Статті в журналах: "NaCMC"

1

Katona, Jaroslav, Verica Sovilj, and Lidija Petrovic. "Viscosity sinergism of hydrozypropmethyl and carboxy methyl cellulose." Chemical Industry 62, no. 1 (2008): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0801031k.

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Rheology modifiers are common constituents of food, cosmetic and pharmaceutic products. Often, by using two or more of them, better control of the product rheological properties can be achieved. In this work, rheological properties of hydroxypropymethyl cellulose (HPMC) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) solutions of different concentrations were investigated and compared to the flow properties of 1% HPMC/NaCMC binary mixtures at various HPMC/NaCMC mass ratios. Solutions of HPMC and NaCMC were found to be pseudoplastic, where pseudoplasticity increases with increase in the macromolecules concentration. Changes of the degree of pseudoplasticity, n as well as the coefficient of consistency, K with the concentration are more pronounced in HPMC solutions when compared to the NaCMC ones. This is mostly due to the ability of HPMC molecules to associate with each other at concentrations above critical overlap concentration, c , and greater flexibility of macromolecular chains. Binary mixtures of HPMC/NaCMC were also found to be pseudoplastic. Experimentally obtained viscosities of the mixture were proved to be larger than theoretically expected ones, indicating viscosity synergism as a consequence of HPMC-NaCMC interaction. Maximum in synergy was observed when HPMC/NaCMC mass ratio was 0.4/0.6, no matter of the shear rate applied. On the other hand, it was found that relative positive deviation, RPD decreases when shear rate is increased.

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2

Akalin, Gulen Oytun, and Mehlika Pulat. "Preparation and Characterization of Nanoporous Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Hydrogel Beads." Journal of Nanomaterials 2018 (2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9676949.

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A series of nanoporous sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) hydrogel beads were prepared using FeCl3 ionic crosslinker by changing polymer and crosslinker percentages (%). Characteristics of the hydrogels were investigated by gel content, swelling test, degradation test, Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope/Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (SEM/EDX), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Swelling experiments were studied by changing time, temperature, and pH. The swelling percentage (S%) regularly decreased with increasing the amounts of polymer and crosslinker, in contrast with gel content results. NaCMC hydrogels were found to be sensitive to pH variations. The degradation test showed that hydrogels had good stability and their degradation period varied from 30 to 36 days. According to SEM analysis, NaCMC hydrogels had mostly nanoporous structure. The average granule and pore sizes of the least swollen NaCMC-12 hydrogel were found to be 13.1±0.3 nm and 82.1±3.2 nm. The elemental compositions of hydrogels were determined with EDX. The minimum average surface roughness (Ra) and root mean square roughness (Rms) parameters were found to be 15.7±1.9 nm and 20.3±2.2 nm for NaCMC-12 hydrogels by AFM. Due to their good morphologies, stabilities, and swelling behaviors, NaCMC hydrogels can be suitable for biomaterial applications.

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3

Brhane, Yonas. "Evaluation of Carboxymethylated Plectranthus edulis Starch as Suspending Agent in Metronidazole Benzoate Suspension Formulation." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 12, no. 5 (September 30, 2019): 4672–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2019.12.5.8.

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Carboxymethylated Plectranthus edulis, Vatke (P. edulis) [fam., Lamiaceae] starch was evaluated as a suspending agent in metronidazole benzoate suspensions in comparison with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) at concentration range of 1-4% (w/v). The resulting suspensions were evaluated for their sedimentation volume (%), degree of flocculation, rheology, redispersibility, and dissolution rate. Stability studies were performed for 3 months. The apparent viscosities of the formulations prepared with carboxymethylated P. edulis starch at reaction condition E (CMPS-E) was significantly lower than that of NaCMC (p < 0.05). The flowability of the suspensions, at all concentration levels of the suspending agents, were in the order of CMPS-E > NaCMC. AT 1% concentrations, carboxymethylated P. edulis starch (76 ± 1.5%) provided significantly higher (p < 0.05) sedimentation volume than NaCMC (40 ± 1.5%). At 3% and 4%, both gave comparable sedimentation volume (100%). Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) employed as a flocculating agent significantly increased (p < 0.05) the sedimentation volume of the suspensions prepared with carboxy-methylated P.edulis starch and NaCMC. The redispersibilities of CMPS-E was better than those of NaCMC. All suspensions showed a release of greater than 85% of drug within 1 h. The results of stability studies showed that all suspension formulations were stable. From the foregoing, it can be concluded that carboxymethylated P. edulis starch could be used as an alternative suspending agent.

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4

Bazid, Sihem, Meriem El Kolli, Aicha Medjahed, and Rachida Doufnoune. "The interaction of sodium carboxymethylcellulose with gelatin in the absence and presence of NaCl, CaCl2 and glucose." Journal of Polymer Engineering 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2014-0080.

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Abstract The behavior of gelatin/sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) mixtures in an aqueous medium was investigated as a function of the pH, the protein to polysaccharide weight ratio and the total biopolymer concentration. The polydispersity of these solutions was investigated by measuring the UV-vis absorbance of the mixture at 650 nm. The change in the absorbance at 650 nm for all gelatin/NaCMC/water dispersions showed that the most significant interaction by this technique was at a pH of 4.2. Increasing the total concentration of biopolymers greatly increased the interaction between gelatin and NaCMC. It was also found that at this value of pH, and at a remarkable value of the protein to polysaccharide weight ratio of 1:1, the electrostatic interactions between gelatin and NaCMC were maximum. It was demonstrated that the addition of an anionic polysaccharide such as NaCMC can affect the behavior of gelatin in solution. In addition to the pH of the solution, other factors such as the presence of NaCl, CaCl2 and glucose may affect the rate of helicity and the scattering power of the gelatin. This has been confirmed by infrared spectroscopy as well as polarimetry.

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5

Ahsan, Safiya, Arun Dhanagar, and Arifa Shaheen. "Investigation of aggregation behavior and surface properties of cationic surface-active ionic liquids and sodium carboxymethylcellulose mixed systems." Tenside Surfactants Detergents 60, no. 4 (July 1, 2023): 356–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tsd-2022-2487.

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Abstract The impact of different concentrations of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) on the micellization process in cationic, ester-functionalized, ethyl-substituted imidazolium-based surface-active ionic liquids (SAILs) ([C n Eeim]Br where, n = 12, 14, 16) were investigated using specific conductivity and surface tension measurements at 298 K. The study focused on determining the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the three pure SAILs and their mixtures with NaCMC to evaluate various thermodynamic and interfacial parameters. The results showed that the CMC values decreased significantly with increasing hydrophobicity of the SAILs, while the CMC increased with a gradual increase in the NaCMC mole fraction in the SAIL–NaCMC mixed systems. It was observed that the excess free energy of micellization ( ∆ G e x m ${{\increment}G}_{ex}^{m}$ ) and the minimum free energy of surface at equilibrium ( ∆ G min s ${{\increment}G}_{\mathrm{min}}^{s}$ ) exhibited an opposite behaviour, indicating that the formed mixed micelles were stable while the formed surface was unstable. The results of this study are useful for evaluating the properties of SAIL–NaCMC mixed systems to improve and better understand their applications in the food, medical and cosmetic industries.

