Статті в журналах: "Nano-clays"

1

Kakiage, Masaki, Rie Takamatsu, Hiroki Uehara, Takeshi Yamanobe, and Keizo Suzuki. "Nano-Platelet Structure of Clay Materials Observed by Atomic Force Microscope." Key Engineering Materials 459 (December 2010): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.459.57.

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In this study, we investigated the nano-platelet structures of original and organically modified montmorillonite clays. Atomic force microscope observation gave accurate width and thickness of the nano-platelet clays. The organically modified clays could not be homogeneously dispersed even in organic solvent. Ultrasonication of the solution resulted in the destruction of the layered structure of the clays. In contrast, the supernatant solution before ultrasonication contained the mono-layered nano-platelets of the organically modified clays whose surface was rough in the angstrom level due to the adsorbed molecules.

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2

Saulick, Yunesh, and Sergio Lourenço. "Hydrophobisation of clays and nano silica for ground engineering." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 03039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019503039.

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Altering the hydrophobicity of particles allows their use as functional construction materials in ground engineering (e.g. in barriers). This study examines the hydrophobisation of nano to micro particles by using two clays (kaolin and halloysite) and nano silica. To induce hydrophobicity, dimethyldichlorosilane (DMDCS) was used in concentrations varying from 0.25% to 20%. The sessile drop method was used to measure the contact angle (CA) of the particles. Kaolin was initially hydrophobic with a CA of 93 5◦ while the other two materials were hydrophilic. The addition of DMDCS to the materials increased CAs of all materials investigated. The maximum CAs recorded at 20% for the halloysite, kaolin and nano silica were respectively: 116 5◦, 143 3◦ and 144 6◦. The difference in CAs attained by the clays was attributed to their different structure. Scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis showed increases in carbon content with only halloysite and nano silica after hydrophobisation. The results demonstrate that hydrophobising clays and nano silica can effectively improve their resistance to water infiltration.

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3

Voicu, Rodica Cristina, Mihai Gologanu, Catalin Tibeica, Mercedes Santiago-Calvo, María Asensio, Esteban Cañibano, Oana Nedelcu, and Titus Sandu. "Prediction of Mechanical Properties of Nano-Clay-Based Biopolymeric Composites." Nanomaterials 14, no. 17 (August 28, 2024): 1403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14171403.

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An understanding of the mechanical behavior of polymeric materials is crucial for making advancements in the applications and efficiency of nanocomposites, and encompasses their service life, load resistance, and overall reliability. The present study focused on the prediction of the mechanical behavior of biopolymeric nanocomposites with nano-clays as the nanoadditives, using a new modeling and simulation method based on Comsol Multiphysics software 6.1. This modeling considered the complex case of flake-shaped nano-clay additives that could form aggregates along the polymeric matrix, varying the nanoadditive thickness, and consequently affecting the resulting mechanical properties of the polymeric nanocomposite. The polymeric matrix investigated was biopolyamide 11 (BIOPA11). Several BIOPA11 samples reinforced with three different contents of nano-clays (0, 3, and 10 wt%), and with three different nano-clay dispersion grades (employing three different extrusion screw configurations) were obtained by the compounding extrusion process. The mechanical behavior of these samples was studied by the experimental tensile test. The experimental results indicate an enhancement of Young’s modulus as the nano-clay content was increased from 0 to 10 wt% for the same dispersion grades. In addition, the Young’s modulus value increased when the dispersion rate of the nano-clays was improved, showing the highest increase of around 93% for the nanocomposite with 10 wt% nano-clay. A comparison of the modeled mechanical properties and the experimental measurements values was performed to validate the modeling results. The simulated results fit well with the experimental values of Young’s modulus.

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4

Hong, Seok-In, and Jong-Whan Rhim. "Antimicrobial Activity of Organically Modified Nano-Clays." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 11 (November 1, 2008): 5818–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.248.

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Antimicrobial activity of three kinds of commercially available montmorillonite nano-clays including a naturally occurring one (Cloisite Na+) and two organically modified ones (Cloisite 20A and Cloisite 30B) against four representative pathogenic bacteria (two Gram-positive ones such as Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes, and two Gram-negative ones such as Salmonella typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7) was investigated. Antimicrobial activity was found to be dependent on the type of nano-clay and microorganisms tested. Among the nano-clays tested, Cloisite 30B showed the highest antibacterial activity followed by Cloisite 20A, however, the unmodified montmorillonite (Cloisite Na+) did not show any antibacterial activity. Especially, Cloisite 30B inactivated Gram-positive bacteria completely within an hour of incubation and inactivated Gram-negative bacteria by more than 2–3 log cycles after 8 hours incubation. SEM and TEM images of cell structure indicated that the organically modified nano-clay caused rupture of cell membrane and inactivation of the bacteria. This finding of antimicrobial activity of the organo-clay would open a new opportunity to develop polymer nanocomposites with additional functionality, i.e., antimicrobial function.

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5

Ahmed, H. R., and S. N. Abduljauwad. "Nano-level constitutive model for expansive clays." Géotechnique 67, no. 3 (March 2017): 187–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.15.p.140.

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6

C. Staniford, Mark, Marina M. Lezhnina, and Ulrich H. Kynast. "Phthalocyanine blue in aqueous solutions." RSC Advances 5, no. 6 (2015): 3974–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra11139g.

