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Статті в журналах з теми "Myrmecophagy"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 18 травня 2024

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1

Cushing, Paula E. "Spider-Ant Associations: An Updated Review of Myrmecomorphy, Myrmecophily, and Myrmecophagy in Spiders." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/151989.

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This paper provides a summary of the extensive theoretical and empirical work that has been carried out in recent years testing the adaptational significance of various spider-ant associations. Hundreds of species of spiders have evolved close relationships with ants and can be classified as myrmecomorphs, myrmecophiles, or myrmecophages. Myrmecomorphs are Batesian mimics. Their close morphological and behavioral resemblance to ants confers strong survival advantages against visually hunting predators. Some species of spiders have become integrated into the ant society as myrmecophiles or symbionts. These spider myrmecophiles gain protection against their own predators, live in an environment with a stable climate, and are typically surrounded by abundant food resources. The adaptations by which this integration is made possible are poorly known, although it is hypothesized that most spider myrmecophiles are chemical mimics and some are even phoretic on their hosts. The third type of spider-ant association discussed is myrmecophagy—or predatory specialization on ants. A table of known spider myrmecophages is provided as is information on their biology and hunting strategies. Myrmecophagy provides these predators with an essentially unlimited food supply and may even confer other protections to the spiders.

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2

Vantaux, Amélie, Olivier Roux, Alexandra Magro, and Jérôme Orivel. "Evolutionary Perspectives on Myrmecophily in Ladybirds." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/591570.

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Myrmecophiles are species that usually have developed specialized traits to cope with the aggressiveness of ants enabling them to live in their vicinity. Many coccinellid species are predators of Hemiptera; the latter is also often protected by ants. Therefore these ladybirds frequently interact with ants, and some species have become myrmecophilous. In this paper, we aim to provide an overview of the evolution of myrmecophilous traits in ladybirds. We then discuss the costs and benefits of myrmecophily and the dietary shift to myrmecophagy observed in a few species.

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3

Ma, Jing-E., Lin-Miao Li, Hai-Ying Jiang, Xiu-Juan Zhang, Juan Li, Guan-Yu Li, Li-Hong Yuan, Jun Wu, and Jin-Ping Chen. "Transcriptomic analysis identifies genes and pathways related to myrmecophagy in the Malayan pangolin (Manis javanica)." PeerJ 5 (December 22, 2017): e4140. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4140.

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The Malayan pangolin (Manis javanica) is an unusual, scale-covered, toothless mammal that specializes in myrmecophagy. Due to their threatened status and continuing decline in the wild, concerted efforts have been made to conserve and rescue this species in captivity in China. Maintaining this species in captivity is a significant challenge, partly because little is known of the molecular mechanisms of its digestive system. Here, the first large-scale sequencing analyses of the salivary gland, liver and small intestine transcriptomes of an adult M. javanica genome were performed, and the results were compared with published liver transcriptome profiles for a pregnant M. javanica female. A total of 24,452 transcripts were obtained, among which 22,538 were annotated on the basis of seven databases. In addition, 3,373 new genes were predicted, of which 1,459 were annotated. Several pathways were found to be involved in myrmecophagy, including olfactory transduction, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, lipid metabolism, and terpenoid and polyketide metabolism pathways. Many of the annotated transcripts were involved in digestive functions: 997 transcripts were related to sensory perception, 129 were related to digestive enzyme gene families, and 199 were related to molecular transporters. One transcript for an acidic mammalian chitinase was found in the annotated data, and this might be closely related to the unique digestive function of pangolins. These pathways and transcripts are involved in specialization processes related to myrmecophagy (a form of insectivory) and carbohydrate, protein and lipid digestive pathways, probably reflecting adaptations to myrmecophagy. Our study is the first to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying myrmecophagy in M. javanica, and we hope that our results may play a role in the conservation of this species.

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4

Mendonça, Cindy Anne Ferreira, Marcos Antônio Pesquero, Rosalinda Dos Santos Damasceno Carvalho, and Filipe Viegas de Arruda. "Myrmecophily and Myrmecophagy of Attacobius lavape (Araneae: Corinnidae) on Solenopsis saevissima (Hymenoptera: Myrmicinae)." Sociobiology 66, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v66i4.4431.

