain all other attempts at development.The effect of the constraints is most evident on the deteriorating environment which is evident in each agro-ecological zone despite the different potentials and pressures. Animal productivity is low but has the potential for substantial improvement. Misconceptions and a lack of faith in the potential for improvement are themselves constraints in the sense that they discourage donor support for research to alleviate the real problems. Opportunities for improvement have been identified in each agro-ecological zone.There are three major categories of research institutions: national agricultural research systems, international agricultural research centres and developed country research centres. Each has its own comparative advantages and a vital rôle to play in collaboration with the others. With the limitation in research resources there is an urgent need to develop appropriate research methods and techniques that can be applied sufficiently to have impact across the whole of sub-Saharan Africa. These are particularly required in regard to food production. Research opportunities are identified in plant genotypes, animal health, animal genotypes and extension and input supply.
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Pengelly, Bruce C., and Brigitte L. Maass. "Tropical and subtropical forage germplasm conservation and science on their deathbed! 2. Genebanks, FAO and donors must take urgent steps to overcome the crisis." Outlook on Agriculture 48, no. 3 (September 2019): 210–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030727019867955.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Tropical and subtropical forage (TSTF) germplasm collections in the international centres of International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) and International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), and in many national centres of developed and developing countries are under threat due to reduced financial support. Subsequent lack of skills in taxonomy, diversity assessment and adaptation would preclude them playing their crucial role in underpinning forage research for tropical and subtropical farming systems, to meet the growing global demand for livestock products together with reducing their environmental footprint. Also due to well-meant legal changes of biodiversity ownership as well as a current political culture of ‘us versus them’, germplasm collecting and sharing has become challenging. As a result, most centres have become inward-looking, have few links to other members of the global TSTF research community, including other TSTF genebanks, and are struggling to do the basics of conserving their current holdings. Undoubtedly, valuable germplasm has already been lost, and most genebanks lack the skills and knowledge to add value to research programs to develop new forages or select the best options for new environmental uses. This decline has been a relatively rapid process and reached the crisis point of today in just 20–25 years. This article proposes a four-pronged strategy based on improved efficiency, effectiveness, awareness and collaboration that should be adopted urgently. Swift and drastic action is required of international agencies, national governments, researchers and industry bodies. Much of the germplasm was collected from regions that have since undergone massive development or other changes in land use. Failure to act now will, consequently, result in further loss of genetic material forever and associated passport and descriptive information.
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Mallory, Ellen B., Niels Halberg, Lise Andreasen, Kathleen Delate, and Mathieu Ngouajio. "Innovations in Organic Food Systems for Sustainable Production and Ecosystem Services: An Introduction to the Special Issue of Sustainable Agriculture Research." Sustainable Agriculture Research 4, no. 3 (June 18, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v4n3p1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<p>Organic agriculture is one of the best developed multifunctional production strategies in agriculture, and yet is not widely understood in terms of its full potential for contributing to food security, economic development, and environmental health. This special edition of the journal Sustainable Agriculture Research explores the knowledge, innovations, potentials, and research needs that will strengthen the links between organic food systems, sustainable production, and enhanced ecosystem services. The following articles are from an international conference titled “Innovations in Organic Food Systems for Sustainable Production and Ecosystem Services,” held on 1-2 November 2014 in Long Beach, California. The conference was co-sponsored by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Co-operative Research Programme on Biological Resource Management for Sustainable Agricultural Systems, the International Centre for Research in Organic Food Systems (ICROFS), the United Stated Department of Agriculture, National Institute of Food and Agriculture (USDA-NIFA), and the American Society of Agronomy (ASA).</p>
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Dhital, Pankaj Raj. "AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION IN NEPAL: EXPERIENCES AND ISSUES." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 7, no. 3 (September 7, 2017): 1071–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v7i3.6287.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A detail study on the experience of agricultural extension in Nepal was done by discussion with experts, academicians and involved agricultural officers of Nepal along with review of different documents, books and articles on the subject matter. Since from the first effort of extension service, Training and visit, Integrated Rural Development Approach, Tuki Approach, Farming System Research and Extension Approach, Block Production Program were the approaches used in the past. Conventional Educational Approach, Pocket Package Approach, Projectization Approach, Farmers Group Approach, Farmers Field School Approach, Partnership Approach are the approaches being followed presently in agricultural extension in Nepal. The extension efforts in the country are guided by the National Agricultural Extension Strategy. Department of agriculture under ministry of agricultural development is responsible for providing public extension service via District Agriculture Development Office (DADO), Agriculture Service Centre, Contact Centre, Model Agriculture Service Centre and Community Agriculture Service Centre at the farmers level. Farmers Group and cooperatives, International and National Nongovernmental organizations, Community Based Organizations and few private entities are providing the private extension services. major issues found in public extension systems are lack of motivation among the rural youths, farmers; natural resource degradation and climate change and sustainability issues; inadequate number of the extension workers and their qualification and skills; inadequate infrastructure and capacity for use of ICTs among the ground level extension workers; lack of monitoring and assessment of impact of extension activities in rural farmers; low level of need based extension coverage particularly for small farmers; ineffective and weak linkages between stakeholders at different levels; low level of education of farmers; insufficient budget and investment for extension activities; domination of supply driven approaches rather than demand driven; inadequate extension services in parts of value addition and market exposure.
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Das, S., MN Munshi, and W. Kabir. "Strategies of Extension Service Providers To Meet the Information Needs of the Farmers." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 19, no. 1 (July 11, 2021): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v19i1.54794.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The role of Information Communication and Technology (ICT) is yet to be fully realized to receive its full potential benefits in agricultural information dissemination services. The present study is undertaken to enhance agricultural knowledge and minimize the information gaps between farmers’ needs and new technologies. It reviews recent ICT initiatives in agriculture and farmers access to agricultural information services in Bangladesh. The role of ICT on farmers enhanced agricultural production is also discussed in the paper. The current research proves that agriculture information is not only for libraries, research stations, and national and international agricultural database. Agriculture information services are to be provided by the Government, NGO, private organizations, agricultural research organizations, and advisory centers. The data were collected from questionnaire and interviews and they were coded, decoded, and interpreted in descriptive statistics through tables, graphs, and chart. The findings were arranged in separate sections with respective manners. This study contributes to the field of agricultural information dissemination systems of Bangladesh. It significantly elicits strong relationship between the use of ICT and farmers’ enhanced production led income. It was concluded with recommendations for the information providers, researchers, policy makers, and stakeholders for making extension services more effective. SAARC J. Agric., 19(1): 249-258 (2021)
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Delgado Bermejo, Juan Vicente, María Amparo Martínez Martínez, Guadalupe Rodríguez Galván, Angélika Stemmer, Francisco Javier Navas González, and María Esperanza Camacho Vallejo. "Organization and Management of Conservation Programs and Research in Domestic Animal Genetic Resources." Diversity 11, no. 12 (December 6, 2019): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11120235.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Creating national committees for domestic animal genetic resources within genetic resource national commissions is recommended to organize in situ and ex situ conservation initiatives. In situ conservation is a high priority because it retains traditional zootechnical contexts and locations to ensure the long-term survival of breeds. In situ actions can be based on subsidies, technical support, structure creation, or trademark definition. Provisional or permanent relocation of breeds may prevent immediate extinction when catastrophes, epizootics, or social conflicts compromise in situ conservation. Ex situ in vivo (animal preservation in rescue or quarantine centers) and in vitro methods (germplasm, tissues/cells, DNA/genes storage) are also potential options. Alert systems must detect emergencies and summon the national committee to implement appropriate procedures. Ex situ coordinated centers must be prepared to permanently or provisionally receive extremely endangered collections. National germplasm banks must maintain sufficient samples of national breeds (duplicated) in their collections to restore extinct populations at levels that guarantee the survival of biodiversity. A conservation management survey, describing national and international governmental and non-governmental structures, was developed. Conservation research initiatives for international domestic animal genetic resources from consortia centralize the efforts of studies on molecular, genomic or geo-evolutionary breed characterization, breed distinction, and functional gene identification. Several consortia also consider ex situ conservation relying on socioeconomic or cultural aspects. The CONBIAND network (Conservation for the Biodiversity of Local Domestic Animals for Sustainable Rural Development) exemplifies conservation efficiency maximization in a low-funding setting, integrating several Latin American consortia with international cooperation where limited human, material, and economic resources are available.
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Kanwar, J. S., S. M. Virmani, and S. K. Das. "Farming Systems Research in India: A Historical Perspective." Experimental Agriculture 28, no. 1 (January 1992): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700022961.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SummaryThis review gives a historical perspective of the development of Farming Systems Research (FSR) in India over the past 60 years, as India changed from a traditional, subsistence oriented agriculture to one based on science and technology. The first period relates to the years 1930–50, when the Government of India created the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and initiated research on dryland agriculture.The second period relates to the development of coordinated agronomic trials and simple fertilizer experiments on farmers' fields during the years 1950–65. This development was a forerunner of networks of coordinated applied agronomic research relevant to farmers' cropping systems and adaptive research with farmers' participation. The development of a soil conservation research network in the same period strengthened research on the natural resource base countrywide. The third period started with the reorganization of ICAR, the establishment of State Agricultural Universities and the introduction of coordinated research programmes on high-yielding varieties (HYVs). At the same time the coordinated dryland agricultural research programmes, and subsequently the Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA), were established, leading to the development of a national system of FSR for rainfed agriculture.The fourth period of FSR started with the establishment in 1972 of ICRISAT, an international agricultural research centre that accepted FSR as its mandate and developed the concept of integrating the management technologies for various components of climate, soil, water and crops with a farmers' perspective. ICRISAT's work was complementary to that of CRIDA and helped to bring about conceptual changes in Indian FSR through research aimed at understanding principles and processes of semi-arid tropical (SAT) farming systems. Following this, mechanisms for strengthening on-farm research were emphasized so as to provide stronger linkages between researchers, extension workers and farmers.Today, FSR with a farmers' perspective occupies pride of place in India's agricultural research agenda. Yet it is a long way from bridging the gap between the generation of technology and its adoption by farmers, who have shown a preference for its components rather than for the full package of technology.
