Статті в журналах: "Nanoplastic particles"

1

Myeong, Hyeonah, Juhyeok Kim, Jin-Yong Lee, and Kideok D. Kwon. "Kinetics of polystyrene nanoplastic deposition on SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ surfaces: Ionic strength effects." Science Progress 106, no. 1 (January 2023): 003685042211504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00368504221150430.

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Nanoplastic pollution is an emerging environmental threat to the critical zone. The transport of nanoplastic particles in subsurface environments can be determined mainly by soil minerals because they provide surfaces that interact with nanoplastic particles. However, the interactions between mineral surfaces and nanoplastics are poorly understood. In this study, the deposition kinetics of polystyrene-nanoplastic particles onto representative oxide surfaces SiO2 and Al2O3 at circumneutral pH were investigated using a quartz crystal microbalance, with variations in the ionic strength (0.1–100 mM) of the well-dispersed nanoplastic particles suspension. While polystyrene-nanoplastic particles deposited minimally on the SiO2 surface at an ionic strength of < 100 mM (∼10 ng/cm2), substantial deposition occurred at 100 mM (3.7 ± 0.4 μg/cm2). On the Al2O3 surface, a significant amount of polystyrene-nanoplastic particle was deposited from the lowest ionic strength (4.5 ± 0.8 μg/cm2). The deposition mass at 100 mM NaCl was two times higher (7.2 ± 0.2 μg/cm2) than on the SiO2 surface, while the deposition rates were similar between the two surfaces (10–15 Hz/min). Our results indicate that alumina most likely exerts a stronger influence than quartz on the transport of nanoplastic particles in soils and groundwater aquifers. The deposition kinetics strongly depends on the mineral surface and solution ionic strength, and these quantitative results can serve as validation data in developing transport modeling of nanoplastic in subsurface environments.

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2

Wiranto, Ekwan, Amira Rozdhl, Nafizatun Hanafi, Rabiatul Redzuan, and Fahrul Huyop. "Post-Covid-19 Pandemic Awareness on The Use of Micro- and Nano Plastic and Efforts into Their Degradation - A Mini Review." Journal of Tropical Life Science 11, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/jtls.11.02.12.

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Micro- and nanoplastic pollution possess a global threat and cause a future problem and needs greater attention. Its pollution is also exacerbated recently by the use of abundance of plastic polymers in efforts to prevent and handle COVID-19 pandemic at the global scale. This review covered the major concerns about the characteristic, effect and bioremediation of micro- and nanoplastics of post COVID-19. Based on size, microplastic is described as debris particles smaller than 5 mm whereas, nanoplastic is referred to any particles smaller than 100 nm. Micro- and nanoplastic are easily ingested by many aquatic organisms at different trophic levels. This ingestion caused negative health impacts to all living organisms. Microplastic direct effect on living organism for example mechanical injury, false satiation, declined growth, promoted immune response, energy loss, disrupted enzyme activity and production, decreased fecundity, production of oxidative stress, and mortality. Nanoplastic could enter the circulatory system and caused negative effects on the cellular and molecular levels. Bioremediation of microplastic by magnoliophyta, bacteria, fungus and algae on several polymer forms was previously reported, however, not many on nanoplastic biodegradation. Therefore, current review will focus on the characteristics, effect and bioremediation effort of micro- and nanoplastic.

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3

Fadare, Oluniyi O., Bin Wan, Liang-Hong Guo, Yan Xin, Weiping Qin, and Yu Yang. "Humic acid alleviates the toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastic particles to Daphnia magna." Environmental Science: Nano 6, no. 5 (2019): 1466–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8en01457d.

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4

Erjavec, Alen, Olivija Plohl, Lidija Fras Zemljič, and Julija Volmajer Valh. "Significant Fragmentation of Disposable Surgical Masks—Enormous Source for Problematic Micro/Nanoplastics Pollution in the Environment." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (October 4, 2022): 12625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912625.

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The pandemic of COVID-19 disease has brought many challenges in the field of personal protective equipment. The amount of disposable surgical masks (DSMs) consumed increased dramatically, and much of it was improperly disposed of, i.e., it entered the environment. For this reason, it is crucial to accurately analyze the waste and identify all the hazards it poses. Therefore, in the present work, a DSM was disassembled, and gravimetric analysis of representative DSM waste was performed, along with detailed infrared spectroscopy of the individual parts and in-depth analysis of the waste. Due to the potential water contamination by micro/nanoplastics and also by other harmful components of DSMs generated during the leaching and photodegradation process, the xenon test and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure were used to analyze and evaluate the leaching of micro/nanoplastics. Micro/nanoplastic particles were leached from all five components of the mask in an aqueous medium. Exposed to natural conditions, a DSM loses up to 30% of its mass in just 1 month, while micro/nanoplastic particles are formed by the process of photodegradation. Improperly treated DSMs pose a potential hazardous risk to the environment due to the release of micro/nanoparticles and chloride ion content.

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5

Trevisan, Rafael, Prabha Ranasinghe, Nishad Jayasundara, and Richard T. Di Giulio. "Nanoplastics in Aquatic Environments: Impacts on Aquatic Species and Interactions with Environmental Factors and Pollutants." Toxics 10, no. 6 (June 15, 2022): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10060326.

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Plastic production began in the early 1900s and it has transformed our way of life. Despite the many advantages of plastics, a massive amount of plastic waste is generated each year, threatening the environment and human health. Because of their pervasiveness and potential for health consequences, small plastic residues produced by the breakdown of larger particles have recently received considerable attention. Plastic particles at the nanometer scale (nanoplastics) are more easily absorbed, ingested, or inhaled and translocated to other tissues and organs than larger particles. Nanoplastics can also be transferred through the food web and between generations, have an influence on cellular function and physiology, and increase infections and disease susceptibility. This review will focus on current research on the toxicity of nanoplastics to aquatic species, taking into account their interactive effects with complex environmental mixtures and multiple stressors. It intends to summarize the cellular and molecular effects of nanoplastics on aquatic species; discuss the carrier effect of nanoplastics in the presence of single or complex environmental pollutants, pathogens, and weathering/aging processes; and include environmental stressors, such as temperature, salinity, pH, organic matter, and food availability, as factors influencing nanoplastic toxicity. Microplastics studies were also included in the discussion when the data with NPs were limited. Finally, this review will address knowledge gaps and critical questions in plastics’ ecotoxicity to contribute to future research in the field.

