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Dong, Hongli, Heather Hutchins-Wiese, Alison Kleppinger, Kristen Annis, Enrico Liva, Carol Lammi-Keefe, Holiday Durham, Richard Feinn, and Anne M. Kenny. "Effects of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation on Bone Turnover in Older Women." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 84, no. 3-4 (May 13, 2014): 0124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000199.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Animal and human studies indicate that omega (n)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) can influence bone health. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the effects of n-3 long chain (LC) PUFA supplementation (N-3 LCPUFA) on red blood cell (RBC) fatty acid levels and bone turnover markers in older postmenopausal women. One hundred and twenty-six postmenopausal women (mean age 75 ± 7 years) were treated with n-3 LCPUFA (1.2 g eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA]/docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]/day, n = 85) or placebo (olive oil, n = 41) for 6 months. All women received 315 mg calcium citrate and 1000 IU cholecalciferol. RBC DHA (weight %) increased in the n-3 LCPUFA group, compared to no change in the placebo group (P < 0.001). The ratio of DHA+EPA:arachidonic acid (AA) increased by 42 % in the n-3 LCPUFA group and by 5 % in the placebo group (P < 0.001). Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin decreased in the n-3 LCPUFA group (P < 0.05) with no between-group difference. Short-term n-3 LCPUFA supplementation increased RBC concentrations of DHA and n-3:n-6 ratios. Bone turnover decreased with n-3 LCPUF, but not statistically compared to placebo. The results point to the need for investigations with greater dosages of n-3 LCPUFA for a longer duration to understand the contribution to bone metabolism in postmenopausal women.
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Valenzuela, Rodrigo, Macarena Ortiz, María Catalina Hernández-Rodas, Francisca Echeverría, and Luis Alberto Videla. "Targeting n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease." Current Medicinal Chemistry 27, no. 31 (September 11, 2020): 5250–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867326666190410121716.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is characterized by abnormal hepatic accumulation of triacylglycerides in the absence of alcohol consumption, in association with Oxidative Stress (OS), a pro-inflammatory state and Insulin Resistance (IR), which are attenuated by n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (FAs) C20-C22 (LCPUFAs) supplementation. Main causes of NAFLD comprise high caloric intake and a sedentary lifestyle, with high intakes of saturated FAs. Methods: The review includes several searches considering the effects of n-3 LCPUFAs in NAFLD in vivo and in vitro models, using the PubMed database from the National Library of Medicine- National Institutes of Health. Results: The LCPUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n- 3, DHA) have a positive effect in diminishing liver steatosis, OS, and the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and pro-inflammatory cytokines, with improvement of insulin sensitivity and adiponectin levels. The molecular pathways described for n-3 LCPUFAs in cellular and animal models and humans include peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-α activation favouring FA oxidation, diminution of lipogenesis due to sterol responsive element binding protein-1c downregulation and inflammation resolution. Besides, nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2 activation is elicited by n-3 LCPUFA-derived oxidation products producing direct and indirect antioxidant responses, with concomitant anti-fibrogenic action. Conclusion: The discussed effects of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation support its use in NAFLD, although having a limited value in NASH, a contention that may involve n-3 LCPUFA oxygenated derivatives. Clinical trials establishing optimal dosages, intervention times, type of patients and possible synergies with other natural products are needed in future studies.
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Taoro-González, Lucas, Daniel Pereda, Catalina Valdés-Baizabal, Miriam González-Gómez, José A. Pérez, Fátima Mesa-Herrera, Ana Canerina-Amaro, et al. "Effects of Dietary n-3 LCPUFA Supplementation on the Hippocampus of Aging Female Mice: Impact on Memory, Lipid Raft-Associated Glutamatergic Receptors and Neuroinflammation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 13 (July 4, 2022): 7430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137430.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), essential molecules whose precursors must be dietary supplied, are highly represented in the brain contributing to numerous neuronal processes. Recent findings have demonstrated that LCPUFA are represented in lipid raft microstructures, where they favor molecular interactions of signaling complexes underlying neuronal functionality. During aging, the brain lipid composition changes affecting the lipid rafts’ integrity and protein signaling, which may induce memory detriment. We investigated the effect of a n-3 LCPUFA-enriched diet on the cognitive function of 6- and 15-months-old female mice. Likewise, we explored the impact of dietary n-3 LCPUFAs on hippocampal lipid rafts, and their potential correlation with aging-induced neuroinflammation. Our results demonstrate that n-3 LCPUFA supplementation improves spatial and recognition memory and restores the expression of glutamate and estrogen receptors in the hippocampal lipid rafts of aged mice to similar profiles than young ones. Additionally, the n-3 LCPUFA-enriched diet stabilized the lipid composition of the old mice’s hippocampal lipid rafts to the levels of young ones and reduced the aged-induced neuroinflammatory markers. Hence, we propose that n-3 LCPUFA supplementation leads to beneficial cognitive performance by “rejuvenating” the lipid raft microenvironment that stabilizes the integrity and interactions of memory protein players embedded in these microdomains.
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Fussbroich, D., R. A. Colas, O. Eickmeier, J. Trischler, S. P. Jerkic, K. Zimmermann, A. Göpel, et al. "A combination of LCPUFA ameliorates airway inflammation in asthmatic mice by promoting pro-resolving effects and reducing adverse effects of EPA." Mucosal Immunology 13, no. 3 (January 6, 2020): 481–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41385-019-0245-2.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractLipid mediators derived from omega (n)-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) play key roles in bronchoconstriction, airway inflammation, and resolution processes in asthma. This study compared the effects of dietary supplementation with either a combination of LCPUFAs or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) alone to investigate whether the combination has superior beneficial effects on the outcome of asthmatic mice. Mice were sensitized with house dust mite (HDM) extract, and subsequently supplemented with either a combination of LCPUFAs or EPA alone in a recall asthma model. After the final HDM and LCPUFA administration, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), bronchoalveolar lavages, and lung histochemistry were examined. Lipid mediator profiles were determined by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS–MS). The LCPUFA combination reduced AHR, eosinophilic inflammation, and inflammatory cytokines (IL-5, IFN-γ, and IL-6) in asthmatic mice, whereas EPA enhanced inflammation. The combination of LCPUFAs was more potent in downregulating EPA-derived LTB5 and LTC5 and in supporting DHA-derived RvD1 and RvD4 (2.22-fold and 2.58-fold higher levels) than EPA alone. Ex vivo experiments showed that LTB5 contributes to granulocytes’ migration and M1-polarization in monocytes. Consequently, the LCPUFA combination ameliorated airway inflammation by inhibiting adverse effects of EPA and promoting pro-resolving effects supporting the lipid mediator-dependent resolution program.
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de Groot, Renate H. M., Rebecca Emmett, and Barbara J. Meyer. "Non-dietary factors associated with n-3 long-chain PUFA levels in humans – a systematic literature review." British Journal of Nutrition 121, no. 7 (January 28, 2019): 793–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114519000138.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractNumerous health benefits are attributed to the n-3 long-chain PUFA (n-3 LCPUFA); EPA and DHA. A systematic literature review was conducted to investigate factors, other than diet, that are associated with the n-3 LCPUFA levels. The inclusion criteria were papers written in English, carried out in adult non-pregnant humans, n-3 LCPUFA measured in blood or tissue, data from cross-sectional studies, or baseline data from intervention studies. The search revealed 5076 unique articles of which seventy were included in the qualitative synthesis. Three main groups of factors potentially associated with n-3 LCPUFA levels were identified: (1) unmodifiable factors (sex, genetics, age), (2) modifiable factors (body size, physical activity, alcohol, smoking) and (3) bioavailability factors (chemically bound form of supplements, krill oil v. fish oil, and conversion of plant-derived α-linolenic acid (ALA) to n-3 LCPUFA). Results showed that factors positively associated with n-3 LCPUFA levels were age, female sex (women younger than 50 years), wine consumption and the TAG form. Factors negatively associated with n-3 LCPUFA levels were genetics, BMI (if erythrocyte EPA and DHA levels are <5·6 %) and smoking. The evidence for girth, physical activity and krill oil v. fish oil associated with n-3 LCPUFA levels is inconclusive. There is also evidence that higher ALA consumption leads to increased levels of EPA but not DHA. In conclusion, sex, age, BMI, alcohol consumption, smoking and the form of n-3 LCPUFA are all factors that need to be taken into account in n-3 LCPUFA research.
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Cave, Caleb, Nicholas Hein, Lynette M. Smith, Ann Anderson-Berry, Chesney K. Richter, Karl Stessy Bisselou, Adams Kusi Appiah, et al. "Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Intake by Ethnicity, Income, and Education Level in the United States: NHANES 2003–2014." Nutrients 12, no. 7 (July 9, 2020): 2045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12072045.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Although there are many recognized health benefits for the consumption of omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), intake in the United States remains below recommended amounts. This analysis was designed to provide an updated assessment of fish and n-3 LCPUFA intake (eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and EPA+DHA) in the United States adult population, based on education, income, and race/ethnicity, using data from the 2003-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (n = 44,585). Over this survey period, participants with less education and lower income had significantly lower n-3 LCPUFA intakes and fish intakes (p < 0.001 for all between group comparisons). N-3 LCPUFA intake differed significantly according to ethnicity (p < 0.001), with the highest intake of n-3 LCPUFA and fish in individuals in the “Other” category (including Asian Americans). Supplement use increased EPA + DHA intake, but only 7.4% of individuals consistently took supplements. Overall, n-3 LCPUFA intake in this study population was low, but our findings indicate that individuals with lower educational attainment and income are at even higher risk of lower n-3 LCPUFA and fish intake.
