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Статті в журналах з теми "Nanohorns de carbono"
Kowalczyk, Piotr, Artur P. Terzyk, Piotr A. Gauden, Sylwester Furmaniak, and Katsumi Kaneko. "Toward in silico modeling of palladium–hydrogen–carbon nanohorn nanocomposites." Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, no. 23 (2014): 11763–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cp01345j.
Повний текст джерелаHasani, Ali. "Approaches to Graphene, Carbon Nanotube and Carbon nanohorn, Synthesis, Properties and Applications." Nanoscience & Nanotechnology-Asia 10, no. 1 (January 23, 2020): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210681208666180904102649.
Повний текст джерелаVenezia, Eleonora, Pejman Salimi, Susana Chauque, and Remo Proietti Zaccaria. "Sustainable Synthesis of Sulfur−Single Walled Carbon Nanohorns Composite for Long Cycle Life Lithium−Sulfur Battery." Nanomaterials 12, no. 22 (November 8, 2022): 3933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12223933.
Повний текст джерелаVerde-Gómez, Ysmael, Elizabeth Montiel-Macías, Ana María Valenzuela-Muñiz, Ivonne Alonso-Lemus, Mario Miki-Yoshida, Karim Zaghib, Nicolas Brodusch, and Raynald Gauvin. "Structural Study of Sulfur-Added Carbon Nanohorns." Materials 15, no. 10 (May 10, 2022): 3412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15103412.
Повний текст джерелаKumar, Dinesh, Veena Verma, H. S. Bhatti, and Keya Dharamvir. "Elastic Moduli of Carbon Nanohorns." Journal of Nanomaterials 2011 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/127952.
Повний текст джерелаSani, Elisa, Nicolò Papi, Luca Mercatelli, Simona Barison, Filippo Agresti, Stefano Rossi, and Aldo Dell’Oro. "Optical Limiting of Carbon Nanohorn-Based Aqueous Nanofluids: A Systematic Study." Nanomaterials 10, no. 11 (October 29, 2020): 2160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10112160.
Повний текст джерелаMacLucas, Timothy, and Sebastian Suarez. "On the Solid Lubricity of Electrophoretically Deposited Carbon Nanohorn Coatings." Lubricants 7, no. 8 (July 26, 2019): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7080062.
Повний текст джерелаCioffi, Carla, St?phane Campidelli, Fulvio G. Brunetti, Moreno Meneghetti, and Maurizio Prato. "Functionalisation of carbon nanohorns." Chemical Communications, no. 20 (2006): 2129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b601176d.
Повний текст джерелаMiyako, Eijiro, Hideya Nagata, Ken Hirano, Kotaro Sakamoto, Yoji Makita, Ken-ichi Nakayama, and Takahiro Hirotsu. "Photoinduced antiviral carbon nanohorns." Nanotechnology 19, no. 7 (January 29, 2008): 075106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/19/7/075106.
Повний текст джерелаPagona, Georgia, Georgios Rotas, Ioannis D. Petsalakis, Giannoula Theodorakopoulos, Jing Fan, Alan Maigné, Masako Yudasaka, Sumio Iijima, and Nikos Tagmatarchis. "Soluble Functionalized Carbon Nanohorns." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 10 (October 1, 2007): 3468–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.821.
Повний текст джерелаДисертації з теми "Nanohorns de carbono"
Lucío, Benito Maria Isabel. "Design of multifunctional systems based on carbon nanomaterials." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/11130.
