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Lucío, Benito Maria Isabel. "Design of multifunctional systems based on carbon nanomaterials." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/11130.
Повний текст джерелаLa nanotecnologia è chiamata a rivoluzionare molti settori della nostra vita. Tra tutti i campi in cui è convolta, la ricerca delle energie rinnovabili, la possibilità di ottenere acqua pulita in tutte le parti del mondo, il miglioramento della salute e l’aumento dell’aspettativa di vita e lo sviluppo di sistemi informatici, sono gli obiettivi che si distinguono. Le nanostrutture di carbonio sono materiali promettenti che possono aiutare a raggiungere questi obiettivi: includono fullereni, grafene, nanotubi e nanohorns di carbonio. Tutti hanno proprietà interessanti e offrono nuovi vantaggi per le applicazioni in chimica dei materiali e nella medicina. Il nostro gruppo di ricerca ha sviluppato interessanti metodi per modificare queste nanostrutture per poterli applicare nei campi sopra menzionate. In questo contesto, lo scopo generale di questa tesi è il disegno di sistemi multifunzionali basati su nanostrutture di carbonio destinati ai sensori e alle applicazioni biologiche. Nel capitolo 1, viene fatta una breve panoramica dei nanotubi e i nanohorns di carbonio, spiegando la loro struttura, le loro proprietà e le loro applicazioni. Inoltre, vengono descritte le diverse strategie per la loro funzionalizzazione. Il riconoscimento molecolare gioca un ruolo importante in molti sistemi biologici. In flavoproteine, l'interazione specifica tra il cofattore flavina e l’apoenzima determina la reattività della proteina. Di conseguenza, la modulazione dell'ambiente delle flavine può essere utilizzata come strumento per determinare il loro comportamento e anche per comprendere i processi molecolari negli enzimi. Con questi obiettivi in mente, nel capitolo 2 è descritta la sintesi di differenti derivati basati sul sistema nanotubi di carbonio-triazina per l’uso come ricevitori di riboflavina. In primo luogo, la sintesi e la caratterizzazione di diverse 1,3,5-triazine sono riportate. In una seconda fase, viene descritta la funzionalizzazione di nanotubi di carbonio a parete singola e a parete multipla con le differenti triazine e anche con catene di p-tolil, impiegando le radiazioni microonde. Dopo, si riporta la caratterizzazione completa di questi derivati con varie tecniche. L’auto-assemblaggio degli ibridi è stato analizzato con microscopia elettronica a trasmissione, osservando come i funzionalizzati con 1,3,5-triazine formano buone dispersioni in acqua, mentre loro si auto-assemblano in solventi non polari a causa del riconoscimento di legami d’idrogeno complementari. Tuttavia, derivati funzionalizzati con p-tolil formano migliori dispersioni in solventi organici ed invece si auto-assemblano in acqua. Viene poi studiata la capacità dei nanotubi di carbonio funzionalizzati a parete multipla di riconoscere la riboflavina con la spettroscopia di fluorescenza e ultravioletta visibile, analizzando la grandezza delle interazioni non-covalenti. Si vede come la funzionalizzazione covalente dei nanotubi di carbonio diminuisce la loro capacità di formare interazioni mentre le interazioni di legame d’idrogeno giocano un ruolo fondamentale nel processo di riconoscimento tra i membri del sistema. Inoltre, si è demostrata l’influenza dei tipi di triazine nel comportamento della riboflavina. In questo modo, è dimostrata la modulazione del riconoscimento molecolare della riboflavina attraverso i diversi nanotubi. Così, recettori artificiali in processi di catalisi possono essere specificamente disegnati per ottenere il controllo delle interazioni tra i nanotubi di carbonio funzionalizzati e la riboflavina, modificando il suo comportamento. Inoltre, le dimensioni e le eccellenti proprietà di nanotubi permettono di utilizzarli come strumento nella progettazione di sensori per la rivelazione di singole molecole. Nel capitolo 3 si riporta la modifica di nanohorn di carbonio per l'impiego come farmaci selettivi nella terapia del cancro è rapportata. Prima, si mostra la sintesi e la caratterizzazione di diversi ibridi di nanohorn: Antibody-CNH, Drug-CNH, Antibody-Drug-CNH e Double Functionalized-CNH. In particolare vengono usati cisplatino, come profarmaco, ed un anticorpo specifico per le cellule che mostrano l’antigene PSMA (Prostate-specific membrane antigen). Di seguito, vengono presentati diversi esperimenti biologici sviluppati in collaborazione con il professor Marco Colombatti dell’Università degli Studi di Verona (Italia). L’ibrido Antibody-Drug-CNH possiede una migliore capacità di uccidere selettivamente le cellule che presentano l'antigene PSMA, rispetto ad altri derivati di nanohorns. Il nuovo sistema progettato offre un grande potenziale dato dalla possibilità di modificare il tipo e il grado di funzionalizzazione. Questo permette di variare la quantità di farmaco o di anticorpo nelle nanostrutture con lo scopo di migliorare l’efficienza dei nuovi derivati. Inoltre, questo metodo può incorporare altri farmaci o anticorpi al sistema, aprendo la porta al trattamento di altre malattie. Il capitolo 4 descrive l'applicazione di diverse nanostrutture di carbonio nella terapia genica. Prima, si mostra la funzionalizzazione di nanohorns di carbonio con gruppi amminici, impiegando diversi metodi che utilizzano le radiazioni a microonde (cicloaddizione 1,3-dipolare e addizione radicalica). In seguito, viene presentato il lavoro svolto in "the Nanomedicine Lab" (Università di Manchester), sotto la supervisione del Prof. Kostas Kostarelos. L'efficacia dei nanohorns di carbonio funzionalizzati per formare complessi con siRNA è comparata con quella dei nanotubi di carbonio forniti dal gruppo del professor Kostarelos. Si è visto come i nanohorn di carbonio formino complessi con siRNA a differenza dei nanotubi. I complessi siRNA/nanohorn si caratterizzano utilizzando varie tecniche e viene analizzata la loro capacità di rilasciare il siRNA. Sebbene nanohorn di carbonio funzionalizzati con l’addizione radicalica mostrano una forte interazione con il materiale genetico, i derivati funzionalizzati con la cicloaddizione 1,3-dipolare lo rilasciano più facilmente. I risultati suggeriscono che, per conseguire il miglior carrier, la complessazione totale del siRNA con le nanostrutture dovrebbe essere evitato. Tuttavia, gli ibridi devono essere analizzati in vitro per garantire la migliore scelta. Questo studio contribuisce alla comprensione dell’uso di nanohorn di carbonio come vettori per terapia genica; ma, un maggior numero di derivati deve essere analizzato per un confronto completo con i nanotubi di carbonio.