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7

Cortés, Guillermo R. Martín, Adriana A. Silva, Kleberson R. O. Pereira, Fabio José Esper, Lisiane N. L. Santana, Wildor Theodoro Hennies, and Francisco Rolando Valenzuela-Díaz. "Technology Characterization of Organo-Clays Obtained from Bentonites of the State of Paraiba." Materials Science Forum 660-661 (October 2010): 1124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.660-661.1124.

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The organo-clays have important industrial uses between others are: rheological additives for drilling fluids in oil bases, inks, glues, lubricants and cosmetics. At the moment and in a growing way, these materials are considered as important reinforcement fillers in the structuring of nano-composites clays/polymers. They are obtained by the smectite clay reaction with quaternary ammonium salts. In this work an organophillic clay sample prepared by a dry process at the PMT – EPUSP – Metallurgic and Materials Engineering Department of the Polytechnic School at the University of São Paulo, had been characterized basically by techniques of XRD, IR, Thermal Analysis, and by swell capacity of the clays in some oils and organic solvents.

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8

GARCÍA, SILVIA, PAULINA TREJO GARCIA, JOEL MERLOS ESPERICUETA, and ILCE CASTILLO GALVAN. "NANOSILICA TO MODIFY THE CONSISTENCY OF HIGH COMPRESSIBLE LACUSTRINE CLAYS." DYNA 97, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/10358.

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Despite the incredible advances in the most innovative branch of materials science, the nanotechnology research on its application in the geotechnical field is still very limited. Since many minerals in soil and rocks are nanomaterials and their chemical reactions are at the nanoscale, there is a great potential for the use of this important technology in different geotechnical problems. In this study, the stabilization of a soft lacustrine clay using nano-SiO2 is investigated. Through the examination of the Atterberg Limits, as the simplest and most affordable indicators of the consistency of these highly compressible and plastic materials, it is shown that the addition of nanosilica to clay masses substantially modifies their compressibility and resistance as well as their drainage and absorption capacities. When nano-SiO2 is mixed these very plastic and high-water content clays, it transforms them into consistent masses (from very soft to firm). The results presented contribute to widen the knowledge about nano-substances and plastic soils revealing the effects on exceptional lacustrine clays.

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9

Shamim, Arslan, Sajjad Ahmad, Anwar Khitab, Waqas Anwar, Rao Arsalan Khushnood, and Muhammad Usman. "Applications of Nano Technology in Civil Engineering." International Journal of Strategic Engineering 1, no. 1 (January 2018): 48–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijose.2018010104.

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This article presents the recent trends in the field of civil engineering with an emphasis on the applications of nano materials and their beneficial effects at nano scale. The role and utilization of nanoparticles such as nano silica, carbon nano tubes, graphene, nano clays, nano CaCO3, nano TiO2, etc., is sharply increasing with the passage of time for achieving high performance composites. These nano materials not only enhance the mechanical properties of the resulting composites but also produce multifunctional characteristics. In this review, the authors have highlighted the various types of nanomaterials being used in the field of civil engineering and the performance improvements achieved by their utilization. Besides the potential benefits of Nano materials, they may pose some health and environmental concerns. A brief discussion is also provided on this issue.

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10

Chivrac, Frédéric, Eric Pollet, Marc Schmutz, and Luc Avérous. "Starch nano-biocomposites based on needle-like sepiolite clays." Carbohydrate Polymers 80, no. 1 (March 2010): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.11.004.

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11

del Pino, Gilberto García, Abderrezak Bezazi, Haithem Boumediri, Antonio Claudio Kieling, Cláudia Cândida Silva, Jamile Dehaini, Jose Luis Valin Rivera, Maria das Graças da Silva Valenzuela, Francisco Rolando Valenzuela Díaz, and Túlio Hallak Panzera. "Hybrid epoxy composites made from treated curauá fibres and organophilic clay." Journal of Composite Materials 55, no. 1 (July 26, 2020): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320945785.

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This work evaluates an epoxy composite reinforced with curauá fibres and/or organophilic clay. Epoxy polymers reinforced with nano-clays are also assessed. Composites are manufactured by cold pressing using fibres in pristine and treated conditions. Three levels of the factors NaOH solution (2.5, 5 and 10%) and immersion time (2, 4 and 10 hours) are investigated. Nano-clays are incorporated at the levels of 2.5, 5 and 10 wt.%. The morphology and crystallinity of the treated fibres are evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, respectively. Tensile, three-point bending and impact tests are performed to characterise the composites. Tensile strength, flexural strength and impact resistance are increased by 24%, 44% and 47%, respectively, when compared to untreated fibre composites. The highest tensile and flexural strengths are achieved by hybrid composites containing 5 wt.% of nano-clay and 20 wt.% of curauá fibres treated with 5% NaOH for 4 hours. In contrast, the highest tensile modulus is achieved when hybrid composites are made from untreated fibres and 10 wt.% of nanoparticles. The highest impact resistance is obtained by curauá composites, without particles, composed of fibres treated with 5% NaOH for 4 hours. The inclusion of nano-clay leads to reduced impact resistance values.

