Статті в журналах: "Nanoparticle biogenesis"

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Hurwitz, Stephanie N., Meghan M. Conlon, Mark A. Rider, Naomi C. Brownstein, and David G. Meckes. "Nanoparticle analysis sheds budding insights into genetic drivers of extracellular vesicle biogenesis." Journal of Extracellular Vesicles 5, no. 1 (January 2016): 31295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jev.v5.31295.

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Kodiha, Mohamed, Hicham Mahboubi, Dusica Maysinger, and Ursula Stochaj. "Gold Nanoparticles Impinge on Nucleoli and the Stress Response in MCF7 Breast Cancer Cells." Nanobiomedicine 3 (January 1, 2016): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/62337.

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Cancer cells can take up gold nanoparticles of different morphologies. These particles interact with the plasma membrane and often travel to intracellular organelles. Among organelles, the nucleus is especially susceptible to the damage that is inflicted by gold nanoparticles. Located inside the nucleus, nucleoli are specialized compartments that transcribe ribosomal RNA genes, produce ribosomes and function as cellular stress sensors. Nucleoli are particularly prone to gold nanoparticle-induced injury. As such, small spherical gold nanoparticles and gold nanoflowers interfere with the transcription of ribosomal DNA. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we examined the effects of gold nanoparticles on nucleolar proteins that are critical to ribosome biogenesis and other cellular functions. We show that B23/nucleophosmin, a nucleolar protein that is tightly linked to cancer, is significantly affected by gold nanoparticles. Furthermore, gold nanoparticles impinge on the cellular stress response, as they reduce the abundance of the molecular chaperone hsp70 and O-GlcNAc modified proteins in the nucleus and nucleoli. Together, our studies set the stage for the development of nanomedicines that target the nucleolus to eradicate proliferating cancer cells.

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Roychoudhury, Piya, Aleksandra Golubeva, Przemysław Dąbek, Michał Gloc, Renata Dobrucka, Krzysztof Kurzydłowski, and Andrzej Witkowski. "Diatom Mediated Production of Fluorescent Flower Shaped Silver-Silica Nanohybrid." Materials 14, no. 23 (November 28, 2021): 7284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14237284.

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Fabrication of flower-like nanostructures are gaining attention because of their high surface/volume ratio and extensive adsorption capacity. In the present investigation, flower-shaped, autofluorescent silver-silica (Ag-SiO2) hybrid nanoparticles have been fabricated exploiting diatoms as a source of nanosilica. Two different species of Gedaniella including G. flavovirens and G. mutabilis showed their efficacy in synthesizing fluorescent Ag-SiO2 nanoflowers (NFs) and nanospheres (NSs) against 9 mM silver nitrate solution, respectively. The biogenic nanoconjugate (Ag-SiO2) was characterized by Uv-vis spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. Production of Ag-SiO2 hybrid nanoparticle was confirmed by observing both Ag and Si signals from a single nanoparticle in an EDS study. The broad and single absorption band at ~420 nm in Uv-vis spectroscopy confirmed proper miscibility and production of hybrid nanoparticles. The Ag-SiO2 nanohybrids revealed autofluorescent property under the blue light region (excitation ~450–490 nm). SEM images of particles synthesized by G. flavovirens revealed the production of microscopic flower shaped Ag-SiO2 particles with several layers of petals. A TEM study confirmed that the synthesized Ag-SiO2 NFs are variable in size with 100–500 nm in diameter. Decolorization of methylene blue after exposure to Ag-SiO2 particles confirmed catalytic activity of synthesized nanostructures. This eco-friendly method provides a new dimension in nanobiotechnology for biogenesis of such hierarchical nanostructure in a cost-effective way.

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Murray, Matthew, Yazhe Wang, Ranjini K. Sundaram, Jason Beckta, W. Mark Saltzman, and Ranjit S. Bindra. "Abstract 294: Exploiting mutant PPM1D-induced metabolic defects with nanoparticle-encapsulated NAMPT inhibitors." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (June 15, 2022): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-294.

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Abstract Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG) is a leading cause of death in pediatric cancer, with an abysmal <1% 5-year survival rate due to lack of effective treatment options. A significant effort is needed to understand the genetic landscape of this disease to develop novel therapeutic strategies and modalities. Recently, the Bindra laboratory found that a truncation mutation in the gene PPM1D, found in ~30% of DIPG cases, causes global epigenetic alterations that lead to therapeutic vulnerabilities. They found that mutant PPM1D activity results in loss of the NAD+ biogenesis protein NAPRT that can be therapeutically targeted by inhibitors of another protein in the NAD+ biogenesis pathway NAMPT (NAMPTi), providing a viable therapeutic strategy for these cancers. Some NAMPTis have been FDA-approved for clinical usage, but present with systemic and retinal toxicity. Moreover, while there are few NAMPTis that can pass the blood brain barrier through systemic delivery, studies show diminished concentrations at the target site. Together, current studies show that the use of NAMPTis for precision targeting of CNS cancers such as DIPG with mutant PPM1D status is a promising therapeutic strategy, but impractical given the limitations of these drugs. However, recent developments in drug delivery systems offer a chance to overcome these issues. Tools such as nanoparticle (NP) drug delivery and unique injection set-ups such as convection-enhanced delivery (CED) allow for drugs such as NAMPTis to be reconsidered for clinical usage. To circumvent the challenges presented by these drugs, we have developed and characterized nanoparticles that encapsulate NAMPTis (NAMPTi-NP) and use CED for sustained intratumoral delivery. Thus far, we have fabricated and optimized PLA-PEG copolymeric nanoparticles capable of encapsulating the NAMPTi, GMX-1778. We characterized these nanoparticles based on (1) hydrodynamic diameter, (2) zeta potential, and (3) stability within an artificial cerebrospinal fluid in vitro solution. We have performed both in vitro and in vivo assays to determine the functionality of the NAMPTi-NPs through (1) cellular uptake studies via immunofluorescence and flow cytometry, (2) functional analysis via NAD+ quantification, (3) short- and long-term cell viability assays to determine sensitivity to the NAMPTi-NP, and (4) in vivo biodistribution studies to assess sustained retention of NAMPTi-NP with CED intracranial injections. We find that NAMPTi-NPs have immediate and sustained cellular uptake, loss of NAD+ post-treatment indicating effective targeting, and enhanced sensitivity in long-term viability studies in mutant PPM1D models. Lastly, these NAMPTi-NPs display prolonged retention in brain tissue compared to free drug injection over time. With further in vivo validation, this NP-based strategy will be a powerful tool for targeting mutant PPM1D DIPG and other cancers. Citation Format: Matthew Murray, Yazhe Wang, Ranjini K. Sundaram, Jason Beckta, W. Mark Saltzman, Ranjit S. Bindra. Exploiting mutant PPM1D-induced metabolic defects with nanoparticle-encapsulated NAMPT inhibitors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 294.

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Sancho-Albero, María, Maria del Mar Encabo-Berzosa, Manuel Beltrán-Visiedo, Lola Fernández-Messina, Víctor Sebastián, Francisco Sánchez-Madrid, Manuel Arruebo, Jesús Santamaría, and Pilar Martín-Duque. "Efficient encapsulation of theranostic nanoparticles in cell-derived exosomes: leveraging the exosomal biogenesis pathway to obtain hollow gold nanoparticle-hybrids." Nanoscale 11, no. 40 (2019): 18825–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr06183e.

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Arasi, Maria Beatrice, Francesca Pedini, Sonia Valentini, Nadia Felli, and Federica Felicetti. "Advances in Natural or Synthetic Nanoparticles for Metastatic Melanoma Therapy and Diagnosis." Cancers 12, no. 10 (October 9, 2020): 2893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12102893.

