Статті в журналах: ""NAC transcription factors""

1

Welner, Ditte H., Søren Lindemose, J. Günter Grossmann, Niels Erik Møllegaard, Addie N. Olsen, Charlotte Helgstrand, Karen Skriver, and Leila Lo Leggio. "DNA binding by the plant-specific NAC transcription factors in crystal and solution: a firm link to WRKY and GCM transcription factors." Biochemical Journal 444, no. 3 (May 29, 2012): 395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20111742.

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NAC (NAM/ATAF/CUC) plant transcription factors regulate essential processes in development, stress responses and nutrient distribution in important crop and model plants (rice, Populus, Arabidopsis), which makes them highly relevant in the context of crop optimization and bioenergy production. The structure of the DNA-binding NAC domain of ANAC019 has previously been determined by X-ray crystallography, revealing a dimeric and predominantly β-fold structure, but the mode of binding to cognate DNA has remained elusive. In the present study, information from low resolution X-ray structures and small angle X-ray scattering on complexes with oligonucleotides, mutagenesis and (DNase I and uranyl photo-) footprinting, is combined to form a structural view of DNA-binding, and for the first time provide experimental evidence for the speculated relationship between plant-specific NAC proteins, WRKY transcription factors and the mammalian GCM (Glial cell missing) transcription factors, which all use a β-strand motif for DNA-binding. The structure shows that the NAC domain inserts the edge of its core β-sheet into the major groove, while leaving the DNA largely undistorted. The structure of the NAC–DNA complex and a new crystal form of the unbound NAC also indicate limited flexibility of the NAC dimer arrangement, which could be important in recognizing suboptimal binding sites.

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2

Zhao, Shuping, Tao Jiang, Yao Zhang, Kailing Zhang, Kai Feng, Peng Wu, and Liangjun Li. "Identification of the NAC Transcription Factors and Their Function in ABA and Salinity Response in Nelumbo nucifera." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 20 (October 16, 2022): 12394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012394.

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Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. is an important perennial aquatic herb that has high ornamental, edible, medicinal, and economic value, being widely distributed and used in China. The NAC superfamily (NAM, ATAF1/2, CUC2) plays critical roles in plant growth, development, and response to abiotic and biotic stresses. Though there have been a few reports about NAC genes in lotus, systematic analysis is still relatively lacking. The present study aimed to characterize all the NAC genes in the lotus and obtain better insights on the NnNACs in response to salt stress by depending on ABA signaling. Here, 97 NAC genes were identified by searching the whole lotus genome based on the raw HMM models of the conserved NAM domain and NAC domain. They were characterized by bioinformatics analysis and divided into 18 subgroups based on the phylogenetic tree. Cis-element analysis demonstrated that NAC genes are responsive to biotic and abiotic stresses, light, low temperature, and plant hormones. Meanwhile, NAC genes had tissue expression specificity. qRT-PCR analysis indicated that NAC genes could be upregulated or downregulated by NaCl treatment, ABA, and fluoridone. In addition, NAC016, NAC025, and NAC070, whose encoding genes were significantly induced by NaCl and ABA, were located in the nucleus. Further analysis showed the three NAC proteins had transcriptional activation capabilities. The co-expression network analysis reflected that NAC proteins may form complexes with other proteins to play a role together. Our study provides a theoretical basis for further research to be conducted on the regulatory mechanisms of salinity resistance in the lotus.

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3

Olsen, Addie Nina, Heidi A. Ernst, Leila Lo Leggio, and Karen Skriver. "NAC transcription factors: structurally distinct, functionally diverse." Trends in Plant Science 10, no. 2 (February 2005): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2004.12.010.

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4

Ma, Jianhui, Meng Yuan, Bo Sun, Daijing Zhang, Jie Zhang, Chunxi Li, Yun Shao, Wei Liu, and Lina Jiang. "Evolutionary Divergence and Biased Expression of NAC Transcription Factors in Hexaploid Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)." Plants 10, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10020382.

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The NAC genes, a large plant-specific family of transcription factors, regulate a wide range of pathways involved in development and response to biotic and abiotic stress. In this study, the NAC transcription factors were identified in 27 green plants, and the results showed that NAC transcription factors in plants undergo an appearance stage from water to land and a number expansion stage from gymnosperm to angiosperm. Investigating the evolutionary process of the NAC transcription factors from diploid species to hexaploid wheat revealed that tandem replications during the polyploidization process is an important event for increasing the number of NAC transcription factors in wheat. Then, the molecular characteristics, phylogenetic relationships, and expression patterns of 462 NAC transcription factors of hexaploid wheat (TaNACs) were analyzed. The protein structure results showed that TaNAC was relatively conservative at the N-terminal that contains five subdomains. All these TaNACs were divided into Group I and Group II by phylogenetic analysis, and the TaNACs in Group I should undergo strong artificial selection based on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. Through genome synteny and phylogenetic analysis, these TaNACs were classified into 88 groups and 9 clusters. The biased expression results of these TaNACs showed that there are 24 groups and 67 groups of neofunctionalization genes under biotic and abiotic stress, respectively, and 16 groups and 59 groups of subfunctionalization genes. This shows that neofunctionalization plays an important role in coping with different stresses. Our study provides new insights into the evolution of NAC transcription factors in hexaploid wheat.

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5

O’Shea, Charlotte, Mikael Kryger, Emil G. P. Stender, Birthe B. Kragelund, Martin Willemoës, and Karen Skriver. "Protein intrinsic disorder in Arabidopsis NAC transcription factors: transcriptional activation by ANAC013 and ANAC046 and their interactions with RCD1." Biochemical Journal 465, no. 2 (January 6, 2015): 281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20141045.

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The regulatory domains of NAC [no apical meristem, ATAF (Arabidopsis transcription activation factor), cup-shaped cotyledon] transcription factors (TFs) are mostly disordered. The single molecular recognition feature (MoRF) in ANAC046 (Arabidopsis NAC domain containing protein 46) is a functional hot spot mediating interactions with RCD1 (radical-induced cell death 1), a stress-associated hub which exploits disorder and different mechanisms for interactions.

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6

Marques, Deyvid N., Sávio P. dos Reis, and Cláudia R. B. de Souza. "Plant NAC transcription factors responsive to abiotic stresses." Plant Gene 11 (September 2017): 170–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plgene.2017.06.003.