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Kanakri, K., J. Carragher, B. Muhlhausler, R. Hughes, and R. Gibson. "In ovo exposure to omega-3 fatty acids does not enhance omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in broiler chickens." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 8, no. 5 (April 12, 2017): 520–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040174417000216.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The content of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n−3 LCPUFA) in chicken meat can be boosted by feeding broilers a diet containing α-linolenic acid (ALA, from flaxseed oil), some of which is converted by hepatic enzymes to n−3 LCPUFA. However, most of the accumulated n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in meat tissues is still in the form of ALA. Despite this, the levels of chicken diets are being enhanced by the inclusion of vegetable and marine sources of omega-3 fats. This study investigated whether the capacity of chicken for n−3 LCPUFA accumulation could be enhanced or inhibited by exposure to an increased supply of ALA or n−3 LCPUFA in ovo. Breeder hens were fed either flaxseed oil (High-ALA), fish oil (high n−3 LCPUFA) or tallow- (low n−3 PUFA, Control) based diets. The newly hatched chicks in each group were fed either the High-ALA or the Control diets until harvest at 42 days’ post-hatch. The n−3 PUFA content of egg yolk and day-old chick meat closely matched the n−3 PUFA composition of the maternal diet. In contrast, the n−3 PUFA composition of breast and leg meat tissues of the 42-day-old offspring closely matched the diet fed post-hatch, with no significant effect of maternal diet. Indeed, there was an inhibition of n−3 LCPUFA accumulation in meat of the broilers from the maternal Fish-Oil diet group when fed the post-hatch High-ALA diet. Therefore, this approach is not valid to elevate n-3 LCPUFA in chicken meat.
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Vinding, Rebecca Kofod, Jakob Stokholm, Astrid Sevelsted, Bo L. Chawes, Klaus Bønnelykke, Malin Barman, Bo Jacobsson, and Hans Bisgaard. "Fish Oil Supplementation in Pregnancy Increases Gestational Age, Size for Gestational Age, and Birth Weight in Infants: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of Nutrition 149, no. 4 (November 9, 2018): 628–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxy204.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT Background Randomized trials have reported that supplementation with n–3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) in pregnancy can prolong pregnancy and thereby increase birth weight. Objective We aimed to examine the relations of n–3 LCPUFA supplementation in pregnancy with duration of pregnancy, birth weight, and size for gestational age (GA). Methods This was a double-blind randomized controlled trial conducted in 736 pregnant women and their offspring, from the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood2010cohort. They were recruited between weeks 22 and 26 in pregnancy and randomly assigned to either of 2.4 g n–3 LCPUFA or control (olive oil) daily until 1 wk after birth. Exclusion criteria were endocrine, cardiovascular, or nephrologic disorders and vitamin D supplementation intake >600 IU/d. In this study we analyzed secondary outcomes, and further excluded twin pregnancies and extrauterine death. The primary outcome for the trial was persistent wheeze or asthma. Results The random assignment ran between 2008 and 2010. Six hundred and ninety-nine mother-infant pairs were included in the analysis. n–3 LCPUFA compared with control was associated with a 2-d prolongation of pregnancy [median (IQR): 282 (275–288) d compared with 280 (273–286) d, P = 0.02], a 97-g higher birth weight (mean ± SD: 3601 ± 534 g compared with 3504 ± 528 g, P = 0.02), and an increased size for GA according to the Norwegian population-based growth curves-Skjærven (mean ± SD: 49.9 ± 28.3 percentiles compared with 44.5 ± 27.6 percentiles, P = 0.01). Conclusion Supplementing pregnant women with n–3 LCPUFAs during the third trimester is associated with prolonged gestation and increased size for GA, leading to a higher birth weight in this randomized controlled trial. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00798226.
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Meyer, Barbara J., Cassandra Sparkes, Andrew J. Sinclair, Robert A. Gibson, and Paul L. Else. "Fingertip Whole Blood as an Indicator of Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Changes during Dose-Response Supplementation in Women: Comparison with Plasma and Erythrocyte Fatty Acids." Nutrients 13, no. 5 (April 23, 2021): 1419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13051419.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The sensitivity of fingertip whole blood to reflect habitual dietary and dose-dependent supplemental omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LCPUFA) intake in premenopausal women was compared to that of venous erythrocytes and plasma fatty acids. Samples were obtained from women in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in which premenopausal women (n = 53) were supplemented with DHA-rich tuna oil capsules and/or placebo (Sunola oil) capsules (6 capsules per day) for 8 weeks to achieve doses of either 0, 0.35, 0.7 or 1.05 g/day n-3 LCPUFA. All blood biomarkers were very similar in their ability to reflect dietary n-3 LCPUFA intake (r = 0.38–0.46 for EPA and DHA intake), and in their dose-dependent increases in n-3 LCPUFA levels after supplementation (R2 = 0.41–0.51 for dose effect on biomarker EPA and DHA levels (mol %)). Fingertip whole blood is an effective alternative to erythrocytes and plasma as a biomarker n-3 LCPUFA intake in premenopausal women.
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Roach, Lauren A., Mitchell K. Byrne, Steven J. Howard, Stuart J. Johnstone, Marijka Batterham, Ian M. R. Wright, Anthony D. Okely, et al. "The Feasibility of the “Omega Kid” Study Protocol: A Double-Blind, Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Trial Investigating the Effect of Omega-3 Supplementation on Self-Regulation in Preschool-Aged Children." Nutrients 13, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13010213.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Self-regulation, the regulation of behaviour in early childhood, impacts children’s success at school and is a predictor of health, wealth, and criminal outcomes in adulthood. Self-regulation may be optimised by dietary supplementation of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFAs). The aim of the “Omega Kid” study is to investigate the feasibility of a protocol to investigate whether n-3 LCPUFA supplementation enhances self-regulation in preschool-aged children. The protocol assessed involved a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of 12 weeks duration, with an intervention of 1.6 g of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) per day (0.3 g EPA and 1.3 g DHA) in a microencapsulated powder compared to placebo. Children (n = 78; 40 boys and 38 girls) aged 3–5 years old were recruited and randomly allocated to the treatment (n = 39) or placebo group (n = 39). The HS–Omega-3 Index® served as a manipulation check on the delivery of either active (n-3 LCPUFAs) or placebo powders. Fifty-eight children (76%) completed the intervention (28–30 per group). Compliance to the study protocol was high, with 92% of children providing a finger-prick blood sample at baseline and high reported-adherence to the study intervention (88%). Results indicate that the protocol is feasible and may be employed in an adequately powered clinical trial to test the hypothesis that n-3 LCPUFA supplementation will improve the self-regulation of preschool-aged children.
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Roach, Lauren A., Mitchell K. Byrne, Steven J. Howard, Stuart J. Johnstone, Marijka Batterham, Ian M. R. Wright, Anthony D. Okely, et al. "Effect of Omega-3 Supplementation on Self-Regulation in Typically Developing Preschool-Aged Children: Results of the Omega Kid Pilot Study—A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial." Nutrients 13, no. 10 (October 12, 2021): 3561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13103561.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Supplementation of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) may enhance self-regulation (SR) and executive functioning (EF) in children of preschool age. The aim of the Omega Kid Study was to investigate the effect of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation on SR and EF in typically developing preschool-aged children. A double-blind placebo-controlled pilot trial was undertaken, the intervention was 12 weeks and consisted of 1.6 g of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) per day compared to placebo. The HS-Omega-3 Index® was assessed by capillary blood samples at baseline and post-intervention. Seventy-eight children were enrolled and randomised to either the n-3 LCPUFA treatment (n = 39) or placebo (n = 39) group. Post intervention, there was a significant three-fold increase in the HS-Omega-3 Index® in the n-3 LCPUFA group (p < 0.001). There were no improvements in SR or EF outcome variables for the n-3 LCPUFA group post intervention compared to the placebo group determined by linear mixed models. At baseline, there were significant modest positive Spearman correlations found between the HS-Omega-3 index® and both behavioural self-regulation and cognitive self-regulation (r = 0.287, p = 0.015 and r = 0.242, p = 0.015 respectively). Although no treatment effects were found in typically developing children, further research is required to target children with sub-optimal self-regulation who may benefit most from n-3 LCPUFA supplementation.
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Goupille, Caroline, Sophie Vibet, Philippe G. Frank, and Karine Mahéo. "EPA and DHA Fatty Acids Induce a Remodeling of Tumor Vasculature and Potentiate Docetaxel Activity." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 14 (July 14, 2020): 4965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21144965.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
n-3 long chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (n-3 LCPUFA) have been shown to improve the efficacy of conventional chemotherapies used for breast cancer treatment. In addition to their reported ability to increase the chemosensitivity of cancer cells, we hypothesized that n-3 LCPUFA could induce a remodeling of the vascular network in mammary tumors. A contrast-enhanced ultrasound method was used to monitor the vascular architecture during docetaxel treatment of mammary tumors in rats fed either a control or an n-3 LCPUFA-enriched diet (docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)). The vascular network was remodeled in favor of smaller vessels (microvascularization), which represented 54% of the vasculature in n-3 LCPUFA tumors but only 26% in control tumors after 2 weeks of chemotherapy. Importantly, vascularization changes occurred both before and during docetaxel treatment. The density of smaller vessels quantified before chemotherapy was correlated with improved tumor size reduction by docetaxel treatment. Furthermore, transcript levels of the angiogenesis-specific genes epiregulin and amphiregulin were reduced by ~4.5- and twofold in tumors obtained from rats fed an n-3 LCPUFA-enriched diet compared to those of rats fed a control diet, respectively. Their expression levels were negatively correlated with tumor regression after chemotherapy. Taken together, this preclinical data strengthen the potential usefulness of n-3 LCPUFA as a complementary clinical strategy to improve drug efficiency via remodeling of the tumor vasculature.