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6

Conti, S., L. Maggi, L. Segale, E. Ochoa Machiste, U. Conte, P. Grenier, and G. Vergnault. "Matrices containing NaCMC and HPMC." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 333, no. 1-2 (March 2007): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.11.059.

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7

Conti, S., L. Maggi, L. Segale, E. Ochoa Machiste, U. Conte, P. Grenier, and G. Vergnault. "Matrices containing NaCMC and HPMC." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 333, no. 1-2 (March 2007): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.11.067.

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8

Roy, Jagadish, Ada Ferri, Stéphane Giraud, Guan Jinping, and Fabien Salaün. "Chitosan–Carboxymethylcellulose-Based Polyelectrolyte Complexation and Microcapsule Shell Formulation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 9 (August 25, 2018): 2521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19092521.

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Chitosan (CH)–carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt (NaCMC) microcapsules containing paraffin oil were synthesized by complex formation, and crosslinked with glutaraldehyde (GTA). The electrostatic deposition of NaCMC onto the CH-coated paraffin oil emulsion droplets was demonstrated by zeta potential and optical microscopy. The optimal process conditions were identified in terms of pH of the aqueous solution (5.5) and CH/NaCMC mass ratio (1:1). Encapsulation of paraffin oil and microcapsule morphology were analyzed by ATR-FTIR and SEM, respectively. The effect of GTA crosslinking on paraffin oil latent heat was investigated by DSC and combined with the values of encapsulation efficiency and core content, supporting the compact shell formation.

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9

de Oliveira, Alessandra Moreira, Ricardo da Silva Souza, Débora Omena Futuro, and Valéria Gonçalves Costa. "The Development Study of a Prototype of Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose and Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Wound Dressings Using a Mixer Torque Rheometer." Advanced Materials Research 1171 (May 3, 2022): 25–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-h118we.

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The search for new materials that serve as dressings and promote the proper means for wound healing, without yielding toxic waste to the wound bed and at low cost, is currently the subject of research. In this sense, the present study aimed to develop a prototype of a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) polymeric film, sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC). PVA and NaCMC as miscible polymer blend films for wound dressings was developed using internal mixing chamber processing in a mix torque rheometer (MTR) without the use of binders or crosslinks in different mixing conditions that were investigated by thermal characteristics (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and crystallinity (X-ray Diffraction Technique (XRD)). The films obtained by pouring from this starting material were characterized by DSC, TGA, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), optical microscopy and swelling assay. All stages of development of this prototype are discussed, from the quality control of the raw materials, through the development of the preparation technique of the blends in 14 different processing conditions. The processed PVA/NaCMC film showed physical crosslinking which may have promoted its ability to resist dissolution in water (unprocessed PVA/NaCMC films’ characteristic). The results demonstrated that the processing of the PVA and NaCMC polymers in the MTR constitutes a viable technique to obtain membranes for use as dressings.

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10

Katona, Jaroslav, Verica Sovilj, Lidija Petrovic, and Nenad Mucic. "Tensiometric investigation of the interaction and phase separation in a polymer mixture-ionic surfactant ternary system." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 75, no. 6 (2010): 823–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc100112056k.

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The interaction and phase separation in a ternary mixture composed of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC), and sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) were investigated by tensiometry. Surface tension measurements of binary mixtures (0.7 % HPMC and 0.00-2.00 % SDS) and of ternary mixtures (0.7 % HPMC, 0.3 % NaCMC, and 0.00-2.00 % SDS) were performed. The measurements indicated interaction between HPMC and SDS, which resulted in HPMC-SDS complex formation. The critical association concentration, CAC, and polymer saturation point, PSP, were determined. Phase separation of ternary HPMC/SDS/NaCMC mixtures occurs at SDS concentration > CAC, i.e., when the HPMC-SDS complex is formed. The volume of the coacervate increases with increasing SDS concentration, and at SDS concentrations >1.00 %, the coacervate vanishes. The surface tensions (?) of ternary HPMC/SDS/NaCMC mixtures in the precoacervation region and at the onset of the coacervation region are similar to the ? of the corresponding binary HPMC-SDS mixtures, while in the coacervation and post coacervation region, they are close to the ? of the corresponding SDS solutions.

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11

Sabbagh, Farzaneh, and Ida Idayu Muhamad. "Physical and Chemical Characterisation of Acrylamide-Based Hydrogels, Aam, Aam/NaCMC and Aam/NaCMC/MgO." Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials 27, no. 5 (June 20, 2017): 1439–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10904-017-0599-4.

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12

Sujatha, Evangelin Ramani, and Govindarajan Kannan. "An Investigation on the Potential of Cellulose for Soil Stabilization." Sustainability 14, no. 23 (December 6, 2022): 16277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142316277.

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The construction industry remains a significant contributor to global carbon emissions. Several sustainable alternatives have emerged to overcome this issue in geotechnical engineering. In this study, cellulose, an abundant biopolymer, is investigated for its potential to modify geotechnical properties favourably. Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) is an anionic ether derivative of natural cellulose with good binding and moisture-retaining capacity. Experimental investigations were conducted on organic silt stabilized with 0.25% to 1.00% NaCMC, and the results indicate that unconfined compression strength (UCS) increased by 76.7% with 0.5% NaCMC treated soil after 28 days. Hydraulic conductivity (HC) of the 0.5% NaCMC treated soil decreased by 91.7% after 28 days, and the additives suppressed the compression index of the soil by 50%. The California bearing ratio (CBR) test indicated that the additive improved the subgrade strength by 33.2%, improving it from very poor to a fair sub-grade material. Microstructural analysis using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and chemical investigation using x-ray diffraction (XRD) indicates that NaCMC’s interaction with soil did not form any new chemical compounds. However, the viscous nature of the material formed fibrous threads that bind the soil to enhance the geotechnical properties, establishing itself as a prominent stabilizer for ground improvement applications.

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13

Sharratt, William N., Carlos G. Lopez, Miriam Sarkis, Gunjan Tyagi, Róisín O’Connell, Sarah E. Rogers, and João T. Cabral. "Ionotropic Gelation Fronts in Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose for Hydrogel Particle Formation." Gels 7, no. 2 (April 12, 2021): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels7020044.

