Статті в журналах: "Namoi"

1

Kingston, RW, AD Doyle, and BJ Read. "Hordum vulgare (barley) cv. Namoi." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 4 (1994): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9940578.

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2

Cooper, J. L. "A grower survey of rotations used in the New South Wales cotton industry." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, no. 6 (1999): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98055.

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Summary. Cotton growers in the Macquarie, Namoi and Gwydir Valleys of New South Wales were surveyed in 1992 to determine what crops are grown in rotation with cotton, how frequently rotation crops are used, and what influences the grower’s choice of rotation system. A total of 155 properties were surveyed, covering 100, 49 and 58% of irrigated cotton produced in the Macquarie, Namoi and Gwydir Valleys, respectively. Although a large part of the 1992–93 cotton crop (61% by area) did not follow a rotation crop, there was widespread interest in rotations and 70% of properties had used rotations. Wheat was by far the most widely grown rotation crop, but there was considerable interest in other crops, especially legumes. The perceived benefits from rotation crops reported by most growers were better soil structure, less disease in following cotton, and more soil organic matter. However, when asked why they preferred certain rotation crops, these factors did not rate highly with growers. Crops that were easy to grow and gave the best financial returns possessed the main features sought in a rotation crop. The greatest problem in growing rotation crops was a lack of irrigation water. It is not surprising that this problem ranked highly because when the survey was conducted, the Namoi and Gwydir Valleys had water allocations of 15 and 0%, respectively. Not having suitable equipment to sow rotation crops was also a problem for 17% of growers, but 10% encountered no problems. The survey also investigated the use of permanent beds and retained hills. These practices have benefits for soil structure, and are almost essential for rotation crops which need to be sown as soon as the cotton is harvested. Over 80% of growers using rotations had adopted some form of permanent beds or retained hills. The benefit which ranked highest was a reduction in costs, followed by less soil compaction. Some growers (44%) who used permanent beds or retained hills had no problems, but handling the trash and keeping the rows straight were of concern to others.

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3

Crapper, P. F., S. G. Beavis, and Li Zhang. "The relationship between climate and streamflow in the Namoi Basin." Environment International 25, no. 6-7 (September 1999): 827–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-4120(99)00048-3.

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4

Young, R. W., A. R. M. Young, D. M. Price, and R. A. L. Wray. "Geomorphology of the Namoi alluvial plain, northwestern New South Wales." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 49, no. 3 (June 2002): 509–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-0952.2002.00934.x.

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5

Lodge, GM. "Seedling emergence and survival of annual pasture legumes in northern New South Wales." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 4 (1996): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9960559.

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Seedling emergence and survival of 15 annual pasture legumes was studied in the field at Tamworth, northern New South Wales. Emergence was measured in permanent quadrats (0.09 m2) in covered and uncovered areas approximately every 15 days from 30 November 1983 to 30 November 1984. Survival of seedlings was estimated from 15 December 1983 to 31 August 1984, before plants senesced. Emergence was generally highest in summer and autumn following seed set and lowest in winter and spring. Two legumes, Medicago scutellata cv. Sava and Trifolium subterraneum cv. Seaton Park, had high emergence in winter (mid July). Total seedling emergence was highest ( P < 0.05) in covered areas of cv. Seaton Park and uncovered areas of T. hirtum cv. Hykon. All T. subterraneum cultivars, M. minima, Astragalus hamosus cv. Ioman, Vicia villosa cv. Namoi, and M. truncatula cv. Paraggio had higher total emergence in covered compared with uncovered areas. In contrast, total emergence of M. aculeata, M. truncatula cv. Jemalong, Sava, and Hykon was lowest in covered areas. Cover had little effect on the total emergence of M. truncatula cv. Sephi and T. glomeratum. Of the 7700 individual seedlings marked from November 1983 to August 1984, a mean of only 31% (covered) and 41% (uncovered) survived until 31 August 1984. For each emergence time, highest ( P < 0.05) survival rate coincided with the highest (P < 0.05) number of emerged seedlings in 4 of the legumes in covered areas (cv. Namoi, 31 January; cv. Ioman, 31 March; cv. Hykon, 15 April; cv. Sava, 15 July; Table 4) and 9 in uncovered areas (cvv. Nungarin, Seaton Park, and Namoi, 31 January; M. aculeata and cv. Sephi, 28 February; cvv. Jemalong and Ioman, 31 March; T. glomeratum, 15 April; cv. Sava, 15 July). In all other legumes there was no optimum time for emergence, since the highest (P < 0.05) survival rates were associated with seedling survivals <50%. Generally, survival curves with a mortality constant rather than a mortality rate were a better fit ( P < 0.05) for most legumes and times. This implied that these survival curves were determined at the time of recruitment, and declined at a constant rate, despite below-average post-emergence rainfall in May-June. Low rates of survival at times of highest ( P < 0.05) emergence indicated that there may have been some density-dependent regulation in some of the legumes.

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6

Kelly, B. F. J., W. A. Timms, M. S. Andersen, A. M. McCallum, R. S. Blakers, R. Smith, G. C. Rau, A. Badenhop, K. Ludowici, and R. I. Acworth. "Aquifer heterogeneity and response time: the challenge for groundwater management." Crop and Pasture Science 64, no. 12 (2013): 1141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13084.