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Advanced melanoma is still a major challenge in oncology. In the early stages, melanoma can be treated successfully with surgery and the survival rate is high, nevertheless the survival rate drops drastically after metastasis dissemination. The identification of parameters predictive of the prognosis to support clinical decisions and of new efficacious therapies are important to ensure patients the best possible prognosis. Recent progress in nanotechnology allowed the development of nanoparticles able to protect drugs from degradation and to deliver the drug to the tumor. Modification of the nanoparticle surface by specific molecules improves retention and accumulation in the target tissue. In this review, we describe the potential role of nanoparticles in advanced melanoma treatment and discuss the current efforts of designing polymeric nanoparticles for controlled drug release at the site upon injection. In addition, we highlight the advances as well as the challenges of exosome-based nanocarriers as drug vehicles. We place special focus on the advantages of these natural nanocarriers in delivering various cargoes in advanced melanoma treatment. We also describe the current advances in knowledge of melanoma-related exosomes, including their biogenesis, molecular contents and biological functions, focusing our attention on their utilization for early diagnosis and prognosis in melanoma disease.

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Babu, B. Hari, and G. Vijaya Lakshmi. "Antibacterial, Anticancer, Catalytic and Antioxidant Activities of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Derived from Alternanthera sessilis Leaf Extract." Asian Journal of Chemistry 34, no. 12 (2022): 3286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2022.23980.

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The current study evaluates the biogenesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) utilizing an aqueous extract of Alternanthera sessilis (Linn.) leaf. Biological nanoparticle production has recently gained appeal due to its eco-friendliness, simplicity, cost-effectiveness, non-hazardous nature and difficult circumstances. Aqueous extract of Alternanthera sessilis leaf contains terpenoids, carbohydrates and flavonoids to convert metal ions into metal and so stabilize the resultant nanoparticles. The UV-visible spectrophotometer obtained a distinctive peak at 420 nm, the XRD validated the crystalline FCC nature of biogenic Ag NPs and the FTIR and zeta-potential (± 14) tests revealed that phyto-chemicals were responsible for reduction and stabilization of Ag NPs. TEM examination revealed a spherical form and size of about 24 nm. The biogenic Ag NPs displayed intriguing dose-dependent antioxidant activity, with an EC50 percent of 69.9g/mL and a maximum activity of 66.36 at 150 μg/mL against DPPH, as well as considerable catalytic activity against Eosin-Y red dye, 84% of Eosin-Y dye destroyed after 60 min. Furthermore, the experiments demonstrated that Ag NPs were more effective against Gram-negative bacteria than Gram-positive bacteria and also show the anticancer activity against Hela cells and breast cancer cell line (MCF-7).The anticancer activity is more potent in higher concentrations.

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Shaw, S., P. Singh, R. Mishra, R. Singh, R. Nayak, and S. Bose. "Cancer therapeutics strategy using nano-carrier mediated natural drugs." Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 114, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.1481.

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Nucleolin is a multifactorial protein, having a significant role in chromatin remodelling, mRNA stability, ribosome biogenesis, stemness, angiogenesis, etc., thus, it is potential therapeutic target in cancer. The purpose of this paper is to study porous silicon (pSi) nanocarrier-based natural drug delivery system targeting dysregulated nucleolin expression for cancer therapeutics. Quercetin was loaded in pre-synthesized and characterized pSi nanoparticles, and release kinetics was studied. The study compared the inhibitory concentration (IC50) of quercetin, synthetic drug doxorubicin, and quercetin-loaded pSi nanoparticles. Further, mRNA expression of a target gene, nucleolin, was tested with a quercetin treated breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). Quercetin-loaded pSi nanoparticles followed first-order release kinetics. IC50 was determined at concentrations of 312 nM, 160 µM, and 50 µM against doxorubicin, quercetin, and quercetin-loaded pSi nanoparticles, respectively. The results further indicated 16-fold downregulation of nucleolin mRNA expression after 48h of quercetin treatment of exponentially growing MCF-7 cells. Whether pSi nanoparticle loaded quercetin can significantly downregulate nucleolin protein expression and its impact on apoptosis, cell proliferation, and angiogenic pathways need further investigation. The practical application of the proposed nanocarrier-based drug delivery system potentially lays out a path for developing targeted therapy against nucleolin-dysregulated cancer using natural products to minimize the side effects of conventional chemotherapeutic drugs. Inhibition of nucleolin and nucleolin regulated pathways using natural compounds and its targeted delivery with nanocarrier is not yet done.

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Huang, Di, Naagarajan Narayanan, Mario A. Cano-Vega, Zhihao Jia, Kolapo M. Ajuwon, Shihuan Kuang, and Meng Deng. "Nanoparticle-Mediated Inhibition of Notch Signaling Promotes Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Reduces Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Expansion in Pigs." iScience 23, no. 6 (June 2020): 101167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2020.101167.

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Kumar, Sanjay, Brennetta J. Crenshaw, Sparkle D. Williams, Courtnee’ R. Bell, Qiana L. Matthews, and Brian Sims. "Cocaine‐Specific Effects on Exosome Biogenesis in Microglial Cells." Neurochemical Research 46, no. 4 (February 8, 2021): 1006–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11064-021-03231-2.

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AbstractCocaine is a highly addictive stimulant and a well-known drug, with multiple effects on physiology. Cocaine can have direct effects on all cell types in the brain, including microglia. Microglia can be activated by other conditions, such as infection, inflammation, or injury. However, how cocaine regulates microglia and the influence of cocaine on microglial-derived exosomes remains unknown. Exosomes are nanovesicles that are responsible for intercellular communications, signaling, and trafficking necessary cargo for cell homeostasis. In this study, we hypothesized that cocaine affects exosome biogenesis and composition in BV2 microglial cells. BV2 microglial cells were cultured in exosome-depleted RPMI-1640 media and were treated according to the experimental designs. We observed that cell viability decreased by 11% at 100 µM cocaine treatment but was unaffected at other concentrations. After treatments, the exosomes were isolated from the condition media. Purified exosomes were characterized and quantified using transmission electron microscope (TEM) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). By NTA, there was a significant decrease in particles/mL after cocaine treatment. There was a 39.5%, 58.1%, 32.3% and 28.1% decrease in particles/mL at 100 nM, 1 μM, 10 μM and 100 μM cocaine, respectively. The characterization of exosomes and exosomal protein was performed by western/dot blot analyses. Tetraspanins CD11b, CD18 and CD63 were relatively unchanged after cocaine treatment. The heat shock proteins (Hsps), Hsp70 and Hsp90, were both significantly increased at 10 μM and 100 μM, but only hsp70 was significantly increased at 10 nM. The Rab proteins were assessed to investigate their role in cocaine-mediated exosomal decrease. Rab11 was significantly decreased at 10 nM, 100 nM, 1 μM, 10 μM and 100 μM by 15%, 28%, 25%, 38% and 22%, respectively. Rab27 was decreased at all concentrations but only significantly decreased at 100 nM, 1 μM and 100 μM cocaine by 21%, 24% and 23%, respectively. Rab35 had no significant changes noted when compared to control. Rab7 increased at all cocaine concentrations but only a significant increase in expression at 100 nM and 10 μM by 1.32-fold and 1.4-fold increase. Cocaine was found to alter exosome biogenesis and composition in BV2 microglial cells. Western and dot blot analyses verified the identities of purified exosomes, and the specific protein compositions of exosomes were found to change in the presence of cocaine. Furthermore, cocaine exposure modulated the expression of exosomal proteins, such as Hsps and Rab GTPases, suggesting the protein composition and formation of microglial-derived exosomes were regulated by cocaine.

