Статті в журналах: "NANOPARTICULATE FILLER"

1

Randhawa, Kawaljit Singh, and Ashwin D. Patel. "A review on tribo-mechanical properties of micro- and nanoparticulate-filled nylon composites." Journal of Polymer Engineering 41, no. 5 (March 15, 2021): 339–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2020-0302.

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Abstract Nylon composites are of evolving interest due to their good strength, toughness, and low coefficient of friction. Various fillers like micro- and nanoparticulates of metals and metal compounds were used to enhance the mechanical and tribological properties of nylons for many years by researchers. In this paper, an overall understanding of composites, filler materials, especially particulate filler materials, application areas of polymer composites, wear of polymers, and the effect of various fillers on tribo-mechanical properties of nylons have been discussed. The detailed review is limited to micro- and nanoparticulate fillers and their influence on the mechanical and tribological properties of various nylon matrices.

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Sobczyk-Guzenda, Anna, Paulina Boniecka, Anna Laska-Lesniewicz, Marcin Makowka, and Hieronim Szymanowski. "Micro- and Nanoparticulate Hydroxyapatite Powders as Fillers in Polyacrylate Bone Cement—A Comparative Study." Materials 13, no. 12 (June 17, 2020): 2736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13122736.

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Acrylate polymer-based bone cements constitute the most popular bonding agents used in regenerative surgery. Due to their inferior biocompatibility, however, these materials are often enriched with ceramic additives including hydroxyapatite (HAp). The aim of this paper was to perform a comparative study of the acrylate cements filled with different content (3–21%) of nano- and microscale hydroxyapatite. The work concerns a comparison of times and temperatures of the cross-linking reaction, as well as morphology, glass transition temperature, and principal mechanical properties of the resulting composites. Before being used as a filler, both HAp forms were subjected to an in-depth characterization of their morphology, specific surface area, pore size distribution, and wettability as well as chemical composition and structure. For that purpose, such analytical techniques as scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, tensiometry, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, Shore D hardness test, and Charpy impact test were used. The results indicated a drop of cross-linking temperature and an extension of setting time with the addition of µHAp. The µHAp-filled acrylate composites were characterized by a globular surface morphology, higher glass transition temperature, and lower hardness and impact strength compared to nHAp-filled materials. This relationship was evident at higher nHAp concentrations.

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Siva Kaylasa Sundari, S., S. Shamim Rishwana, R. Ramani, and C. T. Vijayakumar. "Improvement in electrical and mechanical properties of di/trifunctional epoxies-based hybrid composites having metal organic frameworks (MOFs) as nanoparticulate filler." MRS Communications 12, no. 2 (March 11, 2022): 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s43579-022-00170-z.

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Einollahi, Yashar, Amir Hooman Hemmasi, Habibollah Khademi Eslam, Esmaeil Ghasemi, and Mohammad Talaeipour. "The effect of different mineral fillers on starch/rice husk composite properties." BioResources 16, no. 1 (January 22, 2021): 1772–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.1.1772-1786.

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The objective of this research was to study the feasibility of producing biodegradable thermoplastic starch rice-husk composites. The effect of different types of mineral fillers on the various properties of thermoplastic starch composites filled with rice-husk flour, an agricultural waste residue, was studied. The mineral fillers aluminum trihydrate (ATH), magnesium dihydroxide (MDH), nanoparticulate MDH, and nanoclay were studied. It was found that the addition of the mineral fillers and especially nanofillers improved the dimensional stability and the mechanical properties of the composites, while decreasing their biodegradability. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that substituting mineral fillers for some part of the lignocellulosic component increased the extents of weight-loss in the first and second steps, but decreased the weight-loss in the last step. This substitution also led to a slight decrease in the thermal decomposition temperatures at the curve peaks.

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Campos, Luiza MP, Letícia C. Boaro, Tamiris MR Santos, Pamela A. Marques, Sonia RY Almeida, Roberto R. Braga, and Duclerc F. Parra. "Evaluation of flexural modulus, flexural strength and degree of conversion in BISGMA/TEGDMA resin filled with montmorillonite nanoparticles." Journal of Composite Materials 51, no. 7 (July 28, 2016): 927–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998316656925.