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Ceccarelli, S., J. Valkoun, W. Erskine, S. Weigand, R. Miller, and J. A. G. Van Leur. "Plant Genetic Resources and Plant Improvement as Tools to Develop Sustainable Agriculture." Experimental Agriculture 28, no. 1 (January 1992): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700023036.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SummaryThis paper addresses the current and future contributions of plant genetic resources and plant improvement to sustainable agriculture with reference to the activities of the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) in association with national programmes in West Asia and North Africa. These regions constitute the primary centres of diversity of crops such as wheat, barley, chickpea and lentil. Genetic erosion is being curtailed by germplasm collection and preservation. Selection for low-input cultivars of barley is conducted under low input conditions, and new cultivars of lentil and barley are often intentionally heterogeneous to stabilize their performance in dry rainfed areas. The importance of genetic differences in the cultivars on subsequent crops in the rotation and on straw quality for livestock is under study. Insect pests and diseases contribute to yield instability. Because of the potential adverse impact of pesticides on the fragile ecosystems of the region, integrated control strategies based on agronomic management, host plant resistance, biological control agents and strategic use of selective insecticides are being developed.
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Ortiz, Rodomiro. "Swimming in the Breeding Pool: Partnering for Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources through Crop Germplasm Enhancement." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences 66, no. 4-5 (December 1, 2012): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10046-012-0020-1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Substantial and sustainable increases in productivity of all crops are needed to meet the predicted demand for food, feed, fibres, flowers, fuels, fun, feed-stocks and pharmaceuticals of this 21st century bio-based economy. Plant breeding is vital for protecting the yield gains made to date, and for further increasing the genetic yield potential of all crops. As a result of the Green Revolution, global productivity of the main food staples steadily rose since the 1960s. Such achievements ensued from crop genetic enhancement partnerships. They are models for illustrating partnering for exchange, evaluation, release and use of plant genetic resources worldwide. These partnerships include national agricultural research institutes and international agricultural research centres. For many decades the global wheat yield increased due to an effective International Wheat Improvement Network (IWIN), which deployed cutting-edge science alongside practical multi-disciplinary applications, resulting in the development of bred-germplasm that has improved food security and the livelihoods of farmers in the developing world. IWIN operates field evaluation trials in more than 250 locations of 100 countries for testing breeding wheat lines across many environments. The International Network for Genetic Evaluation of Rice (INGER) has become an integral component of rice breeding programmes: every year partners provide about 1000 genetically diverse breeding lines, which have been grown in about 600 experiment stations from 80 countries. The Latin American Maize Programme (LAMP) has assessed national germplasm, facilitated the exchange of genetic resources across the continent, and its core subset has been made available to encourage further use in broadening maize genetic resources. For example, the Germplasm Enhancement of Maize (GEM) project has used LAMP-selected landraces in crosses with elite temperate maize lines provided by North American private companies, to introgress useful genetic diversity into US maize germplasm, with the aim to broaden the genetic base of “corn-belt” hybrids.
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Porro, Roberto, Adilson Serrão, and Jonathan P. Cornelius. "The Amazon Initiative: A multidisciplinary, international consortium for prevention, mitigation and reduction of resource degradation." Forestry Chronicle 81, no. 3 (June 1, 2005): 337–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc81337-3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An institutional consortium has been formed in the Amazon to implement collaborative programs to reverse resource degradation through sustainable land use systems. The Amazon Initiative (AI) Consortium for Conservation and Sustainable Use of Natural Resources was created in mid-2003 and formalized in 2004 by the National Agricultural Research Institutions of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela, together with four centers of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research: CIAT, CIFOR, ICRAF, and IPGRI. Associate institutions include regional research centers and universities. Consortium partners are creating an inter-institutional and interdisciplinary team, which will function as a "distributed network" of scientists, working at different sites in the Amazon. Under this arrangement, the Amazon Initiative will create conditions for institutional articulation and strengthen analytical skills to identify priorities for research and development intervention. In addition, the AI will develop methodological tools and information communication mechanisms to enhance the role of local agents for the sustainable development of their regions. In doing so, the AI will contribute to enhancing living conditions of traditional populations and smallholders in the region, while effectively contributing to integrated natural resource management and conservation efforts in sites highly exposed to development pressures in six Amazonian countries. Key words: interdisciplinary research, land degradation, international scientific collaboration, public policy, intervention strategy
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Bainbridge, A., and K. J. Brent. "John Malcolm Hirst, D.S.C. 20 April 1921 — 30 December 1997." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 45 (January 1999): 219–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.1999.0015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
John Malcolm Hirst, ‘Jim’ to all who knew him, was one of the leading aerobiologists of the twentieth century. He designed the Hirst spore-trap, an air sampler that made possible for the first time the routine quantitative and continuous estimation of spore and pollen concentrations in the atmosphere. Its use led to a breakthrough in the understanding of plant disease epidemics, to the identification of many airborne allergens and to the development of the national system of warnings for allergy sufferers. Before embarking on his scientific career, Jim Hirst served with distinction in World War II as a Lieutenant in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve. His research years were spent at Rothamsted Experimental Station, where he became Head of the Plant Pathology Department, a post he held for nine years. He then became Director of Long Ashton Research Station, which he sustained and strengthened through a period of great change. He also worked for international aid bodies, giving valuable guidance to agricultural research centres in developing countries.
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Savitskaya, Tatiana E. "Million Book Project — Vivid Example of International Cooperation." Bibliotekovedenie [Library and Information Science (Russia)] 68, no. 1 (March 25, 2019): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2019-68-1-67-76.
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The article analyses the conceptual idea, stages of formation, organizational and technological features of the Million Book Project. This is the original version of the multilingual full-text electronic library, the first stage of the more extensive program of Universal Digital Library. The aim of the project was to digitize one million books by 2007 and to provide free access to them. The project is interesting, firstly, as an early productive experience in creating a compact electronic library to optimize the educational process, and secondly, as an example of broad effective international cooperation in organization of information resources. The collection was based on “Books for College Libraries”, which is a special collection of educational scientific literature (50,000 titles), electronic copies of which were provided by the non-profit, membership, computer library service OCLC (Online Computer Library Center). The author considers the Project as an original model of international division of labour in the development of library information resources, when the scanning centres in India and China took over most of the work on digitization of books, including from the United States, and the Carnegie Mellon University, in cooperation with other American Universities, provided them with the necessary equipment and staff training. The Million Book Project is based on the original full participation, along with the library of Carnegie Mellon University and libraries of other American universities, of digital collections of India, China and Egypt. One of the strengths of the project is cooperation with the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), aimed at combating hunger, as well as with the National Agricultural Library of the United States in digitizing specialized literature on the modernization of agricultural, forestry and fish farming practices. The article also notes the significance of the project in the field of organizational and technological solutions related to the formation of the electronic library: it served as a test base for applied research in the field of improving scanning techniques, optical character recognition and automatic translation. The important advantage of the Million Book Project is the ultimate decentralization of powers in the field of acquisition of the collection, resulted in including into the project orbit of the unique monuments of history and culture of the East. The digitization and inclusion in the electronic library of the cultural treasures for the first time makes them potentially available to the global audience.
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Voskoboinikova-Huzieva, Olena. "THE SCIENTIFIC AND RESEARCH CENTERS OF UKRAINE OF LIBRARY SCIENCE." Integrated communications 25242644 (2019): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-2644.2019.7.11.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the activity of leading research institutions in the field of library science in Ukraine at the present stage. Using the methodological basis of the systematic approach and the content analysis method of scientific publications and open access resources, the author investigates the achievements of Ukrainian librarianship. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main directions of activity of the scientific institutions of the librarian branch in 2010s; the problems of the dissertation researches aimed at improving the activity of the library social institute; the development of professional communication through scientific events and periodicals. Among the main objects of research are the Institute of Library Science, Institute of Information Technologies and the Center for Social Communication Research of the Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine; Lviv National Scientific Library of Ukraine named after V. Stefanyk; State Scientific and Pedagogical Library of Ukraine named after V.O. Sukhomlinsky; National Scientific Agricultural Library of NAAS of Ukraine. The article also analyzes the achievements of scientific schools of Kharkiv State Academy of Culture, Kyiv National University of Culture and Arts, National University «Lviv Polytechnic». The conclusion is that the main tendencies of library investigations carried out in research centers - leading libraries and institutions of higher education of Ukraine include: the development of interdisciplinary research, in which the library as a social institute becomes an active component of public communications, global information influences; development of researches devoted to scientific and informational support of branch science (educational, agrarian) in the context of European integration and globalization processes; the librarianship investigation from the media space point of view, in particular in the system of public use of social media, or as an equal partner in its creation; increasing attention to interaction and coordinated formation of consolidated information resources of libraries, archives and museums. The study may be followed up as the study of the experience and prospects of international cooperation in the field of scientific activities, especially library science, as well as librarianship issues, which are covered in scientific communication - in professional journals, scientific forums, etc.
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Bila, Svitlana. "Agricultural production strategies: world experience." University Economic Bulletin, no. 45 (May 27, 2020): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2020-45-7-21.