Повний текст джерелаLa nanotecnologia è chiamata a rivoluzionare molti settori della nostra vita. Tra tutti i campi in cui è convolta, la ricerca delle energie rinnovabili, la possibilità di ottenere acqua pulita in tutte le parti del mondo, il miglioramento della salute e l’aumento dell’aspettativa di vita e lo sviluppo di sistemi informatici, sono gli obiettivi che si distinguono. Le nanostrutture di carbonio sono materiali promettenti che possono aiutare a raggiungere questi obiettivi: includono fullereni, grafene, nanotubi e nanohorns di carbonio. Tutti hanno proprietà interessanti e offrono nuovi vantaggi per le applicazioni in chimica dei materiali e nella medicina. Il nostro gruppo di ricerca ha sviluppato interessanti metodi per modificare queste nanostrutture per poterli applicare nei campi sopra menzionate. In questo contesto, lo scopo generale di questa tesi è il disegno di sistemi multifunzionali basati su nanostrutture di carbonio destinati ai sensori e alle applicazioni biologiche. Nel capitolo 1, viene fatta una breve panoramica dei nanotubi e i nanohorns di carbonio, spiegando la loro struttura, le loro proprietà e le loro applicazioni. Inoltre, vengono descritte le diverse strategie per la loro funzionalizzazione. Il riconoscimento molecolare gioca un ruolo importante in molti sistemi biologici. In flavoproteine, l'interazione specifica tra il cofattore flavina e l’apoenzima determina la reattività della proteina. Di conseguenza, la modulazione dell'ambiente delle flavine può essere utilizzata come strumento per determinare il loro comportamento e anche per comprendere i processi molecolari negli enzimi. Con questi obiettivi in mente, nel capitolo 2 è descritta la sintesi di differenti derivati basati sul sistema nanotubi di carbonio-triazina per l’uso come ricevitori di riboflavina. In primo luogo, la sintesi e la caratterizzazione di diverse 1,3,5-triazine sono riportate. In una seconda fase, viene descritta la funzionalizzazione di nanotubi di carbonio a parete singola e a parete multipla con le differenti triazine e anche con catene di p-tolil, impiegando le radiazioni microonde. Dopo, si riporta la caratterizzazione completa di questi derivati con varie tecniche. L’auto-assemblaggio degli ibridi è stato analizzato con microscopia elettronica a trasmissione, osservando come i funzionalizzati con 1,3,5-triazine formano buone dispersioni in acqua, mentre loro si auto-assemblano in solventi non polari a causa del riconoscimento di legami d’idrogeno complementari. Tuttavia, derivati funzionalizzati con p-tolil formano migliori dispersioni in solventi organici ed invece si auto-assemblano in acqua. Viene poi studiata la capacità dei nanotubi di carbonio funzionalizzati a parete multipla di riconoscere la riboflavina con la spettroscopia di fluorescenza e ultravioletta visibile, analizzando la grandezza delle interazioni non-covalenti. Si vede come la funzionalizzazione covalente dei nanotubi di carbonio diminuisce la loro capacità di formare interazioni mentre le interazioni di legame d’idrogeno giocano un ruolo fondamentale nel processo di riconoscimento tra i membri del sistema. Inoltre, si è demostrata l’influenza dei tipi di triazine nel comportamento della riboflavina. In questo modo, è dimostrata la modulazione del riconoscimento molecolare della riboflavina attraverso i diversi nanotubi. Così, recettori artificiali in processi di catalisi possono essere specificamente disegnati per ottenere il controllo delle interazioni tra i nanotubi di carbonio funzionalizzati e la riboflavina, modificando il suo comportamento. Inoltre, le dimensioni e le eccellenti proprietà di nanotubi permettono di utilizzarli come strumento nella progettazione di sensori per la rivelazione di singole molecole. Nel capitolo 3 si riporta la modifica di nanohorn di carbonio per l'impiego come farmaci selettivi nella terapia del cancro è rapportata. Prima, si mostra la sintesi e la caratterizzazione di diversi ibridi di nanohorn: Antibody-CNH, Drug-CNH, Antibody-Drug-CNH e Double Functionalized-CNH. In particolare vengono usati cisplatino, come profarmaco, ed un anticorpo specifico per le cellule che mostrano l’antigene PSMA (Prostate-specific membrane antigen). Di seguito, vengono presentati diversi esperimenti biologici sviluppati in collaborazione con il professor Marco