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This study had as its main objective to evaluate the flexural properties (strength and modulus) and degree of conversion of a dimethacrylate resin containing different amounts of nanoparticulated clay Montomorillonite (MMT) as filler. A series of composites containing similar amounts (in volume) of barium glass particles was also tested as control data. Eight formulations with polymeric matrix-based BisGMA/TEGDMA (Bisphenol A Bis(2-hydroxy-3 methacryloxypropyl)Ether/Triethyleneglycol Dimethacrylate), four added with MMT and four added with barium glass in the volume concentration of 20, 30, 40 and 50 vol% were studied. The degree of conversion was determined using near-IR spectroscopy. Elastic modulus and flexural strength were determined by the three-point bending test. The dispersion of MMT nanoparticles was determined by means of X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analysis. The fillers montomorillonite and barium glass interacted with polymer matrix-based BisGMA/TEGDMA in a distinct manner. Although the addition of montomorillonite nanoparticles resulted in similar degree of conversion and higher elastic modulus values at all concentrations tested, only at the 20 vol% the flexural strength was statistically higher, compared to the control groups filled with barium glass. This could be related to the need of concentration optimization of montomorillonite for each type of polymer matrix in order to adjust or improve mechanical properties. The addition of low concentrations (<l 20% vol) of montomorillonite nanoparticles in dental composites resins – such as additive or hybrid filler – should be studied, aiming to the reduction of polymerization shrinkage, better mechanical properties and improvement of a new technology for future applications.

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Mitra, Tamoghna, Rupesh S. Bhavsar, Dave J. Adams, Peter M. Budd, and Andrew I. Cooper. "PIM-1 mixed matrix membranes for gas separations using cost-effective hypercrosslinked nanoparticle fillers." Chemical Communications 52, no. 32 (2016): 5581–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc00261g.

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Addition of a cheap, nanoparticulate, hypercrosslinked polymer “sponge” to the high-free-volume glassy polymer PIM-1 gives mixed matrix membranes with enhanced permeability and improved aging behaviour.

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7

Melo-Silva, T. C. F., C. L. Melo-Silva, C. F. Carvalho, A. B. Teixeira, J. F. C. Lins, and J. P. Gouvêa. "Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Composite Materials Used in Dentistry Varying the Inorganic Composition." Materials Science Forum 820 (June 2015): 320–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.820.320.

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The aim of this study was to determine the hardness and the elasticity modulus of the two composite resins base of BISGMA with different inorganic particles: a nanoparticulated with a ceramic withload, (Filtek Z350XT-3M) with and without thermal activation and a microhybrid with no ceramic load (Opallis-FGM). The samples were prepared and subjected to the tests of Vickers hardness (Shimadzu HMV) and acoustic excitation pulse (Sonelastic ®). The samples were divided into three groups: G1-Filtek Z350 XT; G2-Filtek Z350XT MO (subject to further polymerization microwave) and G3-Opallis. The results showed that the hardness of G2 was significantly higher than the groups G1 and G3. The elastic modulus was higher than the G2 to G1 and G3. One can conclude that the resins filled with inorganic ceramic filler showed higher hardness and elastic modulus. The thermal activation increased the hardness and the elasticity modulus of the resin with ceramic load.

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8

TabkhPaz, Majid, Dong-Yeob Park, Patrick C. Lee, Ron Hugo, and Simon S. Park. "Development of nanocomposite coatings with improved mechanical, thermal, and corrosion protection properties." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 8 (July 21, 2017): 1045–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317720001.

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In this study, new composite coatings are fabricated and investigated for their applications as the metal coating. The studied coatings consist of two-layered composites with various nanoparticulates as fillers in a polymeric matrix (styrene acrylic). The first layer bonded to the steel plate uses a combination of zinc particles, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, and graphene nanoplatelets. For the second layer, hexagonal boron nitride with high electrical insulation properties is added to the matrix. The morphology of the nanoparticulates is conducted using a scanning electron microscope. The coefficient of thermal expansion, cathodic disbondment resistance, gas penetration, and scratch resistance of the coatings are evaluated. The corroded area on the cathodic disbondment test specimens reduced down up to 90% for the composite with zinc (20 wt%), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (2 wt%), and graphene nanoplatelets (2 wt%), compared to a specimen coated with a pure polymer. It is seen that the presence of nanoparticulates decreased gas permeation and thermal expansion of the matrix by 75% and 65%, respectively. The addition of nanoparticulates also enhanced scratch resistance of the coating composites.

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9

Gomoll, Andreas H., Wolfgang Fitz, Richard D. Scott, Thomas S. Thornhill, and Anuj Bellare. "Nanoparticulate fillers improve the mechanical strength of bone cement." Acta Orthopaedica 79, no. 3 (January 2008): 421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17453670710015349.

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10

Ghadami, F., M. R. Dadfar, and M. Kazazi. "Hot-cured epoxy-nanoparticulate-filled nanocomposites: Fracture toughness behavior." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 162 (August 2016): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2016.05.016.