La nanotecnología se presenta como una nueva ciencia que podrá revolucionar multiples aspectos de nuestras vidas. Entre los numerosos campos en los que la nanotecnología está centrada, la búsqueda de energías renovables, la posibilidad de obtener agua limpia en cualquier parte del mundo, la mejora de la salud y la longevidad de las personas así como el avance de los sistemas informáticos, son los objetivos que más destacan. Las nanoestructuras de carbon son nanomateriales prometedores que pueden ayudar a lograr esas metas. Estos materiales incluyen fullerenos, grafeno, nanohorns y nanotubos de carbono, entre otros. Todos ellos presentan propiedades interesantes y ofrecen nuevas ventajas para aplicaciones en química de materiales y medicina. Nuestro grupo de investigación ha desarrollado metodologías interesantes para la modificación de esas nanoestructuras con el objeto de que puedan ser útiles en las aplicaciones citadas anteriormente. En ese contexto, el objetivo general de esta tesis es el diseño de sistemas multifuncionales basados en nanoestructuras de carbono para ser usados en sensores y en aplicaciones biológicas. En el capítulo 1 se detallan la estructura y las propiedades de los nanohorns y los nanotubos de carbono junto a sus aplicaciones. Además, se muestra un resumen de las diferentes metodologías usadas para su funcionalización. El reconocimiento molecular juega un papel importante en numerosos sistemas biológicos. En flavoproteinas, la interacción específica entre el cofactor flavina y la apoenzima determina la reactividad total de la proteina. De este modo, la modulación del entorno de la flavina puede usarse como herramienta para determinar su comportamiento y, además, para entender los procesos moleculares en las enzimas. Con esos objetivos en mente, en el capítulo 2 se describe la síntesis de diferentes derivados basados en el sistema nanotubo de carbono-triazina para usarlos como receptores múltiples de riboflavina. En primer lugar, se sintentizan y caracterizan distintas 1,3,5-triazinas. En un segundo paso, se funcionalizan nanotubos de carbono tanto de pared simple como de pared multiple con las diferentes triazinas así como con cadenas de p-tolilo usando radiación microondas, y esos derivados se caracterizan completamente mediante diversas técnicas. El autoensamblaje de los híbridos se analiza mediante microscopía de transmisión electrónica observando como los derivados de 1,3,5-triazinas forman buenas dispersiones en agua y se autoensamblan en disolventes no polares debido al reconocimiento mediante enlaces de hidrógeno complementarios. Sin embargo, los derivados de p-tolilo forman mejores dispersiones en disolventes orgánicos y se agregan en agua. Finalmente, la habilidad de los nanotubos de carbono de pared múltiple funcionalizados para reconocer la riboflavina se estudia mediante fluorescencia y espectrocopía ultravioleta visible, analizando el alcance de las interacciones no covalentes. La funcionalización covalente de nanotubos de carbono disminuye su habilidad para formar interacciones mientras que las interacciones mediante enlaces de hidrógeno juegan un papel fundamental en el proceso de reconocimiento entre los componentes del sistema. También se estudia la infuencia de las diferentes triazinas en el comportamiento de los complejos. De esta manera, se demuestra la modulación del reconocimiento de la riboflavina por medio de los diversos híbridos de nanotubos de carbono. Así, los receptores artificiales en procesos de catálisis pueden ser específicamente diseñados para lograr control de la interacción entre los nanotubos de carbono funcionalizados y la riboflavina, modificando así su comportamiento. En el capítulo 3 se describe la modificación de nanohorns de carbon para ser usados como fármacos selectivos en la terapia contra el cancer. En primer lugar se muestra la síntesis y caracterización de diferentes híbridos de nanohorns: Antibody-CNH, Drug-CNH, Antibody-Drug-CNH and Double Functionalized-CNH. En particular se usan cisplatino en forma de prodroga y un anticuerpo específico (D2B) para células de próstata que muestran el antígeno PSMA. Finalmente se presentan diferentes experimentos biológicos desarrollados en colaboración con el profesor Marco Colombatti, de la Universidad de Verona (Italia). Se demuestra la mejor habilidad del híbrido Antibody-Drug-CNH para matar selectivamente células que muestran el antígeno PSMA en comparación con los otros derivados de nanohorns. El nuevo sistema diseñado ofrece gran potencial debido la la posibilidad de modificar tanto el tipo como el grado de funcionalización. Esto permite variar la cantidad de fármaco o anticuerpo en la nanoestructura con el objetivo de conseguir una mejor eficacia del derivado. Además, con este método se pueden incorporar otros fármacos o anticuerpos al sistema, lo que abre la puerta al tratamiento de otras enfermedades. El capítulo 4 describe la aplicación de distintas nanoestructuras de carbono en terapia génica. Primero se muestra la funcionalización de nanohorns de carbono con grupos amino mediante diferentes metodologías usando radiación microondas (cicloadición 1,3-dipolar y adición radicálica). Después, se presenta el trabajo desarrollado en “the Nanomedicine Lab” (Universidad de Manchester) bajo la supervision del profesor Kostas Kostarelos. Se compara la eficacia de los nanohorns de carbono funcionalizados para formar complejos con siRNA con la de una serie de nanotubos de carbono aportados por el grupo del profesor Kostarelos. En nuestros experimentos, los nanohorns de carbon forman complejos mejor que los nanotubos. Los complejos siRNA/nanohorns se caracterizan mediante diversas técnicas y se analiza su capacidad de liberar el siRNA. Aunque los nanohorns de carbono funcionalizados mediante adición radicálica muestran una interacción más fuerte con el material genético, los derivados funcionalizados mediante cicloadición 1,3-dipolar lo liberan de manera más fácil. Los resultados sugieren que la complejación total entre el siRNA y la nanoestructura debe ser evitada para lograr más fácilmente el posterior desplazamiento de este dentro de la célula. Sin embargo, para garantizar la elección del híbrido más eficaz, los complejos deben ser analizados in vitro. Por tanto, este estudio contribuye al entendimiento de los nanohorns de carbono como vectores en terapia génica. No obstante, un mayor número de derivados deben ser analizados para lograr una comparación completa con los nanotubos de carbono.
