Дисертації з теми "Nano-Imagerie"
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Li, Xiang. "Nano-émulsions radio-opaques iodées pour applications précliniques en imagerie par rayons X." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAF041/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe X-ray microtomography (called mico-CT, CT = Computed Tomography) is a high-resolution X-ray tomography, uses X-rays to create cross-sections of a 3D-object that later can be used to recreate a virtual model without destroying the original model. The contrast agent is a substance used to enhance the contrast of structures or fluids within the body in medical imaging. The purposes of the thesis were the development of iodine-containing nano-emulsion based contrast for preclinical applications in biomedical imaging. We proposed to study blood pool contrast agents based on iodine-containing nano-emulsions and to develop simpler procedure for the preparation of these iodine-containing nano-emulsions. Three different iodinated oils were synthesized and used as the contrasting part in the nano-emulsions. Finally, nano-emulsions of iodinated α-tocopherol have been enabled us to achieve the purpose of the thesis. These iodinated nano-emulsions demonstrated very good biocompatibility and showed prolonged and significant contrast enhancement in both bloodstream and liver tissues
Duval, Aurélien. "Système de biopuces à imagerie plasmonique polarimétrique pour la caractérisation dynamique de l'anisotropie de films nano-fonctionnalisés et nano-structurés." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00426690.
Повний текст джерелаVidal, Mael. "Contrôle optique des spins électroniques et nucléaires dans un nano-objet unique : vers le développement de nano-mémoires et d'applications en imagerie." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ISAT0003/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe electronic structure of a semiconductor quantum dot, with 3D carrier confinement on the nano-scale, is close to an atom with discrete state. Above-gap laser excitation creates different exciton state that show very rich emission patterns. This work studies GaAs/AlGaAs quantum dots grown droplet epitaxy on (111)A GaAs substrate embedded in a diode structure. The first part of this thesis presents the spectral separation of exciton complexes due to the bias applied to the sample; the different charge states are identified by analyzing the Coulomb exchange interaction and magneto-optics behavior. The second part studies the hyperfine interaction of the hole spin confined to a dot with the nuclear spins of the atoms that form the dot. An effective Hamiltonian model is proposed for this interaction. Bistable nuclear and also carrier spin polarization states are uncovered in magnetic field dependent measurements
Pendery, Joel. "Organisation à l'échelle nano et imagerie de cristaux liquides et de colloïdes sur les surfaces." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066582.
Повний текст джерелаThis dissertation focuses on liquid crystals and the inherent orientational order that arises from these anisotropic materials. Quasi two-dimensional chiral patterns were scribed via Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) with robust control onto polyimide substrate, composed of achiral materials, yielding 3D chirality that was localized to within a few nanometers of the surface. The chirality was quantified through the surface electroclinic effect. In addition, a sample with a well-controlled easy axis was fabricated and a method to measure the local director orientation with 100 nm resolution using Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy yielded the true angular distribution function of the local order with high precision. Finally, gold nanoparticle self-assembly was studied within a cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) film. The open sample creates a striped texture and gold nanoparticles coated with thiol are deposited within the liquid crystal matrix. Polarized Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) measurements show an anisotropy between light polarized with respect to the stripe orientation. Evaporating the liquid crystal revealed disordered anisometric needle-like aggregates through AFM. Generalized Mie theory calculations, in conjunction with LSPR, found a smaller nanoparticle spacing in the CLC compared to a 2D monolayer of the same nanoparticles on a rubbed substrate or 1D chains in smectic A dislocations. The closer spacing suggests trapping sites within the CLC, where nanoparticles are first localized and then aggregate under van der Waals attraction aided and enhanced by the CLC and mediated by steric forces
Pendery, Joel. "Organisation à l'échelle nano et imagerie de cristaux liquides et de colloïdes sur les surfaces." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066582.
Повний текст джерелаThis dissertation focuses on liquid crystals and the inherent orientational order that arises from these anisotropic materials. Quasi two-dimensional chiral patterns were scribed via Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) with robust control onto polyimide substrate, composed of achiral materials, yielding 3D chirality that was localized to within a few nanometers of the surface. The chirality was quantified through the surface electroclinic effect. In addition, a sample with a well-controlled easy axis was fabricated and a method to measure the local director orientation with 100 nm resolution using Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy yielded the true angular distribution function of the local order with high precision. Finally, gold nanoparticle self-assembly was studied within a cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) film. The open sample creates a striped texture and gold nanoparticles coated with thiol are deposited within the liquid crystal matrix. Polarized Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) measurements show an anisotropy between light polarized with respect to the stripe orientation. Evaporating the liquid crystal revealed disordered anisometric needle-like aggregates through AFM. Generalized Mie theory calculations, in conjunction with LSPR, found a smaller nanoparticle spacing in the CLC compared to a 2D monolayer of the same nanoparticles on a rubbed substrate or 1D chains in smectic A dislocations. The closer spacing suggests trapping sites within the CLC, where nanoparticles are first localized and then aggregate under van der Waals attraction aided and enhanced by the CLC and mediated by steric forces
Chaigneau, Marc. "Imagerie et spectroscopies en champ proche optique : de la nano-sonde à la caractérisation de matériaux." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00274746.
Повний текст джерелаproche optique, mais également l'émergence de capteurs moléculaires basée sur l'excitation de plasmons de
surface. Ce travail de thèse est consacré au développement de nano-sondes à base de fibres optiques destinées à ces
deux applications.
Après un état de l'art des différents procédés de la littérature, ce travail aborde une nouvelle approche pour
créer des nano-sondes optiques. La gravure chimique, pour créer une pointe à l'extrémité d'une fibre conique, est
premièrement optimisée. Les étapes suivantes sont réalisées dans un dispositif plasma original, basé sur une
décharge en régime de cathode creuse cylindrique. Pour finaliser la fabrication des sondes, les pointes métallisées
sont ouvertes in situ avec une micro-étincelle obtenue via une décharge couronne en configuration pointe-plan.
Notre microscope est ensuite détaillé et une étude paramétrique est menée afin d'optimiser la formation des
images, les capacités de résolution du sont discutées. A titre d'exemple, le microscope est ensuite appliqué à la
science des nano-matériaux, et quelles pistes d'investigation de nano-structures sont explorées, ainsi que le
potentiel de spectroscopie Raman en champ proche.
La spectroscopie résonante des plasmons de surface est aussi abordée. Les sondes spécialement modifiées
sont ici destinées à la détection moléculaire en milieu aqueux. Les capteurs ainsi élaborés sont testés dans des
microvolumes de solution, et leur capacité d'exaltation du signal Raman est présentée.
Bouchet, Dorian. "Transfert d'énergie engendré par plasmon et imagerie de super-résolution en champ proche de milieux nano-structurés." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLET026/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn this thesis, we perform experimental measurements and data modelling to investigate spontaneous emission of fluorescent emitters in nanostructured environments. The manuscript is organised into two main parts.In the first part, we study micrometre-range energy transfer between fluorescent emitters in plasmonic environments. First of all, we characterise plasmon-mediated energy transfer between ensembles of fluorescent emitters located in the near field of a silver film. We thus determine the distance dependence of the energy transfer rate over micrometre distances. We then couple a single quantum dot and a fluorescent nanobead to a silver nanowire and we study evidences of the energy transfer between the two emitters, separated by several micrometres. We notably demonstrate a correlated blinking of the two emitters through the study of the correlation function of their fluorescence intensity.In the second part, we probe sub-wavelength spatial variations of the local density of electromagnetic states induced by nanostructured environments by means of different super-resolution microscopy techniques. To start with, we perform a three-dimensional study of the near-field interaction between a fluorescent nanobead and different silicon nanoantennas using a scanning-probe microscope. We then introduce a stochastic technique to experimentally determine the position and the fluorescence decay rate of single photo-activated molecules, with a localisation precision of the order of 10 nm. Finally, we use the Fisher information to estimate lower bounds on the standard errors on position and decay rate estimates performed in the context of single-molecule microscopy
Goutayer, Mathieu. "Nano-émulsions pour la vectorisation d'agents thérapeutiques ou diagnostiques : étude de la biodistribution par imagerie de fluorescence in vivo." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00811983.