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Groundwater is an important contributor to irrigation water supplies. The time lag between withdrawal and the subsequent impacts on the river corridor presents a challenge for water management. We highlight aspects of this challenge by examining trends in the groundwater levels and changes in groundwater management goals for the Namoi Catchment, which is within the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia. The first high-volume irrigation bore was installed in the cotton-growing districts in the Namoi Catchment in 1966. The development of high-yielding bores made accessible a vast new water supply, enabling cotton growers to buffer the droughts. Prior to the development of a groundwater resource it is difficult to accurately predict how the water at the point of withdrawal is hydraulically connected to recharge zones and nearby surface-water features. This is due to the heterogeneity of the sediments from which the water is withdrawn. It can take years or decades for the impact of groundwater withdrawal to be transmitted kilometres through the aquifer system. We present the analysis of both historical and new groundwater level and streamflow data to quantify the impacts of extensive groundwater withdrawals on the watertable, hydraulic gradients within the semi-confined aquifers, and the movement of water between rivers and aquifers. The results highlight the need to monitor the impacts of irrigated agriculture at both the regional and local scales, and the need for additional research on how to optimise the conjunctive use of both surface-water and groundwater to sustain irrigated agriculture while minimising the impact on groundwater-dependent ecosystems.

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7

Little, IP. "A dispersibility index for soils and its dependence on other soil properties tested with a group of soils from the Lockyer Valley Uplands, Qld, and the Lower Namoi Valley, NSW." Soil Research 27, no. 3 (1989): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9890493.

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The ratio between the weight of a sample of the suspension of a soil given minimal dispersion treatment and a sample of a similar suspension where the particles were completely dispersed provides an index of dispersibility. The weight is proportional to the component elements. Values for K, Mg, Fe and A1 were obtained by HF/HClO4 digestion of a small portion of the suspension, and the ratio of the amount of any of these elements estimated before and after dispersion was found to provide a reproducible index of dispersibility. The relationships between this dispersibility index and exchangeable plus soluble cations replaced by Ag or Cu thiourea, pH and specific conductivity of a 1 : 5 soil/water suspension, and the K, Mg, Fe and A1 content of the suspension of dispersed soil sampled to provide the index were investigated for a set of 105 soil samples that included soloths and grey clays from the Lockyer Valley and grey clays from the Namoi region. It was found that, while the B horizons of soloths from the Lockyer Valley uplands were non-dispersive, the deep subsoils were often highly dispersible. With the grey clays of the Namoi region, surface soils assessed as being poorly structured were often non-dispersive, but such soils showed a rapid increase in dispersibility with increasing depth. A principal component analysis of the data showed that soils from the two sites were different in terms of the cations extractable with copper thiourea, clay content, pH and conductivity. The Mg content of the soil suspension was related to the dispersibility index, i.e. smectitic clays were more dispersible. However, the K, Fe and A1 contents were not related to dispersibility. A simple linear regression with soluble plus exchangeable Na, Ca and Mg, pH, clay content and conductivity accounted for 78-81% of the variation in the dispersibility index. When Na, Ca and Mg were expressed as a percentage of the cation exchange capacity, 76-84% of the variability in the dispersibility index was accounted for. A log-transformation of the data was not as successful overall, with 50% of the variability being accounted for, but with the Namoi soils, which were higher in Ca, 84% was accounted for. To explain the dispersibility observed in soils from a landslip in the southern Lockyer Valley, a separate regression equation was able to account for 88% of the variation. When the sequence of profiles from the landslip site was examined individually, there was a catenary trend in the attributes related to dispersibility. Similarly, regression equations on sub-groups of closely related soils showed that the control over dispersibility was site-specific.

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8

Watson, Robyn. "Restoring the banks of the Namoi on ‘Kilmarnock’: Success arising from persistence." Ecological Management & Restoration 10, no. 1 (April 2009): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-8903.2009.00434.x.

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9

Cattle, S. R., G. H. McTainsh, and S. Wagner. "Æolian dust contributions to soil of the Namoi Valley, northern NSW, Australia." CATENA 47, no. 3 (May 2002): 245–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0341-8162(01)00181-3.

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10

Leonard, Alex W., Ross V. Hyne, Richard P. Lim, Kellie A. Leigh, Jiawei Le, and Ronald Beckett. "Fate and Toxicity of Endosulfan in Namoi River Water and Bottom Sediment." Journal of Environmental Quality 30, no. 3 (May 2001): 750–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2001.303750x.

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11

Lodge, GM. "The effects of native grass cover, species, herbicide and sowing method on legume establishment on the northern slopes of New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, no. 4 (1991): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9910485.