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6

Briffa, Sophie M. "Looking at the Bigger Picture—Considering the Hurdles in the Struggle against Nanoplastic Pollution." Nanomaterials 11, no. 10 (September 28, 2021): 2536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11102536.

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Plastics are considered one of the most serious environmental global concerns as they are ubiquitous and contribute to the build-up of pollution. In August 2020, the BBC reported that scientists found 12–21 million tonnes of tiny plastic fragments floating in the Atlantic Ocean. After release into the environment, plastics from consumer items, such as cosmetics and biomedical products, are subject to degradation and break down into microplastics (<5 mm in diameter) and eventually into nanoplastics (<100 nm in at least one dimension). Given their global abundance and environmental persistence, exposure of humans and animals to these micro- and nano- plastics is unavoidable. “We urgently need to know more about the health impact of microplastics because they are everywhere”, says Dr Maria Neira, Director at the World Health Organization. Nanoplastics are also an emerging environmental concern as little is known about their generation, degradation, transformation, ageing, and transportation. Owing to their small size, nanoplastics can be trapped by filter-feeding organisms and can enter the food chain at an early stage. Therefore, there is a gap in the knowledge that vitally needs to be addressed. This minireview considers how nanoplastic research can be made more quantifiable through traceable and trackable plastic particles and more environmentally realistic by considering the changes over time. It considers how nanoplastic research can use industrially realistic samples and be more impactful by incorporating the ecological impact.

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7

Molenaar, Robert, Swarupa Chatterjee, Bjorn Kamphuis, Ine M. J. Segers-Nolten, Mireille M. A. E. Claessens, and Christian Blum. "Nanoplastic sizes and numbers: quantification by single particle tracking." Environmental Science: Nano 8, no. 3 (2021): 723–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0en00951b.

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Easy method to count and size plastic nanoparticles in water. A combination of sensitive fluorescence video microscopy, NileRed staining of plastic particles, and single particle tracking allows for counting and sizing nanoplastics.

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8

Caldwell, Jessica, Patricia Taladriz-Blanco, Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser, and Alke Petri-Fink. "Detection of Sub-Micro- and Nanoplastic Particles on Gold Nanoparticle-Based Substrates through Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Spectroscopy." Nanomaterials 11, no. 5 (April 28, 2021): 1149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11051149.

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Small plastic particles such as micro- (<5 mm), sub-micro- (1 µm–100 nm) and nanoplastics (<100 nm) are known to be ubiquitous within our surrounding environment. However, to date relatively few methods exist for the reliable detection of nanoplastic particles in relevant sample matrices such as foods or environmental samples. This lack of relevant data is likely a result of key limitations (e.g., resolution and/or scattering efficiency) for common analytical techniques such as Fourier transform infrared or Raman spectroscopy. This study aims to address this knowledge gap in the field through the creation of surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy substrates utilizing spherical gold nanoparticles with 14 nm and 46 nm diameters to improve the scattering signal obtained during Raman spectroscopy measurements. The substrates are then used to analyze polystyrene particles with sizes of 161 nm or 33 nm and poly(ethylene terephthalate) particles with an average size of 62 nm. Through this technique, plastic particles could be detected at concentrations as low as 10 µg/mL, and analytical enhancement factors of up to 446 were achieved.

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9

Paul, Maxi B., Valerie Stock, Julia Cara-Carmona, Elisa Lisicki, Sofiya Shopova, Valérie Fessard, Albert Braeuning, Holger Sieg, and Linda Böhmert. "Micro- and nanoplastics – current state of knowledge with the focus on oral uptake and toxicity." Nanoscale Advances 2, no. 10 (2020): 4350–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0na00539h.

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10

Palshin, V. A., E. N. Danilovtseva, M. S. Strelova, S. N. Zelinskiy, and V. V. Annenkov. "Fluorescent nanoplastic particles: synthesis and influence on diatoms." Limnology and Freshwater Biology, no. 5 (2020): 1067–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31951/2658-3518-2020-a-5-1067.

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A method for obtaining fluorescent labeled polyvinyl chloride nanoparticles of 60-110 nm by deposition of plastic and dye solution into water has been developed. These nanoparticles are suitable for testing effect of nanoplastic on living organisms. We have cultivated diatom algae Ulnaria ferefusiformis in the presence of polyvinyl chloride nanoparticles and revealed that the suppression of the vital activity in diatoms is not due to the penetration of nanoparticles into the cell but arises from their association with the outer surface of the cells near the labiate process (rimoportula).

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11

Zimmermann, Sören, James L. Mead, and Fabian T. von Kleist-Retzow. "Probing Friction and Adhesion of Individual Nanoplastic Particles." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 124, no. 44 (October 23, 2020): 24145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c05826.

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12

Petersen, Elijah Joel, Alan James Kennedy, Thorsten Hüffer, and Frank von der Kammer. "Solving Familiar Problems: Leveraging Environmental Testing Methods for Nanomaterials to Evaluate Microplastics and Nanoplastics." Nanomaterials 12, no. 8 (April 13, 2022): 1332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12081332.

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13

Baj, Jacek, James Curtis Dring, Marcin Czeczelewski, Paweł Kozyra, Alicja Forma, Jolanta Flieger, Beata Kowalska, Grzegorz Buszewicz, and Grzegorz Teresiński. "Derivatives of Plastics as Potential Carcinogenic Factors: The Current State of Knowledge." Cancers 14, no. 19 (September 24, 2022): 4637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14194637.

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Micro- and nanoplatics have been already reported to be potential carcinogenic/mutagenic substances that might cause DNA damage, leading to carcinogenesis. Thus, the effects of micro- and nanoplastics exposure on human health are currently being investigated extensively to establish clear relationships between those substances and health consequences. So far, it has been observed that there exists a definite correlation between exposure to micro- and nanoplastic particles and the onset of several cancers. Therefore, we have conducted research using PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, searching for all the research papers devoted to cancers that could be potentially related to the subject of exposure to nano- and microplastics. Ultimately, in this paper, we have discussed several cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, biliary tract cancer, and some endocrine-related cancers.

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14

Reichel, Julia, Johanna Graßmann, Thomas Letzel, and Jörg E. Drewes. "Systematic Development of a Simultaneous Determination of Plastic Particle Identity and Adsorbed Organic Compounds by Thermodesorption–Pyrolysis GC/MS (TD-Pyr-GC/MS)." Molecules 25, no. 21 (October 28, 2020): 4985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25214985.