Повний текст джерелаLavielle, Sébastien. "Synthèse de molécules fluorées pour le développement d'un nouvel outil de nano-imagerie : application à l'imagerie de l'angiogénèse pathologique." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13934/document.
Повний текст джерелаAbstract
Yu, Boliang. "3D analysis of bone ultra structure from phase nano-CT imaging." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI016/document.
Повний текст джерелаOsteoporosis is a bone fragility disease resulting in abnormalities in bone mass and density. In order to prevent osteoporotic fractures, it is important to have a better understanding of the processes involved in fracture at various scales. As the most abundant bone cells, osteocytes may act as orchestrators of bone remodeling which regulate the activities of both osteoclasts and osteoblasts. The osteocyte system is deeply embedded inside the bone matrix and also called lacuno-canalicular network (LCN). Although several imaging techniques have recently been proposed, the 3D observation and analysis of the LCN at high spatial resolution is still challenging. The aim of this work was to investigate and analyze the LCN in human cortical bone in three dimensions with an isotropic spatial resolution using magnified X-ray phase nano-CT. We performed image acquisition at different voxel sizes of 120 nm, 100 nm, 50 nm and 30 nm in the beamlines ID16A and ID16B of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF - European Synchrotron Radiation Facility - Grenoble). Our first study concerned phase retrieval, which is the first step of data processing and consists in solving a non-linear inverse problem. We proposed an extension of Paganin’s method suited to multi-distance acquisitions, which has been used to retrieve phase maps in our experiments. The method was compared theoretically and experimentally to the contrast transfer function (CTF) approach for homogeneous object. The analysis of the 3D reconstructed images requires first to segment the LCN, including both the segmentation of lacunae and of canaliculi. We developed a workflow based on median filter, hysteresis thresholding and morphology filters to segment lacunae. Concerning the segmentation of canaliculi, we made use of the vesselness enhancement to improve the visibility of line structures, the variational region growing to extract canaliculi and connected components analysis to remove residual noise. For the quantitative assessment of the LCN, we calculated morphological descriptors based on an automatic and efficient 3D analysis method developed in our group. For the lacunae, we calculated some parameters like the number of lacunae, the bone volume, the total volume of all lacunae, the lacunar volume density, the average lacunae volume, the average lacunae surface, the average length, width and depth of lacunae. For the canaliculi, we first computed the total volume of all the canaliculi and canalicular volume density. Moreover, we counted the number of canaliculi at different distances from the surface of each lacuna by an automatic method, which could be used to evaluate the ramification of canaliculi. We reported the statistical results obtained on the different groups and at different spatial resolutions, providing unique information about the organization of the LCN in human bone in three dimensions
Domart, Florelle. "Nano-imagerie corrélative de fluorescence X synchrotron et de super résolution des métaux et des protéines dans les synapses de neurones d’hippocampe." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0185/document.
Повний текст джерелаMetallic chemical elements such as Fe, Cu or Zn are present in minute quantities in the brain. The role of these trace metals in neuronal functions such as synaptic transmission and memory processes remains largely unclear. Moreover, metal dyshomeostasis is found in many neuropathologies, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The interaction mechanisms of trace metals at the neuronal level are difficult to describe because of the lack of analytical methods with appropriate resolution and sensitivity to determine metal distribution at the synaptic level. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (SXRF) is a multielemental chemical analysis method for describing the quantitative distribution of these elements at the sub-cellular scale with a nanometric resolution (40 nm at ESRF beamline ID16A ) and a very high sensitivity. In order to accurately interpret chemical imaging results, we have developed a protocol to correlate nano-SXRF imaging with stimulated emission depletion super resolution microscopy (STED), allowing the correlation of metal distribution and that of target proteins in super resolution. We labeled microtubules and F-actin of primary rat hippocampal neurons and imaged the cytoskeleton by STED microscopy before determining the distributions of P, S, Fe, Cu and Zn by SXRF spectrometry. We evidenced the colocalization of Zn and microtubules at the dendritic level and a localization of Cu mainly in the neck of dendritic spines rich in F-actin, and a distribution of Fe in the form of very localized points in the dendrites. These results highlight the crucial role of Zn in cytoskeleton architecture of hippocampal neurons and the developed correlative imaging method opens new perspectives for the study of metal dyshomeostasis in neurodegenerative diseases
Dong, Pei. "Three-dimensional analysis of bone cellular tissue from SR CT Imaging." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0022/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe osteocyte system has raised increasing interest in the recent years, since it is hypothesized to play an important role in orchestrating bone adaptation through mechanosensation and bone mechanotransduction mechanism. The osteocytes are deeply buried within the bone matrix, where their bodies are encysted in cavities called lacunae and their stellular processes are enclosed in tunnels called canaliculi. Together, they formed the lacuno-canalicular network (LCN). The geometry of the LCN is of importance since it is supposed to potentially affect and reflect the viability of the osteocyte and is supposed to be related to biomechanical constraints at the cell level. However, studying the LCN is quite challenging, due to limitations in an ideal imaging modality and the lack of quantitative analysis tools. In this thesis, we propose computational efficient and automated methods to quantify the 3D morphological properties of the LCN from synchrotron radiation (SR) micro / nano-CT images. For image acquisition, we used the SR micro/nano-CT setups installed on beamlines ID19 and ID22 at ESRF. A series of human cortical samples were imaged with spatial resolutions ranging between 3.5 µm to 60 nm. For the 3D assessment of lacunae, we used an image moment-based approach to calculate the volume, length, width, height and anisotropy of each osteocyte lacuna. We employed a fast algorithm to further calculate the surface area, the Euler number and the SMI of each lacuna. Validation of segmentation and experimental results on 13 bone samples are presented. For the 3D assessment of canaliculi, we propose a method to quantify the canalicular ramification around each lacuna. After segmentation, our method first labels each lacuna from the LCN. Then, a signature of the numbers of canaliculi at different distances from the lacunar surface is estimated through the calculation of topological parameters. Validation of this method and statistical results a large 3D SR micro-CT image of a human femoral bone sample are reported. We also improved the segmentation of the canaliculi and illustrated the feasibility of the application on a series of bone samples. We investigated a segmentation approach based on minimum cost paths and geodesic voting. A parallel computation scheme was implemented to reduce the computation times. The LCN was characterized by using the previous methods. Besides, we introduced the parameters from the Voronoi tessellation. Statistical results are reported on 8 large 3D micro-CT images, including around a hundred lacunae and the canaliculi. Future works will concern the improvement of canaliculi segmentation of from images at 300 nm as well as its evaluation and further characterization of LCN from SR CT images at both 300 nm and 50 nm. This work opens many perspectives for a better knowledge of the physiopathology of bone at the cellular scale
Millien, Pierre. "Mathematical modelling for hybrid and nanoparticle imaging." Thesis, Paris, Ecole normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSU0010/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn this thesis we study the mathematical modelling of new experimental imaging techniques. It is divided in two parts. The first one contains work on hybrid imaging techniques based on the interactions betwenn different types of waves. The second part is devoted to the study of the behavior of metallic nanoparticles embedded in electromagnetic fields. The first part contains three chapters in which three different imaging techniques are studied : - magneto-acoustic tomography by Lorentz force, - magneto-acoustic tomography with magnetic induction, - optical coherence tomography based elastography. In the first two chapters we give a mathematical model for the experiments studied as well as explicit reconstruction formulas for the associated inverse problems. We introduce a new direct reconstruction method ("viscosity method") allowing the recovery of the electrical conductivity of the medium. In the third chapter we give an optimisation method to reconstruct the shear modulus of the medium from a displacement field. The second part contains two chapters in which are studied the diffraction of light by small metallic nanoparticles. We study: - plasmonic resonances, - second harmonic generation. The plasmonic resonances are studied within the Maxwell frame. We give an asymptotic formula for the electromagnetic fields within a small volume approximation
Taofifenua, Cécilia. "La microscopie électrochimique à force atomique à médiateur lié pour sonder in situ l'organisation spatiale de nano-objets biologiques fonctionnels : De la particule virale à la macromolécule individuelle." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC211.