Nanotechnology is claimed to revolutionize every aspect of our life. Among the large number of fields in which nanotechnology is involved; finding renewable clean energy, obtaining clean water for all, improving health and longevity and enhancing computing power are the most noteworthy. Carbon nanostructures are promising nanomaterials that can help to achieve these objectives. Fullerenes, graphene, nanohorns and nanotubes are including within these materials. All of them exhibit interesting properties and offer new opportunities for applications in material chemistry and medicine. Our research group has developed interesting methodologies for modifying these nanostructures in order to be used in the aforementioned applications. In this context, the objective of this thesis is the design of multifunctional systems based on carbon nanomaterials to be applied in sensors and in biological applications. Chapter 1 explains the structure, properties and applications of carbon nanohorns and carbon nanotubes, together with their applications. In addition, it provides an overview of the different methodologies to functionalize them. Molecular recognition plays an important role in numerous biological systems. In flavoproteins, the specific interaction between the flavin cofactor and the apoenzyme determines the reactivity of the entire protein. Therefore, the modulation of the environment of flavins can be used as a tool to set their behaviour and to understand the molecular processes in enzymes. With these aims, chapter 2 describes the synthesis of different carbon nanotubes-triazine derivatives to be used as multi-receptors of riboflavin. Firstly, different triazines are synthesized and characterized. In a second step, both single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes are functionalized with different 1,3,5-triazine and p-tolyl chains using radical addition under microwave irradiation and these derivatives are characterized by different techniques. The self-assembly of these hybrids is analysed by transmission electron microscopy, observing how the 1,3,5-triazines derivatives form good dispersions in water and self-assemble in non-polar solvents due to the DAD-ADA hydrogen bonding recognition, while the p-tolyl derivatives show better dispersability in organic solvents and aggregate in polar solvents. Finally, the ability of the functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes to recognize riboflavin is studied by fluorescence and UV spectroscopy, analysing the scope of the different non-covalent interactions. It is shown that the functionalization of nanotubes by covalent approach decreases the ability of them to form stacking and also that the hydrogen bond interactions play an important role in the recognition processes between the components. The influence of the different triazines in the complexes is also shown. Thus, the modulation of the molecular recognition of riboflavin by the diverse nanotubes hybrids is demonstrated. Therefore, our study clarifies the understanding of non-covalent interactions in biological systems. In this way, artificial receptors in catalystic processes could be designed through a specific control of the interaction between functionalized carbon nanotubes and riboflavin. Additionally, the size and the excellent properties of carbon nanotubes will permit to use them as the building blocks in the design of sensors for single-molecule detection. In chapter 3, the modification of carbon nanohorns to be applied as new selective drugs in cancer therapy is shown. Firstly, the synthesis and characterization of different conjugates by the functionalization of carbon nanohorns with orthogonal chains is reported: Antibody-CNH, Drug-CNH, Antibody-Drug-CNH and Double Functionalized-CNH. In particular, cisplatin in a prodrug form and a specific D2B antibody for PSMA+ prostate cancer cells are attached. In collaboration with the group of Professor Marco Colombatti, different biological experiments are reported. The better ability of Antibody-Drug-CNH to selectively kill PSMA+ cancer cells in comparison with the other synthesized CNHs hybrids is demonstrated. This new system offers great potentiality due to the possibility of modifying the type and degree of functionalization. This allows the variation of the quantity of drug or antibody attached to the nanostructure in order to play with the killing efficacy. Similarly, the method is useful to attach different drugs or antibodies opening the way to the treatment of other diseases. Chapter 4 describes the application of different carbon nanostructures in gene delivery. Firstly, the functionalization of carbon nanohorns with amino moieties by different methodologies (1,3-dipolar cycloaddition and radical addition) under microwave irradiation and their characterization is shown. Then, the work developed at the Nanomedicine Lab (University of Manchester) under the supervision of Professor Kostas Kostarelos is reported. The efficacy of the functionalized carbon nanohorns to form complexes with siRNA is compared with the one of functionalized carbon nanotubes provides by Prof. Kostarelos’s group. In our experiments, carbon nanohorns form complexes better than nanotubes. The nanohors complexes are characterized by different techniques and their capability to release siRNA is analysed. Although the carbon nanohorns functionalized by radical addition showed the strongest complexation of siRNA, the derivatives functionalized by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition showed its easiest release. The results suggest that, in order to obtain the best candidate, a complete complexation of siRNA with the carrier should be avoided. However, the analysis of the cellular uptake should be evaluated in the future to assess the greatest candidate. These outcomes contribute to the understanding of the role of carbon nanohorns as gene delivery vectors. Nevertheless, additional derivatives should be tested for a fully comparison with carbon nanotubes.
XXVII Ciclo
1986
Cioffi, Carla Tiziana. "Functionalization and application of carbon nanohorns and carbon onions." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/2614.
Повний текст джерела“Funzionalizzazione ed applicazione di carbon nanohorns e di carbon onions” Dalla scoperta della microscopia a scansione a sonda (SPM) nel 1980 a quella del fullerene, molti sono stati i premi Nobel nel campo delle Nanotecnologie. Diverse compagnie, attualmente, hanno investito fondi in questo settore. Ma cosa sono le Nanotecnologie? La parola e’utilizzata per descrivere diversi tipi di ricerca dove le dimensioni caratteristiche sono dell’ordine dei nanometri. I principali approcci impiegati nell’assemblaggio del materiale sono: “top-down” (dal più grande al più piccolo) e “bottom-up” (dal più piccolo al più grande). Il primo consiste nel ridurre le dimensioni della struttura fino alla nanoscala. Il secondo, proposto per la prima volta nel 1959 da Richard Feyman nel congresso dell’American Physical Society, consiste nel partire da strutture nanometriche per realizzare dei sistemi più grandi attraverso assembly o selfassembly. Attualmente, i principali strumenti, per caratterizzare e manipolare nano strutture, sono SEM (Microscopia a Scansione Elettronica) TEM (Microscopia a Trasmissione Elettronica), AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy) e STM (Microscopia a corrente di Tunnelling). Nanotubi, fullerene e recentemente carbon nanohorns (CNHs) e carbon onions (multishell fullerene, CNOs) sono considerati buoni candidati per applicazioni in differenti settori delle nanotecnologie. CNOs e CNHs sono due nuove forme allotropiche di carbonio, scoperte rispettivamente da Ugarte nel 1992 e da Iijima nel 1999, che hanno attratto l’attenzione di molti ricercatori. Negli ultimi tre anni, diversi studi sono stati riportati sui CNHs mentre i CNOs sono ancora largamente inesplorati. I pristine carbon nanohorns (p-CNHs) e CNOs (p-CNOs) non sono solubili nei comuni solventi organici ma, per studiare le loro potenziali applicazioni nel campo delle scienze dei materiali, è necessario migliorarne la solubilità. Il primo aspetto, preso in considerazione in questa tesi di dottorato, riguarda la funzionalizzazione e la caratterizzazione dei CNHs. A tale proposito, è stato sintetizzato un amminoacido impiegato nella reazione di ciclo addizione 1,3-dipolare. Reazioni di amidazione e di addizione nucleofila, inoltre, hanno portato alla sintesi dei due primi sistemi in cui CNHs fungono da elettron accettori e la porfirina da elettron donatori al fine di studiare il trasferimento elettronico tra la porfirina ed CNHs. Successivamente, sia i CNOs di 5 nm (N-CNOs) che di 20 nm di diametro (A-CNOs) sono stati presi in considerazione e paragonati. Dato che gli N-CNOs risultano più reattivi, sono stati utilizzati nella sintesi di nuovi sistemi in cui CNOs fungono da elettron accettori ed il ferrocene da elettron attrattore. Per la prima volta, sono state eseguite delle misure di fotofisica e di elettrochimica del derivato ottenuto. La tesi è divisa in 4 capitoli. Il primo riguarda una descrizione panoramica delle diverse forme allotropiche del carbonio, in paricolare nanotubi e fullereni. Tecniche come arco elettrico, ablazione con laser di grafite e la deposizione mediante vapore chimico sono descritte brevemente. Quindi tre diversi approcci per funzionalizzare le nanoparticelle di carbonio sono riportati in dettaglio. Nel secondo capitolo sono stati introdotti i CNHs, le loro proprietà ed applicazioni ed un confronto tra i nanotubi e CNHs. Infine tre differenti studi sono stati affrontati: · Funzonalizzazione mediante cicloaddizione 1,3-dipolare per migliorare la solubilità dei CNHs; · Funzionalizzazione dei CNHs attraverso addizione nucleofila e reazione con la porfirina; · Funzionalizzazione dei CNHs mediante amidazione e reazione con la porfirina. Il trasferimento elettronico tra porfirina e CNHs è stato discusso. Nel terzo capitolo sono stati introdotti e confrontate le proprietà dei diversi tipi di CNOs. Successivamente e’ stato descritto uno studio relativo alla: · Funzionalizzazione mediante cicloaddizione 1,3 dipolare e reazione con l’acido carbossilico del ferrocene. L’nterazione elettronica tra il ferrocene ed i CNOs è stata studiata. Tutti i dettagli sperimentali sono descritti nel quarto capitolo.