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Micro-, submicro- and nanoplastic particles are increasingly regarded as vectors for trace organic chemicals. In order to determine adsorbed trace organic chemicals on polymers, it has usually been necessary to carry out complex extraction steps. With the help of a newly designed thermal desorption pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TD-Pyr-GC/MS) method, it is possible to identify adsorbed trace organic chemicals on micro-, submicro- and nanoparticles as well as the particle short chain polymers in one analytical setup without any transfers. This ensures a high sample throughput for the qualitative analysis of trace substances and polymer type. Since the measuring time per sample is only 2 h, a high sample throughput is possible. It is one of the few analytical methods which can be used also for the investigation of nanoplastic particles. Initially adsorbed substances are desorbed from the particle by thermal desorption (TD); subsequently, the polymer is fragmented by pyrolysis (PYR). Both particle treatment techniques are directly coupled with the same GC-MS system analyzing desorbed molecules and pyrolysis products, respectively. In this study, we developed a systematic and optimized method for this application. For method development, the trace organic chemicals phenanthrene, α-cypermethrin and triclosan were tested on reference polymers polystyrene (PS), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polyethylene (PE). Well-defined particle fractions were used, including polystyrene (sub)micro- (41 and 40 µm) and nanoparticles (78 nm) as well as 48-µm sized PE and PMMA particles, respectively. The sorption of phenanthrene (PMMA << PS 40 µm < 41 µm < PE < PS 78 nm) and α-cypermethrin (PS 41 µm < PS 40 µm < PE < PMMA < PS 78 nm) to the particles was strongly polymer-dependent. Triclosan adsorbed only on PE and on the nanoparticles of PS (PE < PS78).

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15

Reichel, Julia, Johanna Graßmann, Oliver Knoop, Thomas Letzel, and Jörg E. Drewes. "A Novel Analytical Approach to Assessing Sorption of Trace Organic Compounds into Micro- and Nanoplastic Particles." Biomolecules 12, no. 7 (July 6, 2022): 953. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12070953.

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Assessing the sorption of trace organic compounds (TOrCs) into micro- and nanoplastic particles has traditionally been performed using an aqueous phase analysis or solvent extractions from the particle. Using thermal extraction/desorption–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD-Pyr-GC/MS) offers a possibility to analyze the TOrCs directly from the particle without a long sample preparation. In this study, a combination of two analytical methods is demonstrated. First, the aqueous phase is quantified for TOrC concentrations using Gerstel Twister® and TD-GC/MS. Subsequently, the TOrCs on the particles are analyzed. Different polymer types and sizes (polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), 48 µm; polyethylene (PE), 48 µm; polystyrene (PS), 41 µm; and PS, 78 nm) were analyzed for three selected TOrCs (phenanthrene, triclosan, and α-cypermethrin). The results revealed that, over a period of 48 h, the highest and fastest sorption occurred for PS 78 nm particles. This was confirmed with a theoretical calculation of the particle surface area. It was also shown for the first time that direct quantification of TOrCs from PS 78 nm nanoparticles is possible. Furthermore, in a mixed solute solution, the three selected TOrCs were sorbed onto the particles simultaneously.

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16

Zhang, Huajing, Shuyi Zhang, Zhenghua Duan, and Lei Wang. "Pulmonary toxicology assessment of polyethylene terephthalate nanoplastic particles in vitro." Environment International 162 (April 2022): 107177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107177.

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17

Reichel, Julia, Johanna Graßmann, Oliver Knoop, Jörg E. Drewes, and Thomas Letzel. "Organic Contaminants and Interactions with Micro- and Nano-Plastics in the Aqueous Environment: Review of Analytical Methods." Molecules 26, no. 4 (February 22, 2021): 1164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041164.

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Micro- and nanoplastic particles are increasingly seen not only as contaminants themselves, but also as potential vectors for trace organic chemicals (TOrCs) that might sorb onto these particles. An analysis of the sorbed TOrCs can either be performed directly from the particle or TOrCs can be extracted from the particle with a solvent. Another possibility is to analyze the remaining concentration in the aqueous phase by a differential approach. In this review, the focus is on analytical methods that are suitable for identifying and quantifying sorbed TOrCs on micro- and nano-plastics. Specific gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC) and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS) methods are considered. The respective advantages of each method are explained in detail. In addition, influencing factors for sorption in the first place are being discussed including particle size and shape (especially micro and nanoparticles) and the type of polymer, as well as methods for determining sorption kinetics. Since the particles are not present in the environment in a virgin state, the influence of aging on sorption is also considered.

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18

Martin, Leisha M. A., Jian Sheng, Paul V. Zimba, Lin Zhu, Oluniyi O. Fadare, Carol Haley, Meichen Wang, Timothy D. Phillips, Jeremy Conkle, and Wei Xu. "Testing an Iron Oxide Nanoparticle-Based Method for Magnetic Separation of Nanoplastics and Microplastics from Water." Nanomaterials 12, no. 14 (July 9, 2022): 2348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12142348.

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Nanoplastic pollution is increasing worldwide and poses a threat to humans, animals, and ecological systems. High-throughput, reliable methods for the isolation and separation of NMPs from drinking water, wastewater, or environmental bodies of water are of interest. We investigated iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) with hydrophobic coatings to magnetize plastic particulate waste for removal. We produced and tested IONPs synthesized using air-free conditions and in atmospheric air, coated with several polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based hydrophobic coatings. Particles were characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry, dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and zeta potential. The IONPs synthesized in air contained a higher percentage of the magnetic spinel phase and stronger magnetization. Binding and recovery of NMPs from both salt and freshwater samples was demonstrated. Specifically, we were able to remove 100% of particles in a range of sizes, from 2–5 mm, and nearly 90% of nanoplastic particles with a size range from 100 nm to 1000 nm using a simple 2-inch permanent NdFeB magnet. Magnetization of NMPs using IONPs is a viable method for separation from water samples for quantification, characterization, and purification and remediation of water.

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19

Ramirez, Lina, Stephan Ramseier Gentile, Stéphane Zimmermann, and Serge Stoll. "Behavior of TiO2 and CeO2 Nanoparticles and Polystyrene Nanoplastics in Bottled Mineral, Drinking and Lake Geneva Waters. Impact of Water Hardness and Natural Organic Matter on Nanoparticle Surface Properties and Aggregation." Water 11, no. 4 (April 6, 2019): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040721.