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Lee, Young-Hee, Jeong-Seok Kim, Ji-Eun Kim, Min-Ho Lee, Jae-Gyu Jeon, Il-Song Park та Ho-Keun Yi. "Nanoparticle mediated PPARγ gene delivery on dental implants improves osseointegration via mitochondrial biogenesis in diabetes mellitus rat model". Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 13, № 5 (липень 2017): 1821–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2017.02.020.

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Mustafa, Nurulhuda, Muhamad Irfan Azaman, and Wee-Joo Chng. "Daratumumab Resistant Natural Killer/T-Cell Lymphoma Exhibit an Addiction to the Exosome Biogenesis Pathway for Survival." Blood 138, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2021): 2256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2021-151812.

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Abstract A phase 2 clinical trial has demonstrated that daratumumab monotherapy was safe and well tolerated in relapsed/refractory Natural Killer/T-Cell Lymphoma (NKTL). However, no patients achieved complete response, and duration of response was short. Similarly, in Multiple Myeloma (MM), while daratumumab based combinations are approved for front line treatment, responses are heterogeneous and development of treatment resistance inevitable. Therefore, elucidation of mechanisms which can overcome daratumumab resistance is essential for the optimization of therapeutic response in patients. To this end, 2 pairs of isogenic daratumumab resistant and sensitive models of NKTL were developed in vitro via sequential exposure of cell lines to increasing concentrations of daratumumab in the presence of complement serum. A 3rd model was also studied in vivo whereby long-term administration of daratumumab in mice identified a sub-group of tumors which stopped responding to treatment and began to rapidly enlarge ('Resistant') as compared to others which remained similar to or smaller ('Sensitive') than the tumour volume at the initiation of treatment. RNA sequencing was performed on these models and genes commonly upregulated or downregulated analyzed. Differential gene expression analysis highlighted an enrichment for the upregulation of genes involved in exosome biogenesis and secretion in both cell line and mouse-derived daratumumab resistant NKTL models. An additional daratumumab resistant model was developed in an MM cell line to further validate these findings and extend the study in an MM model. Immunoblotting of the 3 pairs of isogenic sensitive and resistant cell line models demonstrate that there is indeed an upregulation of proteins regulating exosomal biogenesis and secretion; Alix, TSG101 and Rab27b in the daratumumab resistant phenotype. This is associated with a concomitant increase in secreted exosomes levels in the tumour microenvironment. The size and quantification of extracellular vesicles (EV) secreted in the media were studied by nanoparticle tracking analysis. Extracellular vesicles ranged in the size of 70-150nM corroborating with the size of exosomes and nanoparticle quantification revealed a higher concentration of exosomes present in the tumour microenvironment of resistant cells as compared to sensitive cells. Subsequently, exosomes were purified via ultracentrifugation and protein expression analysis confirmed elevation of exosome markers CD63 and CD81. To study the role of exosomal-mediated mechanisms in the survival of daratumumab resistant cells, we treated isogenic models with neticonazole and ketoconazole (azoles) which have been identified as selective inhibitors of exosomal biogenesis in a drug repurposing study for advanced cancers. Interestingly, azole treatment demonstrated a selective and more effective suppression of tumour cell viability in daratumumab resistant than sensitive cell lines. Immunoblot analysis showed that azole treatment at identical concentrations resulted in a more extensive downregulation of Alix, Rab27b and CD81 protein expression in resistant than sensitive cells. Additionally, depletion of Alix and Rab27b protein expression via siRNA knockdown induced cell death confirming that daratumumab-resistant cell lines are dependent on exosomal-mediated pathways for survival. Current research is focused mainly on intrinsic or immune cell-mediated mechanisms of daratumumab resistance, but little is known regarding the effect of extrinsic components in the tumour microenvironment. We demonstrate that daratumumab resistant models exhibit a distinct upregulation of proteins mediating exosome biogenesis resulting in enhanced exosome secretion. Daratumumab resistant cells are targeted more efficaciously with exosome biogenesis inhibitors than sensitive counterparts thereby suggesting an addiction to exosome-mediated mechanisms of survival. This is further supported by gene silencing studies. In future, we aim to perform miRNA profiling of exosomes purified from the tumour microenvironment of isogenic daratumumab-resistant and sensitive cell line models as well as from bone marrow plasma of daratumumab treated patients. miRNA which are enriched in the exosomes of resistant phenotypes will be characterized, unique biomarkers of response identified and in depth mechanisms of resistance studied. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Ipinmoroti, Ayodeji O., Brennetta J. Crenshaw, Rachana Pandit, Sanjay Kumar, Brian Sims, and Qiana L. Matthews. "Human Adenovirus Serotype 3 Infection Modulates the Biogenesis and Composition of Lung Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles." Journal of Immunology Research 2021 (December 9, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2958394.

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Adenovirus (Ad) is a major causal agent of acute respiratory infections. However, they are a powerful delivery system for gene therapy and vaccines. Some Ad serotypes antagonize the immune system leading to meningitis, conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, and/or acute hemorrhagic cystitis. Studies have shown that the release of small, membrane-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) may offer a mechanism by which viruses can enter cells via receptor-independent entry and how they influence disease pathogenesis and/or host protection considering their existence in almost all bodily fluids. We proposed that Ad3 could alter EV biogenesis, composition, and trafficking and may stimulate various immune responses in vitro. In the present study, we evaluated the impact of in vitro infection with Ad3 vector on EV biogenesis and composition in the human adenocarcinoma lung epithelial cell line A549. Cells were infected in an exosome-free media at different multiplicity of infections (MOIs) and time points. The cell viability was determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and fluorometric calcein-AM. EVs were isolated via ultracentrifugation. Isolated EV proteins were quantified and evaluated via nanoparticle tracking, transmission electron microscopy, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and immunoblotting assays. The cell viability significantly decreased with an increase in MOI and incubation time. A significant increase in particle mean sizes, concentrations, and total EV protein content was detected at higher MOIs when compared to uninfected cells (control group). A549 cell-derived EVs revealed the presence of TSG101, tetraspanins CD9 and CD63, and heat shock proteins 70 and 100 with significantly elevated levels of Rab5, 7, and 35 at higher MOIs (300, 750, and 1500) when compared to the controls. Our findings suggested Ad3 could modulate EV biogenesis, composition, and trafficking which could impact infection pathogenesis and disease progression. This study might suggest EVs could be diagnostic and therapeutic advancement to Ad infections and other related viral infections. However, further investigation is warranted to explore the underlying mechanism(s).

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Wang, Yuting, Xian Shu, Jinyan Hou, Weili Lu, Weiwei Zhao, Shengwei Huang, and Lifang Wu. "Selenium Nanoparticle Synthesized by Proteus mirabilis YC801: An Efficacious Pathway for Selenite Biotransformation and Detoxification." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 12 (November 29, 2018): 3809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19123809.