Повний текст джерелаThis work has been devoted to the application of mediator-tethered (Mt) AFM-SECM microscopy to two different scientific issues sharing a common need for new experimental approaches enabling nano-scale investigations. In the first chapter the ability of Mt/AFM-SECM to simultaneously probe local forces and conformational dynamics of immobilized redox macromolecules has been used for characterizing the behavior of polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains bearing a redox ferrocene (Fc) head and an anchoring pyrene foot, assembled onto a HOPG surface. We have shown, following a multiscale electrochemical approach, that Fc-PEG-Pyrene chains readily self-assemble onto HOPG to form extremely homogeneous layers. However the strongly hydrophobie adsorbing nature of graphite planes results in a complex coverage-dependent structure of the PEG layer due to the interaction of the ferrocene label and the HOPG surface. The results we obtained are likely to be transposable to the case"of PEG chains attached to any HOPG¬like surface (carbon nanotube, graphene) via a pyrene ring and end-functionalized by a redox, a fluorescent or a binding probe (e. G. Biotin), all typically displaying some degree of hydrophobicity. In the second chapter of the present work, Mt/AFM-SECM has been used for characterizing an original, genuinely nanometer-sized biological system: plant viruses (LMV,PVA) bearing redox Fc-PEG chains spatially organized on the virus shell through the use of redox labeled antibodies. Acquisition of topography images allowed isolated virus particles to be identified, and structurally characterized, while simultaneous acquisition of current images allowed the redox function of the modified viruses to be probed. As a result, we could reveal the way redox-functionalization was distributed both statistically among the viruses but also spatially over individual viruses. This possibility potentially makes Mt/AFM-SECM a versatile tool in the field of viral nanotechnology. Concomitantly, we demonstrated that immunoredox Mt/AFM-SECM imaging enables the in situ mapping of the distribution of specific proteins on individual virus particles down to the single protein scale. Achieving such a biomolecular resolution is a first for a SECM- based technique
Samson, Benjamin. "Imagerie thermique par microscopie en champ proche à sonde fluorescente." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00440188.
Повний текст джерелаAttia, Mohamed. "Contrast agent based on nano-emulsion for targeted biomedical imaging." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAF043.
Повний текст джерелаX-ray imaging agents are essential in combination with X-ray computed tomography to improve contrast enhancement aiming at providing complete visualization of blood vessels and giving structural and functional information on lesions allowing the detection of a tumor. As well as it is fundamental tool to discriminate between healthy cells and pathogens. We successfully limit the problems presented in commercial Xray contrast agents like poor contrasting in Fenestra® VC associated with short blood circulation time and to avoid rapid renal elimination from the body as found in Xenetix (Iobitriol). We developed nontoxic and blood pool iodine-containing nano-emulsion contrast agents serving in preclinical X-ray μ-CT imaging such as, α- Tocopherol (vitamin E), Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), Castor oil, Capmul MCMC8 oil and oleic acid. Those formulated nanoemulsions were prepared by low energy spontaneous emulsification technic with slight modification for each platform. They showed new specific features rendering them promising agents in in vivo experiments as improving the balance between the efficacy and the toxicity of targeted therapeutic interventions. We investigate the effect of size and the chemical composition of the nanoparticles on their biodistribution, pharmacokinetics and toxicity. They demonstrated that the chemical structures of the droplet’s cores have significant role in targeting for example vitamin E was mainly accumulated in liver and castor oil formulation was passively accumulated in spleen explaining the proof-of-concept of EPR effect. On the other hand, two different platform sizes of Cholecalciferol molecule revealing that no real impact on the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution but presented remarkable effect on the toxicity. Of particular interest is studying the effect of the surface charge of nanoparticles on their biodistribution, this is why oleic acid nano-emulsion was selected to proceed this study by presence of amphiphilepolymer poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene) (PMAO). The in vitro results and in vivo evaluations were completely coherent approving that the neutral charged NPs are less toxic compared to the negatively charged ones that were highly uptaked in the cells causing stress to the cells and thereby affecting the toxicity. As a result they are different in biodistribution and pharmacokinetics. In this context, for the first time, we were able to functionalize the nano-emulsion droplets with ligand molecules by covalent bonds. Likewise we designed nano-droplets and coated by silica shell ended by amino groups and then followed by formation of amide bonds with grafting to dye ligand model (coumarin blue dye). The quantification of amino groups was performed by using spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, with a grafting efficiency as high as 41%. This process improves the targeting properties of such chemotherapeutic agents to the location of interest following active targeting mechanism (ligand receptorstrategy). One of our achieved objectives was to engineer multifunctional polymer-based NPs encapsulating hydrophobic drug model as DDs and iron oxide NPs as a theranostic model. To conclude, novel contrast agents and delivering systems were synthesized with outstanding physicochemical characteristics and suitable for in vivo medium with high efficacy and low toxicity
Boudjehem, Mohamed Redhouane. "Développement de la tomographie spectro-ptychographique aux rayons-X pour la caractérisation hyperspectrale 3D de catalyseurs techniques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALY021.
Повний текст джерелаTechnical catalysts accelerate chemical reactions in the petroleum industry, transforming crude oil into finished products such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. Understanding the relationships between the structure, properties, and functions of catalysts is crucial for reducing pollution caused by chemical reactions during catalysis. This thesis aims to develop a 3D spectral nano-imaging method to characterize the microstructure of technical catalysts at the nanoscale. The technique combines X-ray tomography and ptychography with X-ray absorption spectroscopy. It will allow us to determine the location and chemical state of metals that promote or poison catalysis. The main challenge lies in reducing the data acquisition time, currently 24 hours for 2 energy points. The main contribution of the thesis will be to develop new methods for faster acquisition without loss of information. This will improve the understanding of the structure-performance relationship of catalysts, leading to more efficient and economical developments
Cobo, Elie. "Capteur d'images CMOS à sensibilité améliorée dans le proche infrarouge par des nanostructures optiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse, ISAE, 2022. http://intranet.isae-supaero.fr/intradoc/intranet/doc/theses/2022_Cobo_Elie.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаImage sensors occupy nearly half of the optoelectronic components market with a size of $19.1 billion. Their performance and the low production cost make them the leading technology for imaging in the visible range (400 nm -700 nm). On the other hand, near-infrared imaging (700 nm - 1400 nm) is also growing rapidly. Applied in the medical field, it allows the visualization of fluorescent agents in vivo, in real time and in a non-invasive way to assist in surgery, the study of diseases and diagnosis. Near-infrared medical imaging will represent $216 million in 2021 with a projection of $405 million in 2028. But the medical field is not the only application : eye tracking, gesture and facial recognition, and improved visibility at night are all features that can be leveraged for better computer vision, so the NIR sensor market is expected to grow by almost 10% annually from 2020 to 2025. Unfortunately, to take advantage of the growth of the CMOS image sensor market for near-infrared imaging faces a major problem: the imagers manufactured by the CMOS process are designed from silicon, which is certainly a very good candidate for visible absorption, but much less so for wavelengths above 800 nm. Indeed, if only a few hundred nanometers of silicon are enough to absorb light at 400 nm, it is necessary to count tens or even hundreds of micrometers for the wavelengths higher than 800 nm. To address this issue, foundries have begun to offer sensors with a deeper sensitive area, for example from 3 µm thickness optimized for the visible to 12 µm. If this process allows an improvement of the sensitivity, it deteriorates at the same time the spatial resolution of the imager induced by the increase of the crosstalk. Other solutions involving photon traps, in particular by texturing silicon, are recently investigated but require the addition of new manufacturing steps to the standard process. In this work , we have demonstrated, by opto-electrical si mulations, the design of a diffraction grating integrated from the layer of fabrication of the poly-silicon transistors gate, layer that is already present in the standard manufacturing of a CMOS image sensor. This grating has the dual function of increasing the effective propagation length in the silicon and of acting as an antireflection layer. This implementation of a grating in the image sensor with the addition of deep isolation trenches to confine the diffracted light inside the pixel, allowed a relative improvement of the external quantum efficiency of 35.5% at a wavelength of 850 nm as well as an improvement of the crosstalk of 6.9%. This architecture with an active thickness of 3 µm allows to obtain an improvement equivalent to that of an increase of the active layer by a factor of 3 without deteriorating the crosstalk that comes with this epitaxial enlargement. To go further, we studied the integration of this grating designed from the transistor gate layer to a CMOS image sensor with backside illumination. Thus, by using the grating not in transmission but in reflection, we have shown a significant improvement of the absorption in the near infrared over a wide spectral band (from 650 nm to 1100 nm). Indeed, the absorption of an image sensor with a mirror at the back face designed from a poly-silicon grating and the first aluminum metallization layer is more than twice the absorption of a standard image sensor at a wavelength of 850 nm
Bancaud, Aurélien. "Technologies for genomic and epigenomic analysis: a new frontier for micro- and nano-fluidics." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00997069.