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The effects of sowing method (direct drilling or broadcasting), level of cover of native grass and pre-sowing herbicide application on pasture legume introduction were evaluated from 1984 to 1987 at a low elevation (425 m) site on the Northern Slopes of New South Wales. Two perennial (Medicago sativa cv. CUF101 and Onobrychis viciijolia cv. Eski) and 3 annual legumes (Trifolium subterraneum ssp. brachycalycinum cv. Clare; M. truncatula cv. Sephi; Vicia villosa ssp. dasycarpa cv. Namoi) were sown each year from 1984 to 1986. Seedling establishment was measured 3-4 months after sowing, and where possible, the dry matter yields of the sown legume were also estimated. Seedling regeneration was measured in 1987 and the yield of legumes sown in 1985 was determined in 1986. All species failed to establish under the dry conditions experienced in 1984. In subsequent years seedling numbers of the annuals were higher than those of the perennials. Direct drilling increased establishment of all species compared with broadcasting. The provision of a large amount of cover by the resident native grasses (4.6-7 t/ha of dry matter, 0.6-0.7 In in height) also substantially increased seedling establishment in cvv. Clare, Sephi and CUFlO1. None of the treatments used were successful in establishing cv. Eski. Herbicide application prior to sowing did not significantly affect seedling numbers in the establishment year but resulted in higher numbers of seedlings regenerating in subsequent years, particularly in cv. Sephi. Seedling regeneration of the annuals was also increased (P<0.05) by direct drilling into moderate or high levels of vegetative cover. Dry matter yields of all sown species except cv. Namoi were low, and the environment was difficult for legume survival and production. This was attributed mainly to the variable rainfall that occurs at this low elevation, while for lucerne high summer temperatures probably affected its performance.

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12

Post, D. A., and P. A. Baker. "Determining the impacts of coal seam gas extraction on water resources and water-dependent assets." APPEA Journal 57, no. 2 (2017): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj16194.

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As recently as two years ago, there were numerous proposals to develop coal seam gas projects across eastern Australia. Today the picture is very different. While significant coal seam gas development has occurred in the Surat Basin, Metgasco has surrendered their licences and AGL have indicated that they will not proceed in Gloucester. The only coal seam gas development that is still proceeding in NSW is Santos’s proposal in the Liverpool Plains (Namoi). However, recent developments in Australian Government policy to increase gas supply on the eastern seaboard means that the results of these assessments will inform future decisions. Research carried out as part of the Bioregional Assessment Programme (BAP) has shown some surprising results in the Richmond River (Clarence-Moreton bioregion) regarding the potential impacts of coal seam gas development on the water resources and water-dependent assets of that region. This study will show how we developed a groundwater and surface water cumulative impact model in the Clarence-Moreton bioregion, and present the key findings from that modelling. Similar cumulative impact assessments are currently underway in the Maranoa-Balonne-Condamine, Gloucester, Hunter, Galilee, and Namoi regions and we expect these to be published by late 2017. As part of a core tenet of transparency in the BAP, the data collected and models developed as part of these assessments will be freely available for Industry proponents, State regulators and other interested parties to access and utilise. The Surat cumulative management area in south-eastern Queensland has provided a structure for developing coal seam gas resources while protecting water resources via a cumulative approach to management. We propose that the models we have developed would provide the basis of a similar structure to assess and manage cumulative impacts in regions across Australia that may see coal seam gas or other forms of unconventional gas development.

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13

Triantafilis, J., W. T. Ward, I. O. A. Odeh, and A. B. McBratney. "Creation and Interpolation of Continuous Soil Layer Classes in the Lower Namoi Valley." Soil Science Society of America Journal 65, no. 2 (March 2001): 403–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2001.652403x.

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14

Minasny, Budiman, Alex B. McBratney, M. L. Mendonça-Santos, I. O. A. Odeh, and Brice Guyon. "Prediction and digital mapping of soil carbon storage in the Lower Namoi Valley." Soil Research 44, no. 3 (2006): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr05136.

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Estimation and mapping carbon storage in the soil is currently an important topic; thus, the knowledge of the distribution of carbon content with depth is essential. This paper examines the use of a negative exponential profile depth function to describe the soil carbon data at different depths, and its integral to represent the carbon storage. A novel method is then proposed for mapping the soil carbon storage in the Lower Namoi Valley, NSW. This involves deriving pedotransfer functions to predict soil organic carbon and bulk density, fitting the exponential depth function to the carbon profile data, deriving a neural network model to predict parameters of the exponential function from environmental data, and mapping the organic carbon storage. The exponential depth function is shown to fit the soil carbon data adequately, and the parameters also reflect the influence of soil order. The parameters of the exponential depth function were predicted from land use, radiometric K, and terrain attributes. Using the estimated parameters we map the carbon storage of the area from surface to a depth of 1 m. The organic carbon storage map shows the high influence of land use on the predicted storage. Values of 15–22 kg/m2 were predicted for the forested area and 2–6 kg/m2 in the cultivated area in the plains.

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15

Triantafilis, J., W. T. Ward, and A. B. McBratney. "Land suitability assessment in the Namoi Valley of Australia, using a continuous model." Soil Research 39, no. 2 (2001): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr99087.

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In an agricultural context, land evaluation is assessment for a specified kind of land utilisation. The final result of agricultural evaluation is a map, which partitions the landscapes into suitable and unsuitable areas for a particular land-use of interest. However, this approach may not represent the continuity of land. Land suitability could be better expressed by a fuzzy approach. In this paper a fuzzy methodology is used to evaluate land suitability in the Edgeroi district for various crops including barley, dryland cotton, oats, pasture, soybean, sorghum, sunflower, and wheat. This is achieved using a membership function to derive a land-suitability membership score ranging from non-suitable (i.e. 0) to suitable (i.e. 1). We express this as continuous land suitability maps using punctual kriging. An expression for overall land suitability (i.e. its versatility) and its capacity with respect to suitability to particular rotations is introduced to highlight the most productive units of soil.