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Selenite is extremely biotoxic, and as a result of this, exploitation of microorganisms able to reduce selenite to non-toxic elemental selenium (Se0) has attracted great interest. In this study, a bacterial strain exhibiting extreme tolerance to selenite (up to 100 mM) was isolated from the gut of adult Monochamus alternatus and identified as Proteus mirabilis YC801. This strain demonstrated efficient transformation of selenite into red selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) by reducing nearly 100% of 1.0 and 5.0 mM selenite within 42 and 48 h, respectively. Electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis demonstrated that the SeNPs were spherical and primarily localized extracellularly, with an average hydrodynamic diameter of 178.3 ± 11.5 nm. In vitro selenite reduction activity assays and real-time PCR indicated that thioredoxin reductase and similar proteins present in the cytoplasm were likely to be involved in selenite reduction, and that NADPH or NADH served as electron donors. Finally, Fourier-transform infrared spectral analysis confirmed the presence of protein and lipid residues on the surfaces of SeNPs. This is the first report on the capability of P. mirabilis to reduce selenite to SeNPs. P. mirabilis YC801 might provide an eco-friendly approach to bioremediate selenium-contaminated soil/water, as well as a bacterial catalyst for the biogenesis of SeNPs.

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Kumar, Ashish, Pawan Kumar, Mitu Sharma, Susy Kim, Sangeeta Singh, Steven J. Kridel, and Gagan Deep. "Role of extracellular vesicles secretion in paclitaxel resistance of prostate cancer cells." Cancer Drug Resistance 5, no. 3 (2022): 612–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/cdr.2022.26.

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Aim: The development of chemotherapy resistance is the major obstacle in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer (PCa). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secretion plays a significant role among different mechanisms contributing to chemoresistance. Hence, inhibition of EVs release may increase the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs against PCa. Methods: Paclitaxel (PTX) resistant PCa cells (PC3-R and DU145-R) were treated with GW4869, a known exosome biogenesis inhibitor. EVs were isolated from the conditioned media by ExoQuick-based precipitation method and characterized for concentration and size distribution by nanoparticle tracking analysis. The effect of GW4869 treatment on the survival and growth of PCa cells was assessed by MTT, and colony formation assays in vitro, and ectopic PC3-R xenografts in male athymic nude mice in vivo. The effect of other EV biogenesis inhibitors, imipramine and dimethyl amiloride (DMA), treatment was also analyzed on the survival of PC3-R cells. Results: GW4869 (10-20 µM) treatment of PTX resistant PCa cells significantly reduced the release of small EVs (50-100 nm size range) while increasing the release of larger EVs (> 150 nm in size), and inhibited their clonogenicity. Moreover, GW4869 (5-20 µM) treatment (24-72h) significantly inhibited the survival of PC3-R cells in a dose-dependent manner. We observed a similar growth inhibition with both imipramine (5-20 µg/mL) and DMA (5-20 µg/mL) treatment in PC3-R cells. Furthermore, GW4869 treatment (IP) in mice bearing PC3-R xenografts significantly reduced the tumor weight (65% reduction, P = 0.017) compared to the vehicle-treated control mice without causing any noticeable toxicity. Conclusion: Inhibiting the release of EVs could sensitize the resistant PCa cells to chemotherapy.

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Verta, Roberta, Cristina Grange, Renata Skovronova, Adele Tanzi, Licia Peruzzi, Maria Chiara Deregibus, Giovanni Camussi, and Benedetta Bussolati. "Generation of Spike-Extracellular Vesicles (S-EVs) as a Tool to Mimic SARS-CoV-2 Interaction with Host Cells." Cells 11, no. 1 (January 3, 2022): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11010146.

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and viruses share common features: size, structure, biogenesis and uptake. In order to generate EVs expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on their surface (S-EVs), we collected EVs from SARS-CoV-2 spike expressing human embryonic kidney (HEK-293T) cells by stable transfection with a vector coding for the S1 and S2 subunits. S-EVs were characterized using nanoparticle tracking analysis, ExoView and super-resolution microscopy. We obtained a population of EVs of 50 to 200 nm in size. Spike expressing EVs represented around 40% of the total EV population and co-expressed spike protein with tetraspanins on the surfaces of EVs. We subsequently used ACE2-positive endothelial and bronchial epithelial cells for assessing the internalization of labeled S-EVs using a cytofluorimetric analysis. Internalization of S-EVs was higher than that of control EVs from non-transfected cells. Moreover, S-EV uptake was significantly decreased by anti-ACE2 antibody pre-treatment. Furthermore, colchicine, a drug currently used in clinical trials, significantly reduced S-EV entry into the cells. S-EVs represent a simple, safe, and scalable model to study host-virus interactions and the mechanisms of novel therapeutic drugs.

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Skryabin, G. O., A. V. Komelkov, P. B. Kopnin, I. I. Nikishin, S. A. Kuzmichev, and E. M. Tchevkina. "Effect of caveolin-1 knockdown on the protein composition of extracellular vesicles secreted by non-small cell lung cancer cells." Advances in Molecular Oncology 8, no. 1 (May 9, 2021): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17650/2313-805x2021-8-1-41-46.

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Background. Recent data show evidence that lipid rafts (LR) proteins could be involved in the formation of exosomes and the sorting of proteins that make up the exosomal cargo. Such data are available for flotillins, structural and functional components of flatted rafts. The presence of the main component of caveolar rafts, caveolin-1 (Cav-1), has been shown in exosomes produced by some cancer cells; however, its possible participation in the regulation of the protein composition of exosomes has not been studied previously.Materials and methods. Knockdown of Cav-1 by transduction of a lentiviral vector expressing precursors of short hairpin ribonucleic acid to Cav-1; isolation (by ultracentrifugation) and analysis (transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis) of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from non-small cell lung cancer cells (NSCLC) H1299; analysis of proteins in cells and in EVs by immunoblotting.Results. Analysis of the effect of Cav-1 expression on the composition of EV proteins associated with exosome biogenesis revealed a decrease in the level of Alix and TSG101, an increase in the level of LR proteins and the absence of changes in the level of tetraspanin CD9. Conclusion. The obtained data demonstrate a Cav-1-dependent changes in the composition of EVs, indicating a change in the ratio of vesicles formed by the various molecular mechanisms.

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Gurunathan, Sangiliyandi, Min-Hee Kang, Muniyandi Jeyaraj, and Jin-Hoi Kim. "Palladium Nanoparticle-Induced Oxidative Stress, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Apoptosis, and Immunomodulation Enhance the Biogenesis and Release of Exosome in Human Leukemia Monocytic Cells (THP-1)." International Journal of Nanomedicine Volume 16 (April 2021): 2849–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s305269.

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Gurunathan, Sangiliyandi, Muniyandi Jeyaraj, Min-Hee Kang, and Jin-Hoi Kim. "Melatonin Enhances Palladium-Nanoparticle-Induced Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis in Human Lung Epithelial Adenocarcinoma Cells A549 and H1229." Antioxidants 9, no. 4 (April 24, 2020): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040357.

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Palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) are increasingly being used in medical and biological applications due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Recent evidence suggests that these nanoparticles can act as both a pro-oxidant and as an antioxidant. Melatonin (MLT), which also shows pro- and antioxidant properties, can enhance the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents when combined with anticancer drugs. Nevertheless, studies regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of PdNPs and MLT in cancer cells are still lacking. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the potential toxicological and molecular mechanisms of PdNPs, MLT, and the combination of PdNPs with MLT in A549 lung epithelial adenocarcinoma cells. We evaluated cell viability, cell proliferation, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis in cells treated with different concentrations of PdNPs and MLT. PdNPs and MLT induced cytotoxicity, which was confirmed by leakage of lactate dehydrogenase, increased intracellular protease, and reduced membrane integrity. Oxidative stress increased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), protein carbonyl content (PCC), lipid hydroperoxide (LHP), and 8-isoprostane. Combining PdNPs with MLT elevated the levels of mitochondrial dysfunction by decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), ATP content, mitochondrial number, and expression levels of the main regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis. Additionally, PdNPs and MLT induced apoptosis and oxidative DNA damage due to accumulation of 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), 8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OhdG), and 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHG). Finally, PdNPs and MLT increased mitochondrially mediated stress and apoptosis, which was confirmed by the increased expression levels of apoptotic genes. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the effects of combining PdNPs and MLT in human lung cancer cells. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in PdNP- and MLT-induced toxicity, and it may be that this combination therapy could be a potential effective therapeutic approach. This combination effect provides information to support the clinical evaluation of PdNPs and MLT as a suitable agents for lung cancer treatment, and the combined effect provides therapeutic value, as non-toxic concentrations of PdNPs and MLT are more effective, better tolerated, and show less adverse effects. Finally, this study suggests that MLT could be used as a supplement in nano-mediated combination therapies used to treat lung cancer.