Повний текст джерелаPartouche, David. "Analyse de l’assemblage de peptides amyloïdes bactériens." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLX084/document.
Повний текст джерелаHfq is a pleiotropic bacterial protein that determines several phenotypic characteristics. Its main function is to facilitate responses to stresses that bacteria may encounter during environmental changes, mainly by using post-transcriptional genetic control. The protein, by its capacity to interact with RNA, in particular small non-coding RNA, enables a rapid regulation of gene expression. In addition, the protein also interacts with DNA and compacts it. From a structural point of view, the protein adopts an Sm-like fold, characterized by a toroidal oligomer formed by a continuous 30-stranded β-sheet. Besides its conserved N-terminal Sm domain, Hfq also possesses a C-terminal region (CTR) that can vary in size and sequence between bacteria. My PhD work focused on the analysis of this CTR region in Escherichia coli bacteria. Indeed, this region has the capacity to form an amyloid structure. This structural dynamic is related to the formation of self-assembled structures in vivo, in the proximity of the inner membrane and in the nucleoid.Using various physicochemical techniques (molecular microscopy, spectroscopy and infrared microscopy, circular dichroism and small angle X-ray scattering), my work consisted in characterizing the assembly of this region of Hfq, as well as the factors influencing its assembly (in particular, the presence of nucleic acids). A part of my work consisted in setting up an innovative correlative–imaging method to analyze the chemical and morphological signature of a single amyloid fibre. Finally, my work focused on the analysis of the effect of compounds that inhibit the aggregation of the amyloid structure, which could constitute a new way to develop a novel class of antibiotics
Weber, Loriane. "Iterative tomographic X-Ray phase reconstruction." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI085/document.
Повний текст джерелаPhase contrast imaging has been of growing interest in the biomedical field, since it provides an enhanced contrast compared to attenuation-based imaging. Actually, the phase shift of the incoming X-ray beam induced by an object can be up to three orders of magnitude higher than its attenuation, particularly for soft tissues in the imaging energy range. Phase contrast can be, among others existing techniques, achieved by letting a coherent X-ray beam freely propagate after the sample. In this case, the obtained and recorded signals can be modeled as Fresnel diffraction patterns. The challenge of quantitative phase imaging is to retrieve, from these diffraction patterns, both the attenuation and the phase information of the imaged object, quantities that are non-linearly entangled in the recorded signal. In this work we consider developments and applications of X-ray phase micro and nano-CT. First, we investigated the reconstruction of seeded bone scaffolds using sed multiple distance phase acquisitions. Phase retrieval is here performed using the mixed approach, based on a linearization of the contrast model, and followed by filtered-back projection. We implemented an automatic version of the phase reconstruction process, to allow for the reconstruction of large sets of samples. The method was applied to bone scaffold data in order to study the influence of different bone cells cultures on bone formation. Then, human bone samples were imaged using phase nano-CT, and the potential of phase nano-imaging to analyze the morphology of the lacuno-canalicular network is shown. We applied existing tools to further characterize the mineralization and the collagen orientation of these samples. Phase retrieval, however, is an ill-posed inverse problem. A general reconstruction method does not exist. Existing methods are either sensitive to low frequency noise, or put stringent requirements on the imaged object. Therefore, we considered the joint inverse problem of combining both phase retrieval and tomographic reconstruction. We proposed an innovative algorithm for this problem, which combines phase retrieval and tomographic reconstruction into a single iterative regularized loop, where a linear phase contrast model is coupled with an algebraic tomographic reconstruction algorithm. This algorithm is applied to numerical simulated data
Bernaud, Julien. "Propriétés physiques de capsides virales étudiées à l'échelle du virus unique par microscopie à force atomique : exemples du rétrovirus VIH-1 et du parvovirus AAV." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSL1028/document.
Повний текст джерелаViruses are nanometer size biological parasite, which highjack the cellular machinery of the infected cells to replicate and thereby produce new viruses. A virus consists of a protein capsid, protecting the viral genome, a long polymer of DNA or RNA, and in some cases is surrounded by a lipid envelope. Recent work suggests that the physical properties of viruses are important in order to understand the viral cycle. In order to link the biological behavior of the virus to their physical properties, we used an approach combining AFM imaging and mechanical measurements at the nanometer scale, in connection with the physical modeling of viral capsids. We have developed automated image and force curves analysis tools to quantify the physical properties of viral capsids and the effect of the microenvironment. We have focused on two very different viruses: the HIV-1 retrovirus, responsible for AIDS and the AAV vector used in gene therapy. This work has led to the characterization of the morphological and mechanical properties of virus-like particles and cores of HIV-1 at the single virus level and on populations of hundreds of viruses. Focusing on the effect of the nature of the RNA encapsidated inside the viral particles in cellulo, we have highlighted the structural control of the viral RNA, and more precisely the psi packaging signal, on both HIV-1 VLPs and cores. Finally, we have initiated the study of the effect of reverse transcription (conversion of viral genomic RNA into DNA) within the cores HIV-1 on its stability. The study of parvovirus AAV existing form of several natural variants (serotypes) allowed us to compare the capsid physical properties at thermodynamic equilibrium and out of equilibrium. By varying the microenvironment (temperature and pH), we probed its influence on the stability of the AAV capsid. We have shown in particular that the AAV8 virus is stiffer than AAV9 while thermal stability is reduced, in relation to different biological properties for these two serotypes. In addition, the rigidity of AAV8 capsids decreases in an acidic environment mimicking the late endosome transport, and this results in a higher thermal stability. Finally, we quantified the effect of the length and nature of the confined genome on the thermal stability of AAV capsids
Ladj, Rachid. "Elaboration de nanoparticule composite à propriétés optiques non-linéaires pour applications biomédicales." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENA032.
Повний текст джерелаExogenous biomarkers based on hybrid nanoparticles with nonlinear optical properties were prepared as a contrast agent for second harmonic imaging and diagnosis of pathogenic cells. Iron iodate is one of the selected materials for this specific field due to its good second harmonic properties and its low toxicity. Iron iodate nanoparticles were synthesized by inverse microemulsion and inverse miniemulsion. In both cases, a good control of size and morphology was achieved. For biomedical applications, nanoparticles encapsulation was carried out in situ by reverse miniemulsion polymerization. Finally, encapsulation of potassium niobate nanoparticles with a biocompatible polymer was conducted. Their interest was demonstrated in vitro by second harmonic imaging studies
Ge, Xunyou. "Imagerie ultrarapide à l'échelle nanométrique par diffraction XUV cohérente." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00828058.