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Hydrogel microparticles (HMPs) find numerous practical applications, ranging from drug delivery to tissue engineering. Designing HMPs from the molecular to macroscopic scales is required to exploit their full potential as functional materials. Here, we explore the gelation of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC), a model anionic polyelectrolyte, with Fe3+ cations in water. Gelation front kinetics are first established using 1D microfluidic experiments, and effective diffusive coefficients are found to increase with Fe3+ concentration and decrease with NaCMC concentrations. We use Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to elucidate the Fe3+-NaCMC gelation mechanism and small angle neutron scattering (SANS) to spatio-temporally resolve the solution-to-network structure during front propagation. We find that the polyelectrolyte chain cross-section remains largely unperturbed by gelation and identify three hierarchical structural features at larger length scales. Equipped with the understanding of gelation mechanism and kinetics, using microfluidics, we illustrate the fabrication of range of HMP particles with prescribed morphologies.

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14

Das, Sibani, Satyajit Mondal, and Soumen Ghosh. "Interaction of cationic gemini surfactant tetramethylene-1,4-bis(dimethyltetradecylammonium bromide) with anionic polyelectrolyte sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, with two different molar masses, in aqueous and aquo-organic (isopropanol) media." RSC Advances 6, no. 37 (2016): 30795–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra00640j.

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15

Rahman, Nurdin, I. Made Tangkas, Sri Muliyani Sabang, Bohari Bohari, and Rukman Abdullah. "The Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Leaf Extract on Streptozotocin-induced Pancreatic Cell Regeneration of White Rats (Rattus norvegicus)." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, A (October 10, 2021): 849–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.7065.

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Objectibe The rate of pancreatic cell regeneration after avocado leaf extract intervention in a diabetic animal model induced by streptozotocin was investigated in this study. Method: Experimental study was conducted on 18 male white rats as subjects, which were divided into 6 groups, 3 animals of each. Those were G1 (Feed + Streptozotocin + 10% Sucrose + 100 mg/kg b.w. of extract + 0.5% NaCMC), G2 (Feed + Streptozotocin + 10% Sucrose + 150 mg/kg b.w. of extract + 0.5% NaCMC), G3 (Feed + Streptozotocin + 10% Sucrose + 200 mg/kg b.w. of extract + 0.5% NaCMC), G4 (Feed + Streptozotocin + 10% sucrose + 0.5% Na-CMC), G5 (Feed + Streptozotocin + 10% sucrose + Glibenclamid + 0.5% Na-CMC), G6 (Normal healthy animal + Feed). Results: The pancreatic cells damage in animal diabetic model, G1 = 1.67 (moderate cell damage); G2 = 1.00 (mild cell damage); G3 = 0.33 (no damage); G4 = 3.00 (severe cell damage); G5 = 0.33 (no damage); G6 = 0.33 (no damage). Conclusion: The dose of 200 mg/kg b.w. of avocado leaf extract contributed the most significant recovery of pancreatic cell of diabetic animal induced with streptozotocin, equivalent to glibenclamide.

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16

Hernández, M. J., J. Dolz, M. Dolz, J. Delegido та J. Pellicer. "Viscous Synergism in Carrageenans (κ and λ) and Locust Bean Gum Mixtures: Influence of Adding Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose". Food Science and Technology International 7, № 5 (жовтень 2001): 383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1106/6bcx-6xh6-pt82-8wck.

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Synergistic interactions between locust bean gum (LBG) and two types of carrageenans (κ and λ) are studied. Viscous synergism index, Iv as a function of concentration ratio z=ćLBG/ćcar, and shear rate were obtained for every mixture. In both binary systems the values of this index decrease with increasing shear rate. For the LBG + κ mixtures, Ivpresented a maximum at a concentration ratio z≅60/40, which would be considered the optimum proportion of gums in the mixture. However, for the LBG + λ system, I vincreased with z in the whole interval considered, i.e., the highest synergism corresponded to the lowest proportion of carrageenan. The addition of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) to the binary systems modified the above results. For LBG + κ + NaCMC mixtures, the maximum Ivvalues were similar to those corresponding to LBG + κ system, but the concentration ratio at which these maxima are produced shifted to a lesser proportion of locust bean gum ( z ≅40/60). Moreover, the presence of NaCMC in the other ternary system totally eliminated the possible interaction between LBG and λ-carrageenan.

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17

Raju, Rajarshi Roy, Ferenc Liebig, Bastian Klemke, and Joachim Koetz. "Ultralight magnetic aerogels from Janus emulsions." RSC Advances 10, no. 13 (2020): 7492–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra10247g.

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18

Nokhodchi, Ali, Davoud Hassan-Zadeh, Farnaz Monajjem-Zadeh, and Nita Taghi-Zadeh. "Effect of various surfactants and their concentration on controlled release of captopril from polymeric matrices." Acta Pharmaceutica 58, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10007-008-0004-5.

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Effect of various surfactants and their concentration on controlled release of captopril from polymeric matricesVarious methods are available to formulate water soluble drugs into sustained release dosage forms by retarding the dissolution rate. One of the methods used to control drug release and thereby prolong therapeutic activity is to use hydrophilic and lipophilic polymers. In this study, the effects of various polymers such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), ethylcellulose (EC) and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and surfactants (sodium lauryl sulphate, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and Arlacel 60) on the release rate of captopril were investigated. The results showed that an increase in the amount of HPMC K15M resulted in reduction of the release rate of captopril from these matrices. When HPMC was partly replaced by NaCMC (the ratio of HPMC/NaCMC was 5:1), the release rate of the drug significantly decreased. However, there was no significant difference in release rate of captopril from matrices produced with ratios of 5:1 and 2:1 of HPMC/NaCMC. The presence of lactose in matrices containing HPMC and NaCMC increased the release rate of captopril. It was interesting to note that although partial replacement of HPMC by EC reduced the release rate of the drug (ratio of HPMC/EC 2:1), the release rate was increased when the ratio of HPMC/EC was reduced to 1:1. The effects of various surfactants on the release rate of captopril from HPMC/EC (1:1) matrices were also investigated. The results showed that the surfactants did not significantly change the release rate of the drug. Release data were examined kinetically and the ideal kinetic models were estimated for the drug release. The kinetic analysis of drug release data from various formulations showed that incorporation of surfactants in HPMC/EC matrices did not produce a zero-order release pattern.

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19

Mengesha, Yohannes, Abdu Tuha, Yimer Seid, and Admassu Assen Adem. "Evaluation of Aloe weloensis (Aloeacea) Mucilages as a Pharmaceutical Suspending Agent." Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2021 (May 19, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6634275.

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Natural polymers, specifically mucilages, have been used as a suspending agent for a long period of time. Natural excipients can serve as an alternative to synthetic products since they are less expensive, less toxic, and devoid of environmental pollution. There are many species of Aloe found in Ethiopia which can be used as a source of mucilage. In this study, mucilage from Aloe weloensis, which is found in Wollo floristic region, was extracted and tested as a suspending agent at different suspending agent concentrations and compared with standard suspending agents (acacia and sodium carboxy methylcellulose (NaCMC)) by formulating zinc oxide suspension. The mucilage obtained from Aloe weloensis leaves has shown comparable suspending agent ability with acacia. The rate of sedimentation and viscosity was higher at 1% and 4% mucilage concentrations than acacia though the difference was not significant ( p > 0.05 ). The suspension was slightly basic and easily dispersible than NaCMC. Suspensions formulated from NaCMC were superior in terms of viscosity and sedimentation volume which was significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) accompanied by lower flow rates than suspensions formulated from acacia and Aloe weloensis mucilages. The results suggested that Aloe weloensis mucilage could be used as an alternative suspending agent.