Colombatti dell’Università degli Studi di Verona (Italia). L’ibrido Antibody-Drug-CNH possiede una migliore capacità di uccidere selettivamente le cellule che presentano l'antigene PSMA, rispetto ad altri derivati di nanohorns. Il nuovo sistema progettato offre un grande potenziale dato dalla possibilità di modificare il tipo e il grado di funzionalizzazione. Questo permette di variare la quantità di farmaco o di anticorpo nelle nanostrutture con lo scopo di migliorare l’efficienza dei nuovi derivati. Inoltre, questo metodo può incorporare altri farmaci o anticorpi al sistema, aprendo la porta al trattamento di altre malattie. Il capitolo 4 descrive l'applicazione di diverse nanostrutture di carbonio nella terapia genica. Prima, si mostra la funzionalizzazione di nanohorns di carbonio con gruppi amminici, impiegando diversi metodi che utilizzano le radiazioni a microonde (cicloaddizione 1,3-dipolare e addizione radicalica). In seguito, viene presentato il lavoro svolto in "the Nanomedicine Lab" (Università di Manchester), sotto la supervisione del Prof. Kostas Kostarelos. L'efficacia dei nanohorns di carbonio funzionalizzati per formare complessi con siRNA è comparata con quella dei nanotubi di carbonio forniti dal gruppo del professor Kostarelos. Si è visto come i nanohorn di carbonio formino complessi con siRNA a differenza dei nanotubi. I complessi siRNA/nanohorn si caratterizzano utilizzando varie tecniche e viene analizzata la loro capacità di rilasciare il siRNA. Sebbene nanohorn di carbonio funzionalizzati con l’addizione radicalica mostrano una forte interazione con il materiale genetico, i derivati funzionalizzati con la cicloaddizione 1,3-dipolare lo rilasciano più facilmente. I risultati suggeriscono che, per conseguire il miglior carrier, la complessazione totale del siRNA con le nanostrutture dovrebbe essere evitato. Tuttavia, gli ibridi devono essere analizzati in vitro per garantire la migliore scelta. Questo studio contribuisce alla comprensione dell’uso di nanohorn di carbonio come vettori per terapia genica; ma, un maggior numero di derivati deve essere analizzato per un confronto completo con i nanotubi di carbonio.
La nanotecnología se presenta como una nueva ciencia que podrá revolucionar multiples aspectos de nuestras vidas. Entre los numerosos campos en los que la nanotecnología está centrada, la búsqueda de energías renovables, la posibilidad de obtener agua limpia en cualquier parte del mundo, la mejora de la salud y la longevidad de las personas así como el avance de los sistemas informáticos, son los objetivos que más destacan. Las nanoestructuras de carbon son nanomateriales prometedores que pueden ayudar a lograr esas metas. Estos materiales incluyen fullerenos, grafeno, nanohorns y nanotubos de carbono, entre otros. Todos ellos presentan propiedades interesantes y ofrecen nuevas ventajas para aplicaciones en química de materiales y medicina. Nuestro grupo de investigación ha desarrollado metodologías interesantes para la modificación de esas nanoestructuras con el objeto de que puedan ser útiles en las aplicaciones citadas anteriormente. En ese contexto, el objetivo general de esta tesis es el diseño de sistemas multifuncionales basados en nanoestructuras de carbono para ser usados en sensores y en aplicaciones biológicas. En el capítulo 1 se detallan la estructura y las propiedades de los nanohorns y los nanotubos de carbono junto a sus aplicaciones. Además, se muestra un resumen de las diferentes metodologías usadas para su funcionalización. El reconocimiento molecular juega un papel importante en numerosos sistemas biológicos. En flavoproteinas, la interacción específica entre el cofactor flavina y la apoenzima determina la reactividad total de la proteina. De este modo, la modulación del entorno de la flavina puede usarse como herramienta para determinar su comportamiento y, además, para entender los procesos moleculares en las enzimas. Con esos objetivos en mente, en el capítulo 2 se describe la síntesis de diferentes derivados basados en el sistema nanotubo de carbono-triazina para usarlos como receptores múltiples de riboflavina. En primer lugar, se sintentizan y caracterizan distintas 1,3,5-triazinas. En un segundo paso, se funcionalizan nanotubos de carbono tanto de pared simple como de pared multiple con las diferentes triazinas