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7

Nakashima, Kazuo, Hironori Takasaki, Junya Mizoi, Kazuo Shinozaki, and Kazuko Yamaguchi-Shinozaki. "NAC transcription factors in plant abiotic stress responses." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms 1819, no. 2 (February 2012): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagrm.2011.10.005.

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8

Al-Sayaydeh, Rabea, Khaled Al-Habahbeh, Zahera Akkeh, and Randa N. Albdaiwi. "IN SILICO GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS OF THE STRESS-RELATED NAC-A GENE SUBFAMILY TO DISSECT THEIR ROLE IN ABIOTIC STRESS TOLERANCE IN BREAD WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.)." Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 17, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 341–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.35516/jjas.v17i3.90.

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Wheat is a major staple crop that is largely affected by different abiotic stresses that include heat, drought, and salinity. The main objective of this study was to identify wheat NAC transcription factors that are related to the NAC-a subfamily, which is involved in mediating stress tolerance in different plant species. Furthermore, in silico gene expression analysis was conducted to detect differential changes in wheat NAC-a subfamily members in different organs, developmental stages, and under various abiotic stress. Herein, using phylogenetic analysis for 488 NAC transcription factors, 41 proteins were identified as wheat NAC-a subfamily members. In silico gene expression analysis found that NAC-related wheat transcription factors are expressed exclusively at the anthesis stage till dough development with high expression levels detected in flag leaves. The in-silico gene expression analysis identified SNAC1-related members, which had high expression levels under drought, cold, and heat stresses. The identified stress-induced wheat NAC-a subfamily members can be utilized in the future to develop climate-smart wheat cultivars with improved tolerance against abiotic stresses.

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9

Toth, Z., E. Kiss, and L. Kovacs. "NAC TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AS KEY REGULATORS IN STRESS RESPONSES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1082 (April 2015): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2015.1082.40.

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10

Christianson, Jed A., Elizabeth S. Dennis, Danny J. Llewellyn, and Iain W. Wilson. "ATAF NAC transcription factors: Regulators of plant stress signaling." Plant Signaling & Behavior 5, no. 4 (April 2010): 428–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/psb.5.4.10847.

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11

Mohanta, Tapan Kumar, Dhananjay Yadav, Adil Khan, Abeer Hashem, Baby Tabassum, Abdul Latif Khan, Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah, and Ahmed Al-Harrasi. "Genomics, molecular and evolutionary perspective of NAC transcription factors." PLOS ONE 15, no. 4 (April 10, 2020): e0231425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231425.

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12

Bhattacharjee, Payel, Rohit Das, Arunava Mandal, and Pallob Kundu. "Functional characterization of tomato membrane-bound NAC transcription factors." Plant Molecular Biology 93, no. 4-5 (December 30, 2016): 511–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11103-016-0579-z.

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13

Kim, Hyo Jung, Hong Gil Nam, and Pyung Ok Lim. "Regulatory network of NAC transcription factors in leaf senescence." Current Opinion in Plant Biology 33 (October 2016): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2016.06.002.

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14

Valoroso, Maria Carmen, Francesca Lucibelli, and Serena Aceto. "Orchid NAC Transcription Factors: A Focused Analysis of CUPULIFORMIS Genes." Genes 13, no. 12 (December 5, 2022): 2293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13122293.

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Plant transcription factors are involved in different developmental pathways. NAC transcription factors (No Apical Meristem, Arabidopsis thaliana Activating Factor, Cup-shaped Cotyledon) act in various processes, e.g., plant organ formation, response to stress, and defense mechanisms. In Antirrhinum majus, the NAC transcription factor CUPULIFORMIS (CUP) plays a role in determining organ boundaries and lip formation, and the CUP homologs of Arabidopsis and Petunia are involved in flower organ formation. Orchidaceae is one of the most species-rich families of angiosperms, known for its extraordinary diversification of flower morphology. We conducted a transcriptome and genome-wide analysis of orchid NACs, focusing on the No Apical Meristem (NAM) subfamily and CUP genes. To check whether the CUP homologs could be involved in the perianth formation of orchids, we performed an expression analysis on the flower organs of the orchid Phalaenopsis aphrodite at different developmental stages. The expression patterns of the CUP genes of P. aphrodite suggest their possible role in flower development and symmetry establishment. In addition, as observed in other species, the orchid CUP1 and CUP2 genes seem to be regulated by the microRNA, miR164. Our results represent a preliminary study of NAC transcription factors in orchids to understand the role of these genes during orchid flower formation.

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15

Lin, Ying-Chung Jimmy, Hao Chen, Quanzi Li, Wei Li, Jack P. Wang, Rui Shi, Sermsawat Tunlaya-Anukit, et al. "Reciprocal cross-regulation of VND and SND multigene TF families for wood formation in Populus trichocarpa." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 45 (October 23, 2017): E9722—E9729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1714422114.

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Secondary cell wall (SCW) biosynthesis is the biological process that generates wood, an important renewable feedstock for materials and energy. NAC domain transcription factors, particularly Vascular-Related NAC-Domain (VND) and Secondary Wall-Associated NAC Domain (SND) proteins, are known to regulate SCW differentiation. The regulation of VND and SND is important to maintain homeostasis for plants to avoid abnormal growth and development. We previously identified a splice variant, PtrSND1-A2IR, derived from PtrSND1-A2 as a dominant-negative regulator, which suppresses the transactivation of all PtrSND1 family members. PtrSND1-A2IR also suppresses the self-activation of the PtrSND1 family members except for its cognate transcription factor, PtrSND1-A2, suggesting the existence of an unknown factor needed to regulate PtrSND1-A2. Here, a splice variant, PtrVND6-C1IR, derived from PtrVND6-C1 was discovered that suppresses the protein functions of all PtrVND6 family members. PtrVND6-C1IR also suppresses the expression of all PtrSND1 members, including PtrSND1-A2, demonstrating that PtrVND6-C1IR is the previously unidentified regulator of PtrSND1-A2. We also found that PtrVND6-C1IR cannot suppress the expression of its cognate transcription factor, PtrVND6-C1. PtrVND6-C1 is suppressed by PtrSND1-A2IR. Both PtrVND6-C1IR and PtrSND1-A2IR cannot suppress their cognate transcription factors but can suppress all members of the other family. The results indicate that the splice variants from the PtrVND6 and PtrSND1 family may exert reciprocal cross-regulation for complete transcriptional regulation of these two families in wood formation. This reciprocal cross-regulation between families suggests a general mechanism among NAC domain proteins and likely other transcription factors, where intron-retained splice variants provide an additional level of regulation.