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Actual importance of research theme: Combating hunger and providing the Earth’s population with sufficient amount of products is considered one of the strategic priorities of human civilization sustainable development by the UN up to 2030. The rapid growth of this planet’s human population in the 21st century, estimated at 7.6. billion people, leads to the global demand for production and foodstuff. Simultaneously, traditional strategies of extensive development conventional in the 20th century and “target” intensification of agriculture do not take expected positive effect nowadays. World economy requires for new strategies of agricultural production, as well as promoting ‘green revolution’ based on the ground of IT technology advances and “Industry 4.0.”. The generalization of world experience concerning development and implementing agricultural production strategies in the 21st century is of greater theoretical and practical importance for all countries which export agricultural production in mass scales, including Ukraine which focuses on the leadership in the world agricultural business. Thus, the urgency of the issue confirms the actual importance of this article. The problem statement. Foodstuff output in world economy is growing slowly and does not meet the increasing demand for food and agricultural products in industry in global scales. Under these conditions the manufacturers of agricultural products like farmers, agro-businesses and agro-holdings, as well as transnational corporation alter and modify agricultural strategies that were conventional in the 20th century. Among the new strategies transition to precision farming and innovational agriculture based on implementing IT technologies takes the leading role. The core and socio-economic consequences of such strategy implementation require further study. Analysis of latest studies and publication. The important contribution to the study of the core and dimensions of agricultural production strategies linked to innovation and investment development as well as to improvement property relations is made by such Ukrainian scholars as P. Makarenko, V. Pilyavskiy [1] and O. Shul’ga [2]. Foreign scientists like Smaller, C., andW. Speller, withH. Mirza, N. Bernasconi-Osterwalder, andG. Dixie [3] paid the specific attention to the study of strategic priorities concerning risks minimization and profit maximization by agro-businesses and TNC within the realization of agricultural contracts at world markets. Overseas researchers KeatingB., HerreroM., CarberryP. [4] emphasized on actual importance of compliance with strategy of foodstuff security in global environment in their studies. However, the issue of developing the strategy of precise agricultural production based on widespread use of innovation and IT technologies, research into socio-economic consequences accompanying their implementation in the 21st century remains poorly studied. Research challenge of general issue. The issue of studies the core and elements of agricultural production development process in world economy is highlighted in world economic literature pretty well. Nevertheless, the study of TNCs and agricultural businesses strategies and strategies concerning transition of TNCs to the development of precise agriculture is really meaningful. Besides, at present time the trends of direct foreign investments as for agricultural lands purchase and priorities analysis of their use by TNCs in developed and developing world countries are uncertain. Socio economic consequences of mass precise agriculture introduction for national economy in countries with agrarian specialization also require detailed researching. Problem statement, objective of research. The objective of research is to highlight the core and define the regularity of formation, as well as emphasize the basic expected socio-economic consequences of precise agriculture development strategy implementing on the grounds of generalization the world experience of agricultural TNC sactivity. To achieve the objective set the article aimed at solution the following tasks: to note the main ‘players’ at the world agricultural market and study the priorities of their economic activity; to study the core and the elements of ‘green revolution’ strategy, as well as strategy of transition to precise agricultural production based on implementing innovations and IT technologies; to define strategic goals of TNCs as for the use of acquiring land ( at the cost of direct foreign investments) on the grounds of generalization developed and developing countries experience; to point out the expected socio-economic consequences of mass implementation of precise agricultural production strategies by TNCs and national agro-businesses for the economy of the countries specialized in agriculture. Method and methodology of the study. While studying the world experience of implementation the precise agricultural production development strategies theoretical and empirical methods of scientific research were employed. Historical and logical methods, abstract and specific methods, methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as causal (cause-and-effect) method were applied in the article to define strategic priorities of agricultural business and agricultural TNC specialization, to point out expected socio-economic consequences of mass transition to precise agricultural production in the countries with agrarian specialization. Synergetic approach, method of expert estimates and casual methods were applied to ground “green revolution” strategy, as well as strategy of TNCs as for transition to precise agriculture based on innovations and IT technologies. The results of study. Agricultural production is presented by farmers, households, state agricultural sector, national agro-businesses and agro-holdings, international TNCs. As a rule, farms are focused on domestic market; they specialize in production of minor parties of manual crop production and horticulture, grow vegetables, fruit and berries, as well as they are engaged in poultry farming, beekeeping, dairy production, stockbreeding in rather small scales. The farmers in developed world countries, particularly EU countries, concentrate on organic production which is of high demand among middle-class representatives. In EU countries farming is traditionally supported by the state, as it bears both economic and social valuable functions, i.e. assists in rural development and creates workplaces in countryside. The main stakeholders at the mass agricultural market in the world are considered large national and international agro-holdings an TNCs specialized in agricultural production and its industrial processing. TNCs shaped the closed loop – from selection to agricultural production, from its processing to its manufacturing. At the cost of large production scales, as well as capital concentration and centralization it is the agricultural TNCs which leads in production and export of foodstuffs at world markets. TNCs ‘ leadership at world agriculture markets is grounded on ‘green revolution’ strategy implementing, which consists of such elements as innovations, bio-selection to produce performance breed, intensive growth in crop productivity, including the one using GMO which makes cropping insensitive to water shortage, high temperatures and droughts. Agrarian TNCs in the 21st century actively implement the strategies of transition to precise agriculture based on the use of innovations and IT technologies. As the world experience confirms, strategies of transition to precise agriculture combine the following innovations: astronaut and aviation technologies, unmanned technologies, unmanned aerial vehicles; mass transition to the use of apparatus to analyze the ground online; spreading of “agro-scouting” innovation technologies as for field information gathering concerning the condition and development of agriculture; implementation intellectual system of managerial decision-making support; introduction of monitoring and control auto-system and implementation of IT-system as for account of agriculture process elements. The development of precise agriculture for national world economies which are agriculture-based offers a lot of benefits, such as: increase in labor productivity in agriculture; the decrease in employment that saves working capital of agro-businesses; industrialization and technical renovation of agrarian sector which promotes the market for IT products, precise machine building; increase in commerce and export potential of the country, mainly, in the sphere of monostructural crop production (grain, corn, soya, raps, oilseeds etc.). Such strategies also provide revitalization of direct foreign investment processes by TNCsconcerning purchasing farmland in the developing countries with their further listing as raw materials supplier for TNCs. The latter shape and control international links of production value added to all kinds of agricultural products. Among the risks which implementation of precise agriculture strategies bear for national developing country’s economy which are agriculture-based the following should be mentioned: risks concerning decrease in farms and decline in production of labor-intensive small-scale agriculture products (vegetables, fruit, honey etc.); risks of jobs recession and, respectively, the number of rural population and others. There are also other risks linked to these processes like risks of growing volumes of ready foodstuffs import, chronic scarcity of state budget and increase in internal debt, enhancing migration processes etc. In case of falling world prices for foodstuffs and worsening global conditions for agriculture products, including agrarian raw materials, in particular, due to another world economic crisis, the abandonment of occasional farmland purchased by TNCs in developing agrarian countries, their further freezing and ceasing the processing for better times should not be excluded. Under such circumstances the risks of famine for countries which could lose the managerial control over own land resources are also a threatening exercise as for implementing such TNC strategy. The field of results application. International economic relations and world economy, development of agriculture competitive strategies in world countries and agrarian TNCs in world economy. Conclusions. Farms, agro-businesses, agro-holdings and agrarian TNCs are the economic centres of mass agriculture production in all world countries. Farms are mainly specialized in labour-intensive small-scale agriculture production like horticulture, gardening, bee-keeping etc. Large agro-businesses and agrarian TNCs choose the strategy of specializing in mass monostructural agriculture production such as crop production (grain, corn, soya beans and industrial crops). In developed world countries TNCs apply the strategy of farmlands multi-purpose use, including the goals aimed at development and processing livestock and crop production; at development of renewable energy and bio-energy. In developed world countries TNCs focus on processing all kinds of agriculture products and foodstuffs production with high value added. Purchasing of farmlands by TNCs in developing countries, in particular, at the cost of direct foreign investment, provides for implementation the strategy of purchased lands engagement, mainly, to develop crop production as a raw basis for their further processing in the native countries for TNCs. The general world trend of agrarian TNCs development is use of innovation technologies, transition to precise agriculture based on IT technologies, aviation and astronautic technologies, unmanned aerial vehicles and other innovations which positively impact labor productivity and mass industrial production profitability, as well as choose transition to monostructural agrarian specialization as a priority, but bear a set of social risks for developing countries’ economies. Transition of Ukrainian agro-businesses and agro-holdings to the strategy of precise agriculture development based on innovations and IT technologies provides Ukraine’s competitiveness at the world agrarian markets. This process should go hand-in-hand with land reform taking into account Ukrainian farming interests. Establishing industrial processing of agriculture raw products and production of ready foodstuffs with high value added should be strategic for Ukraine.
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Shewry, P. R. "Agricultural Biotechnology: The Next “Green Revolution”? By Agriculture and Rural Development Department, World Bank, in association with Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Australian International Development Assistance Bureau, and International Service for National Agricultural Research. Technical Paper No. 133. Washington DC: The World Bank, (1991), pp. 62, US$5.95, ISBN 0-8213-1741-5." Experimental Agriculture 28, no. 2 (April 1992): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700019694.
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Tenkouano, Abdou, Niéyidouba Lamien, Josephine Agogbua, Delphine Amah, Rony Swennen, Siaka Traoré, Deless Thiemele, et al. "Promising High-Yielding Tetraploid Plantain-Bred Hybrids in West Africa." International Journal of Agronomy 2019 (April 21, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3873198.
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The devastating threat of black leaf streak disease caused by Pseudocercospora fijiensis on plantain production in West Africa spurred the development of resistant hybrids. The goal of this research and development (R&D) undertaken was assessing the development and dissemination of two plantain hybrids PITA 3 and FHIA 21 bred in the 1980s by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA, Nigeria) and the Fundación Hondureña de Investigación Agrícola (FHIA, Honduras), respectively. In Côte d’Ivoire, plantain growers selected PITA 3 and FHIA 21 based on their improved agronomic characteristics and, between 2012 and 2016, they were massively propagated and distributed to farmers in Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, and Togo under the West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program (WAAAP) coordinated by the West and Central Africa Council for Agricultural Research and Development (CORAF). In 2016, the Centre National de Recherche Agronomique in Côte d’Ivoire included the hybrids in the improved cultivar directory. This R&D activity illustrates how three decades of crossbreeding, selection, and distribution led to local acceptance. It also highlights how a CORAF-led partnership harnessed CGIAR research for development. The dissemination and acceptance of these plantain hybrids will enhance the sustainable intensification in plantain-based farming systems across the humid lowlands of West and Central Africa.