Повний текст джерелаVecchiola, Aymeric. "Développement d’une imagerie de résistance électrique locale par AFM à pointe conductrice en mode contact intermittent." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112058/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe atomic force microscope (AFM) allows to characterize with excellent spatial resolution samples of different types of surfaces and can be implemented in various environments. This versatility has encouraged the development of a large number of derivative technics, intended to investigate various local physical properties. The LGEP thus achieved a module, the Résiscope, capable of measuring the local electrical resistance on the surface of a sample polarized continuously, on a range of 11 decades. Developed in contact mode, where the tip continuously exerts a force on the sample, this technic works well on hard materials, but finds its limits on soft or fragile samples since under certain conditions, the tip can alter the surface. For such samples, an intermittent contact mode, in which the tip comes at regular intervals touch very briefly the surface, is more appropriate, but complicates the achievement of electrical measurements. The aim of this thesis was to overcome this difficulty by changing the Résiscope to be able to join the "Pulsed Force Mode", intermittent mode where the tip oscillates at a frequency of 100Hz to 2000Hz. Different hardware and software changes have been made to permit the detailed temporal monitoring of the electrical resistance signal to each make / break contact (necessary to review the phenomena related to intermittency), as well as to be able to work in acceptable scan speeds. For imaging, the best contrasts were obtained through an electronic timing and treatment taking into account the electrical resistance values at specific times.To test this new system, we have initially compared resistance and deflection curves we get by this mode with those considered classically in the force-distance curves mode. We then investigated the influence of main parameters (frequency and amplitude of oscillation, setpoint, coating of the tips, etc.) on the topographical and electrical measurements, using the HOPG as reference material. These tests resulted to highlight a nearly systematic delay of the electrical signal relative to the deflection signal (other than the Resiscope measure time), which we were not able to elucidate the origin. Once these knowledge acquired, we studied two types of organic samples, one in academic nature - Self-Assembled Monolayers of alkanethiols (SAMs), the other more applicative purpose – formed of thin layers of an interpenetrating network of two components (P3HT:PCBM) for photovoltaic cells. In both cases we have shown the relevance of the Resiscope tool in intermittent mode to obtain qualitative and quantitative information. In addition to these work on fragile materials, we conducted an annex study on a phenomenon of growth material of insulating nature found in special conditions on various hard materials, which has been interpreted as the friction polymer formation as a result of repeatedly nano-sliding associated with the deflection of the cantilever. These investigations were conducted under a CIFRE agreement with the Concept Scientific Instruments company, backed by the ANR MELAMIN» (P2N 2011) project
Aliprandi, Alessandro. "Platinum complexes and their luminescent assemblies." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAF041/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis focuses on the synthesis and the photophysical characterization of a series of luminescent neutral Pt(II) compounds containing a tridentate dianionic N-donor chromophoric ligand and a monodentate ancillary moiety. The compounds exhibited notable change of the photoluminescence properties upon self-assembly due to the establishment of weak non-covalent intermolecular interactions – metal-metal and π-π. We demonstrated how Pt(II) complexes can be self-assembled in a controlled and precise manner by playing with kinetic and thermodynamic factors and the morphology of the different assemblies investigated. Such approaches led to materials with enhanced and unique properties such as mechanochromism and polarized light absorption and emission. The investigated compounds and their assemblies were useful for the development of novel functional supramolecular materials in and out of the equilibrium as well as for bioimaging application
Robin, Anne-Claire. "Nano-objets multiphotoniques : étude de systèmes modèles et conception de nano-outils pour le vivant." Rennes 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REN1S105.
Повний текст джерелаMultiphotonic excitation methods have attracted increased attention in relation to their convenient advantages regarding selectivity, 3‑D localisation and penetration depth. Non‑linear microscopies are one of the most promising techniques which allow a softer and higher‑performance biological imaging. Our work deals with the synthesis of new biphotonic nano-tools which can be modified in order to conform to special tasks depending on the desired function, taking advantages of biphotonic excitation for applications in dynamic and functional imaging of living, biomedical imaging and therapy. Several nano-tools have been developed, a photoactive analogous of NADPH for the control of protein implicated in bioreductive processes and organic and fluorescent nano-probes which are eco and biocompatible for use un biologic and medical imaging
Ge, Xunyou. "Imagerie ultrarapide à l’échelle nanométrique par diffraction XUV cohérente." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112361/document.
Повний текст джерелаUltrafast imaging of isolated objects with nanometric spatial resolution is a great challenge in our time. The lensless imaging techniques have shown great potential to answer this challenge. In lensless imaging, one can reconstruct sample images from their diffraction patterns with computational algorithms, which replace the conventional lens systems. Using ultrafast and coherent light sources, such as free electron laser and high order harmonics, one can investigate dynamic phenomena at the femtosecond time scale. In this thesis work, I present the lenless imaging experiments using XUV radiation provided by a laser driven high order harmonic beamline. The manuscript is composed of an introduction, a chapter of theoretical background, three chapters of main research work and a general conclusion with perspectives. The first part of this work concerns the development of the harmonic beamline to optimize the illumination condition for lensless imaging. The second part concentrates on the imaging techniques: the Coherent Diffraction Imaging (CDI), the Fourier Transform Holography (FTH) and the Holography using extended references (HERALDO). The reconstructions have achieved 78 nm spatial resolution in case of CDI and 112 nm resolution in case of HERALDO, both in single-shot regime corresponding to a temporal resolution of 20 fs. The third part presents the first physical application on the harmonic beamline using the lensless imaging. Samples with magnetic nano-domains have been studied with sub-100 nm spatial resolution, which paves the way for ultrafast magnetic dynamic studies. At the end, single-shot 3D imaging and further beamline development have been discussed
Avellan, Astrid. "Relation entre structure, réactivité et interactions cellulaires de nanotubes inorganiques : cas des imogolites." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4371/document.
Повний текст джерелаOnly a few studies of (eco)toxicology linked the physico-chemical properties of nanoparticles to the toxicity mechanisms or the stress they induce. Moreover, no clear conclusions can be drawn at present because of the variability of nanoparticles used in studies. The present study used the inorganic Ge-imogolite nanotubes as a model compound. The toxic effects of length, number of walls, structural defects, and chemical composition were assessed towards the soil bacteria Pseudomonas brassicacearum. Several mechanisms modulating the toxicity of Ge-imogolite were then identified. Indeed, reactive sites at the tube ends induce a slight toxicity via a strong cell interaction and the generation of reactive oxygen species. Creating vacant sites on the surface of Ge-imogolite (ant thus increasing the number of reactive sites), appears to cause a deficiency of nutrients in the culture media correlated with a higher degradation of the tubes, leading to a high bacterial growth decrease. Finally, structural iron incorporation into Ge-imogolite transforms them into an iron source, being degraded and becoming growth promoters. In this work, the new tools capacities for the study of nanomaterials/cells interaction have been studied
Daniel, Jonathan. "Nano outils moléculaires biphotoniques pour le vivant." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0158/document.
Повний текст джерелаSince decades, bioimaging technics increased a lot, thus leading to a better understanding of biologicalprocesses. However, the fluorescence imaging was limited due to the low photostability and brightnessof available organic dyes. In order to improve the lack of photostability and brightness of thecommercially available dyes, lots of effort was done by organic chemists. In the mean time with theincoming of nanotechnologies, new tools such as the semi-conductors QDs raised as promisingluminescent probes for bioimaging. Due to their intrinsic properties, QDs are bright and photostablenano-objects, furthermore, the labeling of the surface of the QDs is of interest for targeting (such asthe detection of cancer cells). Despite their popularity, with time, issues about the clearance and thetoxicity of the QDs have been adressed and are still not fully solved. So the development of safer andbiocompatible tools for bioimaging emerged as evidence for scientists. In that context, the use ofnanoparticles made of organic materials gain in interest and particularly the fluorescent organicnanoparticles (FONs). We aimed to propose biocompatible and safer alternative to QDs, so wedeveloped new nanotools, based on the self aggregation of propeller-shaped fluorophores as FONs.Because of the specific design of the chromophores, these FONs have large one and two-photonbrightness combine with good photostability. These features made these FONs promising tools foreither one-photon and two-photon fluorescence imaging in cells and in vivo
Ait, Sarkouh Rafik. "Synthèse de conjugués avec la toxine de Shiga pour des thérapies anticancéreuses ciblées et la détection de tumeurs par IRM." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05P641.