“Functionalization and application of carbon nanohorns and carbon onions” Since the discovery of scanning probe microscope (SPM) in 1980 to that of fullerene, several Nobel Prizes have been awarded in Nanotechnology. Many companies are also currently working in this field such as IBM and Samsung. Government and corporations worldwide have invested over $ 4 billion into nanotechnology in the last year alone. What is exactly Nanotechnology? The word “Nanotechnology” is used to describe different types of research where the characteristic dimensions are in a nanometer range. Two main approaches are used to assemble materials at the nanoscale: “top-down” (from larger to smaller) and “bottom-up” (from smaller to larger). The first one consists in reducing the dimension of the structures until nano levels. The second one was proposed for the first time in 1959 by Richard Feyman in the annual congress of American Physical Society. It consists in using nanometric structure, such as a molecule, and to create a mechanism larger through a process of assembly or self-assembly. To characterize and manipulate nanostructures, sophisticated techniques are required. Presently the main instruments are SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy), AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy), STM (Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy). Carbon nanoparticles such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), fullerenes and recently carbon nanohorns and carbon onions, are considered good candidates in different nanotechnological applications. Carbon onions (multishell fullerene, CNOs) and carbon nanohorns (CNHs) are new allotropes of carbon. Discovered respectively by Ugarte in 1992 and by Iijima in 1999, these carbon nanoparticles start to attract the attention of many researchers. In the last three years, several studies have been reported about CNHs while CNOs are still largely unexplored. Pristine carbon nanohorns (p-CNHs) and CNOs are not soluble in common solvents. In order to study their potential applications in the field of material science, improving their solubility was necessary. First I focused my attention on the functionalization and characterization of CNHs. An aminoacid was synthesized and used in 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. This functionalization leads to an increase of the solubility of CNHs in various organic solvents. Using other reactions, such as amidation or nucleophilic additions, two assemblies, in which CNHs are electron acceptors and porphyrins the electron donors, were synthesized and the electron transfer between the porphyrins and the CNH core was studied. Then, CNOs either of 5 nm or 20 nm of diameter were synthesized, respectively by annealing of nanodiamonds and by arc discharge. These two samples of CNOs present different properties and reactivity. As CNOs produced by annealing of nanodiamonds are more reactive, they were used to synthesize a new assembly, in which CNOs are the electron acceptors and ferrocene the electron donors. For the first time, electrochemical and photophysical measurements of CNOs were performed. The thesis is divided in four chapters. The first one provides an overview of carbon allotropes, in particular CNTs and fullerenes. Different techniques as arc discharge, laser ablation and chemical vapour deposition are briefly described. Finally three general approaches to functionalize carbon nanoparticles are reported in detail. In the second chapter CNHs are introduced. The properties and the applications are shown. A comparison between CNTs and CNHs is also given. Then three different studies are presented: · Functionalization by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to improve the solubility of CNHs; · Functionalization by nucleophilic addition and coupling with porphyrin; · Functionalization by amidation and coupling with porphyrin. The electron transfer between the porphyrin and CNH core is discussed. In the third chapter CNOs are introduced. Two different type of CNOs are described and compared in order to choose the more reactive nanoparticles. Then a study is reported: · Functionalization by 1,3 dipolar cycloaddition and coupling with ferrocene carboxylic acid. The interaction between the ferrocene moiety and the CNOs is discussed. All the experimental details are given in the fourth chapter.
XX Ciclo
1976
Khanal, Pravin. "CF4 ADSORPTION ON OPEN CARBON NANOHORNS AGGREGATES." OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1910.
Повний текст джерелаMaigné, Alan. "Caractérisation et modélisation par microscopie électronique en transmission à balayage (STEM) et spectroscopie de perte d’énergie d’électrons (EELS) de « nanohorns » de carbone monofeuillet fonctionnalisés pour des applications pharmaceutiques Review of recent advances in spectrum imaging and its extension to reciprocal space Revealing the Secret of Water-Assisted Carbon Nanotube Synthesis by Microscopic Observation of the Interaction of Water on the Catalysts Role of Subsurface Diffusion and Ostwald Ripening in Catalyst Formation for Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Forest Growth Effect of hole size on the incorporation of C60 molecules inside single-wall carbon nanohorns and their release Adsorption Phenomena of Tetracyano-p-quinodimethane on Single-Wall Carbon Nanohorns Carbon Nanohorns as Anticancer Drug Carriers Effect of Functional Groups at Hole Edges on Cisplatin Release from Inside Single-Wall Carbon Nanohorns Optimum Hole-Opening Condition for Cisplatin Incorporation in Single-Wall Carbon Nanohorns and Its Release Functionalization of Carbon Nanohorns with Azomethine Ylides: Towards Solubility Enhancement and Electron-Transfer Processes Aqueous carbon nanohorn–pyrene–porphyrin nanoensembles: Controlling charge-transfer interactions Photoinduced Electron Transfer on Aqueous Carbon Nanohorn–Pyrene– Tetrathiafulvalene Architectures Soluble Functionalized Carbon Nanohorns." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS600.
Повний текст джерелаIn this manuscript, we will expose the characterization and modelling of Single Wall Nanohorns (SWNH) and Nanotube Forests by analytical microscopy and the functionalization of SWNH for drug delivery applications. Firstly, we will introduce the microscopy and spectroscopy methods used for our experiments. We will then study the growth process of Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT) forests (within the framework of a collaboration with AIST, Japan). SWCH, their structure, modifications and filling properties will be analysed in details. An original method will be presented to study the porosity of inorganic material with EELS. Ab initio calculation will also be used to explore the effect of the defects present in the SWNH wall on the oxidation and filling process. We will study the potentialities of Single Wall Carbon nanohorns as Drug Delivery Systems and particularly as anticancer drug carriers
Wagner, Jeffrey A. "Gas adsorption on carbon nanohorn aggregates /." Available to subscribers only, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1594488041&sid=5&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Повний текст джерелаZiegler, Carl Andrew. "STUDY OF ADSORPTION OF NEON ON OPEN CARBON NANOHORNS AGGREGATES." OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1258.
Повний текст джерелаGULZAR, UMAIR. "Nitrogen doped single walled carbon nanohorns for energy storage application." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/930228.