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Intensive use of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) in daily products ineluctably results in their release into aquatic systems and consequently into drinking water resources. Therefore, understanding NPs behavior in various waters from naturel to mineral waters is crucial for risk assessment evaluation and the efficient removal of NPs during the drinking water treatment process. In this study, the impact of relevant physicochemical parameters, such as pH, water hardness, and presence of natural organic matter (NOM) on the surface charge properties and aggregation abilities of both NPs and nanoplastic particles is investigated. TiO2, CeO2, and Polystyrene (PS) nanoplastics are selected, owing to their large number applications and contrasting characteristics at environmental pH. Experiments are performed in different water samples, including, ultrapure water, three bottled mineral waters, Lake Geneva, and drinking water produced from Lake Geneva. Our findings demonstrate that both water hardness and negatively charged natural organic matter concentrations, which were measured via dissolved organic carbon determination, are playing important roles. At environmental pH, when negatively charged nanoparticles are considered, specific cation adsorption is promoting aggregation so long as NOM concentration is limited. On the other hand, NOM adsorption is expected to be a key process in NPs destabilization when positively charged PS nanoplastics are considered.

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20

Barber, Angela, Sun Kly, Matthew G. Moffitt, Logan Rand, and James F. Ranville. "Coupling single particle ICP-MS with field-flow fractionation for characterizing metal nanoparticles contained in nanoplastic colloids." Environmental Science: Nano 7, no. 2 (2020): 514–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9en00637k.

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Composite particles containing metallic nanoparticles in a polymer matrix, which simulate environmentally-transformed nanoparticles, are effectively characterized by combining field-flow fractionation with single particle ICP-MS.

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21

Menzel, Teresa, Nora Meides, Anika Mauel, Ulrich Mansfeld, Winfried Kretschmer, Meike Kuhn, Eva M. Herzig, et al. "Degradation of low-density polyethylene to nanoplastic particles by accelerated weathering." Science of The Total Environment 826 (June 2022): 154035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154035.

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22

Zhao, Kai, Yunman Wei, Jianhong Dong, Penglu Zhao, Yuezhu Wang, Xinxiang Pan, and Junsheng Wang. "Separation and characterization of microplastic and nanoplastic particles in marine environment." Environmental Pollution 297 (March 2022): 118773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118773.

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23

Pessoni, Laurence, Cloé Veclin, Hind El Hadri, Cyril Cugnet, Mélanie Davranche, Anne-Catherine Pierson-Wickmann, Julien Gigault, Bruno Grassl, and Stéphanie Reynaud. "Soap- and metal-free polystyrene latex particles as a nanoplastic model." Environmental Science: Nano 6, no. 7 (2019): 2253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9en00384c.

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Additive free, morphology control, and ageing surface mimicking, are the key parameters defining the alternative NPT models and their effects towards the NPT-trace metals interactions for environmental applications.

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24

Booth, Andy M., Bjørn Henrik Hansen, Max Frenzel, Heidi Johnsen, and Dag Altin. "Uptake and toxicity of methylmethacrylate-based nanoplastic particles in aquatic organisms." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 35, no. 7 (October 6, 2015): 1641–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.3076.

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25

Karkanorachaki, Katerina, Panagiota Tsiota, Giorgos Dasenakis, Evdokia Syranidou, and Nicolas Kalogerakis. "Nanoplastic Generation from Secondary PE Microplastics: Microorganism-Induced Fragmentation." Microplastics 1, no. 1 (January 21, 2022): 85–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microplastics1010006.

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Concern regarding the pollution of the marine environment with plastics has been rising in recent years. Plastic waste residing in and interacting with the environment fragments into secondary particles in the micro- and nanoscale, whose negative impacts on the environment are even greater than those of the parent items. In this work, secondary high density polyethylene (HDPE) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) microplastics were produced by irradiation of virgin films following mechanical fragmentation. The fragments with size ranging from 250 μm to 2 mm were selected for subsequent microcosm experiments. Incubation for 120 days in seawater inoculated with two marine communities, Agios, acclimatized to utilizing plastics as a carbon source, and Souda, as was collected at the Souda bay (Crete, Greece), resulted in biofilm formation by polyethylene (PE) degraders. Monthly FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) examination of the samples revealed changes in the chemical structure of the surface of the polymers. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) was employed and nano- and microparticles with sizes in the range between 56 nm and 4.5 μm were detected in the seawater of inoculated microcosms. It was thus demonstrated that weathered plastics particles can biodeteriorate and biofragment as a result of biofilm attachment, resulting in the production of nanoplastics due to microbial activity.

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26

Oriekhova, Olena, and Serge Stoll. "Heteroaggregation of nanoplastic particles in the presence of inorganic colloids and natural organic matter." Environmental Science: Nano 5, no. 3 (2018): 792–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7en01119a.

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27

Schwaferts, Christian, Reinhard Niessner, Martin Elsner, and Natalia P. Ivleva. "Methods for the analysis of submicrometer- and nanoplastic particles in the environment." TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 112 (March 2019): 52–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2018.12.014.

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28

Tang, Mingfeng, Guoying Ding, Xiaoyu Lu, Qian Huang, Huihui Du, Guosheng Xiao, and Dayong Wang. "Exposure to Nanoplastic Particles Enhances Acinetobacter Survival, Biofilm Formation, and Serum Resistance." Nanomaterials 12, no. 23 (November 27, 2022): 4222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12234222.

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The interaction between nanoplastics and bacteria remains still largely unclear. In this study, we determined the effect of nanopolystyrene particle (NP) on a bacterial pathogen of Acinetobacter johnsonii AC15. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis indicated the aggregation of NPs from 10 μg/L to 100 μg/L on surface of A. johnsonii AC15, suggesting that A. johnsonii AC15 acted as the vector for NPs. Exposure to 100–1000 μg/L NPs increased the growth and colony-forming unit (CFU) of A. johnsonii AC15. In addition, exposure to 100–1000 μg/L NPs enhanced the amount of formed biofilm of A. johnsonii AC15. Alterations in expressions of 3 survival-related (zigA, basD, and zur), 5 biofilm formation-related (ompA, bap, adeG, csuC, and csuD), and 3 serum resistance-related virulence genes (lpxC, lpxL, and pbpG) were observed after exposure to 1000 μg/L NPs. Moreover, both CFU and survival rate of A. johnsonii AC15 in normal human serum (NHS) were significantly increased by 1–1000 μg/L NPs, suggesting the enhancement in serum resistance of Acinetobacter pathogen by NPs. In the NHS, expressions of 3 survival-related (zigA, basD, and zur), 9 biofilm formation-related (ompA, bap, adeF, adeG, csuA/B, csuC, csuD, csuE, and hlyD), and 3 serum resistance-related virulence genes (lpxC, lpxL, and pbpG) were affected by 1000 μg/L NPs. Expressions of 1 survival-related (zigA), 5 biofilm formation-related (bap, adeG, csuC, csuD, and csuE), and 3 serum resistance-related virulence genes (lpxC, lpxL, and pbpG) were also altered by 10 μg/L NPs after the addition of NHS. Therefore, exposure to NPs in the range of μg/L has the potential to enhance bacterial virulence by increasing their growth, biofilm formation, and serum resistance.