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16

Zhou, Xiaoming, Joan D. Ferraris, Qi Cai, Anupam Agarwal, and Maurice B. Burg. "Increased reactive oxygen species contribute to high NaCl-induced activation of the osmoregulatory transcription factor TonEBP/OREBP." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 289, no. 2 (August 2005): F377—F385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00463.2004.

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The signaling pathways leading to high NaCl-induced activation of the transcription factor tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein/osmotic response element binding protein (TonEBP/OREBP) remain incompletely understood. High NaCl has been reported to produce oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are a component of oxidative stress, contribute to regulation of transcription factors. The present study was undertaken to test whether the high NaCl-induced increase in ROS contributes to tonicity-dependent activation of TonEBP/OREBP. Human embryonic kidney 293 cells were used as a model. We find that raising NaCl increases ROS, including superoxide. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant, and MnTBAP, an inhibitor of superoxide, reduce high NaCl-induced superoxide activity and suppress both high NaCl-induced increase in TonEBP/OREBP transcriptional activity and high NaCl-induced increase in expression of BGT1mRNA, a transcriptional target of TonEBP/OREBP. Catalase, which decomposes hydrogen peroxide, does not have these effects, whether applied exogenously or overexpressed within the cells. Furthermore, NAC and MnTBAP, but not catalase, blunt high NaCl-induced increase in TonEBP/OREBP transactivation. NG-monomethyl-l-arginine, a general inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, has no significant effect on either high NaCl-induced increase in superoxide or TonEBP/OREBP transcriptional activity, suggesting that the effects of ROS do not involve nitric oxide. Ouabain, an inhibitor of Na-K-ATPase, attenuates high NaCl-induced superoxide activity and inhibits TonEBP/OREBP transcriptional activity. We conclude that the high NaCl-induced increase in ROS, including superoxide, contributes to activation of TonEBP/OREBP by increasing its transactivation.

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17

Meng, Lu, Siyuan Chen, Dawei Li, Minren Huang, and Sheng Zhu. "Genome-Wide Characterization and Evolutionary Expansion of Poplar NAC Transcription Factors and Their Tissue-Specific Expression Profiles under Drought." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010253.

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The NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2 and CUC2) is a large gene family of plant-specific transcription factors that play a pivotal role in various physiological processes and abiotic stresses. Due to the lack of genome-wide characterization, intraspecific and interspecific synteny, and drought-responsive expression pattern of NAC genes in poplar, the functional characterization of drought-related NAC genes have been scarcely reported in Populus species. Here, we identified a total of 170 NAC domain-containing genes in the P. trichocarpa genome, 169 of which were unevenly distributed on its nineteen chromosomes. These NAC genes were phylogenetically divided into twenty subgroups, some of which exhibited a similar pattern of exon–intron architecture. The synteny and Ka/Ks analysis indicated that the expansion of NAC genes in poplar was mainly due to gene duplication events occurring before and after the divergence of Populus and Salix. Ten PdNAC (P. deltoids × P. euramericana cv.’Nanlin895’) genes were randomly selected and cloned. Their drought-responsive expression profiles showed a tissue-specific pattern. The transcription factor PdNAC013 was verified to be localized in the nucleus. Our research results provide genomic information for the expansion of NAC genes in the poplar genome, and for further characterizing putative poplar NAC genes associated with water-deficit.

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18

Akiyoshi, Nobuhiro, Yoshimi Nakano, Ryosuke Sano, Yusuke Kunigita, Misato Ohtani, and Taku Demura. "Involvement of VNS NAC-domain transcription factors in tracheid formation in Pinus taeda." Tree Physiology 40, no. 6 (December 20, 2019): 704–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpz106.

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Abstract Vascular plants have two types of water-conducting cells, xylem vessel cells (in angiosperms) and tracheid cells (in ferns and gymnosperms). These cells are commonly characterized by secondary cell wall (SCW) formation and programmed cell death (PCD), which increase the efficiency of water conduction. The differentiation of xylem vessel cells is regulated by a set of NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2 and CUC2) transcription factors, called the VASCULAR-RELATED NAC-DOMAIN (VND) family, in Arabidopsis thaliana Linne. The VNDs regulate the transcriptional induction of genes required for SCW formation and PCD. However, information on the transcriptional regulation of tracheid cell differentiation is still limited. Here, we performed functional analysis of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda Linne) VND homologs (PtaVNS, for VND, NST/SND, SMB-related protein). We identified five PtaVNS genes in the loblolly pine genome, and four of these PtaVNS genes were highly expressed in tissues with tracheid cells, such as shoot apices and developing xylem. Transient overexpression of PtaVNS genes induced xylem vessel cell-like patterning of SCW deposition in tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana Domin) leaves, and up-regulated the promoter activities of loblolly pine genes homologous to SCW-related MYB transcription factor genes and cellulose synthase genes, as well as to cysteine protease genes for PCD. Collectively, our data indicated that PtaVNS proteins possess transcriptional activity to induce the molecular programs required for tracheid formation, i.e., SCW formation and PCD. Moreover, these findings suggest that the VNS–MYB-based transcriptional network regulating water-conducting cell differentiation in angiosperm and moss plants is conserved in gymnosperms.

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19

Tishchenko, O. M., and S. I. Mykhalska. "TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS NAC-SUBFAMILY IN IMPROVING CROP RESISTANCE TO OSMOTIC STRESES." Fiziologia rastenij i genetika 49, no. 3 (June 2017): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/frg2017.03.211.

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20

Xu, B., M. Ohtani, M. Yamaguchi, K. Toyooka, M. Wakazaki, M. Sato, M. Kubo, et al. "Contribution of NAC Transcription Factors to Plant Adaptation to Land." Science 343, no. 6178 (March 20, 2014): 1505–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1248417.