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11

Kovačević, Vera, Domagoj Vrsaljko, Sanja Lučić Blagojević, and Mirela Leskovac. "Adhesion parameters at the interface in nanoparticulate filled polymer systems." Polymer Engineering & Science 48, no. 10 (October 2008): 1994–2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.21132.

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12

Wei, Xue Yong, and Kyle Jiang. "Synthesis and Characterization of Nanoparticulate Strengthened Nickel Microcomponents." Advances in Science and Technology 54 (September 2008): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.54.299.

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In this study, microcomponents of nickel (Ni) based nanocomposite were obtained by electrochemical co-deposition of Ni and alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles into the microfabricated photoresist moulds from a nickel sulfamate bath with the presence of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The examination of dispersion behaviour of Al2O3 nanoparticles in nickel sulfamate bath with MWCNTs showed that the surfaces of the fillers are positively charged in a wide range of pH value, which favours the co-deposition of Al2O3 nanoparticles and MWCNTs with Ni. Results of SEM and EDX characterizations showed that the Al2O3 nanoparticles were uniformly distributed in the Ni matrix and their contents were improved with the presence of MWCNTs in the solution. It was also found that the mechanical properties of Ni were enhanced by the nanoparticulates in the Ni matrix.

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13

Gunes, I. Sedat, Feina Cao, and Sadhan C. Jana. "Evaluation of nanoparticulate fillers for development of shape memory polyurethane nanocomposites." Polymer 49, no. 9 (April 2008): 2223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2008.03.021.

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14

Vrsaljko, Domagoj, Mirela Leskovac, Sanja Lučić Blagojević, and Vera Kovačević. "Interphase phenomena in nanoparticulate filled polyurethane/poly(vinyl acetate) polymer systems." Polymer Engineering & Science 48, no. 10 (October 2008): 1931–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.21055.

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15

Anuar, Hazleen, S. B. Abd Razak, N. Md Kahar, and N. A. Jamal. "Effects of High Energy Radiation on Mechanical Properties of PP/EPDM Nanocomposite." Advanced Materials Research 264-265 (June 2011): 738–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.264-265.738.

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Nanocomposites are the materials that are created by introducing nanoparticulates that always referred to as filler into the matrix. Blends of polypropylene (PP)/ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM)/Montmorillonite (MMT) were treated by compatibilizer MAPP and irradiation of electron beam. The effects on mechanical properties for both samples were compared with the untreated nanocomposites. Because each samples used different portion of clay loading, the effects of clay loading on mechanical properties is also observed. The sample is characterized by using Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), tensile test and impact test.

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16

Kilian, Olaf, Sabine Wenisch, Srikanth Karnati, Eveline Baumgart-Vogt, Anne Hild, Rosemarie Fuhrmann, Tarja Jonuleit, Elvira Dingeldein, Reinhard Schnettler, and Ralf-Peter Franke. "Observations on the microvasculature of bone defects filled with biodegradable nanoparticulate hydroxyapatite." Biomaterials 29, no. 24-25 (August 2008): 3429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.05.003.

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17

Finke, Benedikt, Clara Sangrós Giménez, Arno Kwade, and Carsten Schilde. "Viscosity Model for Nanoparticulate Suspensions Based on Surface Interactions." Materials 14, no. 11 (May 23, 2021): 2752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14112752.

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In this paper, a widely mechanistic model was developed to depict the rheological behaviour of nanoparticulate suspensions with solids contents up to 20 wt.%, based on the increase in shear stress caused by surface interaction forces among particles. The rheological behaviour is connected to drag forces arising from an altered particle movement with respect to the surrounding fluid. In order to represent this relationship and to model the viscosity, a hybrid modelling approach was followed, in which mechanistic relationships were paired with heuristic expressions. A genetic algorithm was utilized during model development, by enabling the algorithm to choose among several hard-to-assess model options. By the combination of the newly developed model with existing models for the various physical phenomena affecting viscosity, it can be applied to model the viscosity over a broad range of solids contents, shear rates, temperatures and particle sizes. Due to its mechanistic nature, the model even allows an extrapolation beyond the limits of the data points used for calibration, allowing a prediction of the viscosity in this area. Only two parameters are required for this purpose. Experimental data of an epoxy resin filled with boehmite nanoparticles were used for calibration and comparison with modelled values.

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18

Finke, Benedikt, Arno Kwade, and Carsten Schilde. "Numerical Simulation of the Rheological Behavior of Nanoparticulate Suspensions." Materials 13, no. 19 (September 25, 2020): 4288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13194288.