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Filaire, Edith, Alain Massart, Hugues Portier, Matthieu Rouveix, Fatima Rosado, Anne S. Bage, Mylène Gobert, and Denys Durand. "Effect of 6 Weeks of n-3 Fatty-Acid Supplementation on Oxidative Stress in Judo Athletes." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 20, no. 6 (December 2010): 496–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.20.6.496.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this investigation was to assess the effects of 6 wk of eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA) supplementation on resting and exercise-induced lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in judoists. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive a placebo or a capsule of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs; 600 mg EPA and 400 mg DHA). Blood samples were collected in preexercise and postexercise conditions (judo-training session), both before and after the supplementation period. The following parameters were analyzed: α-tocopherol, retinol, lag phase, maximum rate of oxidation (Rmax) during the propagating chain reaction, maximum amount of conjugated dienes (CDmax) accumulated after the propagation phase, nitric oxide (NO) and malondyaldehide (MDA) concentrations, salivary glutathione peroxidase activity, and the lipid profile. Dietary data were collected using a 7-day dietary record. A significant interaction effect between supplementation and time (p < .01) on triglycerides was noted, with values significantly lower in the n-3 long-chain-PUFA (LCPUFA) group after supplementation than in the placebo group. Significant interaction effects between supplementation and time on resting MDA concentrations and Rmax were found (p = .03 and p = .04, respectively), with elevated values in the n-3 LCPUFA group after supplementation and no change in the placebo group’s levels. The authors observed a significantly greater NO and oxidative-stress increase with exercise (MDA, Rmax, CDmax, and NO) in the n-3 LCPUFA group than with placebo. No main or interaction effects were found for retinol and α-tocopherol. These results indicate that supplementation with n-3 LCPUFAs significantly increased oxidative stress at rest and after a judo-training session.
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Fernandez, Francesca, Mitchell K. Byrne, Marijka Batterham, Luke Grant, and Barbara J. Meyer. "Associations between Omega-3 Index, Dopaminergic Genetic Variants and Aggressive and Metacognitive Traits: A Study in Adult Male Prisoners." Nutrients 14, no. 7 (March 25, 2022): 1379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14071379.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) are critical for cell membrane structure and function. Human beings have a limited ability to synthesise docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the main n-3 LCPUFA required for neurological development. Inadequate levels of n-3 LCPUFA can affect the dopaminergic system in the brain and, when combined with genetic and other factors, increase the risk of developing aggression, inattention and impulse-control disorders. In this study, male prisoners were administered questionnaires assessing aggressive behaviour and executive functions. Participants also produced blood sampling for the measurement of the Omega-3 Index and the genotyping of dopaminergic genetic variants. Significant associations were found between functional genetic polymorphism in DBH rs1611115 and verbal aggression and between DRD2 rs4274224 and executive functions. However, the Omega-3 Index was not significantly associated with the tested dopaminergic polymorphisms. Although previous interactions between specific genotypes and n-3 LCPUFA were previously reported, they remain limited and poorly understood. We did not find any association between n-3 LCPUFA and dopaminergic polymorphisms in adult male prisoners; however, we confirmed the importance of genetic predisposition for dopaminergic genes (DBH and DRD2) in aggressive behaviour, memory dysfunction and attention-deficit disorder.
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Makrides, Maria. "The role of n-3 LCPUFA in pregnancy." Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides 18, no. 5 (September 2011): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl.2011.0408.
Повний текст джерела
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Benítez-Santana, Tibiábin, Eduardo Juárez-Carrillo, Mónica Beatriz Betancor, Silvia Torrecillas, María José Caballero, and María Soledad Izquierdo. "Increased Mauthner cell activity and escaping behaviour in seabream fed long-chain PUFA." British Journal of Nutrition 107, no. 2 (June 30, 2011): 295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511002807.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There is limited information on the specific effects of long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) on neuron development and functioning. Deficiency of those essential fatty acids impairs escape and avoidance behaviour in fish, where Mauthner cells (M-cells) play a particularly important role in initiating this response. Gilthead seabream larvae fed two different LCPUFA profiles were challenged with a sonorous stimulus. Feeding n-3 LCPUFA increased the content of these fatty acids in fish tissues and caused a higher number of larvae to react to the stimulus with a faster burst swimming speed response. This faster startle response in fish fed n-3 LCPUFA was also associated with an increased immune-positive neural response, particularly in M-cells, denoting a higher production of acetylcholine. The present study shows the first evidence of the effect of n-3 LCPUFA on the functioning of particular neurons in fish, the M-cells and the behaviour response that they modulate to escape from a sound stimulus.
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ARAYA, Julia, Ramón RODRIGO, Luis A. VIDELA, Lilian THIELEMANN, Myriam ORELLANA, Paulina PETTINELLI, and Jaime PONIACHIK. "Increase in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid n−6/n−3 ratio in relation to hepatic steatosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease." Clinical Science 106, no. 6 (June 1, 2004): 635–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20030326.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Hepatic steatosis is a major feature associated with NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease). The aims of the present study were to assess the levels of PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids) in liver total lipids, triacylglycerols (triglycerides) and phospholipids of NAFLD patients in relation to those in adipose tissue and hepatic indexes related to oxidative stress as factors contributing to hepatic steatosis. Eleven control subjects and 19 patients with NAFLD were studied. Analysis of liver and abdominal adipose tissue fatty acids was carried out by GLC. The liver content of protein carbonyl groups and malondialdehyde were taken as indexes related to oxidative stress. NAFLD patients had a depletion in LCPUFA (long-chain PUFA) of the n-6 and n-3 series in liver triacylglycerols, with decreased 20:4,n-6/18:2,n-6 and (20:5,n-3+22:6,n-3)/18:3,n-3 ratios, whereas liver phospholipids contained higher n-6 and lower n-3 LCPUFA. These findings were accompanied by an enhancement of (i) n-6/n-3 ratio in liver and adipose tissue, (ii) 18:1,n-9 trans levels in adipose tissue, and (iii) hepatic lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation indexes. It is concluded that a marked enhancement in LCPUFA n-6/n-3 ratio occurs in the liver of NAFLD patients, a condition that may favour lipid synthesis over oxidation and secretion, thereby leading to steatosis. Depletion of hepatic LCPUFA may result from both defective desaturation of PUFA, due to inadequate intake of precursors, such as 18:3,n-3, and higher intake of the 18:1,n-9 trans isomer leading to desaturase inhibition, and from an increased peroxidation of LCPUFA due to oxidative stress.
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Larqué, Elvira, Alfonso Gil-Sánchez, María Teresa Prieto-Sánchez, and Berthold Koletzko. "Omega 3 fatty acids, gestation and pregnancy outcomes." British Journal of Nutrition 107, S2 (May 17, 2012): S77—S84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512001481.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Pregnancy is associated with a reduction in maternal serum docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) percentage and its possible depletion in the maternal store. Since the synthesis of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) in the fetus and placenta is low, both the maternal LCPUFA status and placental function are critical for their supply to the fetus. Maternal supplementation with DHA up to 1 g/d or 2·7 g n-3 LCPUFA did not have any harmful effect. DHA supplementation in large studies slightly the enhanced length of gestation (by about 2 days), which may increase the birth weight by about 50 g at delivery. However no advice can be given on their general using to avoid preterm deliveries in low or high risk pregnancies. Several studies, but not all, reported improvements of the offspring in some neurodevelopmental tests as a result of DHA supplementation during gestation, or, at least, positive relationships between maternal or cord serum DHA percentages and cognitive skills in young children. The effect seems more evident in children with low DHA proportions, which raises the question of how to identify those mothers who might have a poor DHA status and who could benefit from such supplementation. Most studies on the effects of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation during pregnancy on maternal depression were judged to be of low-to-moderate quality, mainly due to small sample sizes and failure to adhere to Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials guidelines. In contrast, the effects of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation on reducing allergic diseases in offspring are promising.
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Bartelt, Stine, Michael Timm, Camilla T. Damsgaard, Erik W. Hansen, Harald S. Hansen, and Lotte Lauritzen. "The effect of dietary fish oil-supplementation to healthy young men on oxidative burst measured by whole blood chemiluminescence." British Journal of Nutrition 99, no. 6 (June 2008): 1230–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114507853451.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dietary long-chain n-3 PUFA (n-3 LCPUFA) are thought to have immune-modulating effects, but the specific effects and mechanisms are not fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to determine whether dietary n-3 LCPUFA could affect ex vivo oxidative burst in healthy young men. The study had a randomised 2 × 2-factorial design in which subjects were randomly assigned to 8-week supplementation with capsules containing fish oil (about 2·9 g n-3 LCPUFA/d) or olive oil (control). Subjects were also randomly assigned to household use of oils and fat spreads with a high or a low 18 : 2n-6 content. At baseline and at the end of the intervention, the fatty acid composition of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was analysed by GLC and oxidative burst was studied in whole blood stimulated with zymosan using luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence. The PBMC content of n-3 LCPUFA was markedly increased by the fish oil-supplementation (P < 0·001, compared to the olive oil groups). No effect of the intervention was observed on neutrophil count, but one measure of the zymosan-induced oxidative burst was higher in the fish oil groups (P = 0·03) compared to the olive oil groups. The fat intervention did not in itself affect oxidative burst neither did it change the effect of the fish-oil intervention. The measures of oxidative burst at the end of the intervention period were found to be associated with the DHA content of PBMC (r 0·44, P = 0·016), suggesting a dose–response relationship. These results indicate that n-3 LCPUFA may have immuno-stimulating effects.