Повний текст джерелаZimmermann, Kristen Ann. "Intracellular Transport in Cancer Treatments: Carbon Nanohorns Conjugated to Quantum Dots and Chemotherapeutic Agents." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/72986.
Повний текст джерелаMaster of Science
Xu, Youzhi [Verfasser]. "Synthesis and supramolecular chemistry of strained carbon nanohoops / Youzhi Xu." Ulm : Universität Ulm, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1202076475/34.
Повний текст джерелаVoiry, Damien. "Solubilisation et fonctionnalisation covalente de nanotubes de carbone et autres formes de carbone nanostructurées." Phd thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00584299.
Повний текст джерелаLi, Penghao. "Strained Aromatic Macrocycles as the Building Blocks for Functional Materials." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/22634.
Повний текст джерелаWhitney, Jon R. "Single Walled Carbon Nanohorns as Photothermal Absorbers, and Incorporation of Spatial Digital Image Analysis into Cancer Diagnostics and Therapy." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50616.
Повний текст джерелаGoals: �This work aims to accomplish two major goals. �The first is to determine the therapeutic impact of combining Single Walled Carbon Nanohorns (SWNHs) with photothermal therapy. �The second is to advance the measurement tools used to assess photothermal therapy by developing viability measurement methods which incorporate detailed quantitative spatial information
Methods: Photothermal therapy was tested with and without SWNHs in in vitro cell monolayers, in vitro tissue phantoms, and ex-vivo tissue. �Digital image analysis methods were developed which allowed for the use of viability assays and histological information to be identified and organized spatially. �These methods were then used to compare the impact of cellular microenvironment and heating method on Arrhenius parameters.
Results: The inclusion of SWNHs dramatically increased the temperatures reached in each experiment. �Digital image analysis methods were shown to quantify spatial viability with a high degree of accuracy and precision in 2D and 3D. �Experimental data indicated that there were areas of collateral damage (partially treated tissue) surrounding areas of completely treated tissue ranging which were between 46% and 78% of the completely treated volume. �In each case the heat transfer properties of the experimental system had a large impact on the area of treatment. �Variation in the temperature and viability response of photothermal therapy for specific laser and nanoparticle treatment parameters was quantified. �
����Conclusions: This research has brought an experimental cancer treatment procedure from experiments in cell monolayers to tests in ex-vivo tissue to analyze viability response. �The strengths of photothermal therapy such as its minimally invasive nature, and effectiveness at killing cells were experimentally demonstrated. � �This research has also developed the tools necessary to assess the spatial impact in vitro and lay the foundations for assessing spatial impact in vivo. �These tools may be used to assess other treatments beyond photothermal therapy, and serve as a basis for improving the analysis of biological systems both in vitro and in vivo.
Ph. D.
Lodermeyer, Fabian [Verfasser], Dirk [Gutachter] Guldi, Thomas [Gutachter] Drewello, and Julien [Gutachter] Bachmann. "Implementation of Carbon-rich Photosensitizers and Single-Walled Carbon Nanohorns into Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells / Fabian Lodermeyer ; Gutachter: Dirk Guldi, Thomas Drewello, Julien Bachmann." Erlangen : Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 2017. http://d-nb.info/113647319X/34.
Повний текст джерелаRussell, Brice Adam. "AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF SUBSTRATE POROSITY, MORPHOLOGY, AND FLEXIBILITY ON THE EQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS OF ADSORPTION FOR ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR ADSORBATES." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1490.
Повний текст джерелаVicentini, Nicola. "Screening on the functionalization of carbon nanostructures and their compatibilization in polymer-based composite materials." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424578.
Повний текст джерелаLe nanostrutture di carbonio (CNS) e i polimeri biocompatibili sono materiali molto promettenti in un grande numero di applicazioni tecnologicamente avanzate, che vanno dalla biomedicina e bioelettronica, allo smart packaging e alla robotica soft. In questa tesi presentiamo la funzionalizzazione organica tramite addizione della p-metossianilina di 3 diverse CNS: i nanotubi di carbonio a parete multipla, i nanoconi di carbonio e il grafene ossido risotto. Questi materiali sono impiegati come additivi per la preparazione di materiali compositi nanostrutturati a base di acido polilattico (PLLA). In questa tesi è riportata una completa caratterizzazione in termini di proprietà termiche, elettriche e meccaniche. Sono evidenti differenze significative tra le tre nanostrutture e sul loro effetto sulle proprietà dei compositi; ciò sottolinea il ruolo chiave giocato dalla morfologia e forma a livello nanometrico nell’interazione nanostruttura-polimero e quindi nella determinazione delle caratteristiche finali del composito. La superfice dei materiali è stata caratterizzata tramite AFM e CAFM sia nella forma di film piatti sia nella forma di nanofibre ottenute tramite eletrospinning. Sono state quindi testate le proprietà di biocompatibilità e induzione/controllo della differenziazione sia su cellule umane neuronali (SH-SY5Y), sia su cellule staminali umane (hCMCs). I materiali a base di nanotubi di carbonio a parete multipla (MWCNT) ottenuti sono stati utilizzati per la preparazione di prototipi di nerve guide conduits (NGC) per operazioni in-vivo su topi, ottenendo risultati molto promettenti. Presentiamo anche la funzionalizzazione dei MWCNT con 2 gruppi organici “funzionali” (l’acido p-benzoico e lo stirene) sui quali è stata effettuata una derivatizzazione aggiuntiva sfruttando rispettivamente una reazione di ammidazione e una reazione di polimerizzazione “grafting from”. Infine abbiamo analizzato lo schema di reazione della funzionalizzazione di Tour delle CNS a abbiamo ipotizzato che la reale via sintetica sia costituita da due differenti vie in equilibrio tra di loro.
Fisher, Jessica Won Hee. "Effective Cancer Therapy Design Through the Integration of Nanotechnology." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34386.
Повний текст джерелаMaster of Science
Krungleviciute, Vaiva. "Characterization Of Nanoporous Materials Using Gas Adsorption Isotherms: Evaluating Their Potential For Gas Storage And Separation Applications." Available to subscribers only, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1879014061&sid=7&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Повний текст джерела"Department of Physics." Keywords: Adsorption, Gas separation, Gas storage, Metal-organic frameworks, Single-walled carbon nanotubes, Nanoporous materials. Includes bibliographical references (p. 86-96). Also available online.
Hood, Robert L. "Development of a Hollow-Core Fiberoptic Microneedle Device for the Treatment of Invasive Bladder Cancer." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76846.
Повний текст джерелаMaster of Science
Pinto, Preston Albert. "Novel Bio-inspired Aquatic Flow Sensors." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33807.
Повний текст джерелаMaster of Science
Zhang, Jianfei. "The Preparation, Functionalization and Biomedical Applications of Carbonaceous Nanomaterials." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77361.
Повний текст джерелаPh. D.
Empson, Yvonne Marie. "Developing a Living Composite Ligament by Combining Prolotherapy and Nanoparticles as Treatment for Damaged Connective Tissue." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78114.