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Nanoparticles significantly alter the rheological properties of a polymer or monomeric resin with major effect on the further processing of the materials. In this matter, especially the influence of particle material and disperse properties on the viscosity is not yet understood fully, but can only be modelled to some extent empirically after extensive experimental effort. In this paper, a numerical study on an uncured monomeric epoxy resin, which is filled with boehmite nanoparticles, is presented to elucidate the working principles, which govern the rheological behavior of nanoparticulate suspensions and to simulate the suspension viscosity based on assessable material and system properties. To account for the effect of particle surface forces and hydrodynamic interactions on the rheological behavior, a resolved CFD is coupled with DEM. It can be shown that the particle interactions caused by surface forces induce velocity differences between the particles and their surrounding fluid, which result in increased drag forces and cause the additional energy dissipation during shearing. The paper points out the limits of the used simulation method and presents a correction technique with respect to the Péclet number, which broadens the range of applicability. Valuable information is gained for a future mechanistic modelling of nanoparticulate suspension viscosity by elucidating the interdependency between surface forces, shear rate and resulting drag forces on the particles.

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19

Keyoonwong, Wiwat, Yi Guo, Masatoshi Kubouchi, Saiko Aoki, and Tetsuya Sakai. "Corrosion Behavior of Three Nanoclay Dispersion Methods of Epoxy/Organoclay Nanocomposites." International Journal of Corrosion 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/924283.

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The aims of this study, firstly, to obtain high degree of clay exfoliation in the epoxy matrix by three dispersion methods such as normal mixing, shear mixing, and high-speed mixing and, secondly, to investigate corrosion behavior of epoxy/organoclay nanocomposite, immersion test, weight change, and penetration behavior were conducted. From the three mixing methods, the high-speed mixing method showed larger clay interlayer distance, smaller clay aggregate, and more homogeneity and expectedly resulted in high anticorrosive properties. Penetration depths of these nanocomposites showed a small difference; however, the most noticeable improvements in anticorrosion performance for epoxy/organoclay nanocomposites under high-speed mixing method were found to reduce penetration and weight uptake which are described via the model of nanoparticulate-filled structure and discussed in corrosion protection mechanism against environmental liquid penetration.

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20

Aravindan, Vanchiappan, and Palanisamy Vickraman. "Nanoparticulate AlO(OH)n filled polyvinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene based microporous membranes for lithium ion batteries." Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 1, no. 2 (March 2009): 023108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3122671.

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21

Li, Ning, Dinesh S. Kommireddy, Yuri Lvov, Wilna Liebenberg, Louwrens R. Tiedt, and Melgardt M. De Villiers. "Nanoparticle Multilayers: Surface Modification of Photosensitive Drug Microparticles for Increased Stability and In Vitro Bioavailability." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 6, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 3252–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2006.421.

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The results of this study report the novel use of electrostatic layer-by-layer nanoassembly of biocompatible nanoparticulate TiO2 multilayers to coat irregular nifedipine (NF) microcrystals to increase the photostability of the drug when exposed to simulated sunlight and to increase the dissolution rate and possibly the bioavailability of the drug after oral administration. The photostability of NF microcrystals (35 μm) coated with multiple bilayers of positively charged PDDA and negatively charged nanosized TiO2 particles (20–25 nm) was measured when exposed to an illuminance of 12 W/m2 corresponding to a light dose of 30 k lux or 25 W/m2 corresponding to light dose of 60 k lux. The dissolution rate of nifedipine from the coated microcrystals was measured in simulated gastric fluid containing 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80. Coating with one TiO2 layer increased the shelf life of nifedipine by 30 hours independent of the intensity of the light exposure. With an increase in the number of TiO2 layers; the photostability of the drug was enhanced even more. A TiO2 monolayer decreased the contact angle by 20° for water and 33° for the dissolution medium as compared with uncoated NF surfaces. This increase in wettability due to a decrease in contact angle increased the dissolution rate of nifedipine microcrystals coated with 1 PDDA/TiO2 bilayer 13-fold after 10 minutes, 5-fold after 1 hour, and 2-fold after 12 hours when compared to uncoated microcrystals. It is assumed that TiO2 increased the photostability because the nanoparticulate multilayers acts as a potential filter protecting the drug from damaging light rays reaching the drug crystals. The dissolution rate was increased because the hydrophilic TiO2 nanoparticles increased the aqueous wettability of the drug crystals thereby preventing aggregation in the dissolution medium. This ensured that the maximum drug surface area was exposed to the dissolution medium.

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22

Sonawane, Pradip S., Santoshkumar S. Biradar, S. Radhakrishnan, and B. D. Kulkarni. "Role of ionic diffusion in polymer gel mediated growth (PMG) technique for the synthesis of nanoparticulate fillers." Materials Chemistry and Physics 105, no. 2-3 (October 2007): 348–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.04.071.