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16

Leonard, Alex W., Ross V. Hyne, Richard P. Lim, and John C. Chapman. "Effect of Endosulfan Runoff from Cotton Fields on Macroinvertebrates in the Namoi River." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 42, no. 2 (February 1999): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1998.1728.

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17

Rassam, David W., Daniel Pagendam, Mat Gilfedder, and Lu Zhang. "Non-stationarity of low flows and their relevance to river modelling during drought periods." Marine and Freshwater Research 68, no. 12 (2017): 2306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf16399.

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Changes in groundwater storage lead to a reduction in groundwater contribution to river flow and present as non-stationarity, especially during low-flow conditions. Conventional river models typically ignore this non-stationarity, and, hence, their predictions of declines in low flows during drought periods are likely to be compromised. The present study assesses non-stationarity and highlights its implications for river modelling. A quantile regression analysis showed non-stationarity of low flows in the Namoi catchment (Australia), with statistically significant downward trends in the 10th percentile of log-transformed baseflow (10-LTB). This highlighted the usefulness of the 10-LTB metric to identify non-stationarity and, hence, alert modellers to the importance of adopting models that explicitly account for groundwater processes when modelling such river systems.

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18

Jerry, Dean R., and David J. Woodland. "Electrophoretic evidence for the presence of the undescribed ‘Bellinger’ catfish (Tandanus sp.) (Teleostei : Plotosidae) in four New South Wales mid-northern coastal rivers." Marine and Freshwater Research 48, no. 3 (1997): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf95141.

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Genetic data were collected from eight allopatric populations of the common freshwater catfish, Tandanus tandanus. Catfish sampled from the New South Wales (NSW) mid-northern coastal rivers of the Bellinger, Macleay, Hastings and Manning exhibited fixed allelic differences from T. tandanus from the type locality (Namoi River) at four enzymatic loci (GPI-1*, EST*, UMB-1* and UMB-2*), suggesting that, collectively, catfish from these four river systems constitute an undescribed species of Tandanus. Catfish from the northern coastal rivers of NSW (Tweed, Richmond and Clarence) displayed a complex pattern of population structure that was not fully resolved by the present study. More work is needed on the complex assemblage of populations of eel-tailed catfish in the eastern coastal drainages of Australia.

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19

Triantafilis, J., I. O. A. Odeh, B. Warr, and M. F. Ahmed. "Mapping of salinity risk in the lower Namoi valley using non-linear kriging methods." Agricultural Water Management 69, no. 3 (October 2004): 203–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2004.02.010.

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20

Wilson, L. J., and L. R. Bauer. "SPECIES COMPOSITION AND SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF THRIPS (THYSANOPTERA) ON COTTON IN THE NAMOI VALLEY." Australian Journal of Entomology 32, no. 2 (May 1993): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1993.tb00569.x.

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21

Llewellyn, Danny, and Gary Fitt. "Pollen dispersal from two field trials of transgenic cotton in the Namoi Valley, Australia." Molecular Breeding 2, no. 2 (1996): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00441430.

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22

Andersen, Martin S., and R. I. Acworth. "Stream-aquifer interactions in the Maules Creek catchment, Namoi Valley, New South Wales, Australia." Hydrogeology Journal 17, no. 8 (August 12, 2009): 2005–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-009-0500-9.

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23

Preece, Russell M., and Hugh A. Jones. "The effect of Keepit Dam on the temperature regime of the Namoi River, Australia." River Research and Applications 18, no. 4 (2002): 397–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.686.

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24

Kelly, B. F. J., D. Allen, K. Ye, and T. Dahlin. "Continuous electrical imaging for mapping aquifer recharge along reaches of the Namoi River in Australia." Near Surface Geophysics 7, no. 4 (May 1, 2009): 259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/1873-0604.2009024.

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25

Rossel, R. A. Viscarra, Y. S. Jeon, I. O. A. Odeh, and A. B. McBratney. "Using a legacy soil sample to develop a mid-IR spectral library." Soil Research 46, no. 1 (2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr07099.

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This paper describes the development of a diffuse reflectance spectral library from a legacy soil sample. When developing a soil spectral library, it is important to consider the number of samples that are needed to adequately describe the soil variability in the region in which the library is to be used; the manner in which the soil is sampled, handled, prepared, stored, and scanned; and the reference analytical procedures used. As with any type of modelling, the dictum is ‘garbage in = garbage out’ and hopefully the converse ‘quality in = quality out’. The aims of this paper are to: (i) develop a soil mid infrared (mid-IR) diffuse reflectance spectral library for cotton-growing regions of eastern Australia from a legacy soil sample, (ii) derive soil spectral calibrations for the prediction of soil properties with uncertainty, and (iii) assess the accuracy of the predictions and populate the legacy soil database with good quality information. A scheme for the construction and use of this spectral library is presented. A total of 1878 soil samples from different layers were scanned. They originated from the Upper Namoi, Namoi, and Gwydir Valley catchments of north-western New South Wales (NSW) and the McIntyre region of southern Queensland (Qld). A conditioned Latin hypercube sampling (cLHS) scheme was used to sample the spectral data space and select 213 representative samples for laboratory soil analyses. Using these data, partial least-squares regression (PLSR) was used to construct the calibration models, which were validated internally using cross validation and externally using an independent test dataset. Models for organic C (OC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), clay content, exchangeable Ca, total N (TN), total C (TC), gravimetric moisture content θg, total sand and exchangeable Mg were robust and produced accurate results (R2adj. > 0.75 for both cross and test set validations). The root mean squared error (RMSE) of mid-IR-PLSR predictions was compared to those from (blind) duplicate laboratory measurements. Mid-IR-PLSR produced lower RMSE values for soil OC, clay content, and θg. Finally, bootstrap aggregation-PLSR (bagging-PLSR) was used to predict soil properties with uncertainty for the entire library, thus repopulating the legacy soil database with good quality soil information.