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Town, Raewyn M., and Herman P. van Leeuwen. "Uptake and Release Kinetics of Organic Contaminants Associated with Micro- and Nanoplastic Particles." Environmental Science & Technology 54, no. 16 (July 23, 2020): 10057–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c02297.

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30

Toh, William, Elisa Y. M. Ang, Teng Yong Ng, Rongming Lin, and Zishun Liu. "An investigation on the effects of nanoplastic particles on nanoporous graphene membrane desalination." Desalination 496 (December 2020): 114765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2020.114765.

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31

Ripken, Christina, Konstantin Khalturin, and Eiichi Shoguchi. "Response of Coral Reef Dinoflagellates to Nanoplastics under Experimental Conditions Suggests Downregulation of Cellular Metabolism." Microorganisms 8, no. 11 (November 9, 2020): 1759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8111759.

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Plastic products contribute heavily to anthropogenic pollution of the oceans. Small plastic particles in the microscale and nanoscale ranges have been found in all marine ecosystems, but little is known about their effects upon marine organisms. In this study, we examine changes in cell growth, aggregation, and gene expression of two symbiotic dinoflagellates of the family Symbiodiniaceae, Symbiodinium tridacnidorum (clade A3), and Cladocopium sp. (clade C) under exposure to 42-nm polystyrene beads. In laboratory experiments, the cell number and aggregation were reduced after 10 days of nanoplastic exposure at 0.01, 0.1, and 10 mg/L concentrations, but no clear correlation with plastic concentration was observed. Genes involved in dynein motor function were upregulated when compared to control conditions, while genes related to photosynthesis, mitosis, and intracellular degradation were downregulated. Overall, nanoplastic exposure led to more genes being downregulated than upregulated and the number of genes with altered expression was larger in Cladocopium sp. than in S. tridacnidorum, suggesting different sensitivity to nano-plastics between species. Our data show that nano-plastic inhibits growth and alters aggregation properties of microalgae, which may negatively affect the uptake of these indispensable symbionts by coral reef organisms.

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Pantos, Olga. "Microplastics: impacts on corals and other reef organisms." Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 6, no. 1 (February 9, 2022): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/etls20210236.

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Plastic pollution in a growing problem globally. In addition to the continuous flow of plastic particles to the environment from direct sources, and through the natural wear and tear of items, the plastics that are already there have the potential to breakdown further and therefore provide an immense source of plastic particles. With the continued rise in levels of plastic production, and consequently increasing levels entering our marine environments it is imperative that we understand its impacts. There is evidence microplastic and nanoplastic (MNP) pose a serious threat to all the world's marine ecosystems and biota, across all taxa and trophic levels, having individual- to ecosystem-level impacts, although these impacts are not fully understood. Microplastics (MPs; 0.1–5 mm) have been consistently found associated with the biota, water and sediments of all coral reefs studied, but due to limitations in the current techniques, a knowledge gap exists for the level of nanoplastic (NP; <1 µm). This is of particular concern as it is this size fraction that is thought to pose the greatest risk due to their ability to translocate into different organs and across cell membranes. Furthermore, few studies have examined the interactions of MNP exposure and other anthropogenic stressors such as ocean acidification and rising temperature. To support the decision-making required to protect these ecosystems, an advancement in standardised methods for the assessment of both MP and NPs is essential. This knowledge, and that of predicted levels can then be used to determine potential impacts more accurately.

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Caldwell, Jessica, Patricia Taladriz-Blanco, Roman Lehner, Andriy Lubskyy, Roberto Diego Ortuso, Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser, and Alke Petri-Fink. "The micro-, submicron-, and nanoplastic hunt: A review of detection methods for plastic particles." Chemosphere 293 (April 2022): 133514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133514.

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Schwaferts, Christian, Patrick Schwaferts, Elisabeth von der Esch, Martin Elsner, and Natalia P. Ivleva. "Which particles to select, and if yes, how many?" Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 413, no. 14 (May 12, 2021): 3625–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-021-03326-3.

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AbstractMicro- and nanoplastic contamination is becoming a growing concern for environmental protection and food safety. Therefore, analytical techniques need to produce reliable quantification to ensure proper risk assessment. Raman microspectroscopy (RM) offers identification of single particles, but to ensure that the results are reliable, a certain number of particles has to be analyzed. For larger MP, all particles on the Raman filter can be detected, errors can be quantified, and the minimal sample size can be calculated easily by random sampling. In contrast, very small particles might not all be detected, demanding a window-based analysis of the filter. A bootstrap method is presented to provide an error quantification with confidence intervals from the available window data. In this context, different window selection schemes are evaluated and there is a clear recommendation to employ random (rather than systematically placed) window locations with many small rather than few larger windows. Ultimately, these results are united in a proposed RM measurement algorithm that computes confidence intervals on-the-fly during the analysis and, by checking whether given precision requirements are already met, automatically stops if an appropriate number of particles are identified, thus improving efficiency.

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Cella, Claudia, Rita La Spina, Dora Mehn, Francesco Fumagalli, Giacomo Ceccone, Andrea Valsesia, and Douglas Gilliland. "Detecting Micro- and Nanoplastics Released from Food Packaging: Challenges and Analytical Strategies." Polymers 14, no. 6 (March 18, 2022): 1238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14061238.