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Tadesse, Wuletaw, Zewdie Bishaw, and Solomon Assefa. "Wheat production and breeding in Sub-Saharan Africa." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 11, no. 5 (November 18, 2019): 696–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-02-2018-0015.
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Purpose This paper aims to review the current status of wheat production, farming systems, production constraints and wheat demand-supply chain analysis; the role of international and national breeding programs and their approaches in wheat genetic improvement including targeting mega environments, shuttle breeding, doubled haploids, marker-assisted selection and key location phenotyping; and future prospects and opportunities of wheat production in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA). Design/methodology/approach Relevant literature works have been used and cited accordingly. Findings Though traditionally wheat was not the leading staple crop in SSA, it is becoming an important food crop because of rapid population growth associated with increased urbanization and change in food preference for easy and fast food such as bread, biscuits, pasta, noodles and porridge. In 2013, total wheat consumption in SSA reached 25 million tons with import accounting for 17.5 million tons at a price of USD6 billion, while during the same period the region produces only 7.3 million tons on a total area of 2.9 million hectares. The low productivity (2t/ha) in the region is principally because of abiotic (drought and heat) and biotic (yellow rust, stem rust, septoria and fusarium) stresses which are increasing in intensity and frequency associated with climate change. Furthermore, increased cost of production, growing populations, increased rural-urban migration, low public and private investments, weak extension systems and policies, and low adoption rates of new technologies remain to be major challenges for wheat production in SSA. Wheat breeding in SSA is dominantly carried out by National Agricultural Research Systems, in partnership with the international research centers [International center for improvement of maize and wheat (CIMMYT) and International center for agricultural research in the dry areas (ICARDA)], to develop high yielding and widely adapted wheat genotypes with increased water-use efficiency, heat tolerance and resistance to major diseases and pests. Most of the cultivars grown in SSA are originated from the international research centers, CIMMYT and ICARDA. Practical implications This paper will help to promote available wheat technologies in SSA by creating awareness to wheat scientists, extension agents and policymakers. Originality/value This manuscript is an original review paper which has not been published in this form elsewhere.
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Tracz, Mariola, Małgorzata Bajgier-Kowalska, and Radosław Uliszak. "The Development of Agritourism in the Podkarpackie Voivodeship in the Light of International and National Conditions." Przedsiębiorczość - Edukacja 13 (December 16, 2017): 244–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20833296.13.18.
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Podkarpackie Voivodeship is one of the regions of Poland in which the number of agritourism entities is very high. Therefore tourism plays a significant role in its development strategy. The aim of the paper is to identify the current state of agritourism and the changes that have occurred in the region in the years 2000–2016. Specific objectives are to determine the distribution of agritourism farms and their offer, together with a comprehensive analysis of the environmental and socio-economic factors, as well as the impact of the Slovak-Ukrainian border. The report was developed on the statistical materials from the Polish Central Statistical Office, Podkarpackie Agricultural Advisory Centre in Boguchwała and data collected from municipalities and district offices that is published on their websites, as well as through interviews with 100 owners of agritourism farms in the Podkarpackie Voivodeship. The research has shown, on the one hand, the decline in the number of farms in the region and, on the other hand, the increase in the diversity of the tourist offer of these entities. Distribution of agritourism farms is closely linked to the attractiveness of natural environment and quality of secondary tourism resources. Traditional agritourism has not yet fully used its countryside, as well as cross-border advantages of its location.
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Kireyenka, N. V., and A. L. Kosava. "Mechanism of improvement of logistics system in agro-industrial complex of Belarus in the conditions of regional trade and economic integration." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Agrarian Series 57, no. 2 (May 18, 2019): 162–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1817-7204-2019-57-2-162-178.
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In conditions of establishing market relations and development of integration processes, efficient functioning of agrarian complex of the Republic of Belarus requires searching for new mechanisms and methods to improve competitiveness. As experience of economically developed countries of the world shows, states and producers actively use diverse logistic solutions, models, strategies and methods for planning and arranging activities. Organization of resource support for agricultural producers and promotion of their products in market according to logistics principles results in a significant economic, social and environmental effect. The paper, in the context of the modern period, presents social and economic indicators of the transport and logistics sector, system of state regulation, structural characteristics of logistics centers, agricultural foreign trade and logistics infrastructure. The main factors were identified hindering development of agrologistics in Belarus. Organizational and economic mechanism has been developed for improving logistical activities at the interstate (EAEU) and national levels have been developed. In case of proposal to create a single agrologistics market of Eurasian Economic Union at the interstate level, it is planned to increase efficiency of the national agrologistics market on the national level based on expansion of logistics infrastructure. Via integration of several prediction methods (expert assessments (pessimistic, optimistic and probabilistic opinions), economic and mathematical (extrapolation, time series analysis), non-standard (verbal information)), a reasonable forecast of development of logistics centers of the Republic of Belarus until 2025 was made. The issues in the paper are of interest for preparation of draft state programs and strategies in the field of agrologistics and development of exchange activities, development of country position in implementation of the agreed agro-industrial policy of the EAEU Member States.Acknowledgments. The study was performed within the framework of the following research programs and assignments: State program of scientific research “Quality and efficiency of agro-industrial production” for 2016–2020, subprogram 1 “Economics of agro-industrial complex”, task 1.3 “Study of theoretical and methodological basis for efficient functioning of the national food system, improvement of foreign economic activity of agro-industrial complex, methods and mechanisms of management for agricultural products quality in the context of deepening regional and international integration ” for 2016–2018; State Research and Technical Program “Agropromkompleks-2020” for 2016–2020, subprogram “Agropromkompleks – efficiency and quality”, task 1.1 “Develop a system of scientifically substantiated recommendations ensuring sustainable and efficient functioning of the national food market, foreign trade policy of the agro-industrial complex of Belarus, forming of mechanism of state regulation of agricultural products quality in the context of development of the world trade and economic space” for 2016–2018.
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Mazurkiewicz-Pizło, Anna, and Wojciech Pizło. "DETERMINANTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF VINEYARDS AND WINE TOURISM IN POLAND." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 17, no. 4 (December 30, 2018): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2018.17.4.58.
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From the beginning of the 21st century, interest in vineyards and the production of wine from own grapes has increased in Poland, both from the demand and supply side. For many vineyard owners, this is a hobby that is unrelated to the professional work. The aim of this study is to identify the most important determinants that are beneficial to the development of wine-making and wine tourism in Poland. The analysis of secondary sources was used, including data collected by the Polish Agricultural Market Agency (since 2018 National Support Centre for Agriculture), the International Organization of Vine and Wine (OiV) and the Institute for Market Research GfK Polonia. It was found that the most important factors favouring the development of vines and vineyards in Poland are: global warming; production of more resistant vine strains; increased experience and skills of vineyard owners in the area of viticulture and wine production; activities of non-profit organizations related to vineyards; inclusion of Poland into the EU zone as a country with wine potential; legislative changes; promotion of Polish viticulture; increased wine consumption and the search for innovative and profitable forms of agriculture in rural areas.
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Roy, Snigdha, Dinesh Chandra Roy, Md Mahmud Al Noor, Shampa Rani Ghosh, Farid Ahmed, and Deboprio Roy Sushmoy. "Binamasur-10, the first drought tolerant lentil variety registered in Bangladesh." Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries 6, no. 2 (September 9, 2019): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v6i2.43048.
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from International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) including some advanced lines from Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture in 2006. During Preliminary Yield Trial, the genotype LG-208 produced 18.62% and 29.47% higher seed yield than the check variety BARI Masur-5 at Ishurdi and Magura respectively. Through advanced yield trials, regional yield trials, on-station and on-farm trials from 2010-11 to 2015-16, it was found that exotic germplasm LG-208 showed better performance than check (BARI Masur-5). Genotype LG-208 had significantly highest seed setting and harvest index under 20% polyethylene glycol (PEG) induced drought and considered as the drought tolerant which showed similar performance with field trials in drought-prone areas (Chapainawabganj and Rajshahi). Based on the superior performance of exotic germplasm LG-208 line, BINA has decided with the National Seed Board (NSB) of Bangladesh to register this line as a high yielding drought tolerant lentil variety, named as Binamasur-10 in 2016.
Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.6(2): 253-262, August 2019
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Kovalev, I. L. "Use of precision animal husbandry technologies in the Republic of Belarus: facts, experience, prospects." Sel'skohozjajstvennaja tehnika: obsluzhivanie i remont (Agricultural Machinery: Service and Repair), no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-10-2202-05.
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The article describes a number of highly promising areas for today in the development of agriculture in the world and the Belarusian agro-industrial complex. The main attention is paid to the development of precision animal husbandry technologies in the republic, as the most important component in the digital transformation of domestic agricultural production with its most developed livestock segment, and especially the dairy sector. An overview of some important software products, information systems, and other digital solutions that are essential for the effective functioning of the livestock industry of the republic is given. Some landmark developments, examples of the introduction of elements of precision animal husbandry, automation systems, information and analytical systems in agriculture of the republic, which are actively involved in a number of organizations of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus and especially scientific and practical centers, research institutes of the Department of Agrarian Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences, as well as other domestic organizations of various forms of ownership. The benefits obtained by farmers from the use of various digital solutions in the fi eld of animal husbandry are discussed.
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Trethowan, R. M. "Delivering drought tolerance to those who need it: from genetic resource to cultivar." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 7 (2014): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13401.