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12

Gomes, Josileido, Alysson Israel Oliveira Rocha, Romualdo Rodrigues Menezes, Gelmires Araújo Neves, Maria Isabel Brasileiro, and Lisiane Navarro de Lima Santana. "Obtaining of Mullite by Rapid Sintering from Bentonite Clay." Materials Science Forum 660-661 (October 2010): 936–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.660-661.936.

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Bentonite clays are aluminium–silicates that when heated turn into mullite. The sintering of mullite obtained from these mineral clays by quick microwaves heating comes up as an alternative process for mullite powders synthesis. The use of quick heating on ceramics nano-powders synthesis is a recent technology that is being successfully used on synthesis with microwaves and synthesis process by combustion. The quick microwaves heating enable adding heat quickly and equally, accelerating the nucleation kinetics and the development of the mullite stage. Thus, the purpose of this work is to analyze the effect of the microwaves heating process variables, analyzing the influence of the applied power and of the heating rate on the mullite powders obtaining from bentonite clays. The clays have been favored and submitted to the following characterizations: chemical granulometric and mineralogically. Subsequently, the clays have been delamined aiming disagglomeration and separation of the thinner fractions and submitted to granulometric and mineralogical characterization. The synthesis has been realized on a domestic microwaves oven. The obtained powders have been characterized by X-ray diffraction. The results showed that the applied power variation and the sintering time are fundamental on the obtaining of mullite powders.

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13

Suraja, P. V., N. N. Binitha, Z. Yaakob, and P. P. Silija. "Preparation and Characterization of Nano Gold Supported over Montmorillonite Clays." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 17 (February 1, 2011): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/17/1/012019.

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14

Horsch, Steven, Gulay Serhatkulu, Esin Gulari, and Rangaramanujam M. Kannan. "Supercritical CO2 dispersion of nano-clays and clay/polymer nanocomposites." Polymer 47, no. 21 (October 2006): 7485–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2006.08.048.

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15

Eusepi, Piera, Lisa Marinelli, Ana Borrego-Sánchez, Fátima García-Villén, Ben Khalifa Rayhane, Ivana Cacciatore, César Viseras, and Antonio Di Stefano. "Nano-delivery systems based on carvacrol prodrugs and fibrous clays." Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 58 (August 2020): 101815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101815.

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16

Sakher, Elfahem, Billel Smili, Mohamed Bououdina, and Stefano Bellucci. "Structural Study of Nano-Clay and Its Effectiveness in Radiation Protection against X-rays." Nanomaterials 12, no. 14 (July 7, 2022): 2332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12142332.

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With the increasing applications of nuclear technology, radiation protection has become very important especially for the environment and the personnel close to radiation sources. Natural clays can be used potentially for shielding the X-ray radiations. In this study, the correlation between structural parameters and radiation shielding performance of natural clay extracted from Algerian Sahara (Adrar, Reggan, and Timimoune) was investigated. Phase composition and structural parameters (lattice parameters, average crystallite size, and microstrain) were determined by the Rietveld refinements of X-ray diffraction patterns in the frame of HighScore Plus software. The obtained results showed that the studied clays are nanocrystalline (nano-clay) since the calculated crystallite size was ≈3 nm for the feldspar phase. FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of all phases already detected by XRD analysis besides Biotite (around the band at 3558 cm−1). The remaining bands corresponded to absorbed and adsorbed water (3432 cm−1 and 1629 cm−1, respectively) and atmospheric CO2 (2356 cm−1). The shielding properties (mass absorption coefficient—µ/ρ and radiative attenuation rate—RA) for (green-yellow, green, and red) clays of Adrar, (red, white, and white-red) clays of Reggan, and red clay of Timimoune at same energy level were examined. The results of clay samples were compared with each other. The obtained results indicated that the green clay of Adrar exhibited the superior radiation shielding, i.e., 99.8% and 243.4 cm2/g for radiative attenuation rate and mass absorption coefficient, respectively.

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17

Persano, Francesca, and Stefano Leporatti. "Nano-Clays for Cancer Therapy: State-of-the Art and Future Perspectives." Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 10 (October 19, 2022): 1736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12101736.

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To date, cancer continues to be one of the deadliest diseases. Current therapies are often ineffective, leading to the urgency to develop new therapeutic strategies to improve treatments. Conventional chemotherapeutics are characterized by a reduced therapeutic efficacy, as well as them being responsible for important undesirable side effects linked to their non-specific toxicity. In this context, natural nanomaterials such as clayey mineral nanostructures of various shapes (flat, tubular, spherical and fibrous) with adjustable physico-chemical and morphological characteristics are emerging as systems with extraordinary potential for the delivery of different therapeutic agents to tumor sites. Thanks to their submicron size, high specific surface area, high adsorption capacity, chemical inertia and multilayer organization of 0.7 to 1 nm-thick sheets, they have aroused considerable interest among the scientific community as nano systems that are highly biocompatible in cancer therapy. In oncology, the nano-clays usually studied are halloysite, bentonite, laponite, kaolinite, montmorillonite and sepiolite. These are multilayered minerals that can act as nanocarriers (with a drug load generally between 1 and 10% by weight) for improved stabilization, efficient transport and the sustained and controlled release of a wide variety of anticancer agents. In particular, halloysite, montmorillonite and kaolinite are used to improve the dissolution of therapeutic agents and to delay and/or direct their release. In this review, we will examine and expose to the scientific community the extraordinary potential of nano-clays as unique crystalline systems in the treatment of cancer.