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Micro- and nanoplastic (pMP and pNP, respectively) release is an emerging issue since these particles constitute a ubiquitous and growing pollutant, which not only threatens the environment but may have potential consequences for human health. In particular, there is concern about the release of secondary pMP and pNP from the degradation of plastic consumer products. The phenomenon is well-documented in relation to plastic waste in the environment but, more recently, reports of pMP generated even during the normal use of plastic food contact materials, such as water bottles, tea bags, and containers, have been published. So far, a validated and harmonized strategy to tackle the issue is not available. In this study, we demonstrate that plastic breakdown to pMP and pNP can occur during the normal use of polyethylene (PE) rice cooking bags and ice-cube bags as well as of nylon teabags. A multi-instrumental approach based on Raman microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and particular attention on the importance of sample preparation were applied to evaluate the chemical nature of the released material and their morphology. In addition, a simple method based on Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy is proposed for pNP mass quantification, resulting in the release of 1.13 ± 0.07 mg of nylon 6 from each teabag. However, temperature was shown to have a strong impact on the morphology and aggregation status of the released materials, posing to scientists and legislators a challenging question: are they micro- or nanoplastics or something else altogether?

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Sorensen, Rachel M., and Boris Jovanović. "From nanoplastic to microplastic: A bibliometric analysis on the presence of plastic particles in the environment." Marine Pollution Bulletin 163 (February 2021): 111926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111926.

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Xu, Mingkai, Gulinare Halimu, Qianru Zhang, Yubo Song, Xuanhe Fu, Yongqiang Li, Yansheng Li, and Huiwen Zhang. "Internalization and toxicity: A preliminary study of effects of nanoplastic particles on human lung epithelial cell." Science of The Total Environment 694 (December 2019): 133794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133794.

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Cholewińska, Paulina, Hanna Moniuszko, Konrad Wojnarowski, Przemysław Pokorny, Natalia Szeligowska, Wojciech Dobicki, Ryszard Polechoński, and Wanda Górniak. "The Occurrence of Microplastics and the Formation of Biofilms by Pathogenic and Opportunistic Bacteria as Threats in Aquaculture." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13 (July 2, 2022): 8137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138137.

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Aquaculture is the most rapidly growing branch of animal production. The efficiency and quality of the produced food depends on sustainable management, water quality, feed prices and the incidence of diseases. Micro- (MP < 5 mm) and nanoplastic (NP < 1000 nm) particles are among the current factors causing serious water pollution. This substance comes solely from products manufactured by humans. MP particles migrate from the terrestrial to the aquatic environment and adversely affect, especially, the health of animals and humans by being a favorable habitat and vector for microbial pathogens and opportunists. More than 30 taxa of pathogens of humans, aquacutural animals and plants, along with opportunistic bacteria, have been detected in plastic-covering biofilm to date. The mobility and durability of the substance, combined with the relatively closed conditions in aquacultural habitats and pathogens’ affinity to the material, make plastic particles a microbiological medium threatening the industry of aquaculture. For this reason, in addition to the fact of plastic accumulation in living organisms, urgent measures should be taken to reduce its influx into the environment. The phenomenon and its implications are related to the concept of one health, wherein the environment, animals and humans affect each other’s fitness.

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Abomohra, Abdelfatah, and Dieter Hanelt. "Recent Advances in Micro-/Nanoplastic (MNPs) Removal by Microalgae and Possible Integrated Routes of Energy Recovery." Microorganisms 10, no. 12 (December 3, 2022): 2400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10122400.

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Reliance on plastic has resulted in the widespread occurrence of micro-/nanoplastics (MNPs) in aquatic ecosystems, threatening the food web and whole ecosystem functions. There is a tight interaction between MNPs and microalgae, as dominant living organisms and fundamental constituents at the base of the aquatic food web. Therefore, it is crucial to better understand the mechanisms underlying the interactions between plastic particles and microalgae, as well as the role of microalgae in removing MNPs from aquatic ecosystems. In addition, finding a suitable route for further utilization of MNP-contaminated algal biomass is of great importance. The present review article provides an interdisciplinary approach to elucidate microalgae–MNP interactions and subsequent impacts on microalgal physiology. The degradation of plastic in the environment and differences between micro- and nanoplastics are discussed. The possible toxic effects of MNPs on microalgal growth, photosynthetic activity, and morphology, due to physical or chemical interactions, are evaluated. In addition, the potential role of MNPs in microalgae cultivation and/or harvesting, together with further safe routes for biomass utilization in biofuel production, are suggested. Overall, the current article represents a state-of-the-art overview of MNP generation and the consequences of their accumulation in the environment, providing new insights into microalgae integrated routes of plastic removal and bioenergy production.

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Prenner, Stefanie, Astrid Allesch, Margarethe Staudner, Martin Rexeis, Michael Schwingshackl, Marion Huber-Humer, and Florian Part. "Static modelling of the material flows of micro- and nanoplastic particles caused by the use of vehicle tyres." Environmental Pollution 290 (December 2021): 118102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118102.

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Greven, Anne-Catherine, Teresa Merk, Filiz Karagöz, Kristin Mohr, Markus Klapper, Boris Jovanović, and Dušan Palić. "Polycarbonate and polystyrene nanoplastic particles act as stressors to the innate immune system of fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 35, no. 12 (July 18, 2016): 3093–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.3501.

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Poerio, Piacentini, and Mazzei. "Membrane Processes for Microplastic Removal." Molecules 24, no. 22 (November 15, 2019): 4148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24224148.

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Plastic pollution of the aquatic environment is a major concern considering the disastrous impact on the environment and on human beings. The significant and continuous increase in the production of plastics causes an enormous amount of plastic waste on the land entering the aquatic environment. Furthermore, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are reported as the main source of microplastic and nanoplastic in the effluents, since they are not properly designed for this purpose. The application of advanced wastewater treatment technologies is mandatory to avoid effluent contamination by plastics. A concrete solution can be represented by membrane technologies as tertiary treatment of effluents in integrated systems for wastewater treatment, in particular, for the plastic particles with a smaller size (< 100 nm). In this review, a survey of the membrane processes applied in the plastic removal is analyzed and critically discussed. From the literature analysis, it was found that the removal of microplastic by membrane technology is still insufficient, and without the use of specially designed approaches, with the exception of membrane bioreactors (MBRs).

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Sandra, Saptian Wisnu, and Arlini Dyah Radityaningrum. "Kajian Kelimpahan Mikroplastik di Biota Perairan." Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan 19, no. 3 (September 10, 2021): 638–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jil.19.3.638-648.