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Shekhawat, Mahipal S., M. Manokari, N. Kannan, J. Revathi, and R. Latha. "Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Cardiospermum halicacabum L. leaf extract and their characterization." Journal of Phytopharmacology 2, no. 5 (October 25, 2013): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2013.2503.

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Present study reports the biogenesis of silver nanoparticles from the leaves of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. and their characterization. C. halicacabum has been used in traditional medicines but so far it has not been tested for synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The aqueous silver ions exposed to the herbal extract, which were reduced and the nanoparticles were synthesized. The presence of nanoparticles was confirmed by the formation of brown color of the reaction mixture. The brown color was observed after 25 minutes. The silver nanoparticules qualitatively characterized by UV-Visible spectrophotometer. A sharp peak was observed in between 422nm to 447nm indicates formation of silver nanoparticles.

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Valentino, Taylor R., Blake D. Rule, C. Brooks Mobley, Mariana Nikolova-Karakashian, and Ivan J. Vechetti. "Skeletal Muscle Cell Growth Alters the Lipid Composition of Extracellular Vesicles." Membranes 11, no. 8 (August 12, 2021): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11080619.

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We sought to characterize the lipid profile of skeletal muscle cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) to determine if a hypertrophic stimulus would affect the lipid composition of C2C12 myotube-derived EVs. Analyses included C2C12 murine myoblasts differentiated into myotubes and treated with Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) for 24 h to induce hypertrophic growth. EVs were isolated from cell culture media, quantified using Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) and analyzed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). EVs were homogenized and lipids extracted for quantification by Mass Spectrometry followed by downstream lipid class enrichment and lipid chain analysis. IGF-1 treatment elicited an increase in CD63 and CD81 levels (39% and 21%) compared to the controls (16%), respectively. Analysis revealed that skeletal muscle-derived EVs are enriched in bioactive lipids that are likely selectively incorporated into EVs during hypertrophic growth. IGF-1 treatment of myotubes had a significant impact on the levels of diacylglycerol (DG) and ceramide (Cer) in secreted EVs. Specifically, the proportion of unsaturated DG was two- to three-fold higher in EVs derived from IGF-treated cells, as compared to those from control cells. The levels of saturated DG were unaffected. Selective increases were similarly seen in C16- and C24-Cer but not in other species. Levels of free sphingoid bases tended to decrease, while those of sphingosine-1-phosphate was unaffected. Our results suggest that the lipid composition and biogenesis of skeletal muscle-derived EVs, are specific and highly selective during hypertrophic growth.

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Warnier, Geoffrey, Estelle De Groote, Florian A. Britto, Ophélie Delcorte, Joshua P. Nederveen, Mats I. Nilsson, Christophe E. Pierreux, Mark A. Tarnopolsky, and Louise Deldicque. "Effects of an acute exercise bout in hypoxia on extracellular vesicle release in healthy and prediabetic subjects." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 322, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): R112—R122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00220.2021.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate exosome-like vesicle (ELV) plasma concentrations and markers of multivesicular body (MVB) biogenesis in skeletal muscle in response to acute exercise. Seventeen healthy [body mass index (BMI): 23.5 ± 0.5 kg·m−2] and 15 prediabetic (BMI: 27.3 ± 1.2 kg·m−2) men were randomly assigned to two groups performing an acute cycling bout in normoxia or hypoxia ([Formula: see text] 14.0%). Venous blood samples were taken before (T0), during (T30), and after (T60) exercise, and biopsies from m. vastus lateralis were collected before and after exercise. Plasma ELVs were isolated by size exclusion chromatography, counted by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and characterized according to international standards, followed by expression analyses of canonical ELV markers in skeletal muscle. In the healthy normoxic group, the total number of particles in the plasma increased during exercise from T0 to T30 (+313%) followed by a decrease from T30 to T60 (−53%). In the same group, an increase in TSG101, CD81, and HSP60 protein expression was measured after exercise in plasma ELVs; however, in the prediabetic group, the total number of particles in the plasma was not affected by exercise. The mRNA content of TSG101, ALIX, and CD9 was upregulated in skeletal muscle after exercise in normoxia, whereas CD9 and CD81 were downregulated in hypoxia. ELV plasma abundance increased in response to acute aerobic exercise in healthy subjects in normoxia, but not in prediabetic subjects, nor in hypoxia. Skeletal muscle analyses suggested that this tissue did not likely play a major role of the exercise-induced increase in circulating ELVs.

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Pooja, Bansal, Singh Duhan Joginder, and Kumar Gahlawat Suresh. "Biogenesis of nanoparticles: A review." African Journal of Biotechnology 13, no. 28 (July 9, 2014): 2778–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajb2013.13458.

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Wang, Yanhong, Ying Song, Lijie Zhou, Mengxi Wang, Dong Wang, Jing Bai, Songbin Fu, and Jingcui Yu. "The Overexpression of TOB1 Induces Autophagy in Gastric Cancer Cells by Secreting Exosomes." Disease Markers 2022 (April 12, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7925097.

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We previously confirmed that transducer of ERBB2, 1 (TOB1) gene, can induce autophagy in gastric cancer cells. Studies have shown the biogenesis of exosomes overlaps with different autophagy processes, which helps to maintain the self-renewal and homeostasis of body cells. This study is aimed at verifying whether overexpressing TOB1 induces autophagy by secreting exosomes in gastric cancer cells and its underlying mechanisms. Differential ultracentrifugation was used to extracted the exosomes from the culture medium of gastric cancer cell line AGS-TOB1 ectopically overexpressing TOB1 (exo-AGS-TOB1, experimental group) and AGS-empty-vector cell line with low expression of endogenous TOB1 (exo-AGS-Vector, control group). Exosomal markers CD9 and TSG101 were determined in both the cell supernatants of exo-AGS-TOB1 and exo-AGS-Vector by Western blot. Under the transmission electron microscope (TEM), the exosomes were round and saucer-like vesicles with double-layer membrane structure, and the vesicles showed different translucency due to different contents. The peak size of exosomes detected by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) was about 100 nm. When the exosomes of exo-AGS-TOB1 and exo-AGS-Vector were cocultured with TOB1 knockdown gastric cancer cell line HGC-27-TOB1-6E12 for 48 hours, the conversion of autophagy-related protein LC3-I to LC3-II in HGC-27-TOB1-6E12 gastric cancer cells cocultured with exo-AGS-TOB1 was significantly higher than that in the control group, and the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I was statistically different ( P < 0.05 ). More autophagosomes in HGC-27-TOB1-6E12 cells cocultured with exo-AGS-TOB1 for 48 hours were observed under TEM, while fewer autophagosomes were found in the control group. Lastly, miRNAs were differentially expressed by cell supernatant-exosomal whole transcriptome sequencing. Thus, our results provide new insights into TOB1-induced autophagy in gastric cancer.