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18

Alabay, Pelin, and Faruk Elaldi. "Low Velocity Impact Behaviour of Composite Laminates Containing TiC and ZrC Nanoparticles in Resin System." Nano Hybrids and Composites 38 (February 3, 2023): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-ul755z.

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Composite structures utilized in defence and aerospace applications might be subjected to impacts due to bird strike, tool dropping and bullet penetration. One of the approaches to this problem is to add nano tubes and nano particles to resin systems in order to improve bonding between fibres and matrix materials. Different nano-particles or nano-tubes of clays, alumina, silica, carbon and graphene have been analysed in composite systems in the literature so far because of the improved mechanical properties. In this study, the low velocity impact behaviour of the aramid fibre reinforced epoxy composite plates, containing two new nano-particles of TiC and ZrC which are not studied formerly, are searched experimentally. After the low velocity impact tests, it is concluded that plates containing titanium carbide nano-particles and zirconium nano-particles yielded 19 % and 4 % respectively less penetration in comparison with particle free plates. In other words, titanium carbide nano-particles contained plates showed more resistance against the impact by 19 % against to particle free plates. These results showed that TiC and ZrC nano particles might be also good contributors for the impact resistance of composite structure.

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19

Gasimova, Gulnara, Dilbar Nurullayeva, Lala Gasimzade, Fidan Aqayeva, and Aida Tagiyeva. "DEVELOPMENT OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS BASED ON HIGH AND LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE, NANOCLAY AND LUBRICATING SYNTHETIC OIL." Chemical Problems 21, no. 2 (2023): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/2221-8688-2023-2-153-160.

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In the paper, the results of research into the development of polymer composition materials with improved strength and antifriction properties based on high-density polyethylene (HDPE), as well as lowdensity polyethylene (LDPE) and modifying additives – Azerbaijani clays and synthetic lubricating oil are presented. It was established that the introduction of 5-25% nano-sized clays and 1-3% of the abovementioned oil into the composition makes it possible to obtain thermoplastic materials with sufficiently high antifriction and other properties. In addition, in the paper the influence of the temperature regime and the pressure of melt extrusion in a material cylinder on the physical-mechanical properties of composites on the basis of propylene were examined. The optimal conditions of processing of multicomponent composites were shown.

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20

Di Remigio, Giorgia, Irene Rocchi, and Varvara Zania. "Swelling properties of a Danish Paleogene clay: a multiscale study on structure." E3S Web of Conferences 92 (2019): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199201008.

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Paleogene clays are highly plastic, stiff clays deposited between 65.5 and 43 millions of years ago, frequently met in northern Europe. As they were deposited before the Quaternary, they experienced the glacial cycles that occurred in that period. The evolution and movement of the ice masses above the Paleogene clays highly influenced their stress history. During the interglacial periods the glaciers melted, unloading the underlying formations while during the glacial periods the glaciers mass loaded the Paleogene clays and sheared their shallower layers. Previous studies examined the compressibility and swelling of Danish Paleogene clays, and showed an early preconsolidation stresses, lower than that associated with the overburden pressure. This phenomenon was attributed to the effects of the glaciers movements. Other factors that have not been investigated yet and influence the deformation behaviour, can be associated with the micro and nano structure, meaning the particle orientation, and the mineralogical composition of the clays. This study focuses on a Danish Paleogene Formation called Røsnæs clay and the aim is to investigate the macromechanical swelling behaviour and its relation with particle rearrangement. A combination of 1D compression tests, microscopy imaging, mercury intrusion porosimetry and X-ray diffraction tests were performed on reconstituted and undisturbed samples in order to investigate the fabric, the pore structure and the mineralogy of the soil. A synthetic saline solution reproducing the in situ water was used to prepare the reconstituted samples and for the water bath. Variations with the swelling index were correlated with the clay particles rearrangement taking in to account the mineralogical composition. The compression curves and the scanning electron microscope micrographs were correlated with the mercury intrusion porosimeter results.

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21

Tournassat, Christophe, and Carl I. Steefel. "Ionic Transport in Nano-Porous Clays with Consideration of Electrostatic Effects." Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 80, no. 1 (2015): 287–329. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2015.80.09.

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22

Yamaguchi, Norihito, Shogo Shimazu, Nobuyuki Ichikuni, and Takayoshi Uematsu. "Synthesis of Novel Nano-structured Clays: Unique Conformation of Pillar Complexes." Chemistry Letters 33, no. 3 (March 2004): 208–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/cl.2004.208.

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23

Gwak, Gyeong-Hyeon, Tetsuo Yamaguchi, Min-Kyu Kim, Jin Kuen Park, and Jae-Min Oh. "Silver nanoplate-pillared mesoporous nano-clays for surface enhanced raman scattering." Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 89 (September 2020): 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2020.05.021.

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Geethamma, V. G., and Adriaan S. Luyt. "Oxidized Wax as Compatibilizer in Linear Low-Density Polyethylene-Clay Nanocomposites: X-ray Diffraction and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 4 (April 1, 2008): 1886–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.18254.