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Sparkes, Cassandra, Andrew J. Sinclair, Robert A. Gibson, Paul L. Else, and Barbara J. Meyer. "High Variability in Erythrocyte, Plasma and Whole Blood EPA and DHA Levels in Response to Supplementation." Nutrients 12, no. 4 (April 8, 2020): 1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12041017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
(1) Aim: the aim of this secondary analysis was to report the variability in response to n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) supplementation in erythrocytes, plasma and whole blood of a previously published dose response study. (2) Methods: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of parallel design was conducted, whereby pre-menopausal women were randomly assigned to consume 0, 0.35, 0.7 or 1 g/day of supplemental eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Fasted blood samples were taken at baseline and after eight weeks intervention. Erythrocyte, plasma and whole blood fatty acids were extracted using the method of Lepage and Roy and analysed using gas chromatography. (3) Results: There were significant increases in EPA plus DHA levels in the 0.7 g and 1 g dose groups, with the highest increase with the 1 g dose notably: in erythrocytes (from 5.69% to 7.59%), plasma (from 2.94% to 5.48%) and in whole blood (from 3.81% to 6.03%). There was high variability in response to the supplement in erythrocytes, plasma and whole blood across the different doses. (4) Conclusion: there is high individual variability in n-3 LCPUFA levels in response to n-3 LCPUFA supplementation, which should be taken into account in clinical trials using n-3 LCPUFA supplements.
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Teisen, Marie N., Stine Vuholm, Janni Niclasen, Juan J. Aristizabal-Henao, Ken D. Stark, Svend S. Geertsen, Camilla T. Damsgaard, and Lotte Lauritzen. "Effects of oily fish intake on cognitive and socioemotional function in healthy 8–9-year-old children: the FiSK Junior randomized trial." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 112, no. 1 (June 12, 2020): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa050.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT Background Long-chain n–3 PUFAs (n–3 LCPUFAs) accrete in the brain during childhood and affect brain development. Randomized trials in children show inconsistent effects of n–3 LCPUFAs on cognitive and socioemotional function, and few have investigated effects of fish per se. Objectives We aimed to investigate the effects of oily fish consumption on overall and domain-specific cognitive and socioemotional scores and explore sex differences. Methods Healthy 8–9-y-old children (n = 199) were randomly allocated to receive ∼300 g/wk oily fish or poultry (control) for 12 ± 2 wk. At baseline and endpoint, we assessed attention, processing speed, executive functions, memory, emotions, and behavior with a large battery of tests and questionnaires and analyzed erythrocyte fatty acid composition. Results One hundred and ninety-seven (99%) children completed the trial. Children in the fish group consumed 375 (25th–75th percentile: 325–426) g/wk oily fish resulting in 2.3 (95% CI: 1.9, 2.6) fatty acid percentage points higher erythrocyte n–3 LCPUFA than in the poultry group. The overall cognitive performance score tended to improve by 0.17 (95% CI: −0.01, 0.35) points in children who received fish compared with poultry, supported by n–3 LCPUFA dose dependency. This was driven mainly by fewer errors [−1.9 (95% CI: −3.4, −0.3)] in an attention task and improved cognitive flexibility measured as faster reaction time [−51 ms (95% CI: −94, −7 ms)] in a complex relative to a simple task (“mixing cost”). The fish intervention furthermore reduced parent-rated Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire total difficulties by −0.89 (95% CI: −1.60, −0.18) points mainly due to a −0.63 (95% CI: −1.11, −0.16) points reduction in internalizing problems that was reflected in tendency to a decrease in the overall socioemotional problems score of −0.13 (95% CI: −0.26, 0.01) points. The overall effects were similar in boys and girls. Conclusions Oily fish dose-dependently improved cognitive function, especially attention and cognitive flexibility, and reduced socioemotional problems. The results support the importance of n–3 LCPUFAs for optimal brain function and fish intake recommendations in children. The trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02809508.
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Campoy, Cristina, Mª Victoria Escolano-Margarit, Tania Anjos, Hania Szajewska, and Ricardo Uauy. "Omega 3 fatty acids on child growth, visual acuity and neurodevelopment." British Journal of Nutrition 107, S2 (May 17, 2012): S85—S106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512001493.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this review is to evaluate the effects of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) supplementation in pregnant and lactating women and infants during postnatal life, on the visual acuity, psychomotor development, mental performance and growth of infants and children. Eighteen publications (11 sets of randomized control clinical trial [RCTs]) assessed the effects of the n-3 LCPUFA supplementation duringpregnancyon neurodevelopment and growth, in the same subjects at different time points; 4 publications (2 data sets from RCTs) addressed physiological responses to n-3 LCPUFA supplementation duringpregnancy & lactationand 5 publications (3 data sets from RCTs) exclusively duringlactation. Some of these studies showed beneficial effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation during pregnancy and/or lactation especially on visual acuity outcomes and some on long-term neurodevelopment; a few, showed positive effects on growth. There were also 15 RCTs involving term infants who received infant formula supplemented with DHA, which met our selection criteria. Many of these studies claimed a beneficial effect of such supplementation on visual, neural, or developmental outcomes and no effects on growth. Although new well designed and conducted studies are being published, evidence from RCTs does not demonstrate still a clear and consistent benefit of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation during pregnancy and/or lactation on term infants growth, neurodevelopment and visual acuity. These results should be interpreted with caution due to methodological limitations of the included studies.
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van der Wurff, Inge S. M., Barbara J. Meyer, and Renate H. M. de Groot. "Effect of Omega-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (n-3 LCPUFA) Supplementation on Cognition in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Literature Review with a Focus on n-3 LCPUFA Blood Values and Dose of DHA and EPA." Nutrients 12, no. 10 (October 12, 2020): 3115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12103115.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) supplementation in the cardiovascular field is effective if a certain Omega-3 index (O3I) is achieved or the daily n-3 LCPUFA dose is high enough. Whether this applies to studies on cognition in children and adolescents is unclear. The aims of the current review were to investigate whether: (1) a certain O3I level and (2) a minimum daily n-3 LCPUFA dose are required to improve cognition in 4–25 year olds. Web of Science and PubMed were searched. Inclusion criteria: placebo controlled randomized controlled trial; participants 4–25 years; supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and/or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA); assessing cognition; in English and ≥10 participants per treatment arm. Thirty-three studies were included, 21 in typically developing participants, 12 in those with a disorder. A positive effect on cognitive measures was more likely in studies with an increase in O3I to >6%. Half of the studies in typically developing children with daily supplementation dose ≥450 mg DHA + EPA showed improved cognition. For children with a disorder no cut-off value was found. In conclusion, daily supplementation of ≥450 mg DHA + EPA per day and an increase in the O3I to >6% makes it more likely to show efficacy on cognition in children and adolescents.
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Hallund, Jesper, Birgitte Overgaard Madsen, Susanne H. Bügel, Charlotte Jacobsen, Jette Jakobsen, Henrik Krarup, Jørgen Holm, Henrik H. Nielsen, and Lotte Lauritzen. "The effect of farmed trout on cardiovascular risk markers in healthy men." British Journal of Nutrition 104, no. 10 (July 2, 2010): 1528–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114510002527.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Increased intake of marine long-chainn-3 PUFA (n-3 LCPUFA) may decrease the risk of CVD and reduce mortality by lowering serum TAG and blood pressure (BP). Furthermore,n-3 LCPUFA may affect novel CVD risk markers related to inflammation and vascular function. The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of farmed trout on novel and traditional CVD risk markers in healthy men, and to evaluate whether this was affected by the aquacultural feed regime. We performed a parallel, 8-week intervention study in which sixty-eight healthy male volunteers were randomised to consume either a daily meal with 150 g farmed trout raised on either marine or vegetable-based feed, or a reference meal containing 150 g chicken. Twenty-four hour BP, pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, fatty acid composition of erythrocyte (RBC), and concentrations of TAG, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, glucose, insulin, C-reactive protein (CRP) and other markers of inflammation were measured at weeks 0 and 8. RBC content of totaln-3 LCPUFA, both EPA and DHA, was significantly higher among men consuming trout raised on marine feed compared with men consuming the vegetable-fed trout or chicken. The three intervention groups did not differ significantly with respect to any of the other outcome variables, although there were trends towards associations between the changes in RBCn-3 LCPUFA and those in BP and CRP. In the present study, we conclude that we could not confirm the fish oil-induced reduction in CVD risk markers after daily consumption of trout with high or lown-3 LCPUFA content. However, trout raised on vegetable-based feed had less pronounced impact on RBCn-3 LCPUFA status.