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23

Soto, K. F., K. M. Garza, Y. Shi, and L. E. Murr. "Direct contact cytotoxicity assays for filter-collected, carbonaceous (soot) nanoparticulate material and observations of lung cell response." Atmospheric Environment 42, no. 9 (March 2008): 1970–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.12.027.

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24

Olson, Carol, Dirk Veldman, Klaas Bakker, and Frank Lenzmann. "Characterization of the Pore Filling of Solid State Dye Sensitized Solar Cells with Photoinduced Absorption Spectroscopy." International Journal of Photoenergy 2011 (2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/513089.

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Near steady-state photoinduced absorption (PIA) and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy are used to characterize the pore filling of spiro-MeOTAD (2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis-(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)9,9′-spirobifluorene) into the nanoparticulate TiO2electrode of a solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell (ssDSC). The volumetric ratio of filled to unfilled pore volumes, as well as the optical signature of interacting chemical species, that is, the hole-transfer yield (HTY), are investigated. PIA spectroscopy is used to measure the HTY, relative to the amount of spiro-MeOTAD present, without needing to determine the extinction coefficients of the dye and spiro-MeOTAD cation species. The Beer-Lambert law is used to relate the relative PIA signal to the penetration length of the hole-conductor in the TiO2film. For the sample thickness range of1.4–5 μm investigated here, the optimum characteristic penetration length is determined to be3.1+0.46 μm, which is compared to 1.4 μm for the 200 mgmL−1concentration of spiro-MeOTAD conventionally used. Therefore, doubling the effective penetration of spiro-MeOTAD is necessary to functionalize all the dye molecules in a ssDSC.

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Gunes, I. Sedat, César Pérez-Bolivar, Feina Cao, Guillermo A. Jimenez, Pavel Anzenbacher, and Sadhan C. Jana. "Analysis of non-covalent interactions between the nanoparticulate fillers and the matrix polymer as applied to shape memory performance." Journal of Materials Chemistry 20, no. 17 (2010): 3467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b922027e.

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Lo, Samantha, and Mh Busra Fauzi. "Current Update of Collagen Nanomaterials—Fabrication, Characterisation and Its Applications: A Review." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 3 (February 28, 2021): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13030316.

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Tissue engineering technology is a promising alternative approach for improvement in health management. Biomaterials play a major role, acting as a provisional bioscaffold for tissue repair and regeneration. Collagen a widely studied natural component largely present in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the human body. It provides mechanical stability with suitable elasticity and strength to various tissues, including skin, bone, tendon, cornea and others. Even though exogenous collagen is commonly used in bioscaffolds, largely in the medical and pharmaceutical fields, nano collagen is a relatively new material involved in nanotechnology with a plethora of unexplored potential. Nano collagen is a form of collagen reduced to a nanoparticulate size, which has its advantages over the common three-dimensional (3D) collagen design, primarily due to its nano-size contributing to a higher surface area-to-volume ratio, aiding in withstanding large loads with minimal tension. It can be produced through different approaches including the electrospinning technique to produce nano collagen fibres resembling natural ECM. Nano collagen can be applied in various medical fields involving bioscaffold insertion or fillers for wound healing improvement; skin, bone, vascular grafting, nerve tissue and articular cartilage regeneration as well as aiding in drug delivery and incorporation for cosmetic purposes.

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Zhang, He, Gang Han, and Gerhard Litscher. "Traditional Acupuncture Meets Modern Nanotechnology: Opportunities and Perspectives." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2019 (July 16, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2146167.

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Acupuncture is an ancient method in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Usually acupuncture needles are inserted into the body to achieve therapeutic effects. However, there are still some challenges to achieve consensuses. What is the essence or anatomy of acupuncture meridians? How does acupuncture work? How to improve acupuncture clinical therapeutic effect? These questions may be addressed by highlighting recent developments in innovative nanotechnology. The aim of this review is to elucidate the possible applications and future potential of nanotechnology in acupuncture. Nanoparticles are promising for imaging and it may gain a better understanding of the essence of meridian. Nanotechnology enables nanochips/nanosensors providing new solutions in detection reactive molecules in vivo and in real time. The connections and changing of these molecules with needle stimulation will allow insight into the mechanisms of acupuncture. Acupuncture combined with nano-TCM could provide a great potential in some type of characteristic acupuncture therapies improvement. By virtue of nanotechnology, the acupuncture needles could be innovated as multifunction toolbox. Acupuncture needles could be considered as a method for controlled drug delivery. The nanoparticulated photothermal, magnetothermal, photodynamic agents could also be filled on the surface of needle.