Повний текст джерелаPas de résumé en anglais
Basly, Brice. "Conception et caractérisation de nano-objets magnétiques pour l’imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM)." Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2010/BASLY_Brice_2010.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаFunctionalized iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted an increasing interest as contrast agents for MRI. However, challenges remain to overcome: to optimize the functionalization of nanoparticles without affecting their magnetic properties while ensuring their biocompatibility and stealth in the human body, to prevent desorption of the grafted molecules under in vivo conditions, to ensure a small particle size distribution below 100 nm… In this context, we propose a novel strategy which involves the grafting, at the surface of NPs, of dendritic molecules (favoring the suspensions stability by steric hindrance and constituting a platform for the grafting of functional molecules) via a phosphonate coupling agent (allowing a direct grafting and a stronger binding) to develop innovative and competitive contrast agents. Thus, NPs with an average size of 10 nm were synthesized by two methods: co-precipitation and thermal decomposition. Three hydrophilic oligoethyleneglycol-based dendrons displaying a phosphonic acid at the focal point and three biocompatible chains (oligoethylene glycol) bearing functional groups such as COOH or NH2 were designed. The grafting conditions have been adapted according to the NPs and dendron natures. Numerous characterizations of the nanoparticles and their suspensions showed the preservation of the NPs magnetic and structural properties after the grafting step. Relaxivity measurements, in vivo tests and MRI measurements have shown the great potential of these dendronized nanoparticles for MRI
Barszczak, Sardinha Anna Luiza. "Coherent imaging of nano-objects with ultra-short X-ray pulses." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLX006/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe use of X-rays is fundamental to obtain a spatial resolution in the order of the dozen of nanometers. The duration of the flashes of radiation is placed between the dozen of femtoseconds (1 fs =10-15 s) to the hundreds of attoseconds (1as=10-18 s). During this time frame nano-objects are static in time, image wise it translates as a precise image. Exciting these nano-objects with flashes of X-ray beams it is possible to follow its temporal evolution and record a "movie" of the evolution due to excitation. This type of information is extremely important since it can allow the identification of intermediary structural states and therefore attaining a better understanding of their reactional power.This type of studies it is making its debut in the scientific community due to the recent development of ultra-fast and intense X-ray sources needed to perform this type of imaging. The referenced source is a free electron laser (FEL) and there are only tree of them in the world nowadays. One in Germany, one in the USA and one in Japan. The small amount of FELs is mainly due to its elevated costs. From some years the LOA has shown that lasers can also provide an X-ray beam in the femtosecond region and intense enough to produce images of nano-objects with equivalent temporal and spatial resolutions.This present thesis was built in tree phases: realization of an X-ray laser source, circularly polarized; realization of a new improved imaging system and testing of the nano-samples possessing nano-structures. These nano-structures have a velocity of evolution after excitation in the range of 100 fs. These studies have had place at LOA, LCLS, Laboratoire de Chimie-Physique, Matière et Rayonnement (LCPMR), the CEA de Saclay, BESSY-II in Germany. These cooperations have insured a specific training and expertise in the world of nanometric imaging based on the new technique developed during this work
Spitz, Jean-Alexis. "Etude et Imagerie de la polymerisation de l'actine." Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00176019.
Повний текст джерелаLa thématique générale de ce manuscrit est l'étude et l'imagerie de la polymérisation de l'actine.
La première partie de ce manuscrit est consacrée au développement et à la validation théorique et expérimentale d'un test de mesure de la polymérisation in vitro de l'actine à partir d'extraits cellulaires. La polymérisation de l'actine est suivie grâce à l'augmentation de l'anisotropie de fluorescence d'un marqueur fluorescent, l'Alexa488, utilisé comme traceur dans les échantillons.
La deuxième partie présente le montage et la caractérisation d'un nouveau système d'imagerie de la durée de vie de fluorescence (FLIM) sous microscope par comptage monophotonique ainsi qu'un développement de cet instrument pour faire l'imagerie de l'anisotropie de fluorescence résolu dans le temps (trFAIM). Cet instrument, qui nous a déjà permis de faire l'imagerie de polymères d'actine, ouvre également des perspectives pour de nombreuses autres applications à la fois dans l'imagerie cellulaire (polymérisation de l'actine in vivo, calcium intracellulaire3, ...) mais également dans d'autres thématiques développées au PPSM (cristaux organiques fluorescents, nanolatex, ...).
Enfin, le troisième chapitre propose une technologie originale pour faire l'étude in vivo de la polymérisation de l'actine mettant en oeuvre une instrumentation de pointe issue de la physique appliquée des lasers. L'emploi d'un laser femtoseconde permet la nano-dissection, dans une cellule vivante, d'une fibre de stress d'actine dont on peut ensuite étudier le rétablissement.
Hassan, Mostafa. "Ultrafast imaging of Bessel beam generated nano-plasmas within dielectrics." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2022. http://indexation.univ-fcomte.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/9cc27edd-c3bb-4525-a1f5-e5e8f55c54c1.
Повний текст джерелаUltra-intense femtosecond lasers are widely used for nano and micro-material processing. Explaining the laser-matter interaction is needed to control the processing. In this context, non-diffracting beams, such as Bessel beams, provided substantial advantages regarding the stability of the non-linear propagation within dielectrics. They allowed the generation of extremely high aspect ratio nanovoids. However, conventional models describing Bessel-dielectric interaction fail to explain experimental observations. Therefore, this thesis aims to develop a set of techniques to retrieve the parameters of laser-generated plasmas. The first part develops an approach to shape the polarization of the Bessel beam along its propagation based on spatially-varying waveplates. The second part of this work is dedicated to the imaging of the interaction between the plasma generated by the onset of the pulse and the trailing part inside sapphire. We confirmed a generation of nano-plasma with a density exceeding the critical density, and a diameter of typically 200 nm. Then, the third part of this work focuses on imaging the plasma using a pump-probe approach. This new concept is based on shaping the probe as a higher-order Bessel beam. The plasma parameters are extracted from a set of measurements of reflectivity in amplitude and phase for different orders and angles of the probe pulse
Hajj, Bassam. "Imagerie électro-optique Pockels aux échelles micro et nanométriques en physique et biophysique." Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00562142.
Повний текст джерелаL'Hôte, Gabriel. "Etude de la dynamique des dislocations de monocristaux de cuivre sous chargement cyclique : Emission acoustique et caractérisations microstructurales." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI125.