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20

Głogowski, Adrian, Zbigniew Marczyński, Michał Krzysztof Kołodziejczyk, Jerzy Jambor, Marta Kinga Stefan, and Marian Mikołaj Zgoda. "Morphological and pharmacokinetic properties of oral solid dietary supplements containing plant extracts." Herba Polonica 62, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hepo-2016-0017.

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Summary Introduction: Dietary supplements are a good way to supplement the deficiency of certain micronutrients and organic components (therapeutic agents) in human body. They are most often available in concentrated form as tablets, capsules, powder or liquid. Objective: To investigate morphological parameters and the pharmaceutical availability of coated tablets – dietary supplements – that contain selected pharmacopeial titrated dry plant extracts. Methods: Testing of the effective time of the tablet surface erosion was performed in model acceptor fluids using pharmacopeial methods in static (Erweka apparatus) and dynamic (unlimited diffusion method) conditions. Furthermore, morphological parameters of tablets (the original shape of an ellipse) as well as their hardness were determined. Results: The effective erosion time was determined by conductometric method using carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt (NaCMC) contained in the tablet. The content of gum arabic and NaCMC in the tablet testifies that the granulate was produced using the “wet granulation” technique which resulted in high hardness of original, esthetic, elliptical tablets and in prolonged disintegration time (erosion). Conclusions: The used excipients: gum arabic and NaCMC for the production of the tested tablets containing selected dry plant extracts result in their high hardness. The tested dietary supplements are characterized by esthetic design, original shape, and prolonged disintegration time which affects the pharmaceutical availability.

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21

Prayitno, Ari, Djatmiko Hadi, and Rudi Firyanto. "PEMBUATAN NaCMC DARI BATANG ECENG GONDOK (Eichhornia crassipes)." CHEMTAG Journal of Chemical Engineering 1, no. 1 (March 8, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.56444/cjce.v1i1.1287.

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22

Klinpituksa, Pairote, and Patchareeya Kosaiyakanon. "Superabsorbent Polymer Based on Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Grafted Polyacrylic Acid by Inverse Suspension Polymerization." International Journal of Polymer Science 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3476921.

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A superabsorbent polymer (SAP) based on graft copolymerization of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and acrylic acid was prepared by inverse suspension polymerization using potassium persulfate as an initiator and N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide as a cross-linker. Experiments were performed at 70°C for 90 min but varying the concentrations of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC), acrylic acid (AA), potassium persulfate (KPS), and N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA), and also varying % neutralization of AA. The maximum swelling capacity for SAP was 544.95 g/g in distilled water and 44.0 g/g in 0.9% w/v NaCl solution. This near optimal SAP was prepared using 2.0 g/100 mL NaCMC, 1.0 mol/L AA with 70% neutralization, 0.014 mol/L KPS, and 0.01 mol/L MBA.

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23

Sovilj, Verica, Petar Dokic, and Lidija Petrovic. "Rheologycal properties of sodium carboxymethylcellulose in the presence of electrolyte and mixed micelle of surfactants." Acta Periodica Technologica, no. 34 (2003): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/apt0334071s.

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One of the most significant aspects of polymer-surfactant interaction, from the practical point of view, is that of rheology control and viscosity enhancement. In the oppositely charged polyelectrolyte-surfactant system strong ionic interaction often leads to precipitation of the formed complex yielding serious problems. In this paper the interaction between anionic polyelectrolyte - sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) and cationic surfactant - cethyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB) has been investigated by rheological measurements. Addition of electrolyte NaBr and nonionic surfactant - Tween 80 reduced the binding strength, prevented the precipitation of the complex and increased the viscosity of the system. It was found that rheological properties are strong influenced by NaCMC-CTMAB interaction and the system exhibits either pseudoplastic or thixotropic or rheopectic behavior according to the intensity of interaction.

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24

Garduque, Renz Gabriel, Brandon Joshua Gococo, Caitlin Ashley Yu, Paul Jake Nalzaro, and Terence Tumolva. "Synthesis and Characterization of Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose/Sodium Alginate/Hydroxypropyl Cellulose Hydrogel for Agricultural Water Storage and Controlled Nutrient Release." Solid State Phenomena 304 (May 2020): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.304.51.

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Physically crosslinked superabsorbent hydrogels based on NaCMC, HPC, and NaAlg were developed to address the effects of water shortage to crop farming and to regulate fertilizer usage. An optimized synthesis was performed using ten different blends. The blend with a NaCMC/HPC/NaAlg ratio of 0.29/0.42/0.29 was found to exhibit the most favorable results, accommodating 1585% moisture and 8.38% fertilizer on a dry basis. Scanning electron microscope images of this blend manifested microporous structures, responsible for its superabsorbent properties. It was found out that applying the hydrogel at 5% loading to silt soil decreases fertilizer runoff by 28% and increases field capacity to 55%. Moreover, phytotoxicity studies showed that the optimum hydrogel blend exhibits no phytotoxic properties to pechay (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis), lettuce eton (Lactuca sativa), and spinach (Spinacia oleracea), proving its applicability to agriculture.

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Boldhane, Sanjay, and Bhanudas Kuchekar. "Development and optimization of metoprolol succinate gastroretentive drug delivery system." Acta Pharmaceutica 60, no. 4 (December 1, 2010): 415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10007-010-0031-x.

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Development and optimization of metoprolol succinate gastroretentive drug delivery systemMetoprolol succinate (MS) gastroretentive (GR) controlled release system was formulated to increase gastric residence time leading to improved drug bioavailability. Box-Behnken model was followed using novel combinations of sodium alginate (SA), sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC), magnesium alumino metasilicate (MAS) as independent variables. Floating lag time (Flag),t25,t50,t75, diffusion exponent as dependent variables revealed that the amount of SA, NaCMC and MAS have a significant effect (p< 0.05) ont25,t50,t75and Flag. MSGR tablets were prepared and evaluated for mass, thickness, hardness, friability, drug content and floating property. Tablets were studied for dissolution for 24 h and exhibited controlled release of MS with floating for 16 h. The release profile of the optimized batch MS01 fitted first-order kinetics (R2= 0.9868,n= 0.543), indicating non-Fickian diffusion or anomalous transport by diffusion and swelling.

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Contreras, L., L. M. Melgoza, A. Aguilar-de-Leyva, and I. Caraballo. "Collaboration between HPMC and NaCMC in order to Reach the Polymer Critical Point in Theophylline Hydrophilic Matrices." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/171292.