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Neu‐Baker, Nicole M., Adrienne C. Eastlake, and Sara A. Brenner. "Sample preparation method for visualization of nanoparticulate captured on mixed cellulose ester filter media by enhanced darkfield microscopy and hyperspectral imaging." Microscopy Research and Technique 82, no. 6 (February 15, 2019): 878–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.23231.

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29

Kasper, Jennifer Y., M. Iris Hermanns, Annette Kraegeloh, W. Roth, C. James Kirkpatrick, and Ronald E. Unger. "In Vitro Entero-Capillary Barrier Exhibits Altered Inflammatory and Exosomal Communication Pattern after Exposure to Silica Nanoparticles." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 13 (July 5, 2019): 3301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20133301.

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The intestinal microvasculature (iMV) plays multiple pathogenic roles during chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The iMV acts as a second line of defense and is, among other factors, crucial for the innate immunity in the gut. It is also the therapeutic location in IBD targeting aggravated leukocyte adhesion processes involving ICAM-1 and E-selectin. Specific targeting is stressed via nanoparticulate drug vehicles. Evaluating the iMV in enterocyte barrier models in vitro could shed light on inflammation and barrier-integrity processes during IBD. Therefore, we generated a barrier model by combining the enterocyte cell line Caco-2 with the microvascular endothelial cell line ISO-HAS-1 on opposite sides of a transwell filter-membrane under culture conditions which mimicked the physiological and inflamed conditions of IBD. The IBD model achieved a significant barrier-disruption, demonstrated via transepithelial-electrical resistance (TER), permeability-coefficient (Papp) and increase of sICAM sE-selectin and IL-8. In addition, the impact of a prospective model drug-vehicle (silica nanoparticles, aSNP) on ongoing inflammation was examined. A decrease of sICAM/sE-selectin was observed after aSNP-exposure to the inflamed endothelium. These findings correlated with a decreased secretion of ICAM/E-selectin bearing exosomes/microvesicles, as evaluated via ELISA. Our findings indicate that aSNP treatment of the inflamed endothelium during IBD may hamper exosomal/microvesicular systemic communication.

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Park, Barry, Barry Park, Patricia A. Martin, Barry Park, Patricia A. Martin, Chris Harris, Barry Park, et al. "Preliminaryin vitroinvestigation of the potential health effects of Optisol™, a nanoparticulate manganese modified titanium dioxide UV-filter used in certain sunscreen products." Nanotoxicology 3, no. 2 (January 2009): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17435390802691786.

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Kilian, Olaf, Sabine Wenisch, Volker Alt, Markus Lauer, Rosemarie Fuhrmann, Elvira Dingeldein, Tarja Jonuleit, Reinhard Schnettler, and Ralf-Peter Franke. "Effects of platelet factors on biodegradation and osteogenesis in metaphyseal defects filled with nanoparticular hydroxyapatite—an experimental study in minipigs." Growth Factors 25, no. 3 (January 2007): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08977190701687585.

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Doherty, Stephen A., David D. Hile, Donald L. Wise, Jackie Y. Ying, Stephen T. Sonis, and Debra J. Trantolo. "Nanoparticulate Hydroxyapatite Enhances the Bioactivity of a Resorbable Bone Graft." MRS Proceedings 735 (2002). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-735-c6.4.

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ABSTRACTA nanoparticulate-hydroxyapatite filler augmented osteointegration within a resorbable polymer based bone graft substitute designed for orthopaedic and periodontal applications. The unsaturated polyester poly(propylene glycol-co-fumaric acid) (PPF), was used to prepare the bone graft substitute. The nanoparticulate-hydroxyapatite filler was examined in terms of biocompatibility, bony ingrowth and mechanical stability in a rat calvarial defect model. The nano-hydroxyapatite fillerwas compared against a commercially available micrometer-sized hydroxyapatite(HA) filler. Histological analysis indicated that remodeling of the newly formed bone was more advanced in the defect filled with the nano-hydroxyapatite augmented PPF. Mechanical evaluation showed a more rapid increase in stiffness of the nano-hydroxyapatite PPF. Implants of the nano-HA augmented PPF showed more advanced bone formation and recovery of mechanical properties, suggesting an improved biological response to the nano-sized particles.

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Barhoumi Meddeb, A., and Z. Ounaies. "Interphase-assisted suppression of electrode polarization in nanoparticulate-elastomeric composites." Journal of Applied Physics 133, no. 15 (April 21, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0141243.