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Videla, Luis A., and Paulina Pettinelli. "Misregulation of PPAR Functioning and Its Pathogenic Consequences Associated with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Human Obesity." PPAR Research 2012 (2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/107434.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in human obesity is characterized by the multifactorial nature of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms, which include misregulation of PPARs signaling. Liver PPAR-αdownregulation with parallel PPAR-γand SREBP-1c up-regulation may trigger major metabolic disturbances betweende novolipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation favouring the former, in association with the onset of steatosis in obesity-induced oxidative stress and related long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid n-3 (LCPUFA n-3) depletion, insulin resistance, hypoadiponectinemia, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Considering that antisteatotic strategies targeting PPAR-αrevealed that fibrates have poor effectiveness, thiazolidinediones have weight gain limitations, and dual PPAR-α/γagonists have safety concerns, supplementation with LCPUFA n-3 appears as a promising alternative, which achieves both significant reduction in liver steatosis scores and a positive anti-inflammatory outcome. This latter aspect is of importance as PPAR-αdownregulation associated with LCPUFA n-3 depletion may play a role in increasing the DNA binding capacity of proinflammatory factors, NF-κB and AP-1, thus constituting one of the major mechanisms for the progression of steatosis to steatohepatitis.
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Newell, Marnie, Sunita Ghosh, Susan Goruk, Mohammedreza Pakseresht, Jennifer Vena, and Catherine Field. "Plasma Phospholipid Fatty Acids and Breast Cancer Risk in Alberta's Tomorrow Project." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa061_089.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Objectives It is estimated that lifestyle factors, such as dietary intake, contribute up to 21% of all breast cancer (BC) cases. High dietary intakes of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) have been associated with a reduced incidence of BC. Dietary intake of n-3 LCPUFA typically correlate with blood fatty acid concentrations, but the relationship between blood fatty acid concentrations and BC risk has not yet been established. We hypothesized that higher plasma phospholipid (PL) content of n-3 LCPUFAs would be associated with a reduced risk of BC. Methods Plasma samples and relevant covariables were obtained from 614 age-matched women (203 with BC/411 control) from a nested case-control within Alberta's Tomorrow Project. PL fatty acid concentration and relative % composition were determined from baseline plasma samples (collected 9–16 years pre-BC diagnosis). Principal component analysis was employed to determine predictive models for fatty acid clusters. Conditional logistic regression models controlled for covariates were used to assess the relative risk of BC (odds ratio-OR) by fatty acid content. Sub-group analyses by menopausal status and BMI at baseline were also performed. Results When adjusted for BMI and menopausal status, individual fatty acids, including linoleic acid (OR = 1.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.08,2.84, P < 0.04) and arachidonic acid (OR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.03,2.49, P < 0.04), were positively associated with BC risk. However, composite analysis of grouped fatty acids were found to be stronger indicators of risk – total PUFA (µg/mL; OR = 2.25, 95% CI = 1.4,3.44, P < 0.001), total n-6 PUFA (OR = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.32,3.36, P < 0.002), and total n-3 PUFA (OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.06,2.32, P < 0.02), were independent predictors of BC risk. Conclusions In contrast to epidemiological dietary evidence, this study found an increased risk of BC with higher plasma concentrations of n-3 LCPUFA. However, the absolute n-3 concentration in this population was low, and therefore a second cohort is being assessed to validate these results. Overall, this study suggests that risk of BC cannot be predicted by isolated fatty acid blood concentrations, but that the balance of different fatty acids or the combination of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids may be a better predictor of BC. Funding Sources Funded by Women and Children's Health Research Institute.
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Sparkes, Cassandra, Robert Gibson, Andrew Sinclair, Paul Else, and Barbara Meyer. "Effect of Low Dose Docosahexaenoic Acid-Rich Fish Oil on Plasma Lipids and Lipoproteins in Pre-Menopausal Women: A Dose–Response Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial." Nutrients 10, no. 10 (October 8, 2018): 1460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10101460.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LCPUFA) supplementation has been shown to improve plasma lipid profiles in men and post-menopausal women, however, data for pre-menopausal women are lacking. The benefits of intakes less than 1 g/day have not been well studied, and dose–response data is limited. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of low doses of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich tuna oil on plasma triglyceride (TG) lowering in pre-menopausal women, and investigate if low dose DHA-rich tuna oil supplementation would increase the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particle sizes. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted, in which 53 healthy pre-menopausal women with mildly elevated plasma TG levels consumed 0, 0.35, 0.7, or 1 g/day n-3 LCPUFA as HiDHA™ tuna oil or placebo (Sunola oil) capsules for 8 weeks. Supplementation with 1 g/day n-3 LCPUFA, but not lower doses, reduced plasma TG by 23% in pre-menopausal women. This was reflected in a dose-dependent reduction in very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-TG (R2 = 0.20, p = 0.003). A weak dose-dependent shift in HDL (but not LDL) particle size was identified (R2 = 0.05, p = 0.04). The results of this study indicate that DHA-rich n-3 LCPUFA supplementation at a dose of 1 g/day is an effective TG-lowering agent and increases HDL particle size in pre-menopausal women.
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Lauritzen, L., S. E. Eriksen, M. F. Hjorth, M. S. Nielsen, S. F. Olsen, K. D. Stark, K. F. Michaelsen, and C. T. Damsgaard. "Maternal fish oil supplementation during lactation is associated with reduced height at 13 years of age and higher blood pressure in boys only." British Journal of Nutrition 116, no. 12 (December 28, 2016): 2082–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114516004293.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractDietary long-chain n-3 PUFA (n-3 LCPUFA) in infancy may have long-term effects on lifestyle disease risk. The present follow-up study investigated whether maternal fish oil (FO) supplementation during lactation affected growth and blood pressure in adolescents and whether the effects differed between boys and girls. Mother–infant pairs (n 103) completed a randomised controlled trial with FO (1·5 g/d n-3 LCPUFA) or olive oil (OO) supplements during the first 4 months of lactation; forty-seven mother–infant pairs with high fish intake were followed-up for 4 months as the reference group. We also followed-up 100 children with assessment of growth, blood pressure, diet by FFQ and physical activity by 7-d accelerometry at 13·5 (sd 0·4) years of age. Dried whole-blood fatty acid composition was analysed in a subgroup (n 49). At 13 years of age, whole-blood n-3 LCPUFA, diet, physical activity and body composition did not differ between the three groups. The children from the FO group were 3·4 (95 % CI 0·2, 6·6) cm shorter (P=0·035) than those from the OO group, and tended to have less advanced puberty (P=0·068), which explained the difference in height. There was a sex-specific effect on diastolic blood pressure (Psex×group=0·020), which was driven by a 3·9 (95 % CI 0·2, 7·5) mmHg higher diastolic blood pressure in the FO compared with the OO group among boys only (P=0·041). Our results indicate that early n-3 LCPUFA intake may reduce height in early adolescence due to a delay in pubertal maturation and increase blood pressure specifically in boys, thereby tending to counteract existing sex differences.
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Sørensen, Louise Bergmann, Camilla Trab Damsgaard, Stine-Mathilde Dalskov, Rikke Agnete Petersen, Niels Egelund, Camilla Brørup Dyssegaard, Ken D. Stark, et al. "Diet-induced changes in iron and n-3 fatty acid status and associations with cognitive performance in 8–11-year-old Danish children: secondary analyses of the Optimal Well-Being, Development and Health for Danish Children through a Healthy New Nordic Diet School Meal Study." British Journal of Nutrition 114, no. 10 (September 11, 2015): 1623–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114515003323.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractFe and n-3 long-chain PUFA (n-3 LCPUFA) have both been associated with cognition, but evidence remains inconclusive in well-nourished school-aged children. In the Optimal Well-Being, Development and Health for Danish Children through a Healthy New Nordic Diet (OPUS) School Meal Study, the 3-month intervention increased reading performance, inattention, impulsivity and dietary intake of fish and Fe. This study investigated whether the intervention influenced n-3 LCPUFA and Fe status and, if so, explored how these changes correlated with the changes in cognitive performance. The study was a cluster-randomised cross-over trial comparing school meals with packed lunch (control). At baseline and after each treatment, we measured serum ferritin, whole-blood n-3 LCPUFA and Hb, and performance in reading, mathematics and d2-test of attention. Data were analysed using mixed models (n 726) and principal component analysis of test performances (n 644), which showed two main patterns: ‘school performance’ and ‘reading comprehension’. The latter indicated that children with good reading comprehension were also more inattentive and impulsive (i.e. higher d2-test error%). The intervention improved ‘school performance’ (P=0·015), ‘reading comprehension’ (P=0·043) and EPA+DHA status 0·21 (95 % CI 0·15, 0·27) w/w % (P<0·001), but it did not affect serum ferritin or Hb. At baseline, having small Fe stores was associated with poorer ‘school performance’ in girls, but with better ‘reading comprehension’ in both boys and girls. Both baseline EPA+DHA status and the intervention-induced increase in EPA+DHA status was positively associated with ‘school performance’, suggesting that n-3 LCPUFA could potentially explain approximately 20 % of the intervention effect. These exploratory associations indicate that increased fish intake might explain some of the increase in reading performance and inattention in the study.