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Percolation theory has been applied in order to study the existence of critical points as well as the possibility to find a “combined percolation threshold” for ternary hydrophilic matrices prepared with HPMC, NaCMC, and theophylline. For this purpose, different batches of ternary as well as binary hydrophilic matrices have been prepared. Critical points have been found for binary hydrophilic matrices between 21.5 and 31.3% (v/v) of HPMC and between 39 and 54% (v/v) of NaCMC, respectively. In a previous work carried out with the same polymers but a much more soluble drug (KCl), it was demonstrated the existence of a partial collaboration between the polymers in order to establish the gel layer. In this work, it has been observed for the first time the need of a minimum concentration of one of the matrix-forming polymer (between 10 and 20% v/v, approximately) for establishing an effective collaboration.

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Shetty, Supriya K., Ismayil, Shreedatta Hegde, V. Ravindrachary, Ganesh Sanjeev, Rajashekhar F. Bhajantri, and Saraswati P. Masti. "Dielectric relaxations and ion transport study of NaCMC:NaNO3 solid polymer electrolyte films." Ionics 27, no. 6 (April 13, 2021): 2509–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11581-021-04023-y.

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AbstractNa+ ion-conducting solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) of sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) doped with sodium nitrate (NaNO3) was developed by solution casting method. FTIR technique confirmed the formation of hydrogen bonding between $$ {NO}_3^{-} $$ NO 3 − anion and functional groups of NaCMC. XRD study revealed the low degree of crystallinity that reduced upon doping. Impedance spectroscopy was adapted in order to analyze the conductivity and dielectric relaxation phenomena of the polymer-salt complex. FTIR deconvolution technique was employed to understand the factor that influences the ionic conductivity in SPE; concentration of mobile ions and ionic mobility both play a vital role. Ion transference number has been found out to be > 0.97 for all samples indicating that the conducting species are primarily ions. The highest ionic conductivity of ̴ 3 × 10−3 Scm−1 with the mechanical strength of 30.12 MPa was achieved for a host containing 30 wt.% NaNO3 at ambient temperature.

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Kale, Ravindra D., Yashlok Maurya, and Tejasvi Potdar. "Paper-reinforced sodium alginate/carboxyl methyl cellulose-based bio-composite films." Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting 34, no. 2 (June 28, 2017): 179–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756087917715675.

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Waste paper-reinforced sodium alginate/carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC)-based bio-composite films were prepared by solution casting method by optimum combination of 1.5% sodium alginate and 1.5% NaCMC. The optimum combination was selected on the basis of good tensile strength and low moisture sensitivity. This film was further subjected to aqueous solution of potassium aluminium sulphate (potassium alum) to reduce water vapour permeability and moisture content. This potassium alum solution treatment further enhanced the mechanical and thermal properties, and the film biodegradability was not affected either due to the cross linking or colour addition, which has potential as a substitute for the currently used polyethylene-based films. Molecular interactions between polymers and potassium alum affected mechanical, thermal, and other properties and was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray, and thermo gravimetric analysis of the films. This bio-composite film may be suitable to replace non-biodegradable and costly biodegradable packaging materials.

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Correia, Daniela M., Erlantz Lizundia, Rafaela M. Meira, Mikel Rincón-Iglesias, and Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez. "Cellulose Nanocrystal and Water-Soluble Cellulose Derivative Based Electromechanical Bending Actuators." Materials 13, no. 10 (May 15, 2020): 2294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13102294.

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This study reports a versatile method for the development of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and water-soluble cellulose derivatives (methyl cellulose (MC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC)) films comprising the ionic liquid (IL) 2-hydroxy-ethyl-trimethylammonium dihydrogen phosphate ([Ch][DHP]) for actuator fabrication. The influence of the IL content on the morphology and physico–chemical properties of free-standing composite films was evaluated. Independently of the cellulose derivative, the ductility of the films increases upon [Ch][DHP] incorporation to yield elongation at break values of nearly 15%. An increase on the electrical conductivity as a result of the IL incorporation into cellulosic matrices is found. The actuator performance of composites was evaluated, NaCMC/[Ch][DHP] showing the maximum displacement along the x-axis of 9 mm at 8 Vpp. Based on the obtained high electromechanical actuation performance, together with their simple processability and renewable nature, the materials fabricated here represent a step forward in the development of sustainable soft actuators of high practical relevance.

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30

Andes, Joshua Franz E., Angelica F. Jao, Jeoffrey H. Zacarias, and Terence P. Tumolva. "Performance Testing of NaCMC/HPC/NaAlg Hydrogels for Agricultural Applications." Key Engineering Materials 891 (July 6, 2021): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.891.105.

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Physically cross-linked NaCMC/HPC/NaAlg hydrogel beads were subjected to several performance tests to determine their ability to mitigate the immediate impacts of drought and their effectiveness to control nutrient release in soil. The tests showed that the beads have a water absorption capacity of 2438%, indicating superabsorbent capability. Reusability tests showed that they are capable of at least six cycles of swelling/deswelling with a net decrease in swelling from 331% to 170%. Nutrient release studies were done using a multistage diffusion model to examine their effectiveness in controlled release. Soil amendment studies showed that a 2.65% increase in the maximum water holding capacity is obtained per 0.1% of hydrogels in soil. Furthermore, phytotoxicity studies showed that the germination indices of representative vegetable crops planted in hydrogel-treated soil are above well above the threshold for phytotoxicity limit. Lastly, the hydrogels also showed potential as a growing substrate in soilless cultivation.

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31

Sovilj, Verica, and Lidija Petrović. "Interaction and phase separation in the system HPMC/NaCMC/SDS." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 298, no. 1-2 (April 2007): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.12.013.

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32

Sébert, P., E. Bourny, A. Benghalem, J. M. Vergnaud, and M. Rollet. "Modelling of release kinetics of drugs from irradiated NaCMC matrix." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 122, no. 1-2 (August 1995): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5173(94)00121-k.

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33

Sébert, P., Bourny E., A. Benghalem, J. M. Vergnaud, and M. Rollet. "Modelling of release kinetics of drugs from irradiated NaCMC matrix." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 110, no. 3 (September 1994): 285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5173(94)90251-8.

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34

Correa, Osvaldo, Pompeu Pereira de Abreu Filho, Stanislav Moshkalev, and Jacobus Swart. "Piezoresistive Sensor Based on Micrographite-Glass Thick Films." Sensors 22, no. 9 (April 24, 2022): 3256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093256.