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Singh, Kiran, Olusola B. Sokefun, and Shweta Yadav. "A Compendious Prospective about Biogenesis of Nanoparticles and their Persuasions." Asian Journal of Chemistry 34, no. 4 (2022): 793–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2022.23523.

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Nanotechnology cogitates manufacturing and exploitation of materials, in which all components are present at the nanoscale and their size ranges up to 100 nm. Nanoparticles can be synthesized chemically or biologically; nevertheless, biologically synthesized nanoparticles are less toxic to the environment and human health. Biogenesis of nanoparticles is acquiring momentum due to the use of biocompatible precursors’ viz., fungi, algae and various plant extracts. Nanoparticles are being useful in various branches of industrial products including energy storage and daily applications namely cosmetics, garments, optical stuff, catalytic, bactericidal, electronics, biological labeling as well as treatment of certain cancerous diseases. Due to their mounting applications, it is essential to develop a toxic-free approach for the synthesis of nanoparticles and their assemblage to eradicate the use of hazardous substances. The broad spectrum of naturally occurring cost effective precursors are available, which can be used in biomedicine, biosensors development, organic dyes and in the fabrication of nanodevices, etc. The study has reviewed the prospective of biocompatible organically synthesized nanoparticles and their cogency in various fields.

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Batool, Madiha, Walid M. Daoush, and Muhammad Khalid Hussain. "Dye Sequestration Using Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles Adsorbent in Aqueous Solutions." Crystals 12, no. 5 (May 5, 2022): 662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12050662.

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Nanomaterials have gained much attention in the field of environmental remediation, largely due to their high surface area-to-volume ratio and other unique physical, chemical, and biological characteristics that emerge due to its size effects. Metallic nanoparticles are traditionally manufactured using wet chemical processes; however, the chemicals utilized are generally hazardous and combustible. The biosynthesis of nanoparticles using a variety of plant resources is considered a green technology because it does not use toxic chemicals. This work focuses on the green synthesis of biogenetic silver nanoparticles and their use in the sequestration of colorants from aqueous solution. The extract of aquatic macrophyte Salvinia molesta (water hyacinth) has been employed to prepare silver nanoparticles by chemical reduction reaction. In the UV-visible spectrum of the synthesized silver nanoparticles, the absorbance peak was detected in the 420–430 nm range. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were used to sequester methylene blue (MB) dye in aqueous solution. About 121.04 mg/g was found as the highest adsorption capacity of methylene blue dye on the silver nanoparticles according to the Langmuir isotherm. It was observed that the experimental results and the pseudo-second order kinetics are in good agreement. As a result, the biosynthesized silver nanoparticle might be a potential adsorbent material in the field of environmental rehabilitation and cleanup.

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Radtsig, M. A., O. A. Koksharova, V. A. Nadtochenko, and I. A. Khmel’. "Production of gold nanoparticles by biogenesis using bacteria." Microbiology 85, no. 1 (January 2016): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0026261716010094.

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Priya F., Janeeta, Leema Rose A., Vidhya S., Arputharaj A., Manimegalai V., and Durgadevi S. "Biogenesis of Metal Nanoparticles and its Potential Targeted Drug Delivery Systems for Urolithiasis." International Journal of Zoological Investigations 08, Spl 1 (2022): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33745/ijzi.2022.v08i0s1.003.

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Urinary stones are a biggest issue that people experience worldwide. Urinary tract infections that lead to struvite urinary stones are the result of improper organ function, particularly kidney. The present study concentrated on an economical and environmentally friendly method for producing copper nanoparticles utilizing Eclipta prostrata leaves extract as a reducing and capping agent. UV-Visible spectroscopy shows SPR band at 256 nm which was used to validate the synthesis of copper nanoparticles. According to FT-IR Spectroscopic investigations, phytoconstituents have a major role in the reduction and capping of copper nanoparticles. E. prostrata mediated copper nanoparticles were crystallized and had a spherical shape, according to XRD and SEM. The EDX analysis showed the elemental composition and the amount of copper nanoparticles. The copper nanoparticles mediated by E. prostrata were found to have an inhibitory efficiency of 88.3% showing that they were an effective inhibitor for the struvite crystals. According to FT-IR spectra the shifting of the band confirmed that the phytocomponents present in E. prostrata leaves extract is responsible for anti-urolithiatic activity.

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Suganya, P., T. Pavithra, and G. Singaravelu. "Biogenesis of Hematite Nanoparticles Employing Prosopis cineraria and their Antioxidant Property." Asian Journal of Chemistry 34, no. 9 (2022): 2269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2022.23780.

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Interaction of green principles and metallic ions is a fascinating field of research to accomplish synthesis of biocompatible nanoparticles. In present study, Fe2O3 nanoparticles were fabricated utilizing phytochemical of wonder tree, Prosopis cineraria a natural herbal infusion. The leaf constituents of P. cineraria acted as reductant and stabilizer. The UV-vis spectrum showed characteristic SPR at 270 nm depicts the formation of iron oxide nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy suggested that primary carboxylic acid, esters have involved in the synthesis. Further high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) revealed that the newly formed nanoparticles are square shaped with an average size of 24 nm. Field emission scanning electron microscopic (FESEM) studies depicts their smooth surface without agglomeration. EDAX analysis divulges the elemental composition, Fe, O, Cl, C, K and Ca. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies revealed their crystalline phase. Toxicological responses were investigated using in vivo studies with experimental fish Cirrhinus cirrhosus, depicts that the assessed antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) did not show impact and the mortality was recorded only at higher (2200 mg kg-1) concentration.

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Hosseini, Mohammad Raouf, Mahin Schaffie, Mohammad Pazouki, Majid Lotfalian, Axel Schippers, and Mohammad Ranjbar. "Biogenesis of Nanoparticles with Potential Applications as Semiconductor from Chalcopyrite Concentrate." Advanced Materials Research 825 (October 2013): 92–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.825.92.

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Nanostructure forms of semiconductor materials are of great interest. Among these compounds, copper sulfide as a variable stoichiometric composition attracts considerable attention. In the present study, copper sulfide nanoparticles were synthesized biologically from a chalcopyrite concentratemainly containing chalcopyrite (46%) and pyrite (23%). Firstly, the copper contents of the concentrate were bioleached using thermophile bacteria, then the grownFusarium oxysporumwas added to the prepared solution and the biosynthesized nanoparticles collected and their characteristics compared with the product derived from the pure copper sulfate solution. The characterization was performed by UV spectrometry, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Thermogravimetery (TG), Differential Scanning Calorimetery (DSC), Mass Spectrometery (MS), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Finally, it wasproved that the produced nanoparticles had a covellite composition and their size was about 5-40 nm.

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Hublikar, Leena V., Sharanabasava V. Ganachari, Narasimha Raghavendra, Nagaraj R. Banapurmath, Veerabhadragouda B. Patil, T. M. Yunus Khan, and Irfan Anjum Badruddin. "Biogenesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Its Multifunctional Anti-Corrosion and Anticancer Studies." Coatings 11, no. 10 (October 4, 2021): 1215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11101215.

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In the present research, silver nanoparticles were synthesized using ground nutshell and characterized using UV-visible, FTIR and PXRD. The SEM and HR-TEM aided in confirming the nano size, surface morphology and phase purity of the AgNPs. The quantum chemical, electrochemical, and structural studies were carried out to understand electrochemical properties. In addition, biological study such as anti-cancerous activity was carried out, and IC-50 values 80.25 µg/mL for A549 lung cancer cell lines. The effective electrochemical anti-corrosion activities were also studied. The majority constituents of ground nutshell are flavonoids, in a small quantity of alkaloids and phenolic acids, which provide more stability to synthesize silver nanoparticles and avoid agglomeration. These functional moieties enhance the unique properties in the field, as in drug delivery systems, magnetic applications, and metallic, semi-conducting core-shell nanoparticles.