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26

Strehz, Alexander, and Thomas Einfalt. "Precipitation Data Retrieval and Quality Assurance from Different Data Sources for the Namoi Catchment in Australia." Geomatics 1, no. 4 (October 28, 2021): 417–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geomatics1040024.

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Within the Horizon 2020 Project WaterSENSE a modular approach was developed to provide different stakeholders with the required precipitation information. An operational high-quality rainfall grid was set up for the Namoi catchment in Australia based on rain gauge adjusted radar data. Data availability and processing considerations make it necessary to explore alternative precipitation approaches. The gauge adjusted radar data will serve as a benchmark for the alternative precipitation data. The two well established satellite-based precipitation datasets IMERG and GSMaP will be analyzed with the temporal and spatial requirements of the applications envisioned in WaterSENSE in mind. While first results appear promising, these datasets will need further refinements to meet the criteria of WaterSENSE, especially with respect to the spatial resolution. Inferring information from soil moisture-derived from EO observations to increase the spatial detail of the existing satellite-based datasets is a promising approach that will be investigated along with other alternatives.

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27

Croke, B. F. W., R. S. Blakers, S. El Sawah, B. Fu, J. H. A. Guillaume, R. A. Kelly, M. J. Patrick, et al. "Marrying Hydrological Modelling and Integrated Assessment for the needs of Water Resource Management." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 364 (September 16, 2014): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-364-351-2014.

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Abstract. This paper discusses the integration of hydrology with other disciplines using an Integrated Assessment (IA) and modelling approach to the management and allocation of water resources. Recent developments in the field of socio-hydrology aim to develop stronger relationships between hydrology and the human dimensions of Water Resource Management (WRM). This should build on an existing wealth of knowledge and experience of coupled human–water systems. To further strengthen this relationship and contribute to this broad body of knowledge, we propose a strong and durable "marriage" between IA and hydrology. The foundation of this marriage requires engagement with appropriate concepts, model structures, scales of analyses, performance evaluation and communication – and the associated tools and models that are needed for pragmatic deployment or operation. To gain insight into how this can be achieved, an IA case study in water allocation in the Lower Namoi catchment, NSW, Australia is presented.

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28

Hunter, JT. "Upland wetlands in the Namoi Catchment: mapping distribution and disturbance classes of fens, bogs and lagoons." Cunninghamia 13 (November 18, 2013): 331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7751/cunninghamia2013.009.

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29

Clark, Stephanie R. "Unravelling groundwater time series patterns: Visual analytics-aided deep learning in the Namoi region of Australia." Environmental Modelling & Software 149 (March 2022): 105295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2022.105295.

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30

Fuentes, Ignacio, and R. Willem Vervoort. "Site suitability and water availability for a managed aquifer recharge project in the Namoi basin, Australia." Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies 27 (February 2020): 100657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2019.100657.

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31

Lodge, G. M., and R. D. B. Whalley. "Fate of annual pasture legumes seeds on a two-way thermo-gradient plate." Rangeland Journal 24, no. 2 (2002): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj02013.

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Effects of diurnally alternating temperatures (5/5–45/45�C) were examined on a two-way thermogradient plate for non-dormant seeds of 14 annual pasture legumes. Seed fates (germination, temperature induced non-viability and temperature induced dormancy) were determined from daily seed counts over a 14-day period on-plate and a further 14 days after removal from the plate. These data clearly demonstrate the existence and extent of seed fates other than germination. Maximum dormancy occurred over a broad range of temperatures for seeds of Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum (Katzn. et Morley) Zohary and Heller cv. Woogenellup (40/35–30/25�C), Astragalus hamosus L. cv. Ioman (40/25–30/5�C) and Trifolium hirtum All. cv. Hykon (35/30–30/5�C). In contrast, maximum dormancy occurred over a narrow temperature range for Medicago truncatula Gaertn. var. truncatula cv. Paraggio (35/30–30/25�C), M. aculeata Willd. var. inermis (Aschers.) Heyn (30/25 and 30/20�C), and M. minima L. (35/20–35/5�C) seeds. Generally, non-viability was highest in all legumes when temperatures were greater than 35/30�C and not significantly different from the maximum value (100%) at temperatures greater than 40/30�C. At temperatures less than 35/30�C non-viability was less than the maximum (P<0.05) for seeds of all legumes, except M. truncatula cvs. Jemalong and Sephi, M. aculeata, and Vicia villosa ssp. dasycarpa (Ten.) Cav. cv. Namoi. Compared with the other subterranean clover cultivars germination levels T. subterraneum var. brachycalycinum (Katzn. et Morley) Zohary and Heller cv. Clare seeds were not significantly different from the maximum value at higher temperatures. In all annual medics, except M. aculeata germination was not significantly different to the maximum at temperatures greater than 25/20�C, with high germination (P<0.05) occurring at 30/25�C in Jemalong and M. scutellata (L.) Mill cv. Sava and at 30/20�C in Paraggio, Sephi, M. minima and M. polymorpha L. Maximum germination in Ioman and Hykon seeds occurred over a broader temperature range (35/20–15/10�C and 30/20–15/5�C, respectively) than in Namoi (30/15�C and 25/20–25/5�C). Probable implications of these data for field emergence of non-dormant seeds and soil seed reserves are discussed.