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Drought limits crop yields, and with climate change, the severity of water stress is projected to increase in many production environments. Therefore, it has never been more important to deliver the findings of drought research to farmers. The maintenance in situ, collection and characterisation of key genetic variability for stress tolerance, its introgression into agronomically adapted materials, and the subsequent deployment of improved cultivars is a continuum. This paper focuses on one segment of the pathway—the process from genetic characterisation to cultivar delivery—and possible efficiencies are discussed with emphasis on wheat, one of the world’s most important food crops. The first efficiency is to limit the initial exploitation of genetic resources to close relatives, as much of this variation remains uncharacterised, rather than attempting gene transfers from unrelated species, which is time-consuming and has a low probability of success. Synthetic wheat, developed by crossing modern tetraploid wheat to Aegilops tauschii, the donor of the D-genome, has provided new genetic diversity for stress tolerance and yield advantages under drought in excess of 30% have been reported. Synthetic wheat can also be made using Triticum dicoccum, often referred to as emmer wheat, thus introducing new variation for all three wheat genomes. The second efficiency is better coordinated, field-based phenotyping. The Australian Managed Environment Facility and similar national facilities established in India and China provide a basis for accurate field-based phenotyping and the weighting of physiological traits related to water-use efficiency on a national scale. The calculation of a water balance, careful management of site heterogeneity and judicious use of rain shelters maximise trait expression and improve the relevance of results. The third efficiency is to maximise locally the benefits of global public-good research. The global wheat improvement programs of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) have a mandate to ‘tame’ genetic diversity and distribute these improved materials globally in nurseries targeted to specific environmental conditions such as drought. Nevertheless, the exploitation of these materials is rarely managed well at the national level. The CIMMYT Australia ICARDA Germplasm Evaluation (CAIGE) program is a nationally coordinated germplasm introduction and evaluation program. Key CGIAR nurseries are received and grown by Australian quarantine, increased at one or two locations, tested for disease resistance and subsequently grown nationally in yield trials. The data are stored on the CAIGE website and, along with all supporting data generated by the international centres, are publicly available.
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Leha, Ernesta. "PENGEMBANGAN KAWASAN PEDESAAN BERBASIS AGRIBISNIS DI KECAMATAN KELIMUTU, KABUPATEN ENDE, PROPINSI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR." AGRICA 3, no. 2 (July 22, 2020): 123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37478/agr.v3i2.500.
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The sector of agriculture experienced significant growth at the national level during 2008. This lead to the betterment of rural society or urban society. So does the Province of Nusa Tenggara Timur. The development of the sector of agriculture is significant enough but it is not quite optimal. It could be seen from the decreasing capability of absorbing manpower. This is the strong reason why rural areas need developing as agribusiness based-areas because the majority of the people who live in a rural area are a farmer. Knowing the prospect of an area if developed as an agribusiness based-areas needs specific research which can formulate priority of right strategies to develop agribusiness-based rural areas. This research was performed in the sub-district of Kelimutu, the regency of Ende, Province of Nusa Tenggara Timur. The internal factors which constitute the strength and the weakness are the availability of resources and land, farmer group, agricultural extension doer, cooperation, government official, human resources, socio-culture, technology, management, constitute the chance and barrier are tourism, stakeholder cooperation, foreign people, marketing, strategic location, the emergence of the new agricultural centre area, transportation problems, partnership, public demand, social problems, opposition, and rivalry. This research was used was qualitative ones which are obtained by in-depth interview, observation, questionnaire and document analysis. Meanwhile, the method and analysis technique which was used were (1) Matrix analysis of EFAS and EFAS; (2) SWOT analysis and (3) analysis of QSPM. From the research, formulations of alternative strategy aggressive which could be applied in the village of Kelimutu are (a) To increase the quality of human resource of Kelimutu in working out agribusiness-based natural resources and land, (b) To elevate the cooperation of stakeholder in developing the sub-district of Kelimutu because this area is a tourism area having a great potency of agribusiness and (c) To increase the capability of farmer management in the effort of agriculture, the processing and marketing of the agricultural stuff. Meanwhile, strategic priorities of intensive growth which could be applied are (a) Market penetration strategy to increase the market share of the agricultural product of the area through an extensive marketing effort, (b) Market Development Strategy which is intended to introduce agricultural product (from sub-district of Kelimutu) to new areas and in a global perspective, as well as the development of the international-scale market and (c) Product development strategy which is intended to increase sale by improving or modifying the existing product.
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Kramar, Hans. "Economic convergence on different spatial levels: the conflict between cohesion and growth." Raumforschung und Raumordnung 64, no. 1 (January 31, 2006): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03183103.
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Abstract The analysis of economic disparities within the European Union strongly depends on the regional level considered. Whereas the economic gap between the member states has decreased over the last decades, regional disparities have rather deepened. The reason for these contradictory findings can be found in the increasing disparities within many of the member states: Especially in growing economies the gap between urban centres and rural peripheries tends to widen. The spatial concentration of research and development, high skilled labour, infrastructure and foreign investment in the capitals will therefore supposably become a big challenge for the accession countries, which will have to face increasing international competition. Joining a common market of more than 450 million people means new opportunities, challenges and threats for economic development, which have to be faced by local, regional and national governments as well as by European institutions. EU-policies act in the dichotomy between the conflicting goals of economic growth and cohesion. Since they strongly influence regional conditions for production it is of great political interest whether a certain measure fosters economic efficiency by favouring the highly developed centres or rather enhances convergence by promoting lagging regions. The answer is, however, not trivial and needs closer examination: Measures encouraging regional cohesion on the European level can also increase disparities within a state or a region at the same time. This is the reason why the regional effects of EU-policies have to be analysed on different spatial levels. Dealing with the spatial impacts of various European Policies (Regional Policy, TransEuropean Networks, Common Agricultural Policy, Research and Technological Development Policy) there is some evidence that these policies try to compensate the effects of growing competition in the common market by concentrating their efforts on urban growth poles within the underdeveloped countries. Doing that, the European Union comes up to the two conflicting goals of growth and cohesion by promoting efficient economic development in the member states on the one hand and regional convergence on the European level on the other. This approach is of course mainly directed at European objectives and brings about new problems for the member states: According to the principle of subsidiarity the growing divergence within the member states is, however, not a policy task of the European Union but of the member states: Therefore national politics are still required to take on responsibility for these intranational problems by adopting their transport, regional and economic policies to the new challenge.
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Leakey, Roger R. B., Marie-Louise Tientcheu Avana, Nyong Princely Awazi, Achille E. Assogbadjo, Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi, Prasad S. Hendre, Ann Degrande, Sithabile Hlahla, and Leonard Manda. "The Future of Food: Domestication and Commercialization of Indigenous Food Crops in Africa over the Third Decade (2012–2021)." Sustainability 14, no. 4 (February 18, 2022): 2355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14042355.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper follows the transition from ethnobotany to a deeper scientific understanding of the food and medicinal properties of African agroforestry tree products as inputs into the start of domestication activities. It progresses on to the integration of these indigenous trees as new crops within diversified farming systems for multiple social, economic and environmental benefits. From its advent in the 1990s, the domestication of indigenous food and non-food tree species has become a global programme with a strong African focus. This review of progress in the third decade is restricted to progress in Africa, where multi-disciplinary research on over 59 species has been reported in 759 research papers in 318 science publications by scientists from over 833 research teams in 70 countries around the world (532 in Africa). The review spans 23 research topics presenting the recent research literature for tree species of high priority across the continent, as well as that in each of the four main ecological regions: the humid zone of West and Central Africa; the Sahel and North Africa; the East African highlands and drylands; and the woody savannas of Southern Africa. The main areas of growth have been the nutritional/medicinal value of non-timber forest products; the evaluation of the state of natural resources and their importance to local people; and the characterization of useful traits. However, the testing of putative cultivars; the implementation of participatory principles; the protection of traditional knowledge and intellectual property rights; and the selection of elite trees and ideotypes remain under-researched. To the probable detriment of the upscaling and impact in tropical agriculture, there has been, at the international level, a move away from decentralized, community-based tree domestication towards a laboratory-based, centralized approach. However, the rapid uptake of research by university departments and national agricultural research centres in Africa indicates a recognition of the importance of the indigenous crops for both the livelihoods of rural communities and the revitalization and enhanced outputs from agriculture in Africa, especially in West Africa. Thus, on a continental scale, there has been an uptake of research with policy relevance for the integration of indigenous trees in agroecosystems and their importance for the attainment of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. To progress this in the fourth decade, there will need to be a dedicated Centre in Africa to test and develop cultivars of indigenous crops. Finally, this review underpins a holistic approach to mitigating climate change, as well as other big global issues such as hunger, poverty and loss of wildlife habitat by reaping the benefits, or ‘profits’, from investment in the five forms of Capital, described as ‘land maxing’. However, policy and decision makers are not yet recognizing the potential for holistic and transformational adoption of these new indigenous food crop opportunities for African agriculture. Is ‘political will’ the missing sixth capital for sustainable development?
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Sousa, Maria José. "Digital Technologies and Public Policies Applied to Green Cities." Land 11, no. 11 (November 21, 2022): 2097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11112097.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Digital technologies and public policies are fundamental for cities in defining their urban greening strategies, and the main goal of this research is to identify the applied digital technologies and the public policy dimensions implemented at the national level by the member states to promote urban greening in the literature and official documents. The methodology used is a systematic literature review (based on international studies), a Delphi study with experts, and a policy analysis, aiming to understand how the Portuguese government has implemented policies and identify the main technologies applied to urban greening. The main findings regard (i) the focus on the interaction between actors in policymaking; (ii) interpretive approaches used to examine the application of technologies in urban greening problems; and (iii) how policies reflect the social construction of ‘problems’. The research focuses on how policy analysis provides a powerful tool that can be used to understand the technologies, actions, interests, and political contexts underpinning policy decisions. The main lessons learned from this research are that urban greening can benefit urban centers together with the non-urban environment on which they have a functional impact, such as agricultural hinterland areas, forest spaces around the cities, and the rural–urban interfaces. Initiatives for urban greening are designed to enhance cross-border coordination, complementarities, flexibility, productivity, and access to the main international markets and territories.