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Anu, Kasi, Sandhanasamy Devanesan, Ramesh Prasanth, Mohamad S. AlSalhi, Singaravelu Ajithkumar, and Ganesan Singaravelu. "Biogenesis of selenium nanoparticles and their anti-leukemia activity." Journal of King Saud University - Science 32, no. 4 (June 2020): 2520–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2020.04.018.

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Qi, Yi, Ru Ma, Xueyan Li, Songqing Lv, Xiaoying Liu, Alimire Abulikemu, Xinying Zhao, Yanbo Li, Caixia Guo, and Zhiwei Sun. "Disturbed mitochondrial quality control involved in hepatocytotoxicity induced by silica nanoparticles." Nanoscale 12, no. 24 (2020): 13034–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr01893g.

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SiNPs triggered hepatocytotoxicity through interfering mitochondrial quality control process, including imbalanced mitochondrial dynamics, disturbed mitophagy and suppressed biogenesis, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and ensuing cell damage.

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Li, Jiangyan, Bangyong Zhang, Xiaoru Chang, Junying Gan, Wenhua Li, Shuyan Niu, Lu Kong, et al. "Silver nanoparticles modulate mitochondrial dynamics and biogenesis in HepG2 cells." Environmental Pollution 256 (January 2020): 113430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113430.

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Patel, Snehal, and N. K. Patel. "Bio Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Lantana camara Seed Extract and its Antibacterial Potential." RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 7, no. 7 (July 15, 2022): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2022.v07.i07.001.

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In this research, a Lantana camara seed extract was employed for easily and sustainably synthesis of silver nanocomposites. Aqueous silver ions reduced when exposed to seed extract, which led to the biogenesis of silver nanoparticles. The reduced silver nanoparticles were examined utilizing a multiple of methods, including transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. Absorption peak at 415 nm in the UV-vis absorption spectral analysis of the synthesized silver nanoparticles provided evidence that silver nanoparticles had formed. The FCC crystalline structure of the produced L. camara leaf extract silver nanoparticles is revealed by X-ray diffraction spectra analysis. The development of Gram-positive Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram-negative Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is repressed by green synthetic silver nanoparticles made from L. camara seed extract. The antibacterial activity that has been observed may have significant uses in biology, pharmacy, and economics.

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Srivastava, Amrisha, Puneet Singh Chauhan, and Rachana Singh. "Characterization of Stress-Tolerant Bacteria for the Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and their Applications." Journal of Nano Research 68 (June 29, 2021): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.68.70.

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The biogenesis of silver nanoparticles by microbes has become an essential branch in the field of nanotechnology because of its safe, environment-friendly, economical, and time-saving nature. In the current research work, we have screened some stress-tolerant bacteria based on pH, temperature, salt-tolerant efficacy and further utilized them for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The test bacterium was isolated from the soil sample through the serial dilution method on nutrient agar media (NAM). Based on identification using morphological characteristics, biochemical analysis, and 16srRNA sequencing bacteria were identified as Bacillus sp. The extracellular biosynthesis approach was used for synthesizing silver nanoparticles by Bacillus sp. Characterization of synthesized silver nanoparticles was done by using UV-Visible Spectrophotometer and absorbance peak was recorded at 430nm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study of synthesized nanoparticles showed the shape of nanoparticles was spherical and hexagonal with a size ranging from 10nm-47nm. For the extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles pH was set to 7.0 and temperature at 37°C.

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Duhan, J. S., P. Bansal, P. K. Sadh, R. Kumar, and A. Kumar. "Biosynthesis, characterization, toxicity assessment and bio-efficacy of silver nanoparticles synthesized by Microbacterium mitrae in controlling early blight in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.)." Research Journal of Biotechnology 17, no. 11 (October 25, 2022): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1711rjbt73081.

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This study evaluated the biogenesis of silver nanoparticles (NPs) using Microbacterium mitrae and its possibilities against phytopathogens. Silver nanoparticles have been synthesized using a simple protocol and the synthesized NPs have been characterized using UV visible spectroscopy, particle size analyzer, transmission electron microscope (TEM). Small-sized, stable silver nanoparticles in the range of 10-25 nm have been reported. Their antimicrobial activity against three phytopathogens i.e. Alternaria solani, Thanatephorus cucumeris and Botryodiplodia theobromae, was studied. The nanoparticles showed effective antimicrobial activity against all the tested fungal pathogens under in vitro conditions. The genotoxicity of NPs was also studied using sister chromatid exchange analysis on human lymphocytes and no adverse effects were observed up to the concentration of 100μg/ml. Efficient control against early blight has been observed within cytotoxicity limits in pot study, preventing the disease outbreak in tomato plants.

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Gu, Haitao, Anne-Marie C. Overstreet, and Yongguang Yang. "Exosomes Biogenesis and Potentials in Disease Diagnosis and Drug Delivery." Nano LIFE 04, no. 04 (December 2014): 1441017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793984414410177.

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Exosomes were discovered more than 30 years ago. Only recently has their importance been recognized for intercellular communication. Exosomes, with their size ranging from 30 nm to 100 nm, are lipid bilayer nanoparticles and secreted by many different types of cells with versatile functions. Exosomes contain macromolecules and exist in various body fluids, including blood, urine, milk and ascites fluid. Due to their specific property, exosomes are very promising in the fields of disease diagnosis and therapy. Nanotechnology is a great tool that will be helpful in basic research and the application of exosomes. Here, we briefly review the function and potential use of exosomes in nanomedicine.

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Jeong, Mijin, Yumi Kim, and Yul Roh. "Biogenesis of Magnetite Nanoparticles Using Shewanella Species Isolated from Diverse Regions." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 19, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 963–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2019.15907.

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Ramezani, Neda, Zeynab Ehsanfar, Fazel Shamsa, Gholamreza Amin, Hamid R. Shahverdi, Hamid R. Monsef Esfahani, Ali Shamsaie, Reza Dolatabadi Bazaz, and Ahmad Reza Shahverdi. "Screening of Medicinal Plant Methanol Extracts for the Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles by Their Reducing Potential." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 63, no. 7 (July 1, 2008): 903–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2008-0715.

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Development of nontoxic, clean techniques for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles such as gold has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Although many reports have been published about the biogenesis of gold nanoparticles using several plant extracts such as Neem leaf broth (Azadirachta indica), the capacity of a large number of such extracts to form gold nanoparticles has yet to be elucidated. In this research a titrimetric assay was employed for preliminary evaluation of the reducing potential of different medicinal plant extracts. All the extracts were used separately for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles through the reduction of aqueous AuCl4−. After the screening step, the methanol extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Pelargonium roseum were selected for further studies. The reducing ability of these extracts was significantly enhanced as compared to Neem leaf broth (Azadirachta indica) which was used as control sample. Transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy and visible absorption spectroscopy confirmed the reduction of gold ions to gold nanoparticles. The E. camaldulensis and P. roseum extracts produced gold nanoparticles in the size ranges of 1.25 - 17.5 and 2.5 - 27.5 nm with an average size of 5.5 and 7.5 nm, respectively.

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I. I. Abdel-Hafez, Sobhy, Nivien A. Nafady, Ismail R. Abdel-Rahim, Abeer M. Shaltout, and Mohamed A. Mohamed. "Biogenesis and Optimisation of Silver Nanoparticles by the Endophytic Fungus Cladosporium sphaerospermum." International Journal of Nanomaterials and Chemistry 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18576/ijnc/020103.