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21

Zhong, Ruiqin, Chanhui Lee, and Zheng-Hua Ye. "Functional Characterization of Poplar Wood-Associated NAC Domain Transcription Factors." Plant Physiology 152, no. 2 (December 4, 2009): 1044–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.109.148270.

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22

Olsen, Addie N., Heidi A. Ernst, Leila Lo Leggio, and Karen Skriver. "DNA-binding specificity and molecular functions of NAC transcription factors." Plant Science 169, no. 4 (October 2005): 785–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2005.05.035.

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23

Cao, Xiangmei, Chunyan Wei, Wenyi Duan, Ying Gao, Jianfei Kuang, Mingchun Liu, Kunsong Chen, Harry Klee, and Bo Zhang. "Transcriptional and epigenetic analysis reveals that NAC transcription factors regulate fruit flavor ester biosynthesis." Plant Journal 106, no. 3 (April 8, 2021): 785–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tpj.15200.

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24

Bian, Zhiyuan, Huanhuan Gao, and Chongying Wang. "NAC Transcription Factors as Positive or Negative Regulators during Ongoing Battle between Pathogens and Our Food Crops." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010081.

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The NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2, and CUC2) family of proteins is one of the largest plant-specific transcription factor (TF) families and its members play varied roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. In recent years, NAC TFs have been demonstrated to participate in crop-pathogen interactions, as positive or negative regulators of the downstream defense-related genes. NAC TFs link signaling pathways between plant hormones, including salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET), and abscisic acid (ABA), or other signals, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), to regulate the resistance against pathogens. Remarkably, NAC TFs can also contribute to hypersensitive response and stomatal immunity or can be hijacked as virulence targets of pathogen effectors. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the structure, biological functions and signaling networks of NAC TFs in response to pathogens in several main food crops, such as rice, wheat, barley, and tomato, and explore the directions needed to further elucidate the function and mechanisms of these key signaling molecules.

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25

Chen, Qian, Danlong Jing, Shuming Wang, Fan Xu, Chaoya Bao, Ming Luo, and Qigao Guo. "The Putative Role of the NAC Transcription Factor EjNACL47 in Cell Enlargement of Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.)." Horticulturae 7, no. 9 (September 17, 2021): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7090323.

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NAC transcription factors (TFs) are plant-specific TFs that play essential roles in plant development; however, the function of NAC TFs in loquat development remains unknown. The natural triploid loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.), Longquan No.1. B355, has larger organs than its corresponding diploid loquat (B2). Here, we cloned an NAC-like TF (EjNACL47 (NAC-like 47)) from the cDNA of triploid loquat B355 flowers. EjNACL47 has a conserved domain of NAC TFs and is homologous to AtNAC47. Transient expression in tobacco leaves revealed that EjNACL47 localized to the nucleus, and yeast-two-hybrid screening confirmed that the C-terminus displayed transcriptional activity. Interestingly, real-time qRT-PCR indicated that the expression levels of EjNACL47 in leaves and flower organs in triploid loquat (B355) were higher than those in diploid loquat (B2), implying that EjNACL47 might be associated with the larger organ size in B355. Moreover, Arabidopsis lines ectopically expressing EjNACL47 presented obviously larger leaves, flowers, and siliques than the wild-type variant, suggesting that EjNACL47 plays a positive role in Arabidopsis organ enlargement. These results offer insight into the molecular mechanism of NAC TFs involved in regulating organ size in loquat.

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26

Zhong, R., C. Lee, R. L. McCarthy, C. K. Reeves, E. G. Jones, and Z. H. Ye. "Transcriptional Activation of Secondary Wall Biosynthesis by Rice and Maize NAC and MYB Transcription Factors." Plant and Cell Physiology 52, no. 10 (September 8, 2011): 1856–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcr123.

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27

Distelfeld, Assaf, Stephen P. Pearce, Raz Avni, Beatrice Scherer, Cristobal Uauy, Fernando Piston, Ann Slade, Rongrong Zhao, and Jorge Dubcovsky. "Divergent functions of orthologous NAC transcription factors in wheat and rice." Plant Molecular Biology 78, no. 4-5 (January 26, 2012): 515–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11103-012-9881-6.

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28

Abbas, Hafiz Muhammad Khalid, Aqeel Ahmad, Wubei Dong, Jingshu Xiang, Javaid Iqbal, Sajid Ali, Waheed Akram, and Yu-Juan Zhong. "Heterologous WRKY and NAC transcription factors triggered resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana." Journal of King Saud University - Science 32, no. 7 (October 2020): 3005–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2020.08.005.

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29

Liang, Kehao, Aibin Wang, Yongjiang Sun, Mingxin Yu, and Lingyun Zhang. "Identification and Expression of NAC Transcription Factors of Vaccinium corymbosum L. in Response to Drought Stress." Forests 10, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 1088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10121088.

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Research Highlights: Phenotypic changes and expression profiles, phylogeny, conserved motifs, and expression correlations of NAC (NAM, ATAF1, ATAF2 and CUC2) transcription factors (TFs) in blueberry genome were detected under drought stress, and the expression patterns and functions of 12 NACs were analyzed. Background and Objectives: Blueberry is an important shrub species with a high level of flavonoids in fruit, which are implicated in a broad range of health benefits. However, the molecular mechanism of this shrub species in response to drought stress still remains elusive. NAC TFs widely participate in stress tolerance in many plant species. The characterization and expression profiles of NAC TFs were analyzed on the basis of genome data in blueberry when subjected to drought stress. Materials and Methods: Combined with the analysis of chlorophyll a fluorescence and endogenous phytohormones, the phenotypic changes of blueberry under drought stress were observed. The phylogenetic tree, conserved motifs, differently expressed genes, and expression correlation were determined by means of multiple bioinformatics analysis. The expression profiles of NACs in different organs were examined and compared through RNA-seq and qRT-PCR assay. Results: The chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters φPo, φEo, φRo, and PIabs of leaves were significantly inhibited under drought stress. ABA (abscisic acid) content noticeably increased over the duration of drought, whereas GA3 (gibberellic acid) and IAA (indole acetic acid) content decreased continuously. A total of 158 NACs were identified in blueberry genome and 62 NACs were differently expressed in leaf and root of blueberry under drought stress. Among them, 14 NACs were significantly correlated with the expression of other NAC genes. Conclusions: Our results revealed the phenotypic changes of this shrub under drought stress and linked them with NAC TFs, which are potentially involved in the process of response to drought stress.