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Oxidized paraffin wax was used as a compatibilizer in composites of linear low-density polyethylene and layered nano silicate clays. X-ray diffraction analyses were carried out to investigate the crystalline morphology of five types of clays, oxidized wax, and their composites with LLDPE. The composites exhibited different X-ray diffraction and dynamic mechanical behaviour in the presence of different clays. Generally, the composites retained the partially crystalline behaviour of LLDPE, and no exfoliation was observed. Increased amount of wax did not change the morphology in most cases. The incorporation of clay resulted in an observable increase in the storage modulus of LLDPE. These values also increased with the addition of oxidized wax for most of the composites. The loss modulus increased with the amount of clay, irrespective of its nature. In most cases these values also increased with the incorporation of wax. The composites with 10% clay and 10% oxidized wax showed the highest storage and loss moduli, irrespective of the nature of the clay. The tan δ values did not change considerably with the addition of clay or wax.

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Sahul Hameed, Heena, Vidya Kanaganamaradi Nagaraju, Marimuthu S, Balakrishnan M, Raviraj A, and Kingsly Ambrose. "A Review on Nano Enabled Controlled Release Fertilizers and their Nutrient Release Mechanisms." Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India) 61, no. 5 (November 6, 2024): 722–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2024615.1881.

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The imbalance in nutrient release from conventional fertilizers and plant nutrient uptake leads to a surplus accumulation of nutrients in the soil. A key approach to tackle this issue involves the engineering of nano-enabled fertilizers for the controlled release of nutrients to crops. In this context, it is important to understand the strategies for designing and utilizing nano-enabled fertilizers that can effectively regulate nutrient release and enhance nutrient use efficiency (NUE). This review focuses on nano-structured materials that serve as nutrient carriers: nano-clays, hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles, mesoporous silica, carbon-based nanomaterials, polymeric nanoparticles, and other nanomaterials. In addition, the nutrient release mechanisms in controlled release fertilizers (CRFs)/slow-release fertilizers (SRFs) are discussed. The discussion and perspectives presented emphasizes the need for standardized and comprehensive fertilizer evaluation systems, design of multifunctional nanomaterials, and the creation of stimuli-responsive nanocarriers to improve NUE.

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Singh, Manish, Suhana Puri Goswami, Ranjitha G., Prashun Sachan, Devid Kumar Sahu, Shreedhar Beese, and Shivam Kumar Pandey. "Nanotech for Fertilizers and Nutrients-Improving Nutrient use Efficiency with Nano-Enabled Fertilizers." Journal of Experimental Agriculture International 46, no. 5 (March 18, 2024): 220–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i52372.

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The development of nano-enabled fertilizers presents new opportunities to improve crop nutrient use efficiency and reduce environmental impacts of agriculture. Nanoparticles, nano capsules, and nano clays can be engineered to control the release rate of nutrients to better match crop demands over time. Slow-release nano fertilizers may enhance nutrient absorption by plants while mitigating nutrient losses to the environment. Additionally, nano fertilizers can facilitate co-delivery of nutrients, growth regulators, and pesticides, allowing for more precise crop management practices. This review synthesizes current research on synthesis techniques, characterization methods, and agronomic testing results for a range of nano fertilizer products. Key nutrient carriers reviewed include mesoporous silica nanoparticles, layered double hydroxides, cellulose nanocrystals, and halloysite nanotubes loaded with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrients. Release kinetics depend on nano fertilizer composition, size, and shape, as well as environmental conditions. Field studies indicate positive impacts of nano fertilizers on crop yield, nutrient use efficiency, and pest resistance compared to conventional fertilizer formulations. However, questions remain regarding large-scale feasibility, economic viability, environmental fate, and biological impacts of nano-enabled fertilizers. Ongoing interdisciplinary research across the domains of materials science, agronomy, ecology, and economics is required to develop nano fertilizers that maximize production efficiency while minimizing risks.

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Mousavi, Seyed Sina, Chandrasekhar Bhojaraju, and Claudiane Ouellet-Plamondon. "Clay as a Sustainable Binder for Concrete—A Review." Construction Materials 1, no. 3 (September 29, 2021): 134–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/constrmater1030010.

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The negative environmental impacts of Portland cement as a binder in the construction industry have created a growing impetus to develop sustainable alternative binders. Various types of clay have been considered as potential cement replacements. The impact of clays as cement replacement depends on the dosage and treatment methods. This paper presents a comprehensive review to determine the effects of different types of clay on the fresh and hardened properties of concrete mixtures by analyzing the experimental database reported by the literature, including raw, calcined, modified, nano, and organo. This study intends to show the process of optimizing the use of clay in concrete, the reason behind converting raw clay to modified types, and research gaps through a comparison study between different types of clays. The present review study shows that clay-based concrete mixtures have higher thixotropy and yield stress values, improving shape stability. This results in lower early-age shrinkage of the concrete. However, the high floc strength of clay-based concrete causes a reduction in flowability. Treatment methods of raw clay, such as calcination and nano-sized clay particles, improve concrete compressive strength. General results of the previous studies highlight that all types of clay investigated positively affect the resistance of concrete to environmental attack.

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Israahikmatabd, Israahikmatabd, Abbas S. S. AL-Wotafy, and Mahdi Abdul Kadium Abed. "A study on The Chemical Properties of Desert Soils in Najaf Governorate, including the effect of Attapulgite Clay and its Nanoparticles on the Growth and Yield of Solanum Lycopersicon." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND STATISTICAL SCIENCES 20, no. 02 (December 2024): 445. https://doi.org/10.59467/ijass.2024.20.445.