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Kirkhus, Bente, Amandine Lamglait, Karl-Erik Eilertsen, Eva Falch, Trond Haider, Hogne Vik, Nils Hoem, et al. "Effects of similar intakes of marinen-3 fatty acids from enriched food products and fish oil on cardiovascular risk markers in healthy human subjects." British Journal of Nutrition 107, no. 9 (September 15, 2011): 1339–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511004508.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There is convincing evidence that consumption of fish and fish oil rich in long-chain (LC)n-3 PUFA (n-3 LCPUFA), EPA (20 : 5n-3) and DHA (22 : 6n-3) reduce the risk of CHD. The aim of the present study was to investigate whethern-3 LCPUFA-enriched food products provide similar beneficial effects as fish oil with regard to incorporation into plasma lipids and effects on cardiovascular risk markers. A parallel 7-week intervention trial was performed where 159 healthy men and women were randomised to consume either 34 g fish pâté (n44), 500 ml fruit juice (n38) or three capsules of concentrated fish oil (n40), all contributing to a daily intake of approximately 1 g EPA and DHA. A fourth group did not receive any supplementation or food product and served as controls (n37). Plasma fatty acid composition, serum lipids, and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress were measured. Compared with the control group, plasman-3 LCPUFA and EPA:arachidonic acid ratio increased equally in all intervention groups. However, no significant changes in blood lipids and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress were observed. In conclusion, enriched fish pâté and fruit juice represent suitable delivery systems forn-3 LCPUFA. However, although the dose given is known to reduce the risk of CVD, no significant changes were observed on cardiovascular risk markers in this healthy population.
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Echeverría, Francisca, Rodrigo Valenzuela, Andrés Bustamante, Daniela Álvarez, Macarena Ortiz, Alejandra Espinosa, Paola Illesca, Daniel Gonzalez-Mañan, and Luis A. Videla. "High-fat diet induces mouse liver steatosis with a concomitant decline in energy metabolism: attenuation by eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or hydroxytyrosol (HT) supplementation and the additive effects upon EPA and HT co-administration." Food & Function 10, no. 9 (2019): 6170–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9fo01373c.
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Degirolamo, Chiara, Kathryn L. Kelley, Martha D. Wilson та Lawrence L. Rudel. "Dietary n-3 LCPUFA from fish oil but not α-linolenic acid-derived LCPUFA confers atheroprotection in mice". Journal of Lipid Research 51, № 7 (11 лютого 2010): 1897–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1194/jlr.m005058.
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Damsgaard, Camilla T., Hanne Frøkiær, and Lotte Lauritzen. "The effects of fish oil and high or low linoleic acid intake on fatty acid composition of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells." British Journal of Nutrition 99, no. 1 (July 30, 2007): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114507791900.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dietary intake of 18: 2n-6 and 18: 3n-3 may affect endogenous production and incorporation of n-3 long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) from fish oils (FO). This double-blinded controlled 2 × 2-factorial 8-week intervention investigates the effects of high and low 18: 2n-6 intake in combination with FO-supplementation on tissue fatty acid composition. Healthy young men (n 64) were randomized to capsules with FO or olive oil (control) (4·4 (2·0–5·6) ml/d) and to either sunflower oil and margarine (S/B) or rapeseed oil and a butter spread (R/K) to provide a high or a low 18: 2n-6 intake. Diet was measured by 4-d weighed dietary records at baseline, during and 8 weeks after the intervention and tissue incorporation as fatty acid composition of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The fat intervention gave a mean difference in the 18: 2n-6 intake of 7·3 g/d (95 % CI 4·6, 10·0) and a similar 18: 3n-3 intake in the groups. The R/K groups had a 0·2 % fatty acid (FA%) (95 % CI 0·0, 0·4, P = 0·02) higher content of 22: 5n-3 in the PBMC, a tendency of slightly higher 20: 5n-3 (P = 0·06), but no more 22: 6n-3 (P = 0·83) than the S/B groups. FO effectively raised the PBMC content of all n-3 LCPUFA (P < 0·001). The fat intervention did not markedly influence the effect of FO; the mean PBMC content of n-3 LCPUFA was 10·3 (sem 0·3) FA% in the FO+S/B group and 10·6 (sem 0·2) FA% in the FO+R/K group. In conclusion, increasing the 18: 2n-6 intake did not have any pronounced effect on incorporation of n-3 LCPUFA in PBMC, either alone or with simultaneous FO supplementation.
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Horikawa, Chika, Rei Otsuka, Yuki Kato, Yukiko Nishita, Chikako Tange, Tomohiro Rogi, Hiroshi Kawashima, Hiroshi Shibata, Fujiko Ando, and Hiroshi Shimokata. "Longitudinal Association between n-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intake and Depressive Symptoms: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Japan." Nutrients 10, no. 11 (November 3, 2018): 1655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10111655.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It remains unclear whether n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) have a preventive effect on depression in the general population. This study investigated the longitudinal association between n-3 LCPUFA intake and depressive symptoms in community-dwelling Japanese participants. The participants were aged 40–79 years at baseline in the cohort study, wherein examinations, including the assessment of depressive symptoms and nutritional status, were biennially conducted from 1997 to 2012. The subjects (n = 2335) who had a Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) score < 16 at the first examination and who participated in the follow-up study at least once were included in the analysis. The follow-up end point was the first onset (CES-D ≥ 16) or the last examination participation. Hazard ratios (95% CIs) for CES-D ≥ 16 were estimated using the adjusted Cox proportional hazards model. Overall, 22.1% participants showed depressive symptoms during follow-up (average; 8.1 years). Compared with the lowest tertile, the highest HR for EPA was 0.74 (0.60–0.93), and highest and middle HRs for DHA were 0.79 (0.63–0.98) and 0.80 (0.65–0.99) (P for trend = 0.009 and 0.032), respectively. Among populations with high fish consumption, higher n-3 LCPUFA intake may be associated with a low risk of depressive symptoms.
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Hauger, Hanne, Margit V. Groth, Christian Ritz, Anja Biltoft-Jensen, Rikke Andersen, Stine-Mathilde Dalskov, Mads F. Hjorth, et al. "Socio-economic differences in cardiometabolic risk markers are mediated by diet and body fatness in 8- to 11-year-old Danish children: a cross-sectional study." Public Health Nutrition 19, no. 12 (March 1, 2016): 2229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980015003766.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractObjectiveTo explore whether socio-economic differences exist in cardiometabolic risk markers in children and whether lifestyle-related factors potentially mediate these differences.DesignCross-sectional study including measurements of fasting blood lipids, glucose, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), blood pressure and heart rate. Potential mediators examined were fat mass index (FMI); intakes of fruit, vegetables, dietary fibre and added sugar; whole-blood n-3 long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) as a biomarker of fish intake; and physical activity and sedentary time.SettingNine primary schools in Denmark.SubjectsChildren aged 8–11 years (n 715).ResultsChildren of parents with the shortest compared with longest education had higher TAG by 0·12 (95 % CI 0·04, 0·21) mmol/l and HOMA-IR by 0·36 (0·10, 0·62), whereas children of parents with a vocational education had higher total cholesterol by 0·14 (0·02, 0·27) mmol/l and LDL cholesterol by 0·14 (0·03, 0·25) mmol/l compared with children of parents with the longest education; all P<0·05. FMI explained 25 % of the difference in TAG, 64 % of the difference in HOMA-IR and 21–29 % of the differences in cholesterols. FMI and whole-blood n-3 LCPUFA combined explained 42 % of the difference in TAG, whereas FMI, whole-blood n-3 LCPUFA and dietary fibre explained 89 % of the difference in HOMA-IR.ConclusionsSocio-economic differences were present in blood lipids and insulin resistance among 8- to 11-year-olds and were mediated by body fatness, whole-blood n-3 LCPUFA and dietary fibre. These lifestyle factors may be targets in public initiatives to reduce socio-economic differences. Confirmation in longitudinal studies and trials is warranted.
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Horikawa, Chika, Rei Otsuka, Yuki Kato, Yukiko Nishita, Chikako Tange, Saki Kakutani, Tomohiro Rogi, et al. "Cross-sectional association between serum concentrations ofn-3 long-chain PUFA and depressive symptoms: results in Japanese community dwellers." British Journal of Nutrition 115, no. 4 (December 22, 2015): 672–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114515004754.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe effect ofn-3 long-chain PUFA (n-3 LCPUFA) on depression in healthy subjects is unclear, and most of the previous studies have focused on populations eating Western diets with lower fish intake. The present study investigated the association between blood levels ofn-3 LCPUFA and depressive symptoms in Japanese community dwellers with highern-3 LCPUFA blood levels. A cross-sectional study was conducted from 2006 to 2008, including 1050 men and 1073 women aged 40 years or older from the National Institute for Longevity Sciences – the Longitudinal Study of Aging. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was used to assess depressive symptoms. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the OR and 95 % CI for a CES-D score ≥16. Serum concentrations ofn-3 PUFA, but notn-6 PUFA, were inversely associated with depressive symptoms. Compared with the lowest quintile, the adjusted OR for serum EPA at the fourth and fifth quintiles were 0·55 (95 % CI 0·35, 0·85) and 0·64 (95 % CI 0·42, 0·98), respectively, and at the fifth quintile for DHA it was 0·58 (95 % CI 0·37, 0·92), for the presence of depressive symptoms (Pfor trend=0·013 and 0·011, respectively). Serum levels of EPA and DHA were inversely associated with depressive symptoms in Japanese community dwellers with higher blood levels ofn-3 LCPUFA, suggesting thatn-3 LCPUFA intakes corresponding to higher levels in a Japanese population may have implications for a lower prevalence of depression.
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Joffre, C., A. Nadjar, M. Lebbadi, F. Calon, and S. Laye. "n-3 LCPUFA improves cognition: The young, the old and the sick." Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 91, no. 1-2 (July 2014): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2014.05.001.