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Sampah plastik dapat terdegradasi menjadi mikroplastik (MP) dan nanoplastik (NP) melalui proses fisik, kimia, dan biologis. MP didefinisikan sebagai partikel plastik kecil berukuran < 5 mm. MP saat ini telah ditemukan di tubuh biota perairan, baik perairan permukaan maupun perairan laut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengkaji MP pada biota perairan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah studi literatur terhadap artikel publikasi 10 tahun terakhir. Kajian dilakukan terhadap kelimpahan, ukuran, bentuk, warna, dan komposisi MP pada biota perairan permukaan dan laut. Review dilakukan terhadap penelitian di Indonesia dan berbagai wilayah di negara lain. Beberapa metode pengambilan sampel biota perairan yang digunakan dalam penelitian terdahulu yaitu menggunakan trawl atau pukat dasar (jaring polietilen), jaring pukat pantai (10 m x 1,5 m; ukuran mata jaring: 8 mm). Identifikasi MP pada saluran pencernakan biota ikan dilakukan menggunakan larutan KOH 10% selama 24 jam pada suhu 60°C, selanjutnya dilakukan penyaringan dengan kertas saring Whatman. Selanjutnya, proses identifikasi menggunakan mikroskop okuler dan FTIR untuk menentukan ukuran, bentuk, dan jenis polimer. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa kelimpahan MP terbanyak pada biota perairan masing-masing yaitu 468 partikel MP/individu pada spesies Ikan Sapu-Sapu (Hypostomus plecostomus) di perairan sungai; 18 partikel MP/individu pada Ikan Nila Hitam (Oreochromis niloticus) di perairan payau; 1,4 – 7 partikel MP/individu pada spesies Tiram (Saccostrea cucullata) di perairan muara; 22,21 ± 1,7 partikel MP/individu pada spesies Ikan Thryssa kammalensis di perairan teluk; 2,7 ± 0,10 partikel MP/individu pada spesies Ikan Zeus faber di perairan selat; dan 22,3 partikel MP/individu pada Diadema sp. (Bulu babi) di perairan laut. MP yang dominan pada biota perairan adalah berukuran 20 μm – 50 μm, berbentuk fiber, dan berwarna hitam. Polyethylene (PE) ditemukan dominan pada biota perairan permukaan, serta polyprophylene (PP) dan polyethylene (PE) pada biota perairan laut.ABSTRACTPlastic wastes could be degraded into microplastic (MP) and nanoplastic (NP) through physical, chemical, and biological processes. MP was defined as the small particle of plastic with the size of < 5 mm. Currently, MP has been found in the body of aquatic biota both in the surface and sea water biota. This research aimed to investigate the microplastic content in aquatic biota. The study was conducted through literature review of the last 10 year published articles. The previous studies were reviewed in terms of abundance, size, shape, colour, and polymer type of MP in the aquatic biota in Indonesia and areas of other countries. Sampling of aquatic biota in the previous studies was conducted in several methods using trawling or bottom trawl (polyethylene net), beach trawl net (10 m x 1.5 m; mesh size: 8 mm). Identification of MP in the digestive tract of fish was conducted using 10% KOH solution for 24 hours at a temperature of 60°C, then was filtered using Whatman filter paper. Next, the identification process used an ocular microscope and FTIR to determine the polymer. The result demonstrated that the highest number of MP abundance was 468 MP particles/individual in the cattle fish (Hypostomus plecostomus) species in the river water; 18 MP particles/individual in the black nile fish (Oreochromis niloticus) species in the brackish water; 1.4 – 7 MP particles/individual in the oyster (Saccostrea cucullata) species in the estuary water; 22.21 ± 1.7 MP particles/individual in the Thryssa kammalensis fish species in the gulf water; 2.7 ± 0.10 MP particles/individual in the Zeus faber fish species in the strait water; and 22.3 MP particles/individual in the Diadema sp. (sea urchin) in the sea water. The most dominant MP size, shape, and colour in the aquatic biota was 20 μm – 50 μm, fiber, and black. Polyethylene (PE) was dominant in the surface water biota, whereas, polyprophylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) in the sea water biota.

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Zhang, Fan, Zhuang Wang, Se Wang, Hao Fang, and Degao Wang. "Aquatic behavior and toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastic particles with different functional groups: Complex roles of pH, dissolved organic carbon and divalent cations." Chemosphere 228 (August 2019): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.115.

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45

Poma, Anna, Giulia Vecchiotti, Sabrina Colafarina, Osvaldo Zarivi, Massimo Aloisi, Lorenzo Arrizza, Giuseppe Chichiriccò, and Piero Di Carlo. "In Vitro Genotoxicity of Polystyrene Nanoparticles on the Human Fibroblast Hs27 Cell Line." Nanomaterials 9, no. 9 (September 11, 2019): 1299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9091299.

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Several studies have provided information on environmental nanoplastic particles/debris, but the in vitro cyto-genotoxicity is still insufficiently characterized. The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of polystyrene nanoparticles (PNPs) in the Hs27 cell line. The viability of Hs27 cells was determined following exposure at different time windows and PNP concentrations. The genotoxic effects of the PNPs were evaluated by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay after exposure to PNPs. We performed ROS analysis on HS27 cells to detect reactive oxygen species at different times and treatments in the presence of PNPs alone and PNPs added to the Crocus sativus L. extract. The different parameters of the CBMN test showed DNA damage, resulting in the increased formation of micronuclei and nuclear buds. We noted a greater increase in ROS production in the short treatment times, in contrast, PNPs added to Crocus sativus showed the ability to extract, thus reducing ROS production. Finally, the SEM-EDX analysis showed a three-dimensional structure of the PNPs with an elemental composition given by C and O. This work defines PNP toxicity resulting in DNA damage and underlines the emerging problem of polystyrene nanoparticles, which extends transversely from the environment to humans; further studies are needed to clarify the internalization process.

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Miao, Guo, Liu, Liu, You, Qu, and Hou. "Effects of Nanoplastics on Freshwater Biofilm Microbial Metabolic Functions as Determined by BIOLOG ECO Microplates." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23 (November 21, 2019): 4639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234639.