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32

Kelly, B. F. J., W. Timms, T. J. Ralph, B. M. S. Giambastiani, A. Comunian, A. M. McCallum, M. S. Andersen, R. S. Blakers, R. I. Acworth, and A. Baker. "A reassessment of the Lower Namoi Catchment aquifer architecture and hydraulic connectivity with reference to climate drivers." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 61, no. 3 (April 3, 2014): 501–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2014.900647.

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33

Ranatunga, Kemachandra. "Estimating water yield response to land use in the Namoi catchment of the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia." International Journal of Water 6, no. 1/2 (2011): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijw.2011.043316.

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34

Odeh, Inakwu O. A., and Alex B. McBratney. "Using AVHRR images for spatial prediction of clay content in the lower Namoi Valley of eastern Australia." Geoderma 97, no. 3-4 (September 2000): 237–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7061(00)00041-0.

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35

Dudley, Norman J., and A. Brian Hearn. "El Nino effects hurt namoi irrigated cotton growers, but they can do little to ease the pain." Agricultural Systems 42, no. 1-2 (January 1993): 103–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-521x(93)90071-9.

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36

Fuentes, Ignacio, Floris van Ogtrop, and R. Willem Vervoort. "Long-term surface water trends and relationship with open water evaporation losses in the Namoi catchment, Australia." Journal of Hydrology 584 (May 2020): 124714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124714.

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37

Triantafilis, John, Issac Gibbs, and Nina Earl. "Digital soil pattern recognition in the lower Namoi valley using numerical clustering of gamma-ray spectrometry data." Geoderma 192 (January 2013): 407–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.08.021.

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38

Leonard, Alex W., Ross V. Hyne, Richard P. Lim, Fleur Pablo, and Paul J. Van den Brink. "Riverine endosulfan concentrations in the Namoi River, Australia: Link to cotton field runoff and macroinvertebrate population densities." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19, no. 6 (June 2000): 1540–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620190610.

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39

Lodge, GM, BR Cullis, and SM Welsby. "Evaluation of pasture legumes sown into a prepared seedbed at Tamworth, New South Wales. 1. Dry matter yield." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 3 (1993): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930287.

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The potential dry matter production in autumn, winter, and spring of 15 annual and 7 perennial pasture legumes was assessed in ungrazed plots at Tamworth on the Northern Slopes of New South Wales. Seed was sown into a prepared seedbed, and dry matter yield was estimated on 24 occasions from August 1983 to November 1987. The presence of green material at each sampling time. and the actual and total dry matters, were examined. Among the annual legumes, the highest proportion of plots presenting dry matter at all sampling times, and the highest total yields, were found for Trifolium hirtum cv. Hykon (rose clover), T. subterraneum var. subterraneum cvv. Seaton Park and Woogenellup, T. subterraneum var. brachycalycinum cv. Clare (subterranean clovers), and Medicago aculeata (CPI No. 19416). The highest proportion of bare plots and the lowest dry matter yields were found for local ecotypes of the naturalised legumes T. glomeratum, M. minima and M. polymorpha, Astragalus hamosus cv. Ioman (milk vetch), and T. subterraneum var. subterraneum cv. Nungarin. After October (day 300) in 1983-87 the proportions of plots with >10 kg/ha of dry matter present as green material were Clare 85%; Hykon 78%; Woogenellup 74%; M. aculeata, Seaton Park, and Vicia villosa var. dasycalpa cv. Namoi (woolly pod vetch) 67%; M. scutellata cv. Sava (snail medic) 56%; and M. truncatula cv. Sephi (barrel medic) 52%. Total annual yields of Nungarin were often lower than those of the other subterranean clovers, with Clare having the highest yield in each year. Cumulative yields of Namoi declined markedly after 1985, while those of T. lairtum cv. Hykon increased. Little or no linear relationship was found between maturity grading and the relative yield of the annual legumes, although 4 of the 6 highest yielding legumes were late maturing. Among the perennials, yields of M. sativa cv. Pioneer 581 (lucerne) were above average in 1984-87. Lucerne cv. Pioneer 581 produced more dry matter over 5 years than Onobrychis viciifolia cv. Eski (sainfoin), but about the same amount as O. viciifolia cvv. Othello and Remont. Sainfoin production was high in the first 2 years of the experiment, but lower towards the end. The poor performance of T. repens cvv. Haifa and Huia (white clover) was attributed to high temperatures and low effective rainfall in summer. From these data, 5 annuals (Seaton Park, Woogenellup, Clare, Hykon, and M. aculeata) and lucerne show the most potential for sowing as ley pasture in the low elevation, summer rainfall environments of the Northern Slopes of New South Wales.