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Wang, Qi, Cun Guo, Zhiyuan Li, Jinhao Sun, Zhichao Deng, Lichao Wen, Xiaoxu Li, and Yongfeng Guo. "Potato NAC Transcription Factor StNAC053 Enhances Salt and Drought Tolerance in Transgenic Arabidopsis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 2568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052568.

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The NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2, and CUC2) transcription factors comprise one of the largest transcription factor families in plants and play important roles in stress responses. However, little is known about the functions of potato NAC family members. Here we report the cloning of a potato NAC transcription factor gene StNAC053, which was significantly upregulated after salt, drought, and abscisic acid treatments. Furthermore, the StNAC053-GFP fusion protein was found to be located in the nucleus and had a C-terminal transactivation domain, implying that StNAC053 may function as a transcriptional activator in potato. Notably, Arabidopsis plants overexpressing StNAC053 displayed lower seed germination rates compared to wild-type under exogenous ABA treatment. In addition, the StNAC053 overexpression Arabidopsis lines displayed significantly increased tolerance to salt and drought stress treatments. Moreover, the StNAC053-OE lines were found to have higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) under multiple stress treatments. Interestingly, the expression levels of several stress-related genes including COR15A,DREB1A, ERD11, RAB18, ERF5, and KAT2, were significantly upregulated in these StNAC053-overexpressing lines. Taken together, overexpression of the stress-inducible StNAC053 gene could enhance the tolerances to both salt and drought stress treatments in Arabidopsis, likely by upregulating stress-related genes.

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Mai, Yini, Songfeng Diao, Jiaying Yuan, Liyuan Wang, Yujing Suo, Huawei Li, Weijuan Han, et al. "Identification and Analysis of MADS-box, WRKY, NAC, and SBP-box Transcription Factor Families in Diospyros oleifera Cheng and Their Associations with Sex Differentiation." Agronomy 12, no. 9 (September 2, 2022): 2100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092100.

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Transcription factors are crucial for plant growth and development. MADS-box, WRKY, NAC, and SBP-box, some of the most vital transcription factors, are not well identified in Diospyros spp., and their floral development and sex differentiation related functions remain unknown. We identified and analysed 53 MADS-box, 66 WRKY, 83 NAC, and 17 SBP-box transcription factors using the chromosomal D. oleifera genome. There were six DolSBPs identified as miR156 and miR157 targets. According to the multiple sequence alignments of Arabidopsis and D. oleifera proteins and their conserved domains and motifs, DolMADSs were divided into 23 type I and 30 type II. The DolWRKYs, DolNACs, and DolSBPs were divided into 7, 16, and 6 subgroups, respectively. It was found that one DolMADS, five DolWRKYs, one DolNAC, and four DolSBPs may promote unisexual female flowers development, while three DolMADSs, four DolWRKYs, and one DolNAC may enhance unisexual male flowers development. The functions among the different members of the same family may, thus, vary widely. The results will help to elucidate the evolution of the MADS-box, WRKY, NAC, and SBP-box genes families in D. oleifera and to determine their functions in flower development for Diospyros spp.

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Yang, Shipeng, Haodong Zhu, Liping Huang, Guangnan Zhang, Lihui Wang, Xiaoting Jiang, and Qiwen Zhong. "Transcriptome-wide and expression analysis of the NAC gene family in pepino (Solanum muricatum) during drought stress." PeerJ 9 (March 29, 2021): e10966. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10966.

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Solanum muricatum (Pepino) is an increasingly popular solanaceous crop and is tolerant of drought conditions. In this study, 71 NAC transcription factor family genes of S. muricatum were selected to provide a theoretical basis for subsequent in-depth study of their regulatory roles in the response to biological and abiotic stresses, and were subjected to whole-genome analysis. The NAC sequences obtained by transcriptome sequencing were subjected to bioinformatics prediction and analysis. Three concentration gradient drought stresses were applied to the plants, and the target gene sequences were analyzed by qPCR to determine their expression under drought stress. The results showed that the S. muricatum NAC family contains 71 genes, 47 of which have conserved domains. The protein sequence length, molecular weight, hydrophilicity, aliphatic index and isoelectric point of these transcription factors were predicted and analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the S. muricatum NAC gene family is divided into seven subfamilies. Some NAC genes of S. muricatum are closely related to the NAC genes of Solanaceae crops such as tomato, pepper and potato. The seedlings of S. muricatum were grown under different gradients of drought stress conditions and qPCR was used to analyze the NAC expression in roots, stems, leaves and flowers. The results showed that 13 genes did not respond to drought stress while 58 NAC genes of S. muricatum that responded to drought stress had obvious tissue expression specificity. The overall expression levels in the root were found to be high. The number of genes at extremely significant expression levels was very large, with significant polarization. Seven NAC genes with significant responses were selected to analyze their expression trend in the different drought stress gradients. It was found that genes with the same expression trend also had the same or part of the same conserved domain. Seven SmNACs that may play an important role in drought stress were selected for NAC amino acid sequence alignment of Solanaceae crops. Four had strong similarity to other Solanaceae NAC amino acid sequences, and SmNAC has high homology with the Solanum pennellii. The NAC transcription factor family genes of S. muricatum showed strong structural conservation. Under drought stress, the expression of NAC transcription factor family genes of S. muricatum changed significantly, which actively responded to and participated in the regulation process of drought stress, thereby laying foundations for subsequent in-depth research of the specific functions of NAC transcription factor family genes of S. muricatum.

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Muse, Wilson B., Christopher J. Rosario, and Robert A. Bender. "Nitrogen Regulation of the codBA (Cytosine Deaminase) Operon from Escherichia coli by the Nitrogen Assimilation Control Protein, NAC." Journal of Bacteriology 185, no. 9 (May 1, 2003): 2920–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.185.9.2920-2926.2003.