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Bjørkhaug, Ingunn. "Revisiting the Refugee–Host Relationship in Nakivale Refugee Settlement: A Dialogue with the Oxford Refugee Studies Centre." Journal on Migration and Human Security 8, no. 3 (September 2020): 266–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2331502420948465.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Executive Summary Uganda has long promoted refugee self-reliance as a sustainable livelihood strategy with progressive land-allocation and free-movement-for-work policies. Framed as a dialogue with related Oxford University Refugee Studies Centre (“the Centre”) research on refugee economies, this article explores sustainable solutions that benefit refugees as well as the host populations that receive them. It explores the self-reliance opportunities that depend on the transnational, national, and local markets in which refugees participate. It acknowledges the Centre’s substantial work and welcomes its focus on economic outcomes. For Nakivale Refugee Settlement in Uganda, however, the discussion of “refugee economies” may not be complete without problematizing the effects on the host populations living alongside the refugees. Based on qualitative data collected at Nakivale in 2013 (concurrent with the Centre’s fieldwork), the article discusses the Centre’s market-based approach to refugee economies by emphasizing four essential considerations: Land distribution in Nakivale is not sustainable. Corruption strongly influences the refugee and host populations living in Nakivale. The impact on the local host population is not homogeneous. Among refugees, the Somali–Congolese relationship is exploitative, not amicable. This article discusses how Uganda’s refugee policies create economic profit for some but poverty for others. As a result, its welcoming open door is on the verge of collapse. The recommendations address alternative refugee-protection approaches that aim to lower the pressure on land allocation, enable a self-sustainable approach that protects the host population, and provide refugees with some degree of self-reliance. This discussion does not discount the Centre’s finding that entrepreneurship is an important part of such solutions. Instead, it addresses the challenges of using entrepreneurship as a durable solution — as long as Uganda’s dominant policy is self-reliance based on distribution of food and land and the refugees’ limited cultivation of that land. To addresses some of the obstacles for durable solutions in a way that protects both the refugees and the host population, this article makes four recommendations for policy and practice. With assistance from the international community, the Ugandan government should: Prioritize the welfare of its citizens who live in Nakivale in the national land-allocation strategy. Enact clear and consistent legislation regarding autochthonous land ownership and use of eviction policies, and design economic reforms to eliminate systemic corruption. Include non-agricultural income-generating activities in the self-reliance policy, and finance entrepreneurs through governmental or international funding. Allow refugees to move away from the settlement without loss of refugee status or access to assistance.
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Berno, Tracy, Eilidh Thorburn, Mindy Sun, and Simon Milne. "International visitor surveys." Hospitality Insights 3, no. 1 (June 26, 2019): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/hi.v3i1.53.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
International visitor surveys (IVS) are traditionally designed to provide destinations with marketing data and intelligence. The New Zealand Tourism Research Institute has been developing new approaches to IVS implementation and data collection in the Pacific Islands that can provide a much richer source of information [1]. The research outlined here is the first to utilise an IVS to explore the positioning of cuisine in the culinary identity of a destination – specifically, the cuisine of the Cook Islands. The Cook Islands is known primarily for its sun, sea and sand features, rather than its culinary attributes. Drawing on data mining of the Cook Islands IVS (2012–2016) and a web audit of destination websites and menus, this paper considers the positioning of food and food-related activities within the Pacific nation’s tourism experience.
National tourism organisations are increasingly seeking competitive advantage by utilising their local cuisines as tourist attractions. Research suggests that distinctive local cuisines can act as both a tourism attraction, and as a means of shaping the identity of a destination [2, 3]. In addition to providing an important source of marketable images, local cuisine can also provide a unique experience for tourists. This reinforces the competitiveness and sustainability of the destination [2].
The cuisine of the Cook Islands has come up repeatedly in recommendations for how the country can grow its tourism revenue. Recommendations have been made to improve the food product on offer, develop a distinctive Cook Islands cuisine based on fresh, local produce, and to promote a Cook Islands cuisine experience [4, 5], and to use these to market the Cook Islands as a destination for local food tourism experiences [4]. Despite these recommendations, Cook Island cuisine features less prominently than stereotypical sun, sea, and sand marketing images, and little is known about tourists’ perceptions of and satisfaction with food and food-related activities [6]. Our research addresses this gap by mining IVS data to gain a deeper understanding of tourists’ experiences and perceptions of food in the Cook Islands and assessing whether local food can be positioned as means of creating a unique destination identity.
Two methods were used to develop a picture of where food sits in the Cook Islands tourist experience: one focussed on tourist feedback; and the other focused on how food is portrayed in relevant online media. Analysis of all food-related data collected as part of the national IVS between 1 April 2012 and 30 June 2016 was conducted (N = 10,950). A web audit also focused on how food is positioned as part of the Cook Islands tourism product.
After identifying the quantitative food-related questions in the IVS, satisfaction with these activities was analysed. Qualitative comments related to food experiences were also examined. The results suggest that participation in food-related activities is generally a positive feature of the visitor experience. The web-audit revealed, however, that food is not a salient feature in the majority of Cook Islands-related websites, and when food did feature, it tended to be oriented towards international cuisine with a ‘touch of the Pacific’ rather than specifically Cook Islands cuisine. This reinforced findings from the IVS data mining that Cook Islands food is presented as a generic tropical ‘seafood and fruit’ cuisine that, largely, lacks the defining and differentiating features of authentic Cook Island cuisine.
High participation rates in food-related activities and overall positive evaluations by visitors emerged from the IVS data, yet a dearth of images and information on the country’s food suggests that the Cook Islands is not exploiting its cuisine and food experiences to their full potential. As a direct result of this secondary analysis of IVS data, which highlighted the importance of and potential for food-related activities, the Cook Islands Government is now actively addressing this gap by developing a range of food-related resources and information that can better link tourism to local cuisine. In addition to developing a greater presence of local food in online resources, the Cook Islands Tourism Corporation has also taken on board the messages from the IVS to drive the development of Takurua [7] – an initiative to develop and document local, traditional cuisine and share it with the world. This approach is part of a broader ongoing effort to differentiate the Cook Islands from other South Pacific destinations through its unique cultural attributes.
Data mining and secondary analysis of IVS data has not been restricted to the identification of food-related opportunities. Secondary analysis of IVS data in the Pacific has also been used to investigate the impact of other niche markets such as events [8] and to gauge the impact of environmental incidents, for example Cyclone Pam in Vanuatu [9] and algal bloom in the Cook Islands [10], thus reinforcing that IVS data are a rich source of information and are indeed more than just numbers.
Corresponding author
Tracy Berno can be contacted at tracy.berno@aut.ac.nz
References
(1) New Zealand Tourism Research Institute (NZTRI). Cook Islands Resources and Outputs; NZTRI: Auckland. http://www.nztri.org.nz/cook-islands-resources (accessed Jun 10, 2019).
(2) Lin, Y.; Pearson, T.; Cai, L. Food as a Form of Destination Identity: A Tourism Destination Brand Perspective. Tourism and Hospitality Research 2011, 11, 30–48. https://doi.org/10.1057/thr.2010.22
(3) Okumus, F.; Kock, G.; Scantlebury, M. M.; Okumus, B. Using Local Cuisines when Promoting Small Caribbean Island Destinations. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 2013, 30 (4), 410–429.
(4) Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). Linking Farmers to Markets: Realizing Opportunities for Locally Produced Food on Domestic and Tourist Markets in Cook Islands. FAO Sub-regional Office of the Pacific Islands: Apia, Samoa, 2014.
(5) United Nations. “Navigating Stormy Seas through Changing winds”: Developing an Economy whilst Preserving a National Identity and the Modern Challenges of a Small Island Developing State. The Cook Islands National Report for the 2014 Small Islands Developing States (SIDS) Conference and post 2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/1074217Cook%20Is%20_%20Final%20NATIONAL%20SIDS%20Report.pdf (accessed Jun 10, 2019).
(6) Boyera, S. Tourism-led Agribusiness in the South Pacific Countries; Technical Centre for Agriculture and Rural Cooperation (CTA): Brussels, 2016.
(7) Cook Islands Tourism Corporation (CITC). Takurua: Food and Feasts of the Cook Islands; CITC: Avarua, Cook Islands, 2018.
(8) Thorburn, E.; Milne, S.; Histen, S.; Sun, M.; Jonkers, I. Do Events Attract Higher Yield, Culturally Immersive Visitors to the Cook Islands? In CAUTHE 2016: The Changing Landscape of Tourism and Hospitality: The Impact of Emerging Markets and Emerging Destinations; Scerri, M., Ker Hui, L., Eds.; Blue Mountains International Hotel Management School: Sydney, 2016; pp 1065–1073.
(9) Sun, M.; Milne, S. The Impact of Cyclones on Tourist Demand: Pam and Vanuatu. In CAUTHE 2017: Time for Big Ideas? Re-thinking the Field for Tomorrow; Lee, C., Filep, S., Albrecht, J. N., Coetzee, W. JL, Eds.; Department of Tourism, University of Otago: Dunedin, 2017; pp 731–734.
(10) Thorburn, E.; Krause, C.; Milne, S. The Impacts of Algal Blooms on Visitor Experience: Muri Lagoon, Cook Islands. In CAUTHE 2017: Time for Big Ideas? Re-thinking the Field For Tomorrow; Lee, C., Filep, S., Albrecht, J. N., Coetzee, W. JL, Eds., Department of Tourism, University of Otago: Dunedin, 2017; pp 582–587.