así como con cadenas de p-tolilo usando radiación microondas, y esos derivados se caracterizan completamente mediante diversas técnicas. El autoensamblaje de los híbridos se analiza mediante microscopía de transmisión electrónica observando como los derivados de 1,3,5-triazinas forman buenas dispersiones en agua y se autoensamblan en disolventes no polares debido al reconocimiento mediante enlaces de hidrógeno complementarios. Sin embargo, los derivados de p-tolilo forman mejores dispersiones en disolventes orgánicos y se agregan en agua. Finalmente, la habilidad de los nanotubos de carbono de pared múltiple funcionalizados para reconocer la riboflavina se estudia mediante fluorescencia y espectrocopía ultravioleta visible, analizando el alcance de las interacciones no covalentes. La funcionalización covalente de nanotubos de carbono disminuye su habilidad para formar interacciones mientras que las interacciones mediante enlaces de hidrógeno juegan un papel fundamental en el proceso de reconocimiento entre los componentes del sistema. También se estudia la infuencia de las diferentes triazinas en el comportamiento de los complejos. De esta manera, se demuestra la modulación del reconocimiento de la riboflavina por medio de los diversos híbridos de nanotubos de carbono. Así, los receptores artificiales en procesos de catálisis pueden ser específicamente diseñados para lograr control de la interacción entre los nanotubos de carbono funcionalizados y la riboflavina, modificando así su comportamiento. En el capítulo 3 se describe la modificación de nanohorns de carbon para ser usados como fármacos selectivos en la terapia contra el cancer. En primer lugar se muestra la síntesis y caracterización de diferentes híbridos de nanohorns: Antibody-CNH, Drug-CNH, Antibody-Drug-CNH and Double Functionalized-CNH. En particular se usan cisplatino en forma de prodroga y un anticuerpo específico (D2B) para células de próstata que muestran el antígeno PSMA. Finalmente se presentan diferentes experimentos biológicos desarrollados en colaboración con el profesor Marco Colombatti, de la Universidad de Verona (Italia). Se demuestra la mejor habilidad del híbrido Antibody-Drug-CNH para matar selectivamente células que muestran el antígeno PSMA en comparación con los otros derivados de nanohorns. El nuevo sistema diseñado ofrece gran potencial debido la la posibilidad de modificar tanto el tipo como el grado de funcionalización. Esto permite variar la cantidad de fármaco o anticuerpo en la nanoestructura con el objetivo de conseguir una mejor eficacia del derivado. Además, con este método se pueden incorporar otros fármacos o anticuerpos al sistema, lo que abre la puerta al tratamiento de otras enfermedades. El capítulo 4 describe la aplicación de distintas nanoestructuras de carbono en terapia génica. Primero se muestra la funcionalización de nanohorns de carbono con grupos amino mediante diferentes metodologías usando radiación microondas (cicloadición 1,3-dipolar y adición radicálica). Después, se presenta el trabajo desarrollado en “the Nanomedicine Lab” (Universidad de Manchester) bajo la supervision del profesor Kostas Kostarelos. Se compara la eficacia de los nanohorns de carbono funcionalizados para formar complejos con siRNA con la de una serie de nanotubos de carbono aportados por el grupo del profesor Kostarelos. En nuestros experimentos, los nanohorns de carbon forman complejos mejor que los nanotubos. Los complejos siRNA/nanohorns se caracterizan mediante diversas técnicas y se analiza su capacidad de liberar el siRNA. Aunque los nanohorns de carbono funcionalizados mediante adición radicálica muestran una interacción más fuerte con el material genético, los derivados funcionalizados mediante cicloadición 1,3-dipolar lo liberan de manera más fácil. Los resultados sugieren que la complejación total entre el siRNA y la nanoestructura debe ser evitada para lograr más fácilmente el posterior desplazamiento de este dentro de la célula. Sin embargo, para garantizar la elección del híbrido más eficaz, los complejos deben ser analizados in vitro. Por tanto, este estudio contribuye al entendimiento de los nanohorns de carbono como vectores en terapia génica. No obstante, un mayor número de derivados deben ser analizados para lograr una comparación completa con los nanotubos de carbono.