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40

Letcher, R. A., and A. J. Jakeman. "Application of an Adaptive Method for Integrated Assessment of Water Allocation Issues in the Namoi River Catchment, Australia." Integrated Assessment 4, no. 2 (June 2003): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/iaij.4.2.73.16708.

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41

Woodforth, A., J. Triantafilis, J. Cupitt, R. S. Malik, R. Subasinghe, M. F. Ahmed, A. I. Huckel, and H. Geering. "Mapping estimated deep drainage in the lower Namoi Valley using a chloride mass balance model and EM34 data." GEOPHYSICS 77, no. 4 (July 1, 2012): WB245—WB256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2011-0373.1.

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The Murray Darling Basin accounts for half of all water used for irrigation in Australia. However, improvements in water use efficiency (WUE) are required, owing to increasing demands on water (e.g., environmental flows). This requires data on the spatial distribution of soil-hydrological properties, such as deep drainage (DD). Measuring DD using lysimeters, although accurate, is site-specific. Alternatively, estimates are commonly made using chloride mass balance (CMB) models. Gaining this information across a large area is still problematic due to the prohibitive cost of drilling, sampling, and laboratory analysis. Ancillary data, obtained from electromagnetic (EM) instruments, have been used to add value to a limited number of DD estimates. We evaluated the use of a hierarchical spatial regression technique to map the estimated DD using a steady state CMB model coupled to EM34 measurements. We first compared a standard least squares and a stepwise multiple linear regression model. The former includes the use of EM34 signal data in the horizontal (EM34-10H, EM34-20H, and EM34-40H) and vertical (EM34-10V, EM34-20V, and EM34-40V) dipoles, as well as two trend surface variables (scaled easting and northing). The latter model only includes a statistically significant ancillary variable (EM34-10H) and a trend surface parameter (scaled northing), and we use this to estimate DD across the lower Namoi Valley. EM34 data available on a 1 km grid proved useful for mapping DD on a reconnaissance level, with the results closely related to the physiography. In particular, large DD estimates are associated with the prior stream channels. Conversely, smaller DD estimates characterize the agriculturally significant clay plain which is used extensively for irrigated cotton production. The map of estimated DD will allow improved siting of dams and irrigation fields, as well as indicate where more efficient cropping or irrigation systems can be implemented to increase WUE.

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42

Weaver, T. B., N. R. Hulugalle, H. Ghadiri, and S. Harden. "QUALITY OF DRAINAGE WATER UNDER IRRIGATED COTTON IN VERTISOLS OF THE LOWER NAMOI VALLEY, NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA." Irrigation and Drainage 62, no. 1 (January 10, 2013): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ird.1706.

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43

Giambastiani, B. M. S., A. M. McCallum, M. S. Andersen, B. F. J. Kelly, and R. I. Acworth. "Understanding groundwater processes by representing aquifer heterogeneity in the Maules Creek Catchment, Namoi Valley (New South Wales, Australia)." Hydrogeology Journal 20, no. 6 (May 26, 2012): 1027–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-012-0866-y.

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44

Knox, Oliver, David Backhouse, and Vadakattu Gupta. "A Comparative Study of Field Nematode Communities over a Decade of Cotton Production in Australia." Agronomy 10, no. 1 (January 15, 2020): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10010123.

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Soil nematode populations have the potential to indicate ecosystem disturbances. In response to questions about nematode interactions with soilborne diseases and whether genetically modified cotton altered nematode populations, several fields in the Namoi cotton growing area of Australia were sampled between 2005 and 2007. No significant interactions were observed, but nematodes numbers were low and postulated to be due to the use of the nematicide aldicarb. Aldicarb was removed from the system in 2011 and in 2015 funding allowed some fields to be resampled to determine if there had been a change in the nematode numbers following aldicarb removal. No significant changes in the total nematode numbers were observed, implying that the removal of aldicarb had little impact on the total nematode population size. However, an increase in plant parasitic nematodes was observed in both fields, but the species identified and the levels of change were not considered a threat to cotton production nor driven solely by altered pesticide chemistry. Additionally, greater numbers of higher order coloniser-persisters in the 2015 samples suggests that the current cotton production system is less disruptive to the soil ecosystem than that of a decade ago.

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45

Sanderman, Jonathan, I. R. P. Fillery, R. Jongepier, A. Massalsky, M. M. Roper, L. M. Macdonald, T. Maddern, D. V. Murphy, B. R. Wilson, and J. A. Baldock. "Carbon sequestration under subtropical perennial pastures I: Overall trends." Soil Research 51, no. 8 (2013): 760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr13111.