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We investigated the effects of Attapulgite clay irrigation and ground amendment on soil characteristics, tomato growth, and yield. Attapulgite clays were used as earth amendments at 600, 1300 and 3000 kg ha-1. In addition, spraying Attapulgite clay over leaves after nano transformation produced 0 and 1 g/l amendments. Assuming the salinity rise was not statistically significant, soil characteristics improved from (2.51) for treatment A0N0B0 to (4.12) for treatment A3N1B3. The soil pH interaction increased as neutralizers improved it. The substance and attapulgite clay increased positive ion exchange capacity. Positive ion exchange capability increased with component content. For treatment A0N0B0, wave ion exchange capacity rose from 13.85 to 23.42. Treatment A3N1B3's organic matter concentration rose with clay and organic matter. Thus, adding attapulgite clays and organic matter immediately and significantly improved sandy soil. . KEYWORDS :Attapulgite clay, Foliar, Clay mineral, Sandy soil.

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29

Yue, Xianfeng, Rong Zhang, Huairui Li, Minglei Su, Xiaobei Jin, and Daochun Qin. "Loading and Sustained Release of Benzyl Ammonium Chloride (BAC) in Nano-Clays." Materials 12, no. 22 (November 18, 2019): 3780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12223780.

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Benzyl ammonium chloride (BAC) is a broad-spectrum bactericide, but vulnerable to leaching by water. In this paper, halloysite nanotubes (HNT) and montmorillonite (MMT) were used as drug carriers to load BAC, in order to achieve good anti-mildew activity and long-term sustained release properties. The HNT and MMT nano-composites were characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and nitrogen adsorption/desorption. XRD results showed that BAC intercalated the interlayer of MMT, and expanded the interlayer spacing from 1.15 nm to 1.75 nm. Pore analysis showed that BAC decreased the cavity of halloysite nanotubes to a certain extent, which indicated that BAC loaded inside the lumen of HNT successfully. TG analysis showed that the loading capacity of MMT to BAC was higher than HNT. The accelerated-release experiments revealed both two clays have significant sustained-release effects on BAC, and the releasing rate of HNT was relatively lower. Both HNT and MMT have promising application prospects as sustained-release carriers. The inhibition test showed that BAC in nano-clay has good anti-mildew resistance performance.

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30

AL-Salami, A. E., H. Shoukry, and M. S. Morsy. "Thermo-Mechanical Characteristics of Blended White Cement Pastes Containing Ultrafine Nano Clays." International Journal of Green Nanotechnology 4, no. 4 (October 2012): 516–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19430892.2012.706186.

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31

Ghosh, Arup K., and E. M. Woo. "Analyses of crystal forms in syndiotactic polystyrene intercalated with layered nano-clays." Polymer 45, no. 14 (June 2004): 4749–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2004.03.073.

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32

Shakib, Jaber Taheri, Vahid Kanani, and Peyman Pourafshary. "Nano-clays as additives for controlling filtration properties of water–bentonite suspensions." Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 138 (February 2016): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2015.11.018.

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33

Han, Y. "Acidic and Hydrophobic Microporous Clays Pillared with Mixed Metal Oxide Nano-Sols." Journal of Solid State Chemistry 144, no. 1 (April 1999): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jssc.1998.8115.

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34

Pastor, J. M., R. Gallego, F. C. Basurto, K. Núñez, D. García-López, and J. C. Merino. "Study of Different Mixing Sequences in Polymer Blends Reinforced with Nano-Clays." Macromolecular Symposia 321-322, no. 1 (December 2012): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.201251124.

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35

Vakhitova, Liubov, Kostyantyn Kalafat, Ramil Vakhitov, Varvara Drizhd, Nadiia Taran, and Volodymyr Bessarabov. "Nano-clays as rheology modifiers in intumescent coatings for steel building structures." Chemical Engineering Journal Advances 16 (November 2023): 100544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceja.2023.100544.

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36

Permatasari, Anita Dewi, Nursalfaul Fahira, Nurul Husna Muslimin, and Subaer. "Development of Photoactive Nano TiO₂ Thin Film-Geopolymer Based on Laterite Soils Deposit Gowa Regency as Self-Cleaning Material." Materials Science Forum 967 (August 2019): 274–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.967.274.

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The main objectives of this study is to investigate the properties of photoactive Nano TiO2 thin film-geopolymer based on laterite soils deposit Gowa regency as self-cleaning material. The soil was clean, grounded, sieves 200 mesh and dehydroxylated at 750 for 2 hours. Nano TiO2 was prepared through ball milling process for 10 hours. The geopolymers was synthesized through alkali activation method by adjusting the molar oxide ratios of SiO2/(Al2O3+Fe2O3), Na2O/SiO2 and H2O/Na2O in accordance with the chemical compositions of the soils. Nano TiO2 was added into geopolymers paste at different concentration namely 0.5% and 1.0% (relative to the mass of laterite soils) by using spray method. The self-cleaning properties of the sample were observed by immersing the sample into clays solution then irradiated under UV lamp for 24 hours. The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) was performed to examine the structure and phase of the sample. The surface morphology of geopolymers was studied by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The measurements results showed that photoactive Nano TiO2-geopolymers composite can be applied as self-cleaning materials.