Повний текст джерелаDuring the plastic deformation of crystalline materials, a soft plasticity, made up of many uncorrelated dislocation movements, can coexist with a wilder plasticity, in the form of collaborative movements: dislocation avalanches. The coexistence of the two plasticities depends on the establishment of a dislocation structure, which is supposed to hinder the spread of avalanches. It is proposed to study the correlation between microstructural evolutions and dislocation arrangements under cyclic loading on the one hand, and the nature of the collective dynamics of dislocations on the other hand, in the case of pure copper single crystals. Various stress imposed fatigue tests are performed to study the influence of (i) the loading path, (ii) the loading ratio and (iii) the crystallographic orientation on the plasticity phenomena. The acoustic emission (EA) technique is used to study both types of plasticity. Continuous EA, which can be considered as background noise resulting from the cumulative effect of many sources, is associated with mild plasticity. Discrete EA, with more energetic signals than those emitted continuously, is associated with wild plasticity. Dislocation microstructures are studied using EBSD (Electron Backscattered Diffraction) and ECCI (Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging) techniques at the end of each fatigue level. The EA-ECCI coupling provides valuable information on the dynamics of dislocations. The monitoring by ECCI, during a fatigue test at Rσ=0.1 shows that a given dislocation structure is stable only for given level of stress. The emergence of a dislocation structure act as an obstacle to avalanche movement. However, the application of a larger stress amplitude allows the rearrangement of the structure, which is largely in the form of dislocation avalanches that can travel longer distances than the dislocation mean free path. Small uncorrelated dislocation movements are confined within the dislocation structures, between dense dislocation arrangements (cells, walls, etc.). Mild plasticity is therefore increasingly restricted as the mean free path decreases. The various tests carried out show that the loading path (at Rσ=0.1) has no influence on the dislocation structure formed, but that the dynamics of the dislocations adapt to the way the material is loaded. The loading ratio (Rσ=-1) has a major influence on the formation of dislocation structures, with the emergence of veins, matrices, persistent slip bands and dense cells, but also on the dynamics of dislocations, with a gradual evolution of mild plasticity during cycles and a reduction in the number of avalanches during the hardening of the material. Concerning the influence of crystallographic orientation, a larger number of activated slip systems limit the contribution of avalanches to plasticity
Al-Kattan, Ahmed. "Développement de nano-systèmes hybrides à base d'apatites biomimétiques en vue d'applications biomédicales en cancérologie." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPT0042/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis work deals with the synthesis and physico-chemical characterization of hybrid nanoparticles based on biomimetic calcium phosphate apatites close to bone mineral, in view of applications in the field of cancer diagnosis, or therapeutics. In this study, a colloidal formulation has been developed in aqueous medium, from easily-handled salts and in the presence of a phospholipid moiety (2-aminoethylphosphate, AEP) acting as dispersing agent and allowing the control of the mean nanoparticle size (in the range 30-100 nm). The effect of major experimental parameters (pH, concentrations, temperature) has been determined. Complementary analytical data (chemical analyses, FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, dynamic light scattering, TEM, zeta potential measurements) enabled us to propose a descriptive model for the colloidal nanoparticles, involving the presence of complexes between Ca2+ and AEP- on the surface of apatite nanocrystals. The possibility to confer luminescence properties was demonstrated by way of ionic substitutions of some Ca2+ ions by europium Eu3+ ions, allowed us to envision the study of biological material. The additional adsorption of folic acid was also addressed, with the final aim to target cancer cell. Other aspects linked to a potential future use of these nano-systems in the biomedical field were also examined, such as the purification of these suspensions by dialysis, the possibility to resuspend the nanoparticles after freeze-drying, the evaluation of their cytotoxicity, the study of the pro-inflammatory potential by following interactions with human macrophages, and a preliminary study of their internalization by cancer cells. This work enabled us to develop a « proof of concept » allowing one to envision the future use of such colloidal nano-systems in the biomedical field, and in particular in oncology
Othman, Mohammad. "Développement de systèmes nano-particulaires à base de polymères associatifs et-ou d'agents de contraste amphiphiles pour l'imagerie médicale par résonance magnétique nucléaire." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA114828.
Повний текст джерелаWe have established that two neutral polymers, namely polymerised β-CD (pβ-CD) and dextran grafted with lauroyl side chains (MD), may completely associate in water, to form supramolecular nanoassemblies (NPs) of spherical shape. We have synthesized a new gadolinium complex functionalized with an adamantane group which has been efficiently entrapped into these NPs, leading to a high payload of 1. 8×105 units of Gd3+ complex per nanoparticle and a great relaxivity r1 enhancement of 48. 4 mM-1. S-1 at 20 MHz and 37°C. The cohesion of these nanostructures is based upon a “lock and key” mechanism in which the hydrophobic alkyl chains of MD and the adamantyl moieties of Gd3+ complex incorporate into the molecular cavities of (pβ-CD). We have investigated here the mechanism of the NPs formation, as well as the inclusion of Gd3+ derivative into mono-and poly β-CD by isothermal titration microcalorimetry (ITC) in conjunction with 1H-NMR and dynamic light scattering (DLS), electron microscopy. Moreover, it was possible to directly form novel supramolecular nanoassemblies using five newly synthesized CAs based on squalene. All these CAs were characterized, had high relaxivities (15-22 mM-1 s-1 at 20 MHz and 37°C) and formed micelles or liposome-like structures in water. Moreover, they could be combined with other squalenoylated nucleoside analogues to obtain composite nanoassemblies of interest in theranostics
De, Ville Magalie. "Micro et nano structuration de matériaux : application aux laboratoires sur puce et à l’imagerie médicale." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10087/document.
Повний текст джерелаConception and fabrication of microfluidic devices is frequently money and time consuming. Furthermore, sophisticated equipments and techniques are required (eg. lithography). Moreover, industrial manufacturers do not provide perfectly adapted devices. Their structures do not completely match with final needs of their users, especially in medicine context, where a minimal level of biocompatibility is desirable. The first part of this study is dedicated to the development of a customizable technique. This method will enable quick and low cost creation of microfluidic networks made of polydimethylsiloxane, with circular channel section. Then, this Lab-On-Chip thematic can be linked to the development of detection techniques. Medical imaging is one of those ways of detection. The most used contrast agents are the iodinated ones, but they do not always give a good enough contrast on the scanner images. Moreover, injection of those iodinated products can produce medical complications as a deadly allergy for some sensitive patients, as they disperse everywhere in the body. Thus, development of new and more efficient contrast agents, able to target more precisely specific zones in the human body is a challenge. To reach this aim, the synthesis of gold micro and nanoparticles with different sizes and shapes have been realised. These particles have been analyzed using a micro-scanner equipment. Those analyses have enabled on the one hand the protocols optimization onto real medical equipment, and on the other hand, they have permitted to verify the possibilities of discrimination of the samples between themselves and the benefit given by the gold particles onto the iodinated samples
Adumeau, Laurent. "Développement de stratégies de biofonctionnalisation de surface de nano-objets pour des applications biologiques." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0425/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this study was the design of nanoparticles for three different biologicalapplications: magnetic nanoparticles cluster for magnetic extraction of biological materials,multimodal contrast agents (MRI and near infrared fluorescence imaging) for atherosclerosisdiagnosis, and fluorescent silica nanoparticles with two different dyes for in vitro and in vivo tumorlabeling. One part of the project dealt with the developement of a new grafting method ofpoly(ethylene oxide) macromolecules onto nanoparticle’s silica surfaces (PEGylation) in order toobtain a high grafting densities. The obtained results have shown that this PEGylation reduces the nonspecificprotein adsorption allowing a better extraction and sorting efficiency, and also permitsnanoparticles to escape the surveillance of the immune system for in vivo tumor labeling. Therefore,the biomolecular recognition of the nanoparticles has been optimized by controlling the number ofconjugated biomolecules and by studying this biomolecular recognition using biophysical methods(SPR, QCM-D). Finally, the different nano-objects were evaluated in the context of their respectiveapplication
Girard, Gaétan. "Développement des méthodes de Ptychographie et diffraction cohérente des rayons X en géométrie de Bragg : application à l'étude de nano-structures." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALY010.
Повний текст джерелаNanotechnologies rely on the introduction of strain engineering to enhance semiconductor devices performances. As a consequence, non-invasive characterization methods with high spatial resolution and strain sensitivity on low-amount-of-matter samples are required. This PhD work focuses on methodology of X-ray diffraction techniques performed in the Bragg geometry, which allows probing the structural properties of crystalline samples. Firstly, the Scanning X-ray Diffraction Microscopy technique, developed on a fast-timescale at the ESRF ID01 undulator beamline, is described through a thorough analysis of an experiment performed on ultra-thin strained SiGe-on-insulator patterns. Secondly, this manuscript focuses on two coherent diffraction imaging techniques, namely Bragg CDI, which yields complex density and strain map of nano-meso crystalline objects, and Ptychography, which use translational diversity to produce quantitative maps of complex transmission function of non-crystalline objects. The motivation developed in this PhD work is to combine these two techniques that both promote highly sensitive phase-contrast properties, in order to provide ultra-high resolution on complex/extended samples. Bragg Ptychography is thus introduced, along with algorithmic descriptions and considerations on the X-ray beam characterization, the latter being still a key component for successful reconstructions
Bourdolle, Adrien. "Conception de sondes et nano-sondes à base de lanthanides émettant dans le proche infrarouge pour la microscopie biphotonique." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ENSL0657.