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The electrical properties of polymer nanocomposites are governed by the behavior of the internal charges. In particular, the interphase around the nanoparticles strongly influences the distribution and mobility of charge carriers within the nanocomposites, which, in turn, impacts the performance of these materials. In this work, we probe the internal charge behavior in the presence of nanoparticles with a focus on the low-frequency regime using a suite of techniques. By investigating the depolarizing currents and the dependence of the dielectric properties on the frequency and temperature, we demonstrate that the interphases redistribute the space charges, increase their trap depth, and suppress the electrode polarization in an elastomeric nanocomposite. Additionally, we study the effect of the nanoparticle content on the dielectric behavior by comparing the internal charge behavior of 1, 2, and 4 vol. % nanocomposites. At only 4 vol. % loading, the mobility of charge carriers is effectively limited, leading to lower dc conductivity compared to the unfilled elastomer, and 1 and 2 vol. % nanocomposites. These findings are based on the model materials used in this study, TiO2 nanoparticles and polydimethylsiloxane, and can be extended to other nanoparticulate-filled elastomer composites to design lightweight dielectrics, actuators, and sensors with improved capabilities. Judicious manipulation of interfacial phenomena in polymer nanocomposites—especially those with a dilute content of nanoparticles—provides a promising path forward for the design of materials with exceptional electrical and other physical properties.

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Jeffcoat, Paris, Cary Di Lernia, and Elizabeth New. "Letting the Market Decide? The Rise – and Regulatory Risks – of the Australian Nanotechnology Industry." University of New South Wales Law Journal 46, no. 2 (July 1, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.53637/eggy8437.

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In 2022, the European Union moved to ban the use of titanium dioxide as a food additive after it had been on the market for over four decades, due to safety concerns related to the additive’s nanoparticulate nature. Marking a significant backflip in the international regulatory approach to consumer products containing nano-objects, the global shifting of regulatory gears following the decision has already begun to filter through to domestic policymaking, with regulator Food Standards Australia New Zealand forced to reconsider their regulatory approach to the additive, which remains largely permissive. In view of the evolving understanding that technologies and objects at the nanoscale present new risks to humans and the environment, it is argued that a more precautionary approach should be considered by Australian regulators to fill the significant gaps in existing regulatory frameworks and safeguard stakeholders.

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FRANK, Luana, Waldemir Francisco VIEIRA JUNIOR, Roberta Tarkany BASTING, Cecília Pedroso TURSSI, Flávia Lucisano Botelho do AMARAL, and Fabiana Mantovani Gomes FRANÇA. "Effect of acid challenge and photoactivation distance on microhardness and roughness of flow bulk-fill composite resins." Revista de Odontologia da UNESP 51 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-2577.03222.

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Abstract Introduction composite resins are indicated to the reconstruction of proximal walls and the evaluation of properties of flow bulk-fill composite resins exposed to acid challenge is necessary. Objective to evaluate the microhardness and roughness at different depths of photoactivation of bulk-fill flow composites (Filtek Bulk Fill Flow; SureFil SDR Flow; Tetric N Ceram Bulk fill) and conventional composite resin (control, Filtek Z350 XT) subjected to acid challenge. Material and method forty composites brick shaped specimens (3x3x4 mm) were made using a polyacetal matrix. To simulate pH challenges, the samples were immersed in a demineralizing solution. Each sample had Knoop microhardness (KHN) and roughness (Ra) evaluated at three depths (superficial, medium, and cervical), considering the lateral surface of the sample. Data were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis, Friedman's and Dunn's tests with a significance level of 5%. Result comparing the composites among themselves, in superficial (p=0.693), medium (p=0.053) and cervical (p=0.176) regions, there was no difference in the KHN values. There were also no differences in roughness between the composites in superficial (p=0.356), medium (p=0.734) and cervical (p=0.207) regions. Only the Filtek Z350 XT (p=0.027) showed less difference in KHN in the middle region caused by acid challenge. Changes in roughness showed that the greatest difference was at the cervical region for Bulk Fill Flow SDR (p=0.014) and Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill (p = 0.003) with an increase after acid challenge. Conclusion after acid challenge, bulk-fill flow composites showed alterations similar to those presented by the conventional nanoparticulate resin composite.

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Garhwal Jha, Sunena, Deepali Tomar, and Sunil Jawla. "Neurotoxic Effects of Nanoparticles and Their Pathogenesis." Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology 11 (June 2, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2211738511666230602143628.