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A new Pb-free glass containing several oxides (Bi2O3, B2O3, SiO2, Al2O3 and ZnO) with sintering temperature reduced down to 600 °C has been developed for applications in a piezoresistive pressure sensor. Using this low sintering temperature glass, it was possible to fabricate micrographite-based pastes and piezoresistive films without losses of graphitic material during the sintering. Good adherence of the films onto alumina substrates was observed and attributed in part to the reactions of ZnO and Bi2O3 with alumina substrates. Piezoresistive films with uniformly distributed micrographite particles were produced using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) in aqueous solutions during the preparation of pastes. NaCMC plays a decisive role in interactions between micrographite particles and glassy matrix, providing good wettability of glass powder particles and homogeneous distribution of MG particles in the pastes. Finally, excellent repeatability of the sensor response to the applied deformations was verified in cycling experiments when the sample was submitted to 1000 load/release cycles. These results demonstrated very high stability of the sensor response (within ±1%), and also evidenced high stability of the film under the cyclic strain loads and good film adherence to the substrate.

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35

Sowasod, Nataporn, Kyuya Nakagawa, Wiwut Tanthapanichakoon, and Tawatchai Charinpanitkul. "Cryogel Based Oil Encapsulation for Controlled Release of Curcumin by Using a Ternary System of Chitosan, Kappa-Carrageenan, and Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium Salt." Advanced Materials Research 701 (May 2013): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.701.98.

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Cryogel based oil encapsulation was attempted with a ternary system of colloidal chitosan, κ-carrageenan, and carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt (NaCMC). Favourable formulations of this ternary system that caused irreversible sol-gel transition by freezing (cryogelation) were found in this study, and the oil phase that contained a selected model food ingredient (curcumin) was successfully encapsulated in this prepared cryogel matrix. The encapsulation yields were found to vary from ca 89 to 99%, and the values were influenced by the cooling protocol used during freezing, thereby indicating that the gel formation kinetics was intimately related to the degree of encapsulation. The release behaviours of the ingredient were investigated in aqueous systems. The release curves showed that both a burst release and a first order release were achieved simply by changing the freezing condition. Freezing could modify the gel formation of the present cryogel, and the resulting structural modification evidently controlled the oil encapsulation manner. The prepared cryogels were found to be sensitive to the ambient pH. It was suggested that the ternary system of chitosan, κ-carrageenan, and NaCMC is an interesting matrix for designing controlled release system.

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36

Kalahal, Prakash B., Ashok M. Sajjan, T. M. Yunus Khan, Ali A. Rajhi, Sharanappa Achappa, Nagaraj R. Banapurmath, Ashwini M, and Alaauldeen A. Duhduh. "Novel Polyelectrolyte Complex Membranes Containing Carboxymethyl Cellulose–Gelatin for Pervaporation Dehydration of Azeotropic Bioethanol for Biofuel." Polymers 14, no. 23 (November 24, 2022): 5114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14235114.

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Polyelectrolyte complex membranes (PECMs) were prepared by combining sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) and gelatin (Ge) with variations in the Ge content in the NaCMC matrix. Characterization methods, such as infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle analysis (CA), and universal testing machines (UTM) were used to investigate the physicochemical studies of the prepared membranes. The pervaporation characteristics of membranes with Ge content were investigated using an azeotropic mixture of water and bioethanol. The obtained data revealed that the membrane with 15 mass% of Ge (M-3) showed a maximum flux of 7.8403 × 10−2 kg/m2·h with separation selectivity of 2917 at 30 °C. In particular, the total and water flux of PECMs are shown as very close to each other indicating that the fabricated membranes could be employed to successfully break the azeotropic point of water–bioethanol mixtures. Using temperature-dependent permeation and diffusion data, the Arrhenius activation parameters were calculated, and the obtained values of water permeation (Epw) were considerably smaller than bioethanol permeation (EpE). Developed membranes showed the positive heat of sorption (ΔHs), suggesting that Henry’s sorption mode is predominant.

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37

Nitipir, Cornelia, Stefania Marin, Maria Minodora Marin, Madalina Albu Kaya, Mihaela Violeta Ghica, and Narcisa Mederle. "Hybrid Collagen-NaCMC Matrices Loaded with Mefenamic Acid for Wound Healing." Revista de Chimie 68, no. 11 (December 15, 2017): 2605–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.11.5938.

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Fire and burns represent the fourth cause of death in the world. Numerous options for dressings exist, but their selection should be based on several factors such as burn severity, wound location and water retention. Collagen (COLL) is the most common protein in the human body and, due to its biocompatibility, is the main component in biomaterials development. Mefenamic acid (MA) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with analgesic properties, and carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) is a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer that is commonly used in biomedical field. Collagen - carboxymethylcellulose - mefenamic acid hydrogels, developed in order to be used in burn treatments were lyophilized and the corresponding spongious matrices were investigated by optical microscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, water absorption, enzymatic degradation and drug release kinetics studies. All tests revealed proper morphological structure, favourable release patterns, convenient swelling capacity and degradation profiles, indicating the possibility of their use for medical applications.

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38

Contreras, L., L. M. Melgoza, R. Villalobos, and I. Caraballo. "Study of the critical points of experimental HPMC–NaCMC hydrophilic matrices." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 386, no. 1-2 (February 15, 2010): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.10.048.

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39

Lopez, Carlos G., Ralph H. Colby, Peter Graham, and Joao T. Cabral. "Viscosity and Scaling of Semiflexible Polyelectrolyte NaCMC in Aqueous Salt Solutions." Macromolecules 50, no. 1 (December 30, 2016): 332–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02261.

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40

Taswin, Muhamad, Ratnaningsih Dewi Astuti, Dewi Marlina, Ocktariyana Ocktariyana, and Ade Agustianingsih. "PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK ISOFLAVON TEMPE TERHADAP TINGKAT STRESS OKSIDATIF PADA TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN GALUR WISTAR (Rattus novergicus) SETELAH DIINDUKSI DENGAN DOSIS TOKSIK PARASETAMOL." JPP (Jurnal Kesehatan Poltekkes Palembang) 17, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 250–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.36086/jpp.v17i2.1513.

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ABSTRACT Background: As a producing country and at the same time the largest consumer of tempeh in the world, Indonesia has become the largest soybean market in Asia. As much as 50% of soybean consumption in Indonesia is done in the form of tempeh. Tempe is a potential food ingredient as a hepatoprotector. The content of isoflavones in tempeh has been shown to protect rat liver function under stress conditions. Isoflavones contained in tempeh have activity as antioxidants, which can prevent oxidation reactions from occurring by working as reducing agents and protecting cell membranes from oxidation, as well as counteracting free radicals by stopping chain reactions and protecting cells from DNA activation so as to reduce cell damage. This situation has prompted the authors to investigate the effect of the isoflavone extract of tempeh on the histochemistry and histopathology of the livers of male white Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus) after being induced by toxic doses of Paracetamol. Methods: This study was an experimental study using the Randomized Posttest Only Control Group Design to determine the level of oxidative stress after administration of tempeh isoflavone extract to male white rats (Rattus novergicus) induced with a toxic dose of paracetamol. 5 groups, namely group 1 was given tempe extract 160 mg/kgBB, group 2 was given tempe extract 320 mg/kgBB, group 3 was given tempe extract 640 mg/kgBB, group 5 was given distilled water and group 6 was given 1% NaCMC solution. Each rat was treated for 14 days. On day 12, 13 and 14 rats were given paracetamol at a dose of 900 mg/kg BW in 1% NaCMC. And on the 15th day, rat blood serum was examined for levels of SGOT, SGPT and MDA. Results: It was found that tempeh at a dose of 640 mg/kgBW could significantly reduce SGOT, SGPT and MDA levels (p<0.05) compared to other doses as well as distilled water and 1% NaCMC. Conclusion: So it can be concluded that tempeh can be an alternative source of antioxidants that can protect liver cells from the effects of substances that can damage the liver. Keywords: Tempe, SGOT, SGPT, MDA