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Maslova, Ekaterina, Susanne Hansen, Marin Strøm, Thorhallur Halldorsson, Louise Grunnet, Allan Vaag, and Sjurdur Olsen. "Fish Intake in Pregnancy and Offspring Metabolic Parameters at Age 9–16—Does Gestational Diabetes Modify the Risk?" Nutrients 10, no. 10 (October 17, 2018): 1534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10101534.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Oily fish, an important source of marine n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), has shown to reduce cardiometabolic risk in adults. Whether maternal fish intake affects offspring metabolic health is less established, especially among high-risk pregnancies. We aimed to examine the association of fish intake in pregnancy with offspring metabolic health who were either exposed or unexposed to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Our study included 1234 mother-offspring dyads (608 with a GDM index pregnancy and 626 control dyads) nested within the Danish National Birth Cohort, which is a prebirth cohort. Maternal seafood and marine n-3 LCPUFA consumption was quantified by a food frequency questionnaire (gestational week 25) and a sub-sample with interview data (weeks 12 and 30). The offspring were clinically examined at 9–16 years, including a Dual energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) scan and a fasting blood sample. We calculated multivariable effect estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for anthropometric, adiposity, and metabolic parameters. The median (IQR) intake of total seafood was 23(24) g/day. We found largely no association for total seafood and marine n-3 LCPUFA with offspring metabolic parameters in either group. Using interview data, GDM-exposed women reporting no fish in week 12 and 30 (versus intake >2 times/week) had offspring with a higher Body Mass Index (BMI) (ratio of geometric means (RGM): 1.28, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.55), waist circumference (RGM: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.40), triglycerides (RGM: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.03, 3.03), and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance HOMA-IR (RGM: 2.16, 95% CI: 1.17, 3.97). We found no associations of n-3 LCPUFA and seafood intake with offspring metabolic outcomes. However, GDM-exposed women who consistently reported eating no fish had offspring with a poorer metabolic profile. Fish intake in pregnancy may mitigate some adverse effects of intrauterine hyperglycemia, however, these findings need replication in better powered studies.
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Ranade, Prachi S., and Shobha S. Rao. "Maternal diet, LCPUFA status and prematurity in Indian mothers: A cross-sectional study." Functional Foods in Health and Disease 2, no. 11 (November 16, 2012): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v2i11.73.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: Recently, certain long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) have been shown to exert functional benefits with regards to gestational length. The present study examined the association of maternal LCPUFA intake, specifically Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and Arachidonic acid (ARA), and plasma status at delivery with duration of gestation and risk of premature delivery in Indian mothers.Methods: In a cross-sectional nested case-control study, 191 mother-baby pairs [164 Full term (FT) and 27 Preterm (PT)] were examined for differences in maternal habitual diet pattern and plasma fatty acid composition in relation to the length of gestation.Results: The frequency of intake of n-3 fatty acid rich varieties of fish was higher (p<0.05) in FT mothers compared to PT mothers. Maternal plasma fatty acid concentration of n-3 Alpha Linolenic acid (ALA), Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), DHA and total n-3 fatty acids at delivery was significantly associated with intake of vegetarian ALA sources such as millets, dark whole pulses, dry fruits like walnuts, and green leafy vegetables. Among age, parity, and neonatal sex matched case-control pairs, PT mothers had significantly (p<0.01) higher levels of n-6 ARA, but lower (p<0.01) levels of n-3 DHA and total n-3 fatty acids compared to FT mothers irrespective of socioeconomic group. In fact, mothers with plasma DHA levels below median (<3.0%) had ten times higher risk (OR-10.47; 95% CI: 3.03-36.48) of delivering prematurely compared to those who had plasma DHA levels above median.Conclusion: Results underscore the importance of consuming varied sources of ALA and DHA for their role as functional lipids in determining gestational length.Key words: LCPUFA, maternal diet, omega 3, DHA, preterm birth, relative risk
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Torres, Alexandre G., and Nádia M. F. Trugo. "Evidence of inadequate docosahexaenoic acid status in Brazilian pregnant and lactating women." Revista de Saúde Pública 43, no. 2 (April 2009): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-89102009000200018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recently published data concerning dietary intake of fat and food sources of (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) in Brazil are reviewed together with data on biochemical indices of PUFA status during pregnancy and lactation and PUFA composition of breast milk in Brazilian adolescents and adults. Potential inadequacies of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) status among Brazilian pregnant and lactating women have not yet been thoroughly evaluated. The data reviewed show that dietary intake of food sources of n-3 LCPUFA is low and possibly deficient in Brazil, and that biochemical indices of maternal DHA status and breast milk DHA content are low compared to the international literature. These data indicate inadequate DHA status among Brazilian women during pregnancy and lactation, but this evidence needs confirmation through comprehensive and specific population-based studies.
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Lopes, Paula A., Rute Martins, Inês Vieira da Silva, Marta S. Madeira, José A. M. Prates, and Graça Soveral. "Modulation of aquaporin gene expression by n-3 long-chain PUFA lipid structures in white and brown adipose tissue from hamsters." British Journal of Nutrition 120, no. 10 (November 7, 2018): 1098–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114518002519.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractEPA (20 : 5n-3) and DHA (22 : 6n-3) fatty acids have weight-reducing properties with physiological activity depending on their molecular structure – that is, as TAG or ethyl esters (EE). Aquaporins (AQP) are membrane protein channels recognised as important players in fat metabolism, but their differential expression in white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT), as well as their modulation by dietary n-3 long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) such as EPA and DHA, has never been investigated. In this study, the transcriptional profiles of AQP3, AQP5, AQP7 and selected lipid markers of WAT (subcutaneous and visceral) and BAT (interscapular) from hamsters fed diets containing n-3 LCPUFA in different lipid structures such as fish oil (FO, rich in EPA and DHA in the TAG form) and FO-EE (rich in EPA and DHA in the EE form) were used and compared with linseed oil (LSO) as the reference group. A clear effect of fat depot was observed for AQP3 and leptin (LEP), with the lowest values of mRNA found in BAT relative to WAT. The opposite occurred for PPARα. AQP7 was affected by diet, with FO-fed hamsters having higher mRNA levels compared with LSO-fed hamsters. The relative gene expression of AQP5, adiponectin (ADIPO), GLUT4 and PPARγ was influenced by both fat tissue and diet. Taken together, our results revealed a differential expression profile of AQP and some markers of lipid metabolism in both WAT and BAT in response to feeding n-3 LCPUFA in two different structural formats: TAG v. EE.
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O’Tierney-Ginn, P. F., D. Davina, M. Gillingham, D. J. P. Barker, C. Morris, and K. L. Thornburg. "Neonatal fatty acid profiles are correlated with infant growth measures at 6 months." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 8, no. 4 (March 16, 2017): 474–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040174417000150.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Rapid weight gain in infancy and low levels of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) at birth are associated with increased adiposity later in life. The association between placental LCPUFA delivery and weight gain in infancy is poorly understood. We sought to determine the relationships between maternal phenotype, placental fatty acid transporter expression and offspring growth patterns over the first 6 months. Placental tissue and cord blood were collected at term delivery from women with uncomplicated pregnancies. Offspring body composition measurements were recorded 1 day and 6 months after birth. Body mass index (BMI) z-scores were determined using World Health Organization 2006 reference data. Body phenotype patterns were compared among offspring who had an increase in BMI z-score and those who had a decrease. High skinfold thickness at birth and positive change in BMI z-scores during infancy were associated with low neonatal n-3 LCPUFA plasma levels (r=−0.46, P=0.046) and high saturated fatty acids levels (r=0.49, P=0.034). Growth of skinfolds over 6 months of age was associated with placental fatty acid transporter gene expression. Change in BMI z-score in the first 6 months of life correlated with arm muscle area growth, a measure of lean mass (r=0.62, P=0.003), but not with growth in skinfold thickness. Early infancy weight gain was associated with poor plasma LCPUFA status at birth, and fat deposition in infancy was related to changes in placental lipid handling. Thus, neonatal fatty acid profiles may influence the trajectory of infant growth and fat and lean mass deposition.
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Valenzuela B, Rodrigo, Cynthia Barrera R, Marcela González-Astorga, Julio Sanhueza C, and Alfonso Valenzuela B. "Alpha linolenic acid (ALA) from Rosa canina, sacha inchi and chia oils may increase ALA accretion and its conversion into n-3 LCPUFA in diverse tissues of the rat." Food Funct. 5, no. 7 (2014): 1564–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3fo60688k.
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Makrides, Maria, and Karen Best. "Docosahexaenoic Acid and Preterm Birth." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 69, Suppl. 1 (2016): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000448263.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Preterm birth accounts for more than 85% of all perinatal complications and deaths. There are many short- and long-term consequences of being born too soon. These infants often require intensive care and are at increased risk of early morbidities often with life-long sequelae. Approximately 50% of all preterm births have unknown or unclear causes, and there are no effective primary prevention strategies in widespread clinical use. Epidemiological studies have observed an increased length of gestation in populations with high fish consumption. These findings have led to randomised controlled trials of omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) supplementation which show that these dietary agents may delay the timing of birth and may have value as a prophylactic intervention in some women. This review presents the available evidence and discusses the relationship between prenatal n-3 LCPUFA supplementation during pregnancy and the incidence of preterm birth.