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37

Franco-Urquiza, Edgar Adrian. "Clay-Based Polymer Nanocomposites: Essential Work of Fracture." Polymers 13, no. 15 (July 22, 2021): 2399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13152399.

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This work details the general structure of the clays used as a reinforcement phase in polymer nanocomposites. Clays are formed by the molecular arrangement of atomic planes described through diagrams to improve their visualization. The molecular knowledge of clays can facilitate the selection of the polymer matrix and achieve a suitable process to obtain clay-based polymer nanocomposite systems. This work highlights the development of polymer nanocomposites using the melt intercalation method. The essential work of fracture (EWF) technique has been used to characterize the fracture behavior of materials that show ductility and where complete yielding of the ligament region occurs before the crack propagation. In this sense, the EWF technique characterizes the post-yielding fracture mechanics, determining two parameters: the specific essential work of fracture (we), related to the surface where the actual fracture process occurs, and the specific non-essential work of fracture (wp), related to the plastic work carried out in the outer zone of the fracture zone. The EWF technique has been used successfully in nano-reinforced polymers to study the influence of different variables on fracture behavior. In this work, the fundamentals of the EWF technique are described, and some examples of its application are compiled, presenting a summary of the most relevant contributions in recent years.

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38

Staniford, Mark C., Marina M. Lezhnina, Malte Gruener, Linda Stegemann, Rauni Kuczius, Vera Bleicher, Cristian A. Strassert, and Ulrich H. Kynast. "Photophysical efficiency-boost of aqueous aluminium phthalocyanine by hybrid formation with nano-clays." Chemical Communications 51, no. 70 (2015): 13534–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc05352h.

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Aluminium phthalocyanines, solubilized by nano-clay shuttles, retain high fluorescence efficiencies and singlet oxygen generation capabilities in aqueous ambience, qualifying them for photodynamic therapies.

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39

Hong, Hyunjoo, Claudia Som, and Bernd Nowack. "Development of a Benefit Assessment Matrix for Nanomaterials and Nano-enabled Products—Toward Safe and Sustainable by Design." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 27, 2023): 2321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032321.

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Industry and scientists develop new nanomaterials and nano-enabled products to make use of the specific properties that the nanoscale can bring. However, the benefit of a nano-enabled product over a conventional product is not always a given. This paper describes our development of a Benefit Assessment Matrix (BAM) that focuses on the functional, health and environmental benefits of nanomaterials, nano-enabled manufacturing and nano-enabled products. The BAM is an Excel spreadsheet-based tool to help researchers and small and medium-sized enterprises assess these potential benefits throughout their product's life cycle while they are still in the early phase of the innovation process. Benefit indicators were developed based on a review of the literature on the life cycles and intrinsic properties of nanomaterials, nano-enabled manufacturing and nano-enabled products. Assessing the benefits of a nano-enabled product involves a comparative approach, contrasting them against the benefits of a conventional reference product. To help users understand the reliability of the benefits, the BAM identifies the evidence of the benefit claimed. The BAM provides a different action plan for each phase of the stage–gate product innovation process. The tool's applications and potential are presented using three case studies, focusing at different phases of the innovation process: nano-clays used in internal automobile body-panels, nano-TiO2 used in outdoor facade coatings and nano-Ag used in T-shirts. Using these cases studied, we highlight how the results from the BAM can be used to give recommendations for moving towards the concept of safe and sustainable by design in nanotechnology development.

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40

Zhang, Shiyi, Yingfang Fan, and Surendra P. Shah. "Study on Deformation Characteristics and Damage Model of NMK Concrete under Cold Environment." Buildings 12, no. 9 (September 12, 2022): 1431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091431.

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To improve the ability of concrete structures to resist freeze-thaw damage in cold environments, explore the effect and mechanism of nano-metakaolin (NMK) on frost resistance of concrete. And make up for the deficiencies in the mechanical properties and deformation process of na-no-metakaolin concrete in freeze-thaw environments. Rapid freeze-thaw cycle experiment was car-ried out to detect the deterioration law of concrete. Physical and mechanical properties under freeze-thaw environment was measured. The modification mechanism of nano-metakaolin on con-crete frost resistance from micro and meso scales was analyzed. The effect of freeze-thaw damage on nano-metakaolin concrete was characterized. The influence law of stress strain is established, and the meso-statistical damage constitutive model of nano-metakaolin concrete under freeze-thaw action is established. The results show that: Compared with other nano-clays, adding 5% nano-metakaolin can effectively slow down concrete’s freeze-thaw cracking and crack propagation. After 125 freeze-thaw cycles, the surface crack width of concrete mixed with 5% nano-metakaolin is only 0.1mm. Without freeze-thaw cycles, the compressive strength of concrete mixed with 3% nano-metakaolin is the highest, which is 28.75% higher than that of ordinary concrete; after 125 freeze-thaw cycles, the loss rate of compressive strength of concrete mixed with 5% nano-metakaolin was 12.07%. After 125 freeze-thaw cycles, the peak strain is 0.45 times that of concrete without NMK, and the peak stress is 3 times that of concrete without NMK.