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41

Yi, Guobin, Yunwei Huang, Fuhua Xiong, Bing Liao, Jin Yang, and Xudong Chen. "Preparation and swelling behaviors of rapid responsive semi-IPN NaCMC/PNIPAm hydrogels." Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed. 26, no. 6 (December 2011): 1073–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11595-011-0365-3.

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42

Cyriac, Vipin, Ismayil, I. M. Noor, Kuldeep Mishra, Chetan Chavan, Rajashekhar F. Bhajantri, and Saraswati P. Masti. "Ionic conductivity enhancement of PVA: carboxymethyl cellulose poly-blend electrolyte films through the doping of NaI salt." Cellulose 29, no. 6 (March 7, 2022): 3271–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04483-z.

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AbstractIn this paper, we report the effect of doping sodium iodide (NaI) salt into a polymer blend matrix of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). Solution casting approach was used to prepare solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) films. The films were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), electrical impedance spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). XRD showed that NaI incorporation decreased the crystallinity of NaCMC/PVA-based SPE. FTIR technique confirmed the complexation of salt with polymer matrix due to the formation of the coordination bond between Na+ and –OH group and hydrogen bond between I− and –CH group. The sample with 30 wt% NaI showed the highest conductivity of 2.52 × 10–3 S cm−1, strongly influenced by the highest charge concentration $$(n)$$ ( n ) , not its mobility (μ). DSC analysis revealed an increase in glass transition temperature $$({T}_{g})$$ ( T g ) with increasing salt content. TGA studies showed a decrease in thermal stability with salt inclusion. The transference number was found to be 0.99 for the highest conducting sample showing the primary charge carriers are ions. The highest conducting sample exhibited a mechanical strength of 15.42 MPa at room temperature, and it has been used to fabricate a battery to evaluate its suitability in energy storage devices. Graphical abstract Graphical abstract created with https://biorender.com.

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Peptu, Catalina, Marcel Popa, and Sophia G. Antimisiaris. "Release of Liposome-Encapsulated Calcein from Liposome Entrapping Gelatin-Carboxymethylcellulose Films: A Presentation of Different Possibilities." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 5 (May 1, 2008): 2249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.169.

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Liposome entrapment in films consisting of gelatin (GEL) or GEL/sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) mixtures, as a method to alter drug release kinetics from polymeric films and/or incorporate sensitive bioactive molecules in solid films, was investigated. Bulk or thin complex (liposome trapping) films were formed by crosslinking (with glutaraldehyde) solutions of GEL or GEL/NaCMC in presence of calcein-encapsulating or rhodamine-labeled liposomes (Rho-Lip). Rho-Lip were observed by confocal microscopy to be homogenously distributed in the films. Calcein release from films was evaluated for periods up to 25 d, and it was found that several possibilities, concerning the release of the liposome-encapsulated molecule from the films, are offered; (i) Release can be sustained, if large liposomes are entrapped in the films. In this case the liposome-encapsulated molecules are released from the films only after they have been released from the vesicles, and the release can be controlled by modifying the film composition, the network density and/or the film geometry. (ii) Intact small unilamellar liposomes (SUV) can be released from the polymeric films depending on their swelling degree. The later can be controlled by modulating the film composition and amount of crosslinker. Film composition also affects the integrity of the film-entrapped liposomes during the crosslinking process, possibly due its effect on the density of the polymeric network of the film.

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Pehlivanov, Ivaylo, Stanila Stoeva, Apostol Simitchiev, Stanislav Stefanov, and Velichka Andonova. "Stability study of extemporaneously compounded nitrofurantoin oral suspensions for pediatric patients." Folia Medica 64, no. 5 (October 31, 2022): 807–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/folmed.64.e72334.

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Aim: To evaluate the stability of nitrofurantoin suspended in different extemporaneously compounded vehicles after storage at 4°C and at 25°C. To formulate an effective, readily available vehicle that can guarantee extended stability and precise dosing. Materials and methods: Nitrofurantoin was suspended at a concentration of 10 mg/mL in seven different vehicles compounded of different blends of Syrupus simplex, sorbitol 70%, methylcellulose 1%, gummi arabici 1%, gummi xanthani 1%, and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) 1%. Samples of 100 mL of every compounded suspension were stored in dark in graded glass bottles at 4°C and at 25°C. Samples were analyzed at the beginning and every 10 days up to day 30 and every 30 days after. Variations of physical properties such as sedimentation, ease of resuspension, color and odor were evaluated visually and organoleptically. Rheological analysis was also performed in order to determine suspensions’ behavior during storage and dosing. Variations in nitrofurantoin concentration and pH were evaluated with suitable analytical procedure (UV-Vis; HPLC; pH/ORP). Microbiological stability was evaluated via incubation on suitable culture media. Results: To the 30th day, only three of the compounded suspensions exhibited significant physical stability and slight change in taste and odor stored at both temperatures. Two samples stored at 25°C exhibited nitrofurantoin concentration greater than 95% and 4 samples stored at 4°C – concentration greater than 95%. All models showed no microbial growth up to day 30. At 120 days, only three of the compounded suspensions, stored at 4°C, exhibited relatively high nitrofurantoin concentrations: 88.2%, 92%, and 81.1%, respectively. Only one model suspension showed chemical and physical stability (≥95% of the initial concentration) for 102 days. No model suspension remained sterile after 30 days. Conclusions: The suspensions compounded with vehicles of blends of syrups, xanthan, croscarmellose (NaCMC), and sorbitol exhibited low to none sedimentation, good uniformity of content and are suitable organoleptically for pediatric administration. The model suspension stored at 4°C (NTF VII 4°C – with major excipients: sucrose 16%, sorbitol 17%, xanthan gum 0.25%, NaCMC 0.25%) stands out with nitrofurantoin concentration higher than 95% along with no or little signs of sedimentation. After adding a suitable preservative agent or system, a formulation with these characteristics might have an expiration date of at least 90 days.