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Gautam, Ishwori Prasad, and Tek Prasad Gotame. "Diversity of Native and Exotic Fruit Genetic Resources in Nepal." Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council 6 (March 17, 2020): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnarc.v6i0.28114.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Diversity in fruit genetic resources in Nepal is contributed by wild, indigenous and exotic sources. This study was carried out to bring together the available fruit species and cultivars at various stations of Department of Agriculture (DoA), Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC), Agriculture and Forest University (AFU) and private farms until the Fiscal Year 2017/2018. Altogather there were 47 species of fruits from tropical zone of Terai (Tarahara, Janakpur, Sarlahi, Parwanipur and Khajura) to cold temperature zone of high hills (Marpha, Rajikot and Satbanj) across the country. Apple diversity was found at Horticulture Research Station, Rajikot, Jumla and has introduced 25 spur type cultivars. National Citrus Research Programme (NCRP), Dhankuta was citrus most diversity areas and has maintained 130 exotic and indigenous germplasms of citrus species followed by NCFD, Kirtipur. Mango diversity was noted at RARS, Tarahara (16 cultivars), RARS, Parwanipur (25 cultivars), Farm of DoA-Sarlahi (30 cultivars), Farms of DoA-Janakpur (18 cultivars), AFU-Rampur (17 cultivars). Some of the private nurseries like Everything Organic Nursery, Patlekhet, Kavre and international organization like Technology Demonstration Centre of ICIMOD, Godawari, Lalitpur were also found to be a diversity centre of many exotic and indigenous germplasms of fruit species. These indigenous fruit genetic resources were also used to develop varieties such as Sunkagati-1 and Sunkagati-2 and Tehrathum Local of acid lime, Khoku Local of mandarin orange, 'Malbhog' of banana which were notified by the National Seed Board, SQCC. The unique fruit genetic resources were ‘Pharping Local’ (Asian sand pear), ‘Sindhuli Junar’ (sweet orange), ‘Dhankuta Local’ and ‘Manakamana Local’ (mandarin), Local Malbhog (banana), Bhaktapure Lapsi (Nepalese hog plum) etc. which have superior traits than exotic fruits. Unique and wild fruit species were yellow, black and red raspberries (Rubus ellipticus, R. foliolosus and R. acuminatus respectively), bale (Aegle marmelos), pummelo (Citrus grandis), citron (Citrus medica), sweet lime (Citrus limettoides), butter tree or chiuri (Basia buttyacea), tamarind (Tamarindus indica), black plum (Syzygium cumini), wild apple (Mallus baccata), rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri), bayberry (Myrica esculanta), edimayal (Pyrus pashia), black and white ebony (Diospyrus malbarica), wild species of olive (Olea ferruginea and O. glandulifera), wild kiwifruit (Actinidia callosa) etc. Most of the diversity studies were based on phenotypic descriptions. We believe that the number of species and genotypes listed in this article would be increased if detail survey is further carried out. Way forward to utilize these valuable genetic resources has also been discussed in this manuscript.
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Honcharenko, Iryna, Liliia Kozachenko, and Tetiana Moroz. "INFORMATIONAL SUPPORT OF THE RURAL AREAS’ DEVELOPMENT." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 4, no. 4 (September 2018): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2018-4-4-93-99.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of the article is to determine peculiarities of using modern communications and telecommunications, virtual space, assessing the availability of relevant information that reflects all aspects, processes which are taking place in the economic, social life, and ecology of rural areas. Another purpose is the development of directions for solving existing problems. Methodology. Methods for theoretical synthesis, analysis, and comparison were used in the process of determination of features and substantiation of the basic concepts. Results of the research. It was revealed that in the information provision of Ukrainian rural areas functioning has accumulated a considerable potential. There are such crucial strengths as an existence of a developed infrastructure of state statistics, hierarchically structured organizational structures (centre, region, district) that can provide information collection and processing, as well as its distribution in the opposite direction. Also, there are highly skilled IT specialists and organizational opportunities for their training and retraining. Among other points are the following: an existence of the databases, where scientific and technical information were accumulated; an existence of the databases of modern agricultural technologies; and there is also a developed research infrastructure. But today, the level of use of automation tools continues to remain extremely low in the rural management authorities in Ukraine. The long-standing experience in using information technologies by enterprises and organizations is practically not used in the management of territories. Full informational support of rural areas is possible in case of the organization of the qualitative monitoring of their development with simultaneous taking into account further forecasts for a set of most characteristic indicators for the territory in a certain period of time. A promising task is the integration of Ukraine’s information systems into the international information space. This task involves synchronizing national standards, methodologies, and tools with international standards, as well as improving communication with international scientific and information centres. Practical implications. The creation of an integrated information and communication system of rural areas will help to solve the tasks of effective territorial management. The main components of this system will be the following: the developed infrastructure for access to information; informational systems of local self-government bodies; informational monitoring systems; e-commerce and marketing systems; consulting electronic services; distance learning and retraining systems. Within the enterprises, it is necessary to use information and computer technologies for the accumulation of data about the social, economic, and ecological activity. It is advisable to supplement the monitoring information regarding the development of rural areas by subjective assessments, results of sociological surveys. An improvement of the software system “Household Accounting for Village Councils” involves the use of clientserver technology with the combined use of telecommunication and print media. A promising area for research and management of rural areas on the basis of the spatial representation of processes is the use of geographic information systems and global positioning. Value/originality. The integrated informational and communicational system of rural territories will ensure the efficiency and quality of their information support and will become the basis of effective management.
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Wadsworth, B. "The political economy of agricultural protection: East Asia in an international perspective Kym Anderson and Yujiro Hayami. Allen and Unwin/Australia- Japan Research Centre, Australian National University, London/ Sydney/Boston, 185 pp." Agricultural Economics 2, no. 1 (June 1988): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5150(88)90033-3.
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MIHAILUK, E. L. "MARKETING INSTRUMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENT AGRICULTURAL TOURISM." Economic innovations 20, no. 3(68) (September 20, 2018): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2018.20.3(68).145-154.
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Topicality. The article covers the issues of implementation of marketing tools for the development of the ecological direction of rural tourism. Tourism development can become a "catalyst" for economic growth in rural areas: tourism activity is attractive to small start-up investments, because for peasants who have very limited funds, this is a practically crucial moment; tourism is a profitable branch of economy with a high level of profitability, with a minimum payback period, which is very important for the quick income generation. Aim and tasks. The only way to solve systemic problems in the field of tourism is a strategically oriented state policy, the main task of which is to define tourism as one of the main priorities of the state, the introduction of economic and legal mechanisms for the successful conduct of tourism business, investment mechanisms for the development of tourism infrastructure, information and marketing activities with formation of tourist image of Ukraine. Research results. Results For the successful development of rural tourism and tourism in general in Ukraine, it is necessary to ensure the integrated development of territories, in particular the creation of favorable conditions for attracting investment in the development of tourism infrastructure by: monitoring investment proposals for the development of tourism infrastructure in the regions; preparation of a cathlass of investment projects in the field of tourism and resorts to represent potential domestic and foreign investors; the involvement of investment projects in the field of tourism and resorts in international fairs of investment projects. �wner village (guest) houses can not independently provide a wide range of leisure activities for their guests. Therefore, they need to cooperate with other structures that serve the guests of the village. Usually such partners are: � objects of community food (taverns, bars, roadside cafes); � owners of means of transport (traditional, retro options); � centers of folk crafts and crafts production; � artistic and ethno-folk groups; � municipal and private museums; � the administration of natural parks. Supporting the region in resource support: - cartographic and advertising-cartographic support, as a rule, is necessary at the level of the region (the only tourist area); - Information and advertising resources of the region (TV and other mass media, regional specialized sites, etc.); - training for tourism industry: effective coordination at the regional level; - Information and advisory support: effective organization at the regional level (including, with the involvement of external expertise, including international). Conclusions. In order to achieve the goals within the specified priority areas, it is necessary to ensure effective interaction of legal, organizational, economic and financial mechanisms of state regulation of tourism and resorts development. Prospects for rural tourism development in Ukraine appear to be potentially favorable given the presence of significant natural resources. �he flowering of rural recreation should take place under active cooperation with nature conservation institutions of a certain region (according to Article 9 of the Law of Ukraine "On the Nature Reserve Fund of Ukraine", subject to compliance with the environmental protection regime established by this Law and other acts of Ukrainian legislation, provides use them for recreational and other recreational purposes). Ukraine has powerful natural and recreational opportunities, for example, five biosphere reserves, national natural parks: Carpathian, Hutsulshchyna, Vyzhnytsky, Yavorivsky.
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Jahnke, H. E., D. Kirschke, and J. Lagemann. "Impact assessment of international agricultural research centres." Agricultural Administration 22, no. 3 (January 1986): 175–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0309-586x(86)90064-6.
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Mestanza-Ramón, Carlos, Sujan M. Henkanaththegedara, Paola Vásconez Duchicela, Yadira Vargas Tierras, Maritza Sánchez Capa, Diana Constante Mejía, Mirian Jimenez Gutierrez, Manuel Charco Guamán, and Paúl Mestanza Ramón. "In-Situ and Ex-Situ Biodiversity Conservation in Ecuador: A Review of Policies, Actions and Challenges." Diversity 12, no. 8 (August 17, 2020): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12080315.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Biodiversity is vital for the stability of the planet; its ecosystem services provide essential elements for our survival and well-being. This review analyzes the national biodiversity policies and describes the main strategies for biodiversity conservation in Ecuador, one of the “mega-diverse” countries in the world with the highest species density. It deepens an analysis of in-situ and ex-situ conservation processes. Ecuador has six clear policies for biodiversity conservation. These policies strengthen biodiversity conservation through mechanisms that improve the well-being of wildlife by ensuring human, wildlife and ecosystem health. It promotes actions for the welfare of wildlife, through technical, administrative and legal tools. The National System of Protected Areas, with 60 protected areas, is the most effective in-situ conservation instrument at the country level. Several ex-situ conservation and management means for the conservation of wild species are being utilized, including nurseries, botanical gardens, zoos, germplasm banks, aquariums, species reproduction and rehabilitation centers. Ecuador is making slow progress on ex-situ conservation despite the availability of a sound policy framework, possibly due to financial, infrastructural, and/or technological challenges, and knowledge gaps. We propose fostering international research collaborations and establishing fully funded small-scale captive breeding programs at zoos, aquariums and university research facilities to help recovery of at-risk species of reptiles, amphibians, fish and species beyond Galapagos region. We recommend utilizing citizen science programs to fill the gaps of biodiversity information and increasing efforts to revive the ex-situ conservation strategies in protecting the unique biodiversity of Ecuador.