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ABSTRACT Transcription of the cytosine deaminase (codBA) operon of Escherichia coli is regulated by nitrogen, with about three times more codBA expression in cells grown in nitrogen-limiting medium than in nitrogen-excess medium. β-Galactosidase expression from codBp-lacZ operon fusions showed that the nitrogen assimilation control protein NAC was necessary for this regulation. In vitro transcription from the codBA promoter with purified RNA polymerase was stimulated by the addition of purified NAC, confirming that no other factors are required. Gel mobility shifts and DNase I footprints showed that NAC binds to a site centered at position −59 relative to the start site of transcription and that mutants that cannot bind NAC there cannot activate transcription. When a longer promoter region (positions −120 to +67) was used, a double footprint was seen with a second 26-bp footprint separated from the first by a hypersensitive site. When a shorter fragment was used (positions −83 to +67), only the primary footprint was seen. Nevertheless, both the shorter and longer fragments showed NAC-mediated regulation in vivo. Cytosine deaminase expression in Klebsiella pneumoniae was also regulated by nitrogen in a NAC-dependent manner. K. pneumoniae differs from E. coli in having two cytosine deaminase genes, an intervening open reading frame between the codB and codA orthologs, and a different response to hypoxanthine which increased cod expression in K. pneumoniae but decreased it in E. coli.

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Punia, Himani, Jayanti Tokas, Anurag Malik, Sonali Sangwan, Anju Rani, Shikha Yashveer, Saleh Alansi, Maha J. Hashim, and Mohamed A. El-Sheikh. "Genome-Wide Transcriptome Profiling, Characterization, and Functional Identification of NAC Transcription Factors in Sorghum under Salt Stress." Antioxidants 10, no. 10 (October 13, 2021): 1605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10101605.

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Salinity stress has become a significant concern to global food security. Revealing the mechanisms that enable plants to survive under salinity has immense significance. Sorghum has increasingly attracted researchers interested in understanding the survival and adaptation strategies to high salinity. However, systematic analysis of the DEGs (differentially expressed genes) and their relative expression has not been reported in sorghum under salt stress. The de novo transcriptomic analysis of sorghum under different salinity levels from 60 to 120 mM NaCl was generated using Illumina HiSeq. Approximately 323.49 million high-quality reads, with an average contig length of 1145 bp, were assembled de novo. On average, 62% of unigenes were functionally annotated to known proteins. These DEGs were mainly involved in several important metabolic processes, such as carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, cell wall biogenesis, photosynthesis, and hormone signaling. SSG 59-3 alleviated the adverse effects of salinity by suppressing oxidative stress (H2O2) and stimulating enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities (SOD, APX, CAT, APX, POX, GR, GSH, ASC, proline, and GB), as well as protecting cell membrane integrity (MDA and electrolyte leakage). Significant up-regulation of transcripts encoding the NAC, MYB, and WRYK families, NHX transporters, the aquaporin protein family, photosynthetic genes, antioxidants, and compatible osmolyte proteins were observed. The tolerant line (SSG 59-3) engaged highly efficient machinery in response to elevated salinity, especially during the transport and influx of K+ ions, signal transduction, and osmotic homeostasis. Our data provide insights into the evolution of the NAC TFs gene family and further support the hypothesis that these genes are essential for plant responses to salinity. The findings may provide a molecular foundation for further exploring the potential functions of NAC TFs in developing salt-resistant sorghum lines.

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Wang, Bo, Zhaohui Zhong, Xia Wang, Xiangyan Han, Deshui Yu, Chunguo Wang, Wenqin Song, Xuelian Zheng, Chengbin Chen, and Yong Zhang. "Knockout of the OsNAC006 Transcription Factor Causes Drought and Heat Sensitivity in Rice." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 7 (March 26, 2020): 2288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072288.

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Rice (Oryza sativa) responds to various abiotic stresses during growth. Plant-specific NAM, ATAF1/2, and CUC2 (NAC) transcription factors (TFs) play an important role in controlling numerous vital growth and developmental processes. To date, 170 NAC TFs have been reported in rice, but their roles remain largely unknown. Herein, we discovered that the TF OsNAC006 is constitutively expressed in rice, and regulated by H2O2, cold, heat, abscisic acid (ABA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellin (GA), NaCl, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 treatments. Furthermore, knockout of OsNAC006 using the CRISPR-Cas9 system resulted in drought and heat sensitivity. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) transcriptome analysis revealed that OsNAC006 regulates the expression of genes mainly involved in response to stimuli, oxidoreductase activity, cofactor binding, and membrane-related pathways. Our findings elucidate the important role of OsNAC006 in drought responses, and provide valuable information for genetic manipulation to enhance stress tolerance in future plant breeding programs.

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36

Yang, Chengfeng, Yanzhong Huang, Peiyun Lv, Augustine Antwi-Boasiako, Naheeda Begum, Tuanjie Zhao, and Jinming Zhao. "NAC Transcription Factor GmNAC12 Improved Drought Stress Tolerance in Soybean." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 19 (October 10, 2022): 12029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231912029.

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NAC transcription factors (TFs) could regulate drought stresses in plants; however, the function of NAC TFs in soybeans remains unclear. To unravel NAC TF function, we established that GmNAC12, a NAC TF from soybean (Glycine max), was involved in the manipulation of stress tolerance. The expression of GmNAC12 was significantly upregulated more than 10-fold under drought stress and more than threefold under abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene (ETH) treatment. In order to determine the function of GmNAC12 under drought stress conditions, we generated GmNAC12 overexpression and knockout lines. The present findings showed that under drought stress, the survival rate of GmNAC12 overexpression lines increased by more than 57% compared with wild-type plants, while the survival rate of GmNAC12 knockout lines decreased by at least 46%. Furthermore, a subcellular localisation analysis showed that the GmNAC12 protein is concentrated in the nucleus of the tobacco cell. In addition, we used a yeast two-hybrid assay to identify 185 proteins that interact with GmNAC12. Gene ontology (GO) and KEGG analysis showed that GmNAC12 interaction proteins are related to chitin, chlorophyll, ubiquitin–protein transferase, and peroxidase activity. Hence, we have inferred that GmNAC12, as a key gene, could positively regulate soybean tolerance to drought stress.

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Li, Yuxin, Tingting Zhang, Wenting Xing, Jian Wang, Wengang Yu, and Yang Zhou. "Comprehensive Genomic Characterization of the NAC Transcription Factors and Their Response to Drought Stress in Dendrobium catenatum." Agronomy 12, no. 11 (November 5, 2022): 2753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112753.