Повний текст джерелаTwo Photon Scanning Laser Microscopy (TPSLM) has evolved as an emerging bio-imaging technique widely used in academic research and in medical diagnosis. This technique requires the design of bioprobes specially optimized for such purpose. A particular attention is actually devoted bio-probes featuring both two-photon absorption (TPA) and emission in the near infra-red (NIR) spectral range [700 – 1200 nm], also called biological window that is particularly promising for thick tissues imaging. In this context, europium complexes emitting in the red (615 nm) has been recently sensitized by two photon antenna effect and used for TPSLM in cells combining the advantages of lanthanide emission (sharp line and long lived) and those of TPA. Based on this preliminary results, this thesis describe the design of europium and ytterbium complexes which have an improved stability in water and good emission properties sensitized by TPA. Theses complexes allow the imaging of mice’s brain vascularisation in the NIR. An another approach to stabilize lanthanide complexes was also used by encapsulating theses fluorophores in silica nanoparticle (collaboration with A. Ibanez, Institut Néel, Grenoble). Then the last approach consists on the grafting of the chromophores on silica sphere using surface organometallic chemistry methods. The nanoparticles obtained by both way are really luminescent in the red or infrared and can be imaged as single nanoparticle by TPSLM
Cavatore, Etienne. "Microscopie optique appliquée à la micro-manipulation par pinces magnétiques à haute résolution et à la visualisation de nano-objets métalliques." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00627431.
Повний текст джерелаLee, Youseung. "Traitement quantique original des interactions inélastiques pour la modélisation atomistique du transport dans les nano-structures tri-dimensionnelles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0345.
Повний текст джерелаNon-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) formalism during recent decades has attracted numerous interests for studying quantum transport properties of nanostructures and nano-devices in which inelastic interactions like electron-phonon scattering have a significant impact. Incorporation of inelastic interactions in NEGF framework is usually performed within the self-consistent Born approximation (SCBA) which induces a numerically demanding iterative scheme. As an alternative technique, we propose an efficient method, the so-called Lowest Order Approximation (LOA) coupled with the Pade approximants. Its main advantage is to significantly reduce the computational time, and to describe the electron-phonon scattering physically. This approach should then considerably extend the accessibility of using atomistic quantum transport codes to study three-dimensional (3D) realistic systems without requiring numerous numerical resources
Achour, Oussama. "Aide au ciblage du microenvironnement tumoral par le développement d’un nano-système de détection et de traitement des tumeurs avec inhibition ciblée de l’héparanase." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LAROS012/document.
Повний текст джерелаTumor microenvironment is characterized by several particularities such as hypoxia, extracellular media acidification and the hyper-secretion of hydrolytic enzymes. These hydrolases, such as cathepsin D and heparanase, are involved in many steps of tumor progression like angiogenesis. This thesis is a part of a project that aims to develop a "smart" molecular nano-object that specifically reacts to hyper-secreted enzymes in the tumor microenvironment for the simultaneous detection and targeting of tumor. The first part of our work concerned the design and the validation of a peptide that is sensitive to active forms of cathepsin D which is a protease, unregulated in many tumors microenvironment such as breast cancers. This objective has been achieved following the kinetic study of the hydrolysis of 5 peptides by mature cathepsin D and procathepsin D in the pH conditions of the tumor microenvironment. On the other hand, we studied the effect of hypoxia and the acidification of the extracellular medium on the secretion of active forms of cathepsin D by the breast cancer cell line MCF-7. In a second part, we worked on the development of low molecular weight heparins that may provide therapeutic function of the molecular object through their anti-angiogenic activity. We have developed an innovative method for the depolymerization of heparin that consists on a radical hydrogen peroxide hydrolysis assisted by ultrasound. This technique allows the production of heparins oligosaccharides characterized by controlled molecular weight and degree of sulfatation. Depending on the depolymerization conditions by this technique, the produced low molecular weight heparins can be used as an anticoagulant or anti-angiogenic
Lee, Youseung. "Traitement quantique original des interactions inélastiques pour la modélisation atomistique du transport dans les nano-structures tri-dimensionnelles." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0345.
Повний текст джерелаNon-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) formalism during recent decades has attracted numerous interests for studying quantum transport properties of nanostructures and nano-devices in which inelastic interactions like electron-phonon scattering have a significant impact. Incorporation of inelastic interactions in NEGF framework is usually performed within the self-consistent Born approximation (SCBA) which induces a numerically demanding iterative scheme. As an alternative technique, we propose an efficient method, the so-called Lowest Order Approximation (LOA) coupled with the Pade approximants. Its main advantage is to significantly reduce the computational time, and to describe the electron-phonon scattering physically. This approach should then considerably extend the accessibility of using atomistic quantum transport codes to study three-dimensional (3D) realistic systems without requiring numerous numerical resources
Dayde, David. "Imagerie quantitative de bioluminescence appliquée à un modèle murin syngénique de lymphome exprimant le CD20 humain : analyses de l'influence du volume tumoral sur la réponse au traitement par un anticorps monoclonal, le rituximab, et de l'effet thérapeutique de neutrons et de nanoparticules chargées." Phd thesis, Université François Rabelais - Tours, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00369130.
Повний текст джерелаL'objectif général de ce travail de thèse a été d'analyser les rôles respectifs du volume tumoral et des paramètres pharmacocinétiques dans la réponse au rituximab en utilisant des moyens d'imagerie adaptés aux modèles murins et à la cancérologie.
Dans une première partie de mise au point du modèle, nous avons utilisé une lignée lymphomateuse T (EL4) syngénique de souris C57Bl6J, transduite par le CD20 humain que nous avons transfectée avec le gène de la luciférase (EL4-huCD20-Luc). Nous avons ensuite défini les conditions expérimentales (nombre de cellules, voie d'administration, dose de luciférine de potassium, fond génétique, périodicité des examens) permettant de reproduire chez la souris le développement d'un lymphome agressif et disséminé à larges cellules B létal dans un délai de 30 à 40 jours après inoculation. Nous avons mis au point une méthode de quantification de l'intensité de bioluminescence des foyers tumoraux en prenant en compte le coefficient d'absorption de la lumière propre à la localisation anatomique de chaque tumeur lymphomateuse.
Dans une seconde partie nous avons étudié l'effet thérapeutique du rituximab sur ce lymphome. Une seule injection de rituximab à dose progressivement croissante (de 150 µg à 1000 µg) a été réalisée 13 jours après l'inoculation des cellules lymphomateuses (temps nécessaire au développement d'un lymphome quantifiable par imagerie de bioluminescence). La concentration de rituximab circulant a été évaluée par une méthode ELISA adaptée à l'analyse de faibles volumes de plasma et à un modèle murin. Dans ce modèle, nous avons montré qu'il existait une relation entre la dose administrée et la survie des souris, la totalité des souris étant survivantes à la dose de 1000 µg. C'est à 500 µg que nous avons retrouvé la plus grande variabilité de réponse au rituximab avec environ 23% de souris totalement guéries, 59% en réponse partielle et 18% avec une maladie en progression. Pour l'ensemble des souris recevant cette dose, nous avons déterminé précisément le volume tumoral au moment de l'injection du rituximab et évalué les concentrations de rituximab au décours du traitement. Nous avons ainsi montré qu'il existait une relation significative entre le volume tumoral au moment de l'injection et la réponse au rituximab ; les souris présentant les plus faibles volumes tumoraux ayant une meilleure réponse et une survie prolongée. L'analyse de l'évolution des concentrations de rituximab au cours du temps nous a permis de montrer une très grande variabilité d'exposition à l'anticorps semblable à l'observation faite chez l'homme. Nous avons modélisé les concentrations de rituximab et la progression des foyers tumoraux par la construction d'un modèle concentration/effet (PK-PD) nous ayant permis de démontrer l'existence d'une relation entre l'efficacité du rituximab et le volume tumoral avant traitement.
Enfin dans un troisième volet nous avons utilisé le modèle cellulaire EL4-huCD20-Luc afin d'évaluer in vitro l'usage de particules d'oxydes de gadolinium ou de particules d'oxydes de gadolinium et de bore. Nous avons montré les qualités d'agents de contraste de ces particules pour l'imagerie à résonance magnétique. Nous avons aussi analysé l'important effet rayonnant de ces particules lors d'une irradiation sous un faisceau de neutrons après une étape d'internalisation des particules au sein des cellules.