Повний текст джерелаMaster of Science
Battiston, Simone. "PREPARAZIONE E CARATTERIZZAZIONE DI COMPOSITI C/TiO2 PER LO SVILUPPO DI MATERIALI FOTOATTIVI NANOSTRUTTURATI." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3426920.
Повний текст джерелаL'ossido di titanio è considerato un eccellente materiale fotocatalizzatore grazie alla sua elevata efficienza, alla stabilità fotochimica, all’atossicità e al basso costo. Grazie a queste proprietà, i materiali nanostrutturati di ossido di titanio sono largamente studiati e impiegati in diversi settori tecnologici quali quelli della fotocatalisi, della degradazione fotocalitica di composti organici ed inorganici, della sensoristica e della conversione dell’energia solare in elettricità (O'Regan and Grätzel 1991; Linsebigler, Lu et al. 1995; Mills and Le Hunte 1997; Grätzel 2001; Carp, Huisman et al. 2004; Mor, Varghese et al. 2006; Aprile, Corma et al. 2008; Varghese, Paulose et al. 2009). Il lavoro svolto nell’arco dei tre anni di attività di ricerca effettuata, nell’ambito della Scuola di Dottorato in Scienze Molecolari, presso i laboratori dell’Istituto per l’Energetica e le Interfasi (IENI) del CNR di Padova (sotto supervisione della Dott.ssa Monica Fabrizio), è stato focalizzato sullo studio e ottimizzazione di tecniche di deposizione da fase vapore, physical vapor deposition (PVD) e chemical vapor deposition (CVD), e caratterizzazione chimico-fisica, morfologica e funzionale di materiali nanostrutturati a base di ossido di titanio per applicazioni fotocatalitiche. La strumentazione PVD magnetron sputtering, presente presso i laboratori IENI, è stata adattata per la deposizione di film di natura ceramica, intervenendo sulla configurazione geometrica e meccanica dell’apparato. In seguito, è stato possibile individuare le condizioni ottimali di sintesi per la deposizione di film sottili di ossido di titanio efficienti dal punto di vista fotocatalitico, studiando ed agendo sui principali parametri di processo: modalità DC o RF, tempo di deposizione, movimentazione e riscaldamento del substrato, distanza target-substrato, pressione totale, pressioni parziali dei gas introdotti in camera e potenza trasferita al plasma. Al fine di incrementare l’efficienza fotocatalitica dei film sottili, sono stati condotti diversi tentativi di sintesi introducendo azoto come drogante dell’ossido di titanio. Tale drogaggio è riportato in letteratura (Asahi, Morikawa et al. 2001; Kitano, Funatsu et al. 2006; Asahi and Morikawa 2007) come il metodo più idoneo per ridurre l’energy gap efficace del materiale, permettendo contemporaneamente l’assorbimento di una frazione più ampia dello spettro solare ed il mantenimento della stabilità fotochimica. Parte consistente del lavoro sperimentale è stata impiegata, inoltre, per intraprendere lo sviluppo e l’allestimento di un sistema per la misura della corrente fotoindotta, in seguito ad irraggiamento di luce UV-VIS, dell’ossido di titanio. Lo studio del processo di deposizione su vari tipi di substrati piani (vetro, ITO, silice pura), l’identificazione dei parametri di processo ottimali e la conoscenza acquisita del comportamento di tali sistemi ha permesso, infine, lo sviluppo e la progettazione di nuovi materiali più efficienti dal punto di vista fotocatalitico. In particolare, sono stati progettati e realizzati nanocompositi ibridi, impiegando Single Wall Carbon Nanohorn (SWCNH) come substrati per le deposizioni di ossido di titanio. Negli ultimi anni, infatti, sono stati pubblicati numerosi articoli sulla sintesi di materiali nanocompositi ibridi che impiegano materiali mesoporosi a base di carbonio, con lo scopo di incrementare le proprietà fotocatalitiche dell’ossido di titanio (Orlanducci, Sessa et al. 2006; Liu and Zeng 2008; Wang, Ji et al. 2008; Yu, Quan et al. 2008). Con questo scopo, i SWCNH rappresentano un buon candidato grazie alle loro proprietà elettroniche, caratteristiche morfologiche e all’alta resa di produzione (Kasuya, Yudasaka et al. 2002; Gattia, Vittori Antisari et al. 2007). Essi sono costituiti da aggregati, a simmetria sferica e delle dimensioni dell’ordine del centinaio di nanometri, di coni irregolari di grafene a parete singola di qualche nanometro di diametro e qualche decina di nanometri di lunghezza (Iijima, Yudasaka et al. 1999; Murata, Kaneko et al. 2000; Yudasaka, Iijima et al. 2008). L’incremento dell’efficienza fotocatalitica dell’ossido di titanio nel materiale ibrido SWCNH/TiO2 è giustificato dalla morfologia mesoporosa ad elevata area superficiale di questi aggregati (superiore a 300 m2 g-1) e dalla formazione dell’eterogiunzione con l’ossido, che può ridurre sensibilmente la ricombinazione elettrone-lacuna e incrementare, perciò, l’efficienza globale del processo fotocatalitico (Cioffi, Campidelli et al. 2007; Petsalakis, Pagona et al. 2007). Un importante risultato conseguito nello svolgimento dell’attività di dottorato riguarda l’ottenimento, grazie all’impiego del magnetron sputtering, di una nuova singolare morfologia nanostrutturata dell’ossido di titanio, chiamata “strelitzia-like titanium oxide”, indotta proprio dalla particolare morfologia dei SWCNH impiegati come substrati (Battiston, Bolzan et al. 2009). La successiva attività sperimentale è stata, quindi, indirizzata alla comprensione e all’ottimizzazione dei meccanismi di nucleazione e crescita di queste innovative strutture nanocomposite ibride SWCNH/TiO2. A questo proposito, in collaborazione con l’Istituto di Chimica Inorganica e delle Superfici (ICIS) del CNR di Padova, è stato eseguito un approfondito studio sull’influenza del metodo di deposizione utilizzato su nucleazione e crescita dell’ossido di titanio sui SWCNH, impiegando anche la tecnica metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) (Battiston, Bolzan et al. 2009), che ha permesso di ottenere morfologie del rivestimento molto differenti da quelle ottenute tramite magnetron sputtering. Lo studio e la caratterizzazione del nuovo materiale nanocomposito, ottenuto via MOCVD, ne ha suggerito l’impiego come substrato per la deposizione via magnetron sputtering permettendo, infine, di giungere all’ottimizzazione della nucleazione delle strelitzie di ossido di titanio, sfruttando ogni singolo aggregato di SWCNH. Tale risultato ha permesso, inoltre, di eseguire una approfondita caratterizzazione di tipo strutturale e funzionale della nuova morfologia dell’ossido di titanio che, infine, ha dimostrato possedere proprietà fotocatalitiche superiori rispetto a tutti i materiali a base di ossido di titanio con cui è stata comparata. Le caratterizzazioni dei film sottili e dei nanocompositi ibridi sono state eseguite in stretta collaborazione con diversi gruppi di ricerca appartenenti, oltre che all’Università di Padova e al CNR IENI, anche al CNR-ICIS, al CNR-ITC (Istituto per le Tecnologie delle Costruzioni), l’Università di Torino e Piezotech Japan Ltd, spinoff del Research Institute for Nanoscience con sede a Kyoto (Giappone), presso cui è stato svolto uno stage della durata di tre mesi nell’ambito della convenzione Italia-Giappone a cui prende parte il Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM). Le analisi effettuate sono state di tipo strutturale (XRD e Spettroscopia Raman), composizionale (ICP-MS, SIMS, XPS, Catodoluminescenza), morfologico (SEM, TEM, AFM e profilometro meccanico) e funzionale (misure di fotocorrente e degradazione fotocatalitica di composti organici).