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The use of subtropical perennial grasses in temperate grazing systems is increasingly being promoted for production and environmental benefits. This study employed a combination of elemental and stable isotope analyses to explore whether pastures sown to either kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) or a combination of panic (Panicum maximum) and Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) could increase soil organic carbon (SOC) levels in five regions across southern Australia. Carbon was sequestered under kikuyu at a rate of 0.90 ± 0.25 Mg C ha–1 year–1 along the south coast of Western Australia. Lower but still significant sequestration rates were found for kikuyu in South Australia (0.26 ± 0.13 Mg C ha–1 year–1). No changes in SOC were found for panic–Rhodes grass pasture systems in the northern district of Western Australia. Additionally, we found no changes in SOC when kikuyu-based pastures were established on formerly cropped paddocks in the Namoi Catchment of New South Wales. Stable isotope results corroborated these findings and suggested that, where SOC has accumulated, the gains have been dominated by SOC derived from the perennial vegetation and have been concentrated in the upper 10 cm of soil.

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46

Webster, Ian T., Phillip W. Ford, and Gary Hancock. "Phosphorus dynamics in Australian lowland rivers." Marine and Freshwater Research 52, no. 1 (2001): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf00037.

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In freshwater systems, phosphorus is adsorbed predominantly to clay within the sediments. Assuming a linear adsorption/desorption isotherm, rapid equilibrium adsorption, and transport by molecular diffusion, estimates are derived for (a) the rates of exchange between the adsorbed phosphorus pool in the sediments and the dissolved pool in the water column and (b) time scales to re-establish equilibrium after a step change in the water column phosphorus concentration. For oxic sediments, the time scale is of the order of tens of days. Anoxic release is much faster;the time scale is tens of minutes. The release of treated sewage at Narrabri abruptly raises the phosphorus concentration in the Namoi River. The concentration only returns to its original level 10–20 km downstream. A sediment adsorptive-uptake model underestimates the downstream phosphorus uptake rates. An alternative model, based on biotic uptake by Cladophora , describes reality better. It treats phosphorus transfer as controlled by physical transport processes and by the phosphorus uptake capacity of the biota. We show also that carp resuspension is faster than diffusion (6 v. 28 days) in restoring phosphorus concentrations in the water column after perturbation by rapid algal drawdown.

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47

Chen, DL, JR Freney, AR Mosier, and PM Chalk. "Reducing denitrification loss with nitrification inhibitors following presowing applications of urea to a cottonfield." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 1 (1994): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9940075.

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The effects of the nitrification inhibitors nitrapyrin, acetylene (provided by wax-coated calcium carbide), and phenylacetylene on nitrogen (N) transformations and denitrification losses following presowing applications of urea were determined in a cottonfield in the Namoi Valley of New South Wales. The study used 0.05-m-diameter microplots to follow the changes in mineral N, and 0.15-m-diameter microplots fertilised with 15N-labelled urea (6 g N/ m2; 5 atom % 15N) to assess losses of applied N. When urea was applied in February (34 weeks before sowing), 84% of applied N was lost from the soil. Loss of applied N was reduced by addition of nitrapyrin and phenylacetylene, to 53 and 57%, respectively. In the absence of nitrification inhibitors, less N was lost (72% of that applied) from an application in May than from the February application. Addition of acetylene, phenylacetylene, and nitrapyrin reduced losses over the 24 weeks to sowing to 57, 52, and 48%, respectively. These experiments show that N loss from presowing applications of urea can be significantly reduced by the use of nitrification inhibitors, but that the losses of N are still substantial.

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48

Korbel, K. L., R. P. Lim, and G. C. Hose. "An inter-catchment comparison of groundwater biota in the cotton-growing region of north-western New South Wales." Crop and Pasture Science 64, no. 12 (2013): 1195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13176.

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Groundwater is essential to crop production in many parts of the world, and the provision of clean groundwater is dependent on healthy groundwater ecosystems. To understand better the functioning of groundwater ecosystems, it is necessary to understand how the biota responds to environmental factors, and so distinguish natural variation from human induced changes. This study compares the groundwater biota of the adjacent Gwydir and Namoi River alluvial aquifers, both in the heartland of Australia’s cotton industry, and investigates the relative importance of environmental, anthropogenic, geological, and evolutionary processes on biotic distribution. Distinct differences in biotic assemblages were recorded between catchments at a community level. However, at a functional level (e.g. microbial activity, stygofauna abundances and richness) both ecosystems were similar. The distribution of biota in both catchments was influenced by similar environmental variables (e.g. geology, carbon availability, season, and land use). Broad trends in biotic distribution were evident: stygofauna responded most strongly to geological variables (reflecting habitat) and microbes to water quality and flow. Agricultural activities influenced biota in both catchments. Although possessing different taxa, the groundwater ecosystems of the two aquifers were functionally similar and responded to similar environmental conditions.

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49

Triantafilis, J., I. O. A. Odeh, B. Minasny, and A. B. McBratney. "Elucidation of physiographic and hydrogeological features of the lower Namoi valley using fuzzy k-means classification of EM34 data." Environmental Modelling & Software 18, no. 7 (September 2003): 667–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1364-8152(03)00053-7.

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50

Zhang, L., S. G. Beavis, and S. D. Gray. "Development of a spatial database for large-scale catchment management: Geology, soils, and landuse in the Namoi Basin, Australia." Environment International 25, no. 6-7 (September 1999): 853–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-4120(99)00057-4.

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