Nanotechnology is claimed to revolutionize every aspect of our life. Among the large number of fields in which nanotechnology is involved; finding renewable clean energy, obtaining clean water for all, improving health and longevity and enhancing computing power are the most noteworthy. Carbon nanostructures are promising nanomaterials that can help to achieve these objectives. Fullerenes, graphene, nanohorns and nanotubes are including within these materials. All of them exhibit interesting properties and offer new opportunities for applications in material chemistry and medicine. Our research group has developed interesting methodologies for modifying these nanostructures in order to be used in the aforementioned applications. In this context, the objective of this thesis is the design of multifunctional systems based on carbon nanomaterials to be applied in sensors and in biological applications. Chapter 1 explains the structure, properties and applications of carbon nanohorns and carbon nanotubes, together with their applications. In addition, it provides an overview of the different methodologies to functionalize them. Molecular recognition plays an important role in numerous biological systems. In flavoproteins, the specific interaction between the flavin cofactor and the apoenzyme determines the reactivity of the entire protein. Therefore, the modulation of the environment of flavins can be used as a tool to set their behaviour and to understand the molecular processes in enzymes. With these aims, chapter 2 describes the synthesis of different carbon nanotubes-triazine derivatives to be used as multi-receptors of riboflavin. Firstly, different triazines are synthesized and characterized. In a second step, both single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes are functionalized with different 1,3,5-triazine and p-tolyl chains using radical addition under microwave irradiation and these derivatives are characterized by different techniques. The self-assembly of these hybrids is analysed by transmission electron microscopy, observing how the 1,3,5-triazines derivatives form good dispersions in water and self-assemble in non-polar solvents due to the DAD-ADA hydrogen bonding recognition, while the p-tolyl derivatives show better dispersability in organic solvents and aggregate in polar solvents. Finally, the ability of the functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes to recognize riboflavin is studied by fluorescence and UV spectroscopy, analysing the scope of the different non-covalent interactions. It is shown that the functionalization of nanotubes by covalent approach decreases the ability of them to form stacking and also that the hydrogen bond interactions play an important role in the recognition processes between the components. The influence of the different triazines in the complexes is also shown. Thus, the modulation of the molecular recognition of riboflavin by the diverse nanotubes hybrids is demonstrated. Therefore, our study clarifies the understanding of non-covalent interactions in biological systems. In this way, artificial receptors in catalystic processes could be designed through a specific control of the interaction between functionalized carbon nanotubes and riboflavin. Additionally, the size and the excellent properties of carbon nanotubes will permit to use them as the building blocks in the design of sensors for single-molecule detection. In chapter 3, the modification of carbon nanohorns to be applied as new selective drugs in cancer therapy is shown. Firstly, the synthesis and characterization of different conjugates by the functionalization of carbon nanohorns with orthogonal chains is reported: Antibody-CNH, Drug-CNH, Antibody-Drug-CNH and Double Functionalized-CNH. In particular, cisplatin in a prodrug form and a specific D2B antibody for PSMA+ prostate cancer cells are attached. In collaboration with the group of Professor Marco Colombatti, different biological experiments are reported. The better ability of Antibody-Drug-CNH to selectively kill PSMA+ cancer cells in comparison with the other synthesized CNHs hybrids is demonstrated. This new system offers great potentiality due to the possibility of modifying the type and degree of functionalization. This allows the variation of the quantity of drug or antibody attached to the nanostructure in order to play with the killing efficacy. Similarly, the method is useful to attach different drugs or antibodies opening the way to the treatment of other diseases. Chapter 4 describes the application of different carbon nanostructures in gene delivery. Firstly, the functionalization of carbon nanohorns with amino moieties by different methodologies (1,3-dipolar cycloaddition and radical addition) under microwave irradiation and their characterization is shown. Then, the work developed at the Nanomedicine Lab (University of Manchester) under the supervision of Professor Kostas Kostarelos is reported. The efficacy of the functionalized carbon nanohorns to form complexes with siRNA is compared with the one of functionalized carbon nanotubes provides by Prof. Kostarelos’s group. In our experiments, carbon nanohorns form complexes better than nanotubes. The nanohors complexes are characterized by different techniques and their capability to release siRNA is analysed. Although the carbon nanohorns functionalized by radical addition showed the strongest complexation of siRNA, the derivatives functionalized by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition showed its easiest release. The results suggest that, in order to obtain the best candidate, a complete complexation of siRNA with the carrier should be avoided. However, the analysis of the cellular uptake should be evaluated in the future to assess the greatest candidate. These outcomes contribute to the understanding of the role of carbon nanohorns as gene delivery vectors. Nevertheless, additional derivatives should be tested for a fully comparison with carbon nanotubes.
XXVII Ciclo
1986
Cioffi, Carla Tiziana. "Functionalization and application of carbon nanohorns and carbon onions." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/2614.