Andriani, Rudy Thomas. "Design and Validation of Medical Devices for Photothermally Augmented Treatments." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50503.
Повний текст джерелаMaster of Science
Turco, Antonio. "Use of carbon nanotubes for novel approaches towards spinal network repairing." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/8663.
Повний текст джерелаNanotechnology underwent a very rapid development in the last decades, thanks to the invention of different techniques that allow reaching the nanoscale. The great interest in this area arises from the variety of possible applications in different fields, such as electronics, where the miniaturization of components is a key factor, but also medicine. The creation of smart systems able to carry out a specific task in the body in a controlled way, either in diagnosis or therapy or tissue engineering, is the ultimate goal of a newborn area of research, called nanomedicine. In fact, to reach such an outstanding objective, a nanometer‐sized material is needed and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are among the most promising candidates. The aim of this thesis was to study this opportunity and, in particular, the possible application of carbon nanotubes for spinal network repairing. After a review of the main features of neuronal network systems and the most common techniques to study their functionality, possible applications of nanotechnology for nanomedicine purposes are considered, focusing the attention on CNTs as neuronal interface in nerve tissue engineering. The work can be divided into two big parts. In the first part the impact of carbon nanotubes on various neuronal systems was studied. Different form of carbonaceous materials (carbon nanotubes, nanohorns and graphene) were deposited in a homogeneous way on a glass surface playing with organic functionalization and different deposition techniques. Hippocampal neuronal cells were grown on their surface to better understand how morphology and conductivity of the material could influence the activity of the neuronal network evidencing how both these characteristics could affect the electrophysiological properties of neurons. Then, also spinal neurons were grown on carbon nanotubes network deposited on a glass substrate to evaluate, for the first time, the impact of carbon nanotubes on this kind of cells. The tight interaction between these two materials appeared to cause a faster maturation of the spinal neurons with respect II to the control grown on a glass substrate. The long-term impact on a complex tissue (spinal cord slice) grown on carbon nanotubes carpet was also studied. The intimate interaction between the two materials observed by TEM and SEM analysis caused an increase in dimensions and number of neuronal fibers that comes out from the body of a spinal cord slice. An increase in electrophysiological activity of all neuronal network of the slice was also reported. In the second part of the work different conductive biocompatible nanocomposite materials based on carbon nanotubes and “artificial” polymers (such as Nafion, PVA, PET, PEI, PDMS and PANI) were investigated. The idea is to test these materials as neuronal prosthesis to repair spinal cord damage. All the prepared scaffolds showed CNTs on the surface favoring CNTs-neurons interaction. To address this aim different techniques and different organic functionalizations of CNTs were utilized to control supramolecular interactions between the nanomaterial and polymers orienting the deposition of the CNTs and preventing their aggregation. After that, an innovative method to study the possible ability of this nanocomposite materials to transmit a neuronal signal between two portions of spinal cord was designed. Functionalization of gold surfaces with thiolated carbon nanotubes have been conducted in order to develop suitable devices for neuronal stimulation and consequent spinal cord lesions repairing. In particular thiol groups were introduced on the graphitic surface of carbon nanotubes by means of covalent functionalization. First of all, the interaction of CNTs with gold nanoparticles has been evaluated, then a gold surface has been coated by means of contact printing technique with a homogeneous film of CNTs. This hybrid material could be useful to produce innovative electrodes for neuronal stimulation
XXV Ciclo
1985
WIDJAJA, YOHAN, and 黃文育. "Producing Versatile Single-Walled Carbon Nanohorns and Its Application." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35777732823610872360.
Повний текст джерела國立臺灣科技大學
化學工程系
102
Single wall carbon nanohorns (SWNHs) is classified as one allotrope of nanocarbons which possesses interstitial and internal pores because of its unique spherical structure. Abundant spaces and sites make it become an attractive material for various applications, but prior treatment is needed in order to produce a versatile SWNHs. Facile method to introduce abundant carboxyl groups as well as to increase total surface area of SWNHs was investigated by oxidizing it with mild [HNO3]. With optimum time of 40 min to 1 h oxidation, carboxyl group functionalized, large surface area and well-dispersed SWNHs in water can be produced while maintaining its pristine morphological structure. Moreover, SWNHs-ox that was produced can be easily purified from graphite impurities, yielding an impurities-free SWNHs-ox. Current research of versatile SWNHs-ox can be used as a support for platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) by means of amine-terminated fourth generation poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer (G4-NH2). With the existence of G4-NH2, dendrimer-encapsulated platinum nanoparticles (Den(PtNPs)) around 4 nm in size were homogeneously decorated and firmly attached on the SWNHs-ox surface. PtNPs content up to around 40 wt% can be achieved in current research. Three electrode system using dielectrophoretic (DEP) chip was used to analyze the SWNHs-ox-Den(PtNPs) electrocatalytic activity. With the help of G4-NH2, the catalyst possessed high durability since the deposition was still retained on the working electrode even after CV scanning of 250 cycles. More PtNPs content introduced results in higher electrocatalytic activity of catalyst, but the distribution of Den(PtNPs) also played an important role to enhance its electrocatalytic activity. Nevertheless, compact nanocarbon (carbon nanotube, graphene) was preferred for electrocatalyst application.
xiang, Lee-an, and 李安湘. "Dendrimer Stabilized Single Walled Carbon Nanohorns as Anticancer Drug Carrier." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64990520416683812961.
Повний текст джерела國立臺灣科技大學
化學工程系
102
Single walled carbon nanohorns (SWNHs) is a horn-shaped sheath aggregate of graphene sheets and is expected high potential of applications including drug delivery system. Then surface modification of SWNHs is an important research direction for the adequate application. In this study, the oxidation of SWNHs was performed by acid-treatment, where 2 h reaction was preferable, because it produces enough carboxyl groups and less defect of graphene sheet. Thus acid-treated SWNHs is more dispersible in water than commercial SWNHs. The strategy in this study is biological application of SWNHs as drug delivery system. SWNHs were conjugated with folic acid (FA) molecules for targeting specific cell with folate receptors. Moreover, SWNHs were protected by poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) dendrimer for increasing poor dispersibility of SWNHs-FA. The OH-terminated PAMAM dendrimer (DenOH) is preferably used to be chemically immobilized on SWNHs than NH2-terminated Dendrimer (DenNH2), since SWNHs-DenOH shows higher dispersibility in water than SWNHs-DenNH2. Five drugs (temozolomide, phthalocyanine, doxorubicin, camptothecin and protoporphyrin) were selected as anticancer drugs in this study, because these have different therapeutic advantages and behaviors for the tumors. The controlled loading of drug on SWNHs and SWNHs-DenOH-FA carriers was investigated. The loading capacity of drug on SWNHs-DenOH-FA was always higher than on SWNHs, since DenOH gives additional hydrogen interaction with drug, while the loading of drug on SWNHs can occur via π-π stacking, hydrogen bonding and traping inside interior space. Release profile shows strong pH dependence, and drugs on SWNHs-DenOH-FA were less released than on SWNHs, because the interaction with dendrimer keeps drugs on carrier and DenOH-FA gives steric hindrance for removal of drugs.