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Abstract: A recent study on the deployment of nanoparticles in the consumer and healthcare sectors has shown highly serious safety concerns. This is despite the fact that nanoparticles offer a vast array of applications and great promise. According to studies on how nanoparticles interact with neurons, the central nervous system experiences both negative and positive impacts (CNS). With a maximum concentration of 0.1-1.0 wt.%, nanoparticles can be incorporated into materials to impart antibacterial and antiviral properties. Depending on the host or base materials utilised, this concentration may be transformed into a liquid phase release rate (leaching rate). For instance, nanoparticulate silver (Ag) or copper oxide (CuO)-filled epoxy resin exhibits extremely restricted release of the metal ions (Ag+ or Cu2+) into their surroundings unless they are physically removed or deteriorated. Nanoparticles are able to traverse a variety of barriers, including the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and skin, and are capable of penetrating biological systems and leaking into internal organs. In these circumstances, it is considered that the maximum drug toxicity test limit (10 g ml 1), as measured in artificial cerebrospinal solution, is far lower than the concentration or dosage. As this is a fast-increasing industry, as the public's exposure to these substances increases, so does their use. Thus, neurologists are inquisitive about how nanoparticles influence human neuronal cells in the central nervous system (CNS) in terms of both their potential benefits and drawbacks. This study will emphasise and address it.

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Yang, Z., Z. W. Liu, R. P. Allaker, P. Reip, J. Oxford, Z. Ahmad, and G. Ren. "A review of nanoparticle functionality and toxicity on the central nervous system." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 7, suppl_4 (June 2, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2010.0158.focus.

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Although nanoparticles have tremendous potential for a host of applications, their adverse effects on living cells have raised serious concerns recently for their use in the healthcare and consumer sectors. As regards the central nervous system (CNS), research data on nanoparticle interaction with neurons has provided evidence of both negative and positive effects. Maximal application dosage of nanoparticles in materials to provide applications such as antibacterial and antiviral functions is approximately 0.1–1.0 wt%. This concentration can be converted into a liquid phase release rate (leaching rate) depending upon the host or base materials used. For example, nanoparticulate silver (Ag) or copper oxide (CuO)-filled epoxy resin demonstrates much reduced release of the metal ions (Ag + or Cu 2+ ) into their surrounding environment unless they are mechanically removed or aggravated. Subsequent to leaching effects and entry into living systems, nanoparticles can also cross through many other barriers, such as skin and the blood–brain barrier (BBB), and may also reach bodily organs. In such cases, their concentration or dosage in body fluids is considered to be well below the maximum drug toxicity test limit (10 −5 g ml −1 ) as determined in artificial cerebrospinal solution. As this is a rapidly evolving area and the use of such materials will continue to mature, so will their exposure to members of society. Hence, neurologists have equal interests in nanoparticle effects (positive functionality and negative toxicity) on human neuronal cells within the CNS, where the current research in this field will be highlighted and reviewed.

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Kuehr, Sebastian, Noemi Diehle, Ralf Kaegi, and Christian Schlechtriem. "Ingestion of bivalve droppings by benthic invertebrates may lead to the transfer of nanomaterials in the aquatic food chain." Environmental Sciences Europe 33, no. 1 (March 20, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12302-021-00473-3.

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Abstract Background Manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs) are released into the environment in increasing quantities. Consequently, MNMs also reach the aquatic environment, where they can interact with different organisms. Previous studies have already shown that filter-feeding bivalves can ingest nanomaterials from the surrounding water leading to higher concentration of the material. Furthermore, they have been shown to be vectors for environmental chemicals and pathogens to other organisms, as their feces/pseudofeces (F/pF) play a crucial role as a food source for other species. We exposed bivalves (Corbicula sp.) to MNMs and performed experiments to investigate the possible transport of MNMs by their feces to the benthic amphipod Hyalella azteca. Silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs) as well as fluorescent polystyrene nanoparticles were used in this study. They allowed the investigation of the metal content of the bivalves’ feces and the amphipods feeding on it, as well as the localization of the fluorescent particles in the body of the animals. Results Examination of the feces by fluorescence microscope and determination of the total metal content by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) showed a high accumulation of the exposed MNMs in the F/pF. The examination of fecal matter, using transmission electron microscopy confirmed the nanoparticulate character of the metals in the examined fecal matter. After exposure of amphipods to the MNMs containing fecal matter, the fluorescent MNMs were localized in the animals gut. The chronic exposure of juvenile amphipods over 21 days to feces enriched with Au MNMs caused significant effects on the growth of the amphipods. The transfer of both metals (Ag and Au) from the fecal matter to the amphipods was confirmed after total metal measurements. Conclusion Probably, for the first time, it has been shown that when exposed to MNMs bivalves can transfer these particles to other benthic species. Transfer is via released F/pF upon which the benthic species feed and thus could ingest the particles. The high concentrations of MNMs in the fecal matter raises concerns about the potential accumulation and transfer of the materials and associated ecotoxicological effects in invertebrates such as benthic amphipods.

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