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As a large transcription factor family, NAC family proteins (NAM, ATAF1,2, and CUC2) play critical roles in plant growth, development, and response to stresses. Herein, the NAC gene family of Dendrobium catenatum was identified and analyzed by bioinformatics methods. Their expression patterns in different tissues and under drought stress were analyzed using RNA-seq data and the quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) method. A total of 90 NAC genes were identified, encoding amino acids with numbers ranging from 88 to 1065, with protein molecular weight ranging from 10.34 to 119.24 kD, and isoelectric point ranging from 4.5 to 9.99. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the DcNAC proteins could be divided into 17 subgroups, and each subgroup had conserved motif composition and gene structure. Twenty types of cis-elements were identified in the DcNAC promoters. RNA-seq analysis showed that the expression of DcNAC genes had tissue specificity and displayed different expression patterns under drought stress. Co-expression network analysis of the DcNAC genes revealed nine hub genes, and their expression levels were then validated by RT-qPCR. The results showed that DcNAC6, DcNAC18, DcNAC29, DcNAC44, and DcNAC51 (mainly in roots) as well as DcNAC16 and DcNAC64 (mainly in leaves) were considered as the candidate genes for drought tolerance in D. catenatum. Taken together, this study identified candidate NAC genes with potential functions in response to drought stress, which is valuable for development of drought resistance in D. catenatum.

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Xue, Gang-Ping, Neil I. Bower, C. Lynne McIntyre, George A. Riding, Kemal Kazan, and Ray Shorter. "TaNAC69 from the NAC superfamily of transcription factors is up-regulated by abiotic stresses in wheat and recognises two consensus DNA-binding sequences." Functional Plant Biology 33, no. 1 (2006): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp05161.

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NAC proteins are one of the largest families of plant transcription factors and have recently been implicated in diverse physiological processes. To elucidate their role in gene regulation, we determined the DNA-binding specificity of a drought- and cold-inducible NAC protein, TaNAC69 from wheat, and analysed its homologues from other species. Two consensus DNA-binding sequences (spanning 23–24 bp) of TaNAC69 were identified through binding site selection and both consisted of two half sites. Comprehensive data on the DNA-binding specificity of TaNAC69 were generated through extensive base substitution mutagenesis. TaNAC69 and its homologue in Arabidopsis, NAP, sharing 75% sequence identity in the NAC domain, exhibited similar DNA-binding specificity. TaNAC69 was able to homodimerise through its NAC domain. The NAC domain consists of five conserved subdomains. Subdomain mutation showed that a loss or reduction in TaNAC69 dimerisation capacity was accompanied with abolition or decrease in its DNA-binding activity. These data suggest that all subdomains are necessary to maintain a functional NAC domain structure required for interaction with DNA and dimerisation.

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Bauer, Nataša, Mirta Tkalec, Nikola Major, Ana Talanga Vasari, Mirta Tokić, Sandra Vitko, Dean Ban, Smiljana Goreta Ban, and Branka Salopek-Sondi. "Mechanisms of Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) Tolerance to Individual and Combined Stresses of Drought and Elevated Temperature." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 19 (September 29, 2022): 11494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911494.

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Rising temperatures and pronounced drought are significantly affecting biodiversity worldwide and reducing yields and quality of Brassica crops. To elucidate the mechanisms of tolerance, 33 kale accessions (B. oleracea var. acephala) were evaluated for individual (osmotic and elevated temperature stress) and combined stress (osmotic + temperature). Using root growth, biomass and proline content as reliable markers, accessions were evaluated for stress responses. Four representatives were selected for further investigation (photosynthetic performance, biochemical markers, sugar content, specialized metabolites, transcription level of transcription factors NAC, HSF, DREB and expression of heat shock proteins HSP70 and HSP90): very sensitive (392), moderately sensitive (395), tolerant (404) and most tolerant (411). Accessions more tolerant to stress conditions were characterized by higher basal content of proline, total sugars, glucosinolates and higher transcription of NAC and DREB. Under all stress conditions, 392 was characterized by a significant decrease in biomass, root growth, photosynthesis performance, fructan content, especially under osmotic and combined stress, a significant increase in HSF transcription and HSP accumulation under temperature stress and a significant decrease in NAC transcription under all stresses. The most tolerant accession under all applied stresses, 411 showed the least changes in all analyzed parameters compared with the other accessions.

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Kelly, Olivia J. M., and Andrew C. Allan. "Time to retire? A life‐changing decision made by NAC transcription factors." New Phytologist 231, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 505–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.17451.

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Maugarny-Calès, Aude, Beatriz Gonçalves, Stefan Jouannic, Michael Melkonian, Gane Ka-Shu Wong, and Patrick Laufs. "Apparition of the NAC Transcription Factors Predates the Emergence of Land Plants." Molecular Plant 9, no. 9 (September 2016): 1345–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2016.05.016.

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42

Takasaki, Hironori, Kyonoshin Maruyama, Fuminori Takahashi, Miki Fujita, Takuya Yoshida, Kazuo Nakashima, Fumiyoshi Myouga, Kiminori Toyooka, Kazuko Yamaguchi‐Shinozaki, and Kazuo Shinozaki. "SNAC‐As, stress‐responsive NAC transcription factors, mediate ABA‐inducible leaf senescence." Plant Journal 84, no. 6 (December 2015): 1114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tpj.13067.

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43

Podzimska-Sroka, Dagmara, Charlotte O'Shea, Per Gregersen, and Karen Skriver. "NAC Transcription Factors in Senescence: From Molecular Structure to Function in Crops." Plants 4, no. 3 (July 13, 2015): 412–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants4030412.

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44

Du, Xuye, Fang He, Bin Zhu, Mingjian Ren, and Heng Tang. "NAC transcription factors from Aegilops markgrafii reduce cadmium concentration in transgenic wheat." Plant and Soil 449, no. 1-2 (January 14, 2020): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-019-04419-w.

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Han, Xiaojiao, Guo He, Shutang Zhao, Changhua Guo, and Mengzhu Lu. "Expression Analysis of Two NAC Transcription Factors PtNAC068 and PtNAC154 from Poplar." Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 30, no. 2 (September 3, 2011): 370–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11105-011-0350-1.