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Nanoplastic (NP) contamination is becoming a pervasive issue as NPs, originating from microplastic particles, pose potentially harmful environmental impacts on aquatic ecosystems. The environmental hazards of NPs on microorganisms have been well documented in recent studies; however, little is known about their ecotoxicity effects on freshwater biofilms, which serve as important primary producers and decomposers and are highly connected with other ecosystem components. We investigated the effects of NPs on the microbial metabolic functions of freshwater biofilms in terms of carbon source utilization ability. Biofilm samples were collected, cultivated in a hydrodynamic flume for six weeks, and then exposed in polystyrene (PS) beads (100 nm in size) with different NP concentrations (1, 5, and 10 mg/L). BIOLOG ECO microplates were used to quantify carbon source utilization characteristics. The data were analyzed using average well-color development (AWCD), functional diversity indices, and principle component analysis (PCA). Results showed that the total carbon metabolic functions (represented by AWCD) remained constant (p > 0.05) with elevated NP concentrations, but some specific carbon sources (e.g., esters) changed in their utilization ability (p < 0.05). The microbial functional diversity (Shannon–Wiener diversity index, Simpson diversity index, and Shannon evenness index) was significantly reduced under 10 mg/L NPs (p < 0.05), indicating an inhibiting effect of NPs on biofilm metabolic diversity. This study examined NP ecotoxicity effects on microbial metabolic activities at the community level, but further studies are required to fully understand the mechanisms driving this change.

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47

Sharma, Renuka, and Himanshi Kaushik. "Micro-plastics: An invisible danger to human health." CGC International Journal of Contemporary Technology and Research 3, no. 2 (July 17, 2021): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.46860/cgcijctr.2021.06.31.182.

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Microplastics are small plastic pieces ranging between the size of 1-5 micrometre (µm). Because of their small size and their continuity, it has the potential to spread throughout all parts of our environment. These are ubiquitous environmental contaminants leading to inevitable human exposure. It can enter our bodies through ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact. It has already been found in various human foods, beers, drinking water, honey, seafood, sugar, table salt etc. It is demonstrated that marine organisms including zooplanktons, bivalves, crustaceans, worms, fish, reptiles etc. ingest microplastic. Around 2% to 40% of fishes were found to be contaminated with microplastic. It can reach our stomach and due to its size , these are either excreted, get entrapped in intestinal lining and stomach or move freely in body fluids like blood, thereby reaching various organs and tissues of body. To tackle this serious issue of microplastic pollution in environment and in human health, various effective policies must take under consideration all stages of lifecycle of plastic connecting producers to users and ultimately to waste managers. Thus, we have to seem for potential effects of microplastics in living beings, which specializes in the pathways of toxicity and exposure, way to reduce microplastic pollution, sources of invisible plastics. Present work was conducted to explore the possible threats of micro as well as nanoplastic particles to humanity as well as to our ecosystem. Under this study we summarized various aspects of this critical issue, which provide better scientific knowledge for future research.

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48

Murray, Audrey, and Banu Örmeci. "Removal Effectiveness of Nanoplastics (<400 nm) with Separation Processes Used for Water and Wastewater Treatment." Water 12, no. 3 (February 26, 2020): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030635.

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Microplastics and nanoplastics are abundant in the environment, and the fate and impact of nanoplastics are of particular interest because of their small size. Wastewater treatment plants are a sink for nanoplastics, and large quantities of nanoplastics are discharged into surface waters through wastewater as well as stormwater effluents. There is a need to understand the fate and removal of nanoplastics during water, wastewater, and stormwater treatment, and this study investigated their removal on a bench-scale using synthesized nanoplastics (<400 nm) to allow controlled experiments. Plastic particles were created in the lab to control their size, and bench-scale dewatering devices were tested for their ability to remove these particles. Filtration with a 0.22 μm filter removed 92 ± 3% of the particles, centrifugation at 10,000 rpm (670,800 g) for 10 min removed 99 ± 1% of the particles, and ballasted flocculation removed 88 ± 3%. These results provide a general idea of the magnitude of the removal of nanoplastics with separation processes, and more work is recommended to determine the degree of removal with full-scale unit processes. Even though the removal was good using all three treatments, smaller particles escaping treatment may increase the nanoplastics concentration of receiving water bodies and impact aquatic ecosystems.

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Ward, J. Evan, Maria Rosa, and Sandra E. Shumway. "Capture, ingestion, and egestion of microplastics by suspension-feeding bivalves: a 40-year history." Anthropocene Coasts 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/anc-2018-0027.

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In aquatic environments, suspension-feeding bivalve molluscs are exposed to a manifold of natural and anthropogenically derived particles, including micro- and nanoplastics. Plastic particles interact with feeding and digestive organs and can produce negative effects. As a result of these effects and the potential transfer of microplastics to higher trophic levels, including humans, there has been renewed interest in the ingestion of plastic particles by different species of bivalves. Many recent studies, however, have ignored the ability of bivalves to select among particles both pre- and post-ingestively. Neglecting to consider the factors that mediate particle capture, ingestion, and egestion can lead to erroneous data and conclusions. This paper outlines the current state of knowledge of particle processing by bivalves, and demonstrates how it relates to studies utilizing plastic particles. In particular, the effects of particle size, shape, and surface properties on capture, preferential ingestion, post-ingestive sorting, and egestion are summarized. The implications of particle selection for the use of bivalves as bioindicators of microplastic pollution in the environment are discussed. Only through a full understanding of the types of plastic particles ingested and egested by bivalves can internal exposure, toxic effects, and trophic transfer of microplastics be assessed adequately.

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Joksimovic, Nenad, Dragica Selakovic, Nemanja Jovicic, Nenad Jankovic, Periyakaruppan Pradeepkumar, Aziz Eftekhari, and Gvozden Rosic. "Nanoplastics as an Invisible Threat to Humans and the Environment." Journal of Nanomaterials 2022 (October 13, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6707819.

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The consequence of the unstoppable growth of plastic production and inadequate waste disposal is plastic pollution, which is becoming a global challenge. Large quantities of discarded plastics in the environment are under the direct influence of biotic and abiotic factors, leading to the fragmentation of particles and the formation of tiny particles of plastics or nanoplastics. Nanoplastics are a fast-growing pollutant that, due to ubiquity in the environment, causes great public concern. It also attracts the attention of scientists in detecting harmful effects on health and the environment. This review is aimed at summarizing all adverse effects of nanoplastics on human health and the environment. Due to their toxic effects, it is necessary to reduce the disposal of plastics in the environment, develop or improve existing methods, and implement legislation that would reduce the release of nanoplastics into the environment. A possible ban or reasonable regulation of nanoplastics in cosmetics or food can be expected only after a critical mass of scientific objections has been created.

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