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Forsyth, J. S. "Lipids and infant formulas." Nutrition Research Reviews 11, no. 2 (December 1998): 255–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/nrr19980018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe ultimate goal in the design of infant formula is to achieve the outcome seen in breast fed infants. This review of lipids in infant formulas for term infants begins by referring to the lipid composition of human milk, and relates that to differences in lipid digestion and metabolism which exist between breast fed and formula fed infants and which may significantly influence fatty acid bioavailability.Recommendations are made for the lipid content and fatty acid composition of term infant formulas (especially for lauric, linoleic, α-linolenic, long chain 20 and 22C n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and thetransfatty acids).Further research is required to define more clearly the long term nutritional, growth and developmental effects of structured lipids in formulas for term infants. More information is required on the differential handling of LCPUFA and other fatty acids at the organ and cellular level. There is a need for large (multi-centre) randomized studies to determine the short and long term functional effects of LCPUFA supplementation. Further research and development is required to determine a commercial source of LCPUFA which is safe, effective and economic. Further information is required on the short and long term effects of cholesterol intake during infancy, and in particular its relationship to LCPUFA metabolism. Long term studies should be initiated to determine the relationship of infant diet (especially saturated fatty acid and cholesterol intake) to the development of cardiovascular disease.
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Kartikasari, L. R., M. S. Geier, R. J. Hughes, S. E. P. Bastian, and R. A. Gibson. "Omega-3 fatty acid levels and sensory quality of eggs following consumption of alpha-linolenic acid enriched diets." Food Research 5, S2 (June 20, 2021): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.5(s2).010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of the study was to increase the levels of omega-3 fatty acids in eggs, mainly in the form of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n -3) as EPA and DHA have beneficial health effects. This study tested whether the inclusion of a vegetable source of omega-3 (n-3) fat in the form of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) in the diets of laying hens (Hy-Line brown) would improve n-3 fat accumulation, without altering the product performance or the sensory characteristics of eggs. In this study, the ALA levels of the diets were varied from 0.3 to 6% energy (%en). In order to optimize the conversion of ALA into n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), grain-based diets containing a low linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) level were chosen as a basal diet, and the level of competing substrate, LA, in the dietary treatments was also kept constant. Results showed that increasing the levels of dietary ALA increased all n-3 LCPUFA (EPA, DPA, and DHA) in the eggs. Importantly, diets enriched with ALA did not impair the sensory quality of the eggs. In conclusion, brown laying hens fed ALA enriched diets produced eggs higher in n-3 fatty acids, and met the requirement needed for labelling as n-3 PUFA sources, which provides an alternative n-3 rich food for consumers.
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Mazahery, Hajar, Cathryn A. Conlon, Kathryn L. Beck, Owen Mugridge, Marlena C. Kruger, Welma Stonehouse, Carlos A. Camargo, Barbara J. Meyer, Bobby Tsang та Pamela R. von Hurst. "Inflammation (IL-1β) Modifies the Effect of Vitamin D and Omega-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Core Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder—An Exploratory Pilot Study". Nutrients 12, № 3 (28 лютого 2020): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12030661.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: The role of vitamin D and omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 LCPUFA) in improving core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children has been investigated by a few randomised controlled trials and the results are mixed and inconclusive. The response to treatment with these nutrients is heterogenous and may be influenced by inflammatory state. As an exploratory analysis, we investigated whether inflammatory state would modulate the effect of these nutrients on core symptoms of ASD. Methods: Seventy-three New Zealand children with ASD (2.5–8.0 years) completed a 12-month randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of vitamin D (VID, 2000 IU/day), omega-3 LCPUFA; (OM, 722 mg/day docosahexaenoic acid), or both (VIDOM). Non-fasting baseline plasma interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was available for 67 children (VID = 15, OM = 21, VIDOM = 15, placebo = 16). Children were categorised as having undetectable/normal IL-1β (<3.2 pg/ml, n = 15) or elevated IL-1β (≥3.2 pg/mL, n = 52). The Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) questionnaire was used to assess core symptoms of ASD (baseline, 12-month). Mixed model repeated measure analyses (including all children or only children with elevated IL-1β) were used. Results: We found evidence for an interaction between baseline IL-1β and treatment response for SRS-total, SRS-social communicative functioning, SRS-awareness and SRS-communication (all Pinteraction < 0.10). When all children were included in the analysis, two outcome comparisons (treatments vs. placebo) showed greater improvements: VID, no effect (all P > 0.10); OM and VIDOM (P = 0.01) for SRS-awareness. When only children with elevated IL-1β were included, five outcomes showed greater improvements: OM (P = 0.01) for SRS-total; OM (P = 0.03) for SRS-social communicative functioning; VID (P = 0.01), OM (P = 0.003) and VIDOM (P = 0.01) for SRS-awareness. Conclusion: Inflammatory state may have modulated responses to vitamin D and omega-3 LCPUFA intervention in children with ASD, suggesting children with elevated inflammation may benefit more from daily vitamin D and omega-3 LCPUFA supplementation.
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Babirekere-Iriso, Esther, Charlotte G. Mortensen, Ezekiel Mupere, Maren J. H. Rytter, Hanifa Namusoke, Kim F. Michaelsen, André Briend, Ken D. Stark, Henrik Friis, and Lotte Lauritzen. "Changes in whole-blood PUFA and their predictors during recovery from severe acute malnutrition." British Journal of Nutrition 115, no. 10 (March 21, 2016): 1730–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114516000817.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractChildren with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) with complications require in-patient management including therapeutic feeding. Little attention has been given to the effects of these feeds on the essential fatty acid status of children with SAM. The objective of this study was to describe changes in the PUFA composition in whole blood in children with SAM during treatment and to determine predictors of change. This prospective study took place in a paediatric nutrition rehabilitation unit in Kampala, Uganda, and assessed whole-blood fatty acid composition of children with SAM at admission, transition, discharge and follow-up (8 and 16 weeks). ANCOVA was used to identify predictors of change in whole-blood PUFA. The study included 120 children with SAM and twenty-nine healthy control children of similar age and sex. Among the SAM children, 38 % were female and 64 % had oedema. Whole-blood n-6 PUFA proportions increased from admission to follow-up, except for arachidonic acid, which decreased by 0·79 (95 % CI 0·46, 1·12) fatty acid percentage (FA%) from admission to transition and 0·10 (95 % CI 0·23, 0·44) FA% at discharge. n-3 Long-chain (LC) PUFA decreased by 0·21 (95 % CI 0·03, 0·40) FA% at discharge and 0·22 (95 % CI 0·01, 0·42) FA% at 8 weeks of follow-up. This decrease was greater in children from families with recent fish intake and those with nasogastric tube feeding. Current therapeutic feeds do not correct whole-blood levels of LCPUFA, particularly n-3 LCPUFA, in children with SAM. Increased attention is needed to the contents of n-3 LCPUFA in therapeutic feeds.
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Vedtofte, Mia Sadowa, Marianne U. Jakobsen, Lotte Lauritzen, Eilis J. O'Reilly, Jarmo Virtamo, Paul Knekt, Graham Colditz та ін. "Association between the intake of α-linolenic acid and the risk of CHD". British Journal of Nutrition 112, № 5 (25 червня 2014): 735–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711451400138x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The intake of the mainly plant-derived n-3 PUFA α-linolenic acid (ALA) has been reported to be associated with a lower risk of CHD. However, the results have been inconsistent. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to examine the association between the intake of ALA and the risk of CHD. Potential effect modification by the intake of long-chain n-3 PUFA (n-3 LCPUFA) was also investigated. Data from eight American and European prospective cohort studies including 148 675 women and 80 368 men were used. The outcome measure was incident CHD (CHD event and death). During 4–10 years of follow-up, 4493 CHD events and 1751 CHD deaths occurred. Among men, an inverse association (not significant) between the intake of ALA and the risk of CHD events and deaths was observed. For each additional gram of ALA consumed, a 15 % lower risk of CHD events (hazard ratios (HR) 0·85, 95 % CI 0·72, 1·01) and a 23 % lower risk of CHD deaths (HR 0·77, 95 % CI 0·58, 1·01) were observed. No consistent association was observed among women. No effect modification by the intake of n-3 LCPUFA was observed.
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Meneses, Flávia, Alexandre G. Torres, and Nádia M. F. Trugo. "Essential and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid status and fatty acid composition of breast milk of lactating adolescents." British Journal of Nutrition 100, no. 5 (November 2008): 1029–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114508945177.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aims of the present study were to evaluate essential fatty acids (EFA) and long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) status in lactating adolescents and its association with breast milk composition. Healthy nursing adolescents from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (n 30; 14–19 years; 30–120 d postpartum), exclusively or predominantly breast-feeding, participated in this study. Breast milk and blood samples were collected after overnight fasting. Fatty acid composition of breast milk, erythrocyte membrane (EM) and plasma NEFA were determined by GC. Indices of fatty acid status (mean melting point (MMP); EFA status index; DHA status indices, 22 : 5n-6:22 : 4n-6 and 22 : 6n-3:22 : 5n-6 ratios) were calculated from EM fatty acid composition. Dietary intake of n-3 fatty acids was low when compared with current recommendations for lactating women. MMP was associated with indices of DHA status, some individual fatty acids in EM and years post-menarche and weeks postpartum, suggesting the use of erythrocyte MMP as a possible comprehensive biochemical marker of LCPUFA status in this physiological condition. The DHA status of lactating adolescents and their milk DHA concentrations were similar to the values of Brazilian lactating adults, but lower compared with the values of lactating adults from other countries. Therefore, these lactating adolescents were apparently not disadvantaged, as compared with the Brazilian adults, when EM and breast milk fatty acid composition were considered. In general, PUFA in milk from adolescents presented few associations with their concentrations in plasma NEFA and with maternal status. However, milk DHA was associated with maternal LCPUFA and DHA states.