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46

Kou, Xiaohong, Shuang Wang, Mengshi Wu, Runzi Guo, Zhaohui Xue, Nan Meng, Xiaomin Tao, Mimi Chen, and Yifei Zhang. "Molecular Characterization and Expression Analysis of NAC Family Transcription Factors in Tomato." Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 32, no. 2 (October 13, 2013): 501–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11105-013-0655-3.

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He, Lin, Jingyu Xu, Yucheng Wang, and Kejun Yang. "Transcription Factor ANAC074 Binds to NRS1, NRS2, or MybSt1 Element in Addition to the NACRS to Regulate Gene Expression." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 10 (October 21, 2018): 3271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19103271.

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NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2, and CUC2) transcription factors play important roles in many biological processes, and mainly bind to the NACRS with core sequences “CACG” or “CATGTG” to regulate gene expression. However, whether NAC proteins can bind to other motifs without these core sequences remains unknown. In this study, we employed a Transcription Factor-Centered Yeast one Hybrid (TF-Centered Y1H) screen to study the motifs recognized by ANAC074. In addition to the NACRS core cis-element, we identified that ANAC074 could bind to MybSt1, NRS1, and NRS2. Y1H and GUS assays showed that ANAC074 could bind the promoters of ethylene responsive genes and stress responsive genes via the NRS1, NRS2, or MybSt1 element. ChIP study further confirmed that the bindings of ANAC074 to MybSt1, NRS1, and NRS2 actually occurred in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, ten NAC proteins from different NAC subfamilies in Arabidopsis thaliana were selected and confirmed to bind to the MybSt1, NRS1, and NRS2 motifs, indicating that they are recognized commonly by NACs. These findings will help us to further reveal the functions of NAC proteins.

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Matias Hurtado, Fernando Manuel, Maísa de Siqueira Pinto, Perla Novais de Oliveira, Diego Mauricio Riaño-Pachón, Laura Beatriz Inocente, and Helaine Carrer. "Analysis of NAC Domain Transcription Factor Genes of Tectona grandis L.f. Involved in Secondary Cell Wall Deposition." Genes 11, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11010020.

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NAC proteins are one of the largest families of plant-specific transcription factors (TFs). They regulate diverse complex biological processes, including secondary xylem differentiation and wood formation. Recent genomic and transcriptomic studies of Tectona grandis L.f. (teak), one of the most valuable hardwood trees in the world, have allowed identification and analysis of developmental genes. In the present work, T. grandis NAC genes were identified and analyzed regarding to their evolution and expression profile during wood formation. We analyzed the recently published T. grandis genome, and identified 130 NAC proteins that are coded by 107 gene loci. These proteins were classified into 23 clades of the NAC family, together with Populus, Eucalyptus, and Arabidopsis. Data on transcript expression revealed specific temporal and spatial expression patterns for the majority of teak NAC genes. RT-PCR indicated expression of VND genes (Tg11g04450-VND2 and Tg15g08390-VND4) related to secondary cell wall formation in xylem vessels of 16-year-old juvenile trees. Our findings open a way to further understanding of NAC transcription factor genes in T. grandis wood biosynthesis, while they are potentially useful for future studies aiming to improve biomass and wood quality using biotechnological approaches.

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Li, Bin, Ruiyi Fan, Qiaosong Yang, Chunhua Hu, Ou Sheng, Guiming Deng, Tao Dong, et al. "Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the NAC Transcription Factor Family in Musa Acuminata and Expression Analysis during Fruit Ripening." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 2 (January 18, 2020): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020634.

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Banana (Musa acuminata, AAA group) is a representative climacteric fruit with essential nutrients and pleasant flavors. Control of its ripening determines both the fruit quality and the shelf life. NAC (NAM, ATAF, CUC2) proteins, as one of the largest superfamilies of transcription factors, play crucial roles in various functions, especially developmental processes. Thus, it is important to conduct a comprehensive identification and characterization of the NAC transcription factor family at the genomic level in M. acuminata. In this article, a total of 181 banana NAC genes were identified. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that NAC genes in M. acuminata, Arabidopsis, and rice were clustered into 18 groups (S1–S18), and MCScanX analysis disclosed that the evolution of MaNAC genes was promoted by segmental duplication events. Expression patterns of NAC genes during banana fruit ripening induced by ethylene were investigated using RNA-Seq data, and 10 MaNAC genes were identified as related to fruit ripening. A subcellular localization assay of selected MaNACs revealed that they were all localized to the nucleus. These results lay a good foundation for the investigation of NAC genes in banana toward the biological functions and evolution.

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Kjaersgaard, Trine, Michael K. Jensen, Michael W. Christiansen, Per Gregersen, Birthe B. Kragelund, and Karen Skriver. "Senescence-associated Barley NAC (NAM, ATAF1,2, CUC) Transcription Factor Interacts with Radical-induced Cell Death 1 through a Disordered Regulatory Domain." Journal of Biological Chemistry 286, no. 41 (August 19, 2011): 35418–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m111.247221.

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Senescence in plants involves massive nutrient relocation and age-related cell death. Characterization of the molecular components, such as transcription factors (TFs), involved in these processes is required to understand senescence. We found that HvNAC005 and HvNAC013 of the plant-specific NAC (NAM, ATAF1,2, CUC) TF family are up-regulated during senescence in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Both HvNAC005 and HvNAC013 bound the conserved NAC DNA target sequence. Computational and biophysical analyses showed that both proteins are intrinsically disordered in their large C-terminal domains, which are transcription regulatory domains (TRDs) in many NAC TFs. Using motif searches and interaction studies in yeast we identified an evolutionarily conserved sequence, the LP motif, in the TRD of HvNAC013. This motif was sufficient for transcriptional activity. In contrast, HvNAC005 did not function as a transcriptional activator suggesting that an involvement of HvNAC013 and HvNAC005 in senescence will be different. HvNAC013 interacted with barley radical-induced cell death 1 (RCD1) via the very C-terminal part of its TRD, outside of the region containing the LP motif. No significant secondary structure was induced in the HvNAC013 TRD upon interaction with RCD1. RCD1 also interacted with regions dominated by intrinsic disorder in TFs of the MYB and basic helix-loop-helix families. We propose that RCD1 is a regulatory protein capable of interacting with many different TFs by exploiting their intrinsic disorder. In addition, we present the first structural characterization of NAC C-terminal domains and relate intrinsic disorder and sequence motifs to activity and protein-protein interactions.

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