Повний текст джерела“Funzionalizzazione ed applicazione di carbon nanohorns e di carbon onions” Dalla scoperta della microscopia a scansione a sonda (SPM) nel 1980 a quella del fullerene, molti sono stati i premi Nobel nel campo delle Nanotecnologie. Diverse compagnie, attualmente, hanno investito fondi in questo settore. Ma cosa sono le Nanotecnologie? La parola e’utilizzata per descrivere diversi tipi di ricerca dove le dimensioni caratteristiche sono dell’ordine dei nanometri. I principali approcci impiegati nell’assemblaggio del materiale sono: “top-down” (dal più grande al più piccolo) e “bottom-up” (dal più piccolo al più grande). Il primo consiste nel ridurre le dimensioni della struttura fino alla nanoscala. Il secondo, proposto per la prima volta nel 1959 da Richard Feyman nel congresso dell’American Physical Society, consiste nel partire da strutture nanometriche per realizzare dei sistemi più grandi attraverso assembly o selfassembly. Attualmente, i principali strumenti, per caratterizzare e manipolare nano strutture, sono SEM (Microscopia a Scansione Elettronica) TEM (Microscopia a Trasmissione Elettronica), AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy) e STM (Microscopia a corrente di Tunnelling). Nanotubi, fullerene e recentemente carbon nanohorns (CNHs) e carbon onions (multishell fullerene, CNOs) sono considerati buoni candidati per applicazioni in differenti settori delle nanotecnologie. CNOs e CNHs sono due nuove forme allotropiche di carbonio, scoperte rispettivamente da Ugarte nel 1992 e da Iijima nel 1999, che hanno attratto l’attenzione di molti ricercatori. Negli ultimi tre anni, diversi studi sono stati riportati sui CNHs mentre i CNOs sono ancora largamente inesplorati. I pristine carbon nanohorns (p-CNHs) e CNOs (p-CNOs) non sono solubili nei comuni solventi organici ma, per studiare le loro potenziali applicazioni nel campo delle scienze dei materiali, è necessario migliorarne la solubilità. Il primo aspetto, preso in considerazione in questa tesi di dottorato, riguarda la funzionalizzazione e la caratterizzazione dei CNHs. A tale proposito, è stato sintetizzato un amminoacido impiegato nella reazione di ciclo addizione 1,3-dipolare. Reazioni di amidazione e di addizione nucleofila, inoltre, hanno portato alla sintesi dei due primi sistemi in cui CNHs fungono da elettron accettori e la porfirina da elettron donatori al fine di studiare il trasferimento elettronico tra la porfirina ed CNHs. Successivamente, sia i CNOs di 5 nm (N-CNOs) che di 20 nm di diametro (A-CNOs) sono stati presi in considerazione e paragonati. Dato che gli N-CNOs risultano più reattivi, sono stati utilizzati nella sintesi di nuovi sistemi in cui CNOs fungono da elettron accettori ed il ferrocene da elettron attrattore. Per la prima volta, sono state eseguite delle misure di fotofisica e di elettrochimica del derivato ottenuto. La tesi è divisa in 4 capitoli. Il primo riguarda una descrizione panoramica delle diverse forme allotropiche del carbonio, in paricolare nanotubi e fullereni. Tecniche come arco elettrico, ablazione con laser di grafite e la deposizione mediante vapore chimico sono descritte brevemente. Quindi tre diversi approcci per funzionalizzare le nanoparticelle di carbonio sono riportati in dettaglio. Nel secondo capitolo sono stati introdotti i CNHs, le loro proprietà ed applicazioni ed un confronto tra i nanotubi e CNHs. Infine tre differenti studi sono stati affrontati: · Funzonalizzazione mediante cicloaddizione 1,3-dipolare per migliorare la solubilità dei CNHs; · Funzionalizzazione dei CNHs attraverso addizione nucleofila e reazione con la porfirina; · Funzionalizzazione dei CNHs mediante amidazione e reazione con la porfirina. Il trasferimento elettronico tra porfirina e CNHs è stato discusso. Nel terzo capitolo sono stati introdotti e confrontate le proprietà dei diversi tipi di CNOs. Successivamente e’ stato descritto uno studio relativo alla: · Funzionalizzazione mediante cicloaddizione 1,3 dipolare e reazione con l’acido carbossilico del ferrocene. L’nterazione elettronica tra il ferrocene ed i CNOs è stata studiata. Tutti i dettagli sperimentali sono descritti nel quarto capitolo.