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45

Sovilj, Verica, Jadranka Milanovic, Jaroslav Katona, and Lidija Petrovic. "Preparation of microcapsules containing different contents of different kinds of oils by a segregative coacervation method and their characterization." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 75, no. 5 (2010): 615–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc091008042s.

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Microencapsulation of different oils was performed using a segregative coacervation method. In order to microencapsulate, 20% oilin-water (O/W) emulsions were prepared in a continuous phase consisting of a 1% mixture of hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC)/sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) mass ratio (0.7/0.3) and various concentrations (0%, 0.35% and 1%) of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS). Various interactions between the components occur in the continuous phase of emulsions, which influence the structure and properties of the adsorption layer around the oil droplets. The formed HPMC/SDS complexes in the presence of NaCMC molecules undergo segregative phase separation and form a coacervate which adsorbs onto the oil droplets, forming the wall of the microcapsules. Sunflower oil, pumpkin seed oil and a mixture of sunflower and linseed oil were used as the core material. Microcapsules in the solid form were obtained by spray drying the emulsions. The stability of the emulsions, the particle size and particle size distribution of the emulsions and suspensions of microcapsules and the oil content of the microcapsules were determined. The influence of the oil kind on the properties of the microcapsules was also investigated. It was found that at 0.35 % SDS, a coacervate layer around the oil droplets forms a stabile, compact microcapsules wall, which prevents oil extraction. The kind of oil influences the properties of the emulsions and microcapsules, which is important in the selection of oils for microencapsulation by this method.

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S.Yousif, Hala, and Yehia I. Khalil. "Some Variables Affecting the Formulation of Oral Loratadine Suspension." Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-ISSN: 1683 - 3597 , E-ISSN : 2521 - 3512) 17, no. 2 (March 30, 2017): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31351/vol17iss2pp18-25.

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Loratadine is a long acting non-sedating anti-histaminic agent that was developed for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis, whose anti-histaminic action is more effective than the other anti-histaminic drugs available commercially. This project was carried out to prepare an acceptable suspension through studying the release of drug in presence of different types and concentrations of suspending agents such as polysorbate 40, xanthan gum, sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC), aluminum magnesium silicate (veegum) and sodium alginate. The effects of these suspending agents were studied at pH 1.2 (0.1N HCl) and 37 Ù’C. The results showed that the release rate of loratadine in the presence of these suspending agents was dependent on their types and concentrations. The results showed that loratadine release from the formula prepared from xanthan gum is more than that prepared from other polymers in the following order: Sodium alginate < NaCMC < veegum < xanthan gum. However, elegancy of suspension was better on using xanthan gum in a concentration of 0.5%. The obtained results were utilized to formulate 0.1% suspension of loratadine which is physically stable with an optimum drug release. The rheology, sedimentation volume, resuspendability and expiration date were evaluated for the selected formula. The formula that contains loratadine, xanthan gum, glycerol, sorbitol, methyl paraben, propyl paraben, sodium edetate, raspberry flavor at pH 5.0 appears to be a promised formula to be present with estimated shelf life of about 3.8 years. Key word: loratadine, suspension, suspending agent, xanthan gum

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47

Sabbagh, Farzaneh, Khadijeh Kiarostami, Nadia Mahmoudi Khatir, Shahabaldin Rezania та Ida Idayu Muhamad. "Green Synthesis of Mg0.99 Zn0.01O Nanoparticles for the Fabrication of κ-Carrageenan/NaCMC Hydrogel in order to Deliver Catechin". Polymers 12, № 4 (9 квітня 2020): 861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040861.

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Анотація:

Currently, the role of the nanoparticles in the structure of the composites and their benefits for the health of the body is valuable. In this study, the effects of the doping on the structural and morphological properties of the hydrogels using a Mg co-doped ZnO hydrogel, which has been fabricated by the sol–gel process, have been investigated. Then, a hydrogel containing nanoparticle and a hydrogel without any nanoparticles was produced as a control. The hydrogels were loaded with catechin and the related characterization was evolved based on the new structure of the matrices. The Mg0.99Zn0.01O nanoparticles were synthesized using a green synthesis method. To investigate the properties of the nanoparticles, zeta potential and XRD were studied. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), FTIR, TGA, swelling Ratio, and compression tests were investigated for the hydrogels. Based on the results, FESEM showed a more compressed structure for hydrogels including nanoparticles rather than the hydrogels without a nanoparticle. The TGA showed a higher decomposition temperature in the hydrogels including nanoparticles. The swelling ratio of hydrogels containing a nanoparticle was higher than the control hydrogel. κ-Carrageenan/ Mg0.99Zn0.01O/NaCMC/Catechin had the highest swelling ratio (44.15%) rather than the κ-Carrageenan/NaCMC (33.22%). Mg0.99Zn0.01O nanoparticles presented a stronger structure of hydrogels in the compression test. It is concluded that the role of the synthesized nanoparticle is critical in the structure of the hydrogel.

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48

Ditzinger, Felix, Catherine Dejoie, Dubravka Sisak Jung, and Martin Kuentz. "Polyelectrolytes in Hot Melt Extrusion: A Combined Solvent-Based and Interacting Additive Technique for Solid Dispersions." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 4 (April 10, 2019): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11040174.

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Solid dispersions are important supersaturating formulations to orally deliver poorly water-soluble drugs. A most important process technique is hot melt extrusion but process requirements limit the choice of suitable polymers. One way around this limitation is to synthesize new polymers. However, their disadvantage is that they require toxicological qualification and present regulatory hurdles for their market authorization. Therefore, this study follows an alternative approach, where new polymeric matrices are created by combining a known polymer, small molecular additives, and an initial solvent-based process step. The polyelectrolyte, carboxymethylcellulose sodium (NaCMC), was tested in combination with different additives such as amino acids, meglumine, trometamol, and urea. It was possible to obtain a new polyelectrolyte matrix that was viable for manufacturing by hot melt extrusion. The amount of additives had to be carefully tuned to obtain an amorphous polymer matrix. This was achieved by probing the matrix using several analytical techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, hot stage microscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction. Next, the obtained matrices had to be examined to ensure the homogeneous distribution of the components and the possible residual crystallinity. As this analysis requires probing a sample on several points and relies on high quality data, X-ray diffraction and starring techniques at a synchrotron source had to be used. Particularly promising with NaCMC was the addition of lysine as well as meglumine. Further research is needed to harness the novel matrix with drugs in amorphous formulations.

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49

Lopez, Carlos G., Ralph H. Colby, and João T. Cabral. "Electrostatic and Hydrophobic Interactions in NaCMC Aqueous Solutions: Effect of Degree of Substitution." Macromolecules 51, no. 8 (April 11, 2018): 3165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00178.

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50

Li, Y., É. S. Nagy, M. N. Esmail, and Z. Hórvölgyi. "Weak flocculation of aqueous kaolin suspensions initiating by NaCMC with different molecular weights." Macromolecular Symposia 202, no. 1 (October 2003): 307–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.200351227.

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