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41

Anis, Arfat, Ahmed Yagoub Elnour, Abdullah Alhamidi, Mohammad Asif Alam, Saeed M. Al-Zahrani, Fayez AlFayez, and Zahir Bashir. "Amorphous Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Composites with High-Aspect Ratio Aluminium Nano Platelets." Polymers 14, no. 3 (February 7, 2022): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14030630.

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Previously, we reported that amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) filled with irregular nodular aluminium (Al) particles gave simultaneous increases in tensile modulus, tensile strength, and impact resistance, which is unusual for materials. Here, we investigated the effect of the particle shape and size by using nano-platelet Al. The Al nano-platelets had a thickness higher than graphenes and clays, but lower than mica and talc, and due to their large widths, they had high aspect ratios. Due to the ductility of Al, the platelets maintained the high aspect ratio and did not snap during injection moulding. In addition to avoiding the usual drop in tensile strength and impact, the composites with nano Al platelets gave an unusually high flexural modulus (8 GPa), which was almost double that attained practically with talc, mica, and graphene. This was because of the high tendency of the Al nano platelets to become oriented during moulding. The Al–PET composite would be a more cost-and-performance effective combination for making conductive composites. The Al is a cheaper material than graphene, surface treatment for adhesion (to PET) is unnecessary, and dispersion issues, such as exfoliation and de-aggregation, are not a problem.

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42

Kaup, Gina, Tom Felbeck, Mark Staniford, and Ulrich Kynast. "Towards the rare earth functionalization of nano-clays with luminescent reporters for biophotonics." Journal of Luminescence 169 (January 2016): 581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2015.03.009.

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43

Liao, Chien-Yi, Jau-Yu Chiou, and Jiang-Jen Lin. "Phase change materials of fatty amine-modified silicate clays of nano layered structures." RSC Advances 7, no. 38 (2017): 23530–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra02876h.

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44

Zhao, Xiong Hu, Wai Li, Shu Lian Li, and Yi Hui Ji. "Application of Several Kinds of Clays and a New Type of Nano-Modified Bontonite in Drilling Fluids." Advanced Materials Research 746 (August 2013): 489–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.746.489.

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Six kinds of materials, including two types of nanoclays, were added into drilling fluids for being substitutes of common bentonite. Swelling properties and yield of these clays were determined. Rheology, filtration property and properties at high temperature of drilling fluids prepared by the six kinds of clays respectly were also evaluated in laboratory. The results indicate that the nanobentonite modified by intercalated polymerization can improve various properties of drilling fluids. Besides, sepiolites in Xiangtan, Hunan province and in Nanyang, Henan province are also excellent materials for preparing drilling fluids.

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45

Abass, Qammar. "USE OF NANO SILICA AND COIR FIBER TO STRENGTHEN THE ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF CLAYEY SOIL." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 04 (April 27, 2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem31949.

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One of the problematic soils is expansive soil, which has a strong tendency to shrink when dried and to inflate when its moisture level changes. In India, expansive soils made up of clays are referred to as black cotton soils. The alternating swell-shrink tendency of expansive soils results in foundation structures, including buildings and earth retaining wall pavements, to become distressed. For geotechnical engineers, comprehending the behavior of expansive soil and implementing the proper control measures has been a challenging challenge. A lot of study is being done to develop solutions for soils that produce black cotton. This review study uses the soil index and engineering features to examine the behavior of clayey soil stabilized with different proportions of Nano silica and Coir Fiber. Coir is a naturally occurring, biodegradable material that is widely accessible in several coastal and southern regions of India. Nano silica is a type of filler material that increases ductility without compromising strength. With less swelling potential, the generated nano silica functioned as a hydraulic binder. In expansive soils, coir fiber and nano silica are combined for the goal of sustainable development. As part of this comparison study, laboratory tests including Atterberg's limit, Compaction test, CBR test, and UCS test were performed for both modified and unmodified clayey soil. In this work, expansive soil was stabilized using Nano silica and Coir Fiber. Coir Fiber was fixed at 3.5%, after that Nano silica was changed to 2%, 4%, and 6%. Key Words: Compaction test, CBR, UCS, Coir Fiber, Nano Silica

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46

Zhang, Jihua, Lifeng Wang, and Yunfeng Zhao. "Improving performance of low-temperature hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber nanocomposites by using nano-clays." Materials & Design 50 (September 2013): 322–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.02.072.

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47

Niroumand, Hamed, M. F. M. Zain, and Sanaz Naghavi Alhosseini. "The Influence of Nano-clays on Compressive Strength of Earth Bricks as Sustainable Materials." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 89 (October 2013): 862–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.945.

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48

AL-Salami, A. E., M. S. Morsy, S. Taha, and H. Shoukry. "Physico-mechanical characteristics of blended white cement pastes containing thermally activated ultrafine nano clays." Construction and Building Materials 47 (October 2013): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.011.

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49

Mondillo, Nicola, Fernando Nieto, and Giuseppina Balassone. "Micro- and nano-characterization of Zn-clays in nonsulfide supergene ores of southern Peru." American Mineralogist 100, no. 11-12 (November 2015): 2484–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2015-5273.

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50

Carof, Antoine, Virginie Marry, Mathieu Salanne, Jean-Pierre Hansen, Pierre Turq, and Benjamin Rotenberg. "Coarse graining the dynamics of nano-confined solutes: the case of ions in clays." Molecular Simulation 40, no. 1-3 (December 24, 2013): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927022.2013.840894.

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