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Theodoridis, Georgios, Alexandros Pechlivanis, Nikolaos Thomaidis, Apostolos Spyros, Constantinos Georgiou, Triantafyllos Albanis, Ioannis Skoufos, et al. "FoodOmicsGR_RI: A Consortium for Comprehensive Molecular Characterisation of Food Products." Metabolites 11, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11020074.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The national infrastructure FoodOmicsGR_RI coordinates research efforts from eight Greek Universities and Research Centers in a network aiming to support research and development (R&D) in the agri-food sector. The goals of FoodOmicsGR_RI are the comprehensive in-depth characterization of foods using cutting-edge omics technologies and the support of dietary/nutrition studies. The network combines strong omics expertise with expert field/application scientists (food/nutrition sciences, plant protection/plant growth, animal husbandry, apiculture and 10 other fields). Human resources involve more than 60 staff scientists and more than 30 recruits. State-of-the-art technologies and instrumentation is available for the comprehensive mapping of the food composition and available genetic resources, the assessment of the distinct value of foods, and the effect of nutritional intervention on the metabolic profile of biological samples of consumers and animal models. The consortium has the know-how and expertise that covers the breadth of the Greek agri-food sector. Metabolomics teams have developed and implemented a variety of methods for profiling and quantitative analysis. The implementation plan includes the following research axes: development of a detailed database of Greek food constituents; exploitation of “omics” technologies to assess domestic agricultural biodiversity aiding authenticity-traceability control/certification of geographical/genetic origin; highlighting unique characteristics of Greek products with an emphasis on quality, sustainability and food safety; assessment of diet’s effect on health and well-being; creating added value from agri-food waste. FoodOmicsGR_RI develops new tools to evaluate the nutritional value of Greek foods, study the role of traditional foods and Greek functional foods in the prevention of chronic diseases and support health claims of Greek traditional products. FoodOmicsGR_RI provides access to state-of-the-art facilities, unique, well-characterised sample sets, obtained from precision/experimental farming/breeding (milk, honey, meat, olive oil and so forth) along with more than 20 complementary scientific disciplines. FoodOmicsGR_RI is open for collaboration with national and international stakeholders.
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Sawyer, Richard L. "Biotechnology and biosafety developments at the international agricultural research centres." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 99, no. 3-4 (1992): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000005583.
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SynopsisAdvances in biotechnology are creating opportunities to increase food production in developing countries and reduce or eliminate the environmental problems associated with conventional farming practices. International agricultural research centres have used the techniques of modern molecular biology for more than a decade, mostly for tissue culture and the elimination of virus diseases in planting materials. As the centres expand their use of the new tools of biotechnology, the focus of their work is shifting. The centres are playing an even larger role in linking developing countries' scientists with colleagues in public and private sector institutions in the developed world. They are also using the new techniques to speed up the development of pest- and disease-resistant crop varieties. Whenever possible they are developing collaborative links with institutions that have the experience and infrastructure needed to carry out advanced molecular research, thus minimising the need for expensive, highly sophisticated in-house capabilities.
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Upadhyaya, H. D., K. N. Reddy, M. Irshad Ahmed, and C. L. L. Gowda. "Identification of gaps in pearl millet germplasm from East and Southern Africa conserved at the ICRISAT genebank." Plant Genetic Resources 10, no. 3 (November 27, 2012): 202–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262112000275.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The International Crops Research Institute for the semi-Arid Tropics Genebank at Patancheru, India holds the world's largest collection of 22,211 pearl millet germplasm accessions from 50 countries including 4488 landraces from 16 East and Southern African (ESA) countries. Gap analysis using FloraMap software and 3750 georeferenced pearl millet germplasm accessions from ESA countries revealed 34 districts located in 18 provinces of four East African countries and 76 districts located in 34 provinces of seven Southern African countries as geographical gaps. Analysis of characterization data using DIVA-GIS software showed 11 districts of seven provinces in Sudan and Uganda and 58 districts of 20 provinces of seven countries in Southern Africa as gaps in diversity for important morphoagronomic traits. The following districts were identified as gaps common to geographic area and diversity for some or the other traits: Amuria district in Soroti province of Uganda; Mpwapwa in Dodoma province of Tanzania; Mahalapye in Centre province and Kgatleng in Kgatleng province of Botswana; Lalomo in Southern province of Zambia; and Motoko, Mudzi and Wedza in the province of Mashonaland East; Makoni in Manikaland; Gutu and Chivi in Masvingo; Gwanda and Bulalimamangwe in Metabeland south; Hwange and Nkayi in Metabeland north; and Kwe Kwe in Midlands of Zimbabwe. For a successful germplasm collection mission to fill the gaps identified, planning should be made in advance of collaboration and consultation with National Agricultural Systems, local government officials and extension officers. It is suggested to collect the complete passport data including georeference information while collecting the germplasm.
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Haaksma, Miriam L., Adam L. Gordon, Eléonore F. van Dam van Isselt, Jos M. G. A. Schols, Irma H. J. Everink, Ian D. Cameron, Clemens Becker, Stefan Grund, and Wilco P. Achterberg. "How to Conduct International Geriatric Rehabilitation Research?" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 3 (January 26, 2023): 951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12030951.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With an ageing global population and an increasing focus on aging in place, the number of people in need of geriatric rehabilitation (GR) is rapidly increasing. As current GR practice is very heterogenous, cross-country comparisons could allow us to learn from each other and optimise the effectiveness of GR. However, international GR research comes with many challenges. This article summarises the facilitators and barriers relating to the recruitment of rehabilitation centres, the inclusion of patients, and data collection, as experienced by experts in the field of international GR research. The three most important methodological recommendations for conducting cross-national collaborative research in the field of GR are (1) make use of existing (inter)national networks and social media to aid recruitment of GR centres; (2) clearly define the GR treatment, setting, and patient characteristics in the inclusion criteria; and (3) use a hierarchical study structure to communicate transparently and regularly with both national and local coordinators. International GR research would greatly benefit from the implementation of a core dataset in regular GR care. Therefore, future studies should focus on developing an international consensus regarding the outcomes and corresponding cross-culturally validated measurement instruments to be used during GR.
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Davidenko, L., and Xu Linshi. "Unit economics in the youth entrepreneurship sector: principles, methods of implementation." Bulletin of the Innovative University of Eurasia 80, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.37788/2020-4/76-84.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Basic problem: the Republic of Kazakhstan is a platform for implementing innovative projects in all spheres of the economy, providing the younger generation with resource centers, technological parks, agricultural equipment, industrial technologies and scientific and educational complexes. The main goal of such actions is to activate scientific research, increase the technological potential of the industrial sectors of the national economy, and stimulate the development of innovative activities in the field of research and development. The problems of developing an entrepreneurial culture are a cornerstone issue that combines a combination of motivational principles for generating and promoting ideas, activating youth entrepreneurship as the flagship of the future economy, and a complex epidemiological situation in the world that hinders not only the development of entrepreneurship, but also the course of all socio-economic processes in society. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the problems of youth entrepreneurship and find ways to solve them in accordance with the principles and methods of implementation, including the unit economics. Methods: the research Area focuses on economic modeling techniques that are successfully used in international practice to determine the profitability of business models, taking into account the effect of the production of a unit of goods / services or a single client / customer. The implementation of this approach is facilitated by the use of traditional methods of scientific research, such as analysis, comparison, and a graphical method for visualizing the results obtained; quantification method and parametric method as an evaluation tool that allows formalizing the procedure for evaluating the performance of unit economics models. Results and their significance: when considering business models in relation to youth entrepreneurship, attention is paid to the skills and competencies that students who study the disciplines of the entrepreneurial block in higher education receive. The proposed methods of unit economics are actively used in the development and promotion of startups, as an integral part of business plans. It is concluded that youth business has started to play a crucial role in solving socio-economic problems, such as creating new jobs and reducing the unemployment rate, and training qualified personnel. The set of proposed measures provides additional opportunities and increases the influence of youth entrepreneurship, which becomes the basis for unlocking its potential.
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Goñi-Moreno, Angel, Anil Wipat, and Natalio Krasnogor. "CSBB: synthetic biology research at Newcastle University." Biochemical Society Transactions 45, no. 3 (June 15, 2017): 781–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20160437.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Centre for Synthetic Biology and the Bioeconomy (CSBB) brings together a far-reaching multidisciplinary community across all Newcastle University's faculties — Medical Sciences, Science, Agriculture and Engineering, and Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences. The CSBB focuses on many different areas of Synthetic Biology, including bioprocessing, computational design and in vivo computation, as well as improving understanding of basic molecular machinery. Such breadth is supported by major national and international research funding, a range of industrial partners in the North East of England and beyond, as well as a large number of doctoral and post-doctoral researchers. The CSBB trains the next generation of scientists through a 1-year MSc in Synthetic Biology.
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De Filippis, T., A. Di Vecchia, G. Maracchi, and F. Sorani. "Training programme for the dissemination of climatological and meteorological applications using GIS technology." Advances in Geosciences 8 (June 6, 2006): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-8-19-2006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. IBIMET-CNR is involved in making different research projects and in managing operational programmes on national and international level and has acquired a relevant training competence to sustain partner countries and improve their methodological and operational skills by using innovative tools, such as Geographical Information Systems focused on the development of meteorological and climatological applications. Training activities are mainly addressed to National Meteorological and Hydrological Services of Partner-Countries and/or to other Specialized Centers in the frame of Cooperation Programmes promoted by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs mainly in favour of the Less Developing Countries (LDC) of World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) Regional Association I (Africa). The Institute, as a branch of the WMO-Regional Meteorological Training Centre for Region VI (Europe), organizes also international training courses of high-level in Meteorology, Climatology and Remote Sensing applied to environment and agriculture fields. Moreover, considering the increasing evolution of the GIS functions for meteorological information users, IBIMET has promoted in 2005 the EU COST Action 719 Summer School on "GIS applications in meteorology and climatology''. The paper offers an overview of the main institute training programmes organised to share the results of research activities and operational projects, through the exploitation of innovative technologies and tools like GIS.