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David, Alwin, and Ram Kumar. "Biogenesis of MnO₂ Nanoparticles Using Momordica Charantia Leaf Extract." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 747–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.0747ecst.

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In this present study, an easy, eco-friendly, and efficient method for the biogenesis of manganese dioxide nanoparticles (MnO2 NPs) using Momordica charantia leaf extract is discussed. The MnO2 NPs were synthesised by reduction of potassium permanganate using Momordica charantia leaf extract as a reducing agent. Fourier-transform infrared spectra exposed the contribution of the biomolecules in the Momordica charantia leaf extract for the formation of MnO2 NPs. The UV–visible spectrum of the biosynthesized MnO2 NPs displayed absorption peaks at 371 nm, which was the absorption maximum of MnO2 NPs. Crystal phase and crystalline size of the biosynthesized MnO2 NPs was characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis. The X-ray diffraction pattern indicated that the average size of MnO2 NPs was about 36.01 nm. The field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that the biosynthesized MnO2 NPs have irregularly spherical shape with 16 – 63 nm in size. EDAX confirmed the presence of Mn and O in the MnO2 NPs. The antibacterial activities of MnO2 NPs were evaluated against Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus cereus. The total antioxidant capacity was evaluated by phosphomolybdenum method. The biosynthesized MnO2 NPs have significant antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity.

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Manceau, Alain, Jianxu Wang, Mauro Rovezzi, Pieter Glatzel, and Xinbin Feng. "Biogenesis of Mercury–Sulfur Nanoparticles in Plant Leaves from Atmospheric Gaseous Mercury." Environmental Science & Technology 52, no. 7 (March 14, 2018): 3935–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b05452.

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Vogel, M., S. Fischer, A. Maffert, R. Hübner, A. C. Scheinost, C. Franzen, and R. Steudtner. "Biotransformation and detoxification of selenite by microbial biogenesis of selenium-sulfur nanoparticles." Journal of Hazardous Materials 344 (February 2018): 749–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.10.034.

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Rajput, Sunil, Rodney Werezuk, Ralph M. Lange, and Mark T. McDermott. "Fungal Isolate Optimized for Biogenesis of Silver Nanoparticles with Enhanced Colloidal Stability." Langmuir 32, no. 34 (August 16, 2016): 8688–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01813.

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Gelsomino, Luca, Giusi La Camera, Ines Barone, Salvatore Panza, Giovanna Morello, Amanda Caruso, Chiara Chiodo, et al. "Abstract P5-12-07: Proteomic profiling of extracellular vesicles released from leptin-treated breast cancer cells: A potential role in cancer metabolism." Cancer Research 82, no. 4_Supplement (February 15, 2022): P5–12–07—P5–12–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs21-p5-12-07.

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Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EVs), nanosized particles enclosed within a phospholipid bilayer membrane, are recognized key determinants of cell-to-cell communication in breast cancer, able to modulate phenotypic behavior of recipient cells by transferring their molecular cargo. Recently, we identified the adipokine leptin, whose circulating levels are elevated in obesity, as an important regulator of EV biogenesis and release in mammary carcinoma cells. Here, we focused on the identification of a specific leptin-induced EV proteomic signature in attempt to find molecular effectors associated with breast cancer progression. To this end, we analyzed protein content of EVs, isolated by ultracentrifugation method from conditioned media of ER-α positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells grown in the presence of leptin. EVs were fully characterized using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) and Immunoblotting. Proteomic analysis of EV cargo, obtained by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis (LC-MS/MS), revealed an altered protein profile, identifying 274 up-regulated proteins (FC>1.5) in EVs from leptin-treated cells compared to EV from untreated ones. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to explore Gene Ontology categories enriched in the entire list of up-regulated proteins. We identified a number of significantly enriched biologic processes mainly involved in energy production and mitochondrial metabolism, including “generation of precursor metabolites and energy” (GO:0006091), “fatty acid metabolic process” (GO:0006631), “mitochondrial respiratory chain” (GO:0033108), “mitochondrial gene expression” (GO:0140053) and “mitochondrial transport” (GO:0006839). Expression of up-regulated proteins, in both cell and EV lysates, was validated by immunoblotting. Protein-protein interaction network analysis revealed CYC1 (Cytochrome c-1), NDUFV2 (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit V2), and NDUFAB1 (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit AB1), important subunits of mitochondrial complexes and enhancer of mitochondrial metabolism, as the most interactive proteins among that up-regulated in EVs released by leptin-treated breast cancer cells. This suggests a role for leptin-treated EVs in enhancing oxidative phosphorylation in both epithelial breast cancer cells and their surrounding microenvironment. Collectively, our data indicate that the adipokine leptin could induce in breast cancer cells the release of EVs enriched in specific proteins mainly involved in mitochondrial metabolism. Since, mitochondrial function is essential for supplying energy to support breast cancer cell growth and progression, understanding the metabolic mechanisms mediated by EV released by breast cancer cells may provide important clues to develop novel therapeutic approaches for treatment of breast cancer especially in obesity setting. Citation Format: Luca Gelsomino, Giusi La Camera, Ines Barone, Salvatore Panza, Giovanna Morello, Amanda Caruso, Chiara Chiodo, Daniela Bonofiglio, Cinzia Giordano, Sebastiano Andò, Stefania Catalano. Proteomic profiling of extracellular vesicles released from leptin-treated breast cancer cells: A potential role in cancer metabolism [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-12-07.

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Banua, Jomaris, and Jeong In Han. "Biogenesis of Prism-Like Silver Oxide Nanoparticles Using Nappa Cabbage Extract and Their p-Nitrophenol Sensing Activity." Molecules 25, no. 10 (May 13, 2020): 2298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102298.

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The present study aimed to explore the eco-friendly synthesis of prism-like silver oxide nanoparticles (Ag2ONPs) from nappa cabbage extract and its p-nitrophenol sensing activity. The prepared Ag2ONPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning spectroscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and ultraviolet (UV)–visible light spectral analysis (UV–Vis). p-Nitrophenol sensing properties of the prepared nanoparticles were also determined using a simple I–V method. The results showed that the as-prepared Ag2ONPs have a face-centered cubic (fcc) crystalline nature and a prism-like morphology with particle size in the range 21.61–92.26 nm. The result also showed a high intensity of the (111) facet, making the Ag2ONP–carbon black/nickel foam electrode (Ag2ONP–C/NFE) exhibit a high-performance response to p-nitrophenol spanning a wide range of concentrations from 1.0 mM to 0.1 pM and a response time of around 5 s, indicating a high potential for water treatment applications.

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Anghel, Lilia, and Gheorghe Duca. "A Review of the Biogenesis of Iron Nanoparticles Using Microorganims and Their Applications." Chemistry Journal of Moldova 8, no. 2 (December 2013): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.19261/cjm.2013.08(2).03.

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Hussain, Afzal, Mohammad Oves, Mohamed F. Alajmi, Iqbal Hussain, Samira Amir, Jahangeer Ahmed, Md Tabish Rehman, Hesham R. El-Seedi, and Imran Ali. "Biogenesis of ZnO nanoparticles using Pandanus odorifer leaf extract: anticancer and antimicrobial activities." RSC Advances 9, no. 27 (2019): 15357–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra01659g.

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Khandel, Pramila, Ravi Kumar Yadaw, Deepak Kumar Soni, Leeladhar Kanwar, and Sushil Kumar Shahi. "Biogenesis of metal nanoparticles and their pharmacological applications: present status and application prospects." Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry 8, no. 3 (July 11, 2018): 217–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40097-018-0267-4.

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