Soendoro, Andree, and Andree Soendoro. "Application of Carbon Nanohorns Loaded Carbon Dot-coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles to Multiple Therapies." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3x32ge.
Повний текст джерела國立臺灣科技大學
化學工程系
106
Carbon nanohorns as the drug carrier were modified by attaching the carbon dots coated iron oxide nanoparticles (CNH/Fe3O4@C) in order to perform multiple therapies and to improve their performance. CNH/Fe3O4@C has been successfully synthesized as previously reported for combination therapy of hyperthermia and chemotherapy. Iron oxide nanoparticles that showed a good magnet response are responsible to hyperthermia. Meanwhile, the carbon dots due to its ability to produce singlet oxygen as previous report are responsible to photodynamic therapy (PDT). Towards chemotherapy study, CNH/Fe3O4@C enhanced the doxorubicin (DOX) loading, DOX release and also gemcitabine loading, gemcitabine release. The temperature dependency of DOX release and gemcitabine release was also measured and resulted higher drug release in higher temperature. Towards the PDT study, the singlet oxygen generated by CNH/Fe3O4@C was examined. Furthermore, the combination of drug release and light irradiation has been performed and showed a good outcome in drug release.
SU, Chin-Hao, and 蘇進豪. "Preparation and Characterization of Iron oxide-loaded Carbon Nanohorn." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/06417930070846172653.
Повний текст джерела國立臺灣科技大學
化學工程系
104
Magnetic nanoparticles for hyperthermic treatment of cancers have gained significant attention in recent years. In particular, iron oxide nanoparticles are being actively investigated to achieve highly efficient destruction of carcinogenic cells through magnetic hyperthermia treatments. However, magnetic nanoparticles, Fe3O4, tend to aggregate to form the thermodynamically favored bulk metal, which results in the loss of magnetism and dispersibility of naked magnetic nanoparticles. The highly dispersible magnetic carbon nanostructures may exhibit favorable chemical reactivity and minimal cytotoxicity. This offers promising opportunities in biomedical applications. Therefore, in this research, Fe3O4 magnetite nanoparticles with diameter under 20 nm were synthesized by using co-precipitate method. Moreover, the surface of Fe3O4 magnetite nanoparticles was coated with carbon dots (Fe3O4@C) by hydrothermal process which led to the appearance of the hydrophilic functional group (-COOH and –NH2) on magnetite surface. Additionally, acid-treated SWNH/magnetite hybrid nanoparticles were prepared by different methods which were the amidation of Fe3O4@C with acid-treated SWNHs and the direct synthesis of Fe3O4 on acid-treated SWNHs via ionic interaction. TEM images of SWNHs/Fe3O4@C demonstrated that some SWNHs were attached by the aggregate of Fe3O4@C particles. However, TEM images of SWNHs/Fe3O4 showed that SWNHs were attached to clusters of magnetite particles which completely and homogeneously surrounded SWNHs. These results reveal a possibility to improve the magnetite dispersion by using functionalized carbon nanohorns.
LI, DAI-YING, and 李岱穎. "A Study on the Fabrication of Aluminum / Carbon Nanohorn and Aluminum / Carbon Nanotube Composite and Their Mechanical Properties." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ezt84k.
Повний текст джерела逢甲大學
纖維與複合材料學系
107
In this study, we prepared aluminum/carbon nanohorn and aluminum/carbon nanotube composites by powder metallurgy method, and discussed also the dispersibility and shape of the material powders of aluminum/carbon nanohorn and aluminum/carbon nanotube composites. The raw material of the composite material was 6003 aluminum alloy powder as a substrate, and two carbon materials (carbon nanohorn, carbon nanotube) were additives. We also analyzed the effect of carbon material amount on the tensile and compressive properties of aluminum/carbon composites. Finally, we explored weather aluminum alloys and carbon materials would produce new alloy phases by XRD analysis. The experiment is divided into two parts: The first part discusses the effects of different processes on the powder’s dispersibility of aluminum/carbon nanohorn and aluminum/carbon nanotube composites. The first process is a wet ball milling method; the second process is a method of adding a wetting agent to pre-disperse the nano powders before performing wet ball milling. Both are using the same process parameters and different dispersion methods to explore the dispersion effect of the powders. The experimental results showed the surfaces of the powders were rough and smooth after the first processing or the second processing, and both dispersion methods were mixed well. The compression performance test of the two process composites, compared with the pure aluminum substrate, revealed that the hardness and Young's modulus were increased with the addition of the carbon nanotubes and the carbon nanohorns, although the failure work, the load and the displacement are decreased. This demonstrated that the effect of reinforcement is obtained, and the composite material also becomes brittle. The rigid reinforcing effect of adding the wetting agent (Process 2) was more obvious (the Young's modulus increased greatly), but the tensile performance test in this study is not as expected, due to the structure being too loose. The second part discusses the effects of different carbon material additions on the mechanical properties of aluminum/ carbon nanohorn and aluminum/carbon nanotube composites, and further explores which carbon material structure has the best reinforcing effect. The experimental results showed that the addition of either carbon nanotubes or carbon nanohorn could effectively improve the hardness and Young's modulus, and the highest Young's modulus was obtained when the addition amount is 1.5 wt%, and the reinforcing effect of carbon nanohorn was better than carbon nanotube. The destructive work, the falling load and the decreasing displacement were all decreased, and the hardness of the composites made of carbon nanotube and the carbon nanohorn were not identical. XRD analysis showed that the both composites could not formed a new alloy phase, the carbon material couldn’t be effectively embedded in the lattice of aluminum. Due to the limitations of forming conditions, the current results cannot be applied to the industry. For subsequent experiments in the future, the pressure and sintering temperature should be increased to achieve abundant compaction to improve mechanical properties, or to prepare the composite powders by using a wetting agent for pre-dispersion of nano powders, and then by hot extrusion. The composite material is prepared in a manner such that the reinforcing material can be directional and orintated in the extrusion process, thereby improving its properties to meet the needs of the industry.
Chen, Hang. "Carbon nanotubes and nanohoops: probing the vibrational properties and electron-phonon coupling using Raman spectroscopy." Thesis, 2015. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/15200.
Повний текст джерелаBhattacharjee, Subham. "Design, Synthesis and Applications of Novel Two-Component Gels and Soft-Nanocomposites." Thesis, 2014. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2005/2981.
Повний текст джерела