“Functionalization and application of carbon nanohorns and carbon onions” Since the discovery of scanning probe microscope (SPM) in 1980 to that of fullerene, several Nobel Prizes have been awarded in Nanotechnology. Many companies are also currently working in this field such as IBM and Samsung. Government and corporations worldwide have invested over $ 4 billion into nanotechnology in the last year alone. What is exactly Nanotechnology? The word “Nanotechnology” is used to describe different types of research where the characteristic dimensions are in a nanometer range. Two main approaches are used to assemble materials at the nanoscale: “top-down” (from larger to smaller) and “bottom-up” (from smaller to larger). The first one consists in reducing the dimension of the structures until nano levels. The second one was proposed for the first time in 1959 by Richard Feyman in the annual congress of American Physical Society. It consists in using nanometric structure, such as a molecule, and to create a mechanism larger through a process of assembly or self-assembly. To characterize and manipulate nanostructures, sophisticated techniques are required. Presently the main instruments are SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy), AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy), STM (Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy). Carbon nanoparticles such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), fullerenes and recently carbon nanohorns and carbon onions, are considered good candidates in different nanotechnological applications. Carbon onions (multishell fullerene, CNOs) and carbon nanohorns (CNHs) are new allotropes of carbon. Discovered respectively by Ugarte in 1992 and by Iijima in 1999, these carbon nanoparticles start to attract the attention of many researchers. In the last three years, several studies have been reported about CNHs while CNOs are still largely unexplored. Pristine carbon nanohorns (p-CNHs) and CNOs are not soluble in common solvents. In order to study their potential applications in the field of material science, improving their solubility was necessary. First I focused my attention on the functionalization and characterization of CNHs. An aminoacid was synthesized and used in 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. This functionalization leads to an increase of the solubility of CNHs in various organic solvents. Using other reactions, such as amidation or nucleophilic additions, two assemblies, in which CNHs are electron acceptors and porphyrins the electron donors, were synthesized and the electron transfer between the porphyrins and the CNH core was studied. Then, CNOs either of 5 nm or 20 nm of diameter were synthesized, respectively by annealing of nanodiamonds and by arc discharge. These two samples of CNOs present different properties and reactivity. As CNOs produced by annealing of nanodiamonds are more reactive, they were used to synthesize a new assembly, in which CNOs are the electron acceptors and ferrocene the electron donors. For the first time, electrochemical and photophysical measurements of CNOs were performed. The thesis is divided in four chapters. The first one provides an overview of carbon allotropes, in particular CNTs and fullerenes. Different techniques as arc discharge, laser ablation and chemical vapour deposition are briefly described. Finally three general approaches to functionalize carbon nanoparticles are reported in detail. In the second chapter CNHs are introduced. The properties and the applications are shown. A comparison between CNTs and CNHs is also given. Then three different studies are presented: · Functionalization by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to improve the solubility of CNHs; · Functionalization by nucleophilic addition and coupling with porphyrin; · Functionalization by amidation and coupling with porphyrin. The electron transfer between the porphyrin and CNH core is discussed. In the third chapter CNOs are introduced. Two different type of CNOs are described and compared in order to choose the more reactive nanoparticles. Then a study is reported: · Functionalization by 1,3 dipolar cycloaddition and coupling with ferrocene carboxylic acid. The interaction between the ferrocene moiety and the CNOs is discussed. All the experimental details are given in the fourth chapter.
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Повний текст джерелаIn this manuscript, we will expose the characterization and modelling of Single Wall Nanohorns (SWNH) and Nanotube Forests by analytical microscopy and the functionalization of SWNH for drug delivery applications. Firstly, we will introduce the microscopy and spectroscopy methods used for our experiments. We will then study the growth process of Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT) forests (within the framework of a collaboration with AIST, Japan). SWCH, their structure, modifications and filling properties will be analysed in details. An original method will be presented to study the porosity of inorganic material with EELS. Ab initio calculation will also be used to explore the effect of the defects present in the SWNH wall on the oxidation and filling process. We will study the potentialities of Single Wall Carbon nanohorns as Drug Delivery Systems and particularly as anticancer drug carriers
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