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Attacobius lavape, a small spider from the Corinnidae family, has been recently described living inside a fire ant colony of Solenopsis saevissima species in the municipality of Morrinhos, south region of the Goiás State, Brazil. Yet several aspects of this spider relationship with the host ant remain unknown. In this way, we performed an extension study to determine its local (Morrinhos) and regional (latitudinal transect) occurrence. We also investigated if the spider uses the host ant as a feeding source. For this, we established arenas with a known number of young and adult ant individuals plus one spider and observed the feeding rate for some determined time. Regarding local distribution, differently from most socially parasitic myrmecophiles, A. lavape showed high local infestation, being found in 47% of the colonies in the sites where the spider occurred, and high transmission, being found in 42% of the 12 collection sites. Regionally, among the 11 study sites, this species only occurred in the municipality of Morrinhos, but its distribution still needs to be verified in the north region. Attacobius lavape consumed eggs, larvae and pupae, confirming that the myrmecophily was explained by myrmecophagy. The spiders consumed eggs (not estimated), 4.45 ± 2.14 larvae and/or 3 ± 0.87 pupae per day. Considering that the mean abundance was approximately seven spiders per colony (extent 1-23), we foresee an impact of 35 larvae and/or 21 pupae consumed per day in each hosting colony. The possibility of consuming sexual eggs, larvae and pupae classifies A. lavape as a potential agent of biological control of S. saevissima.

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5

Mattson, David J. "Myrmecophagy by Yellowstone grizzly bears." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 5 (May 1, 2001): 779–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-034.

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I used data collected during a study of radio-marked grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) in the Yellowstone region from 1977 to 1992 to investigate myrmecophagy by this population. Although generally not an important source of energy for the bears (averaging <5% of fecal volume at peak consumption), ants may have been an important source of protein during midsummer and were heavily consumed during some years. Myrmecophagy was most common annually when known high-quality foods were scarce, as well as during the warmest months of the study, when regional average temperatures exceeded 1215°C. Bears tended to select large ants (>8 mm long) nested in logs over small ants ([Formula: see text]6 mm long) nested under stones. Optimal conditions for consumption of ants occurred on the warmest sites with ample substrate suitable for ant nests. For ants in mounds, this occurred at low elevations at non-forested sites. For ants in logs, this occurred at low elevations or on southerly aspects where there was abundant, large-diameter, well-decomposed woody debris under an open forest canopy. Grizzly bears selected moderately decomposed logs 45 dm in diameter at midpoint. Ants will likely become a more important food for Yellowstone's grizzly bears as currently important foods decline, owing to disease and warming of the regional climate.

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6

Vantaux, Amélie, Olivier Roux, Alexandra Magro, Nathan Tene Ghomsi, Robert D. Gordon, Alain Dejean, and Jérôme Orivel. "Host-Specific Myrmecophily and Myrmecophagy in the Tropical Coccinellid Diomus thoracicus in French Guiana." Biotropica 42, no. 5 (January 13, 2010): 622–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2009.00614.x.

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7

WUNDERLICH, JÖRG. "Spatiator martensi n. sp., a second species of the extinct spider family Spatiatoridae in Eocene Baltic amber (Araneae)." Zootaxa 1325, no. 1 (September 28, 2006): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1325.1.19.

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Spatiator martensi n. sp. (Araneae: Spatiatoridae) is described from the Early Tertiary Baltic amber forest. It is the second known species of this extinct family of spiders. Ants as syninclusions point to a possible ant mimicry or myrmecophagy.

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8

Zhang, Fuhua, Na Xu, Wenhua Wang, Yishuang Yu, and Shibao Wu. "The gut microbiome of the Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica) reveals its adaptation to specialized myrmecophagy." PeerJ 9 (June 2, 2021): e11490. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11490.

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Background The gut microbiomes of mammals are closely related to the diets of their hosts. The Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica) is a specialized myrmecophage, but its gut microbiome has rarely been studied. Methods Using high-throughput Illumina barcoded 16S rRNA amplicons of nine fecal samples from nine captive Sunda pangolins, we investigated their gut microbiomes. Results The detected bacteria were classified into 14 phyla, 24 classes, 48 orders, 97 families, and 271 genera. The main bacterial phyla were Firmicutes (73.71%), Proteobacteria (18.42%), Actinobacteria (3.44%), and Bacteroidetes (0.51%). In the PCoA and neighbor-net network (PERMANOVA: pangolins vs. other diets, weighted UniFrac distance p < 0.01, unweighted UniFrac distance p < 0.001), the gut microbiomes of the Sunda pangolins were distinct from those of mammals with different diets, but were much closer to other myrmecophages, and to carnivores, while distant from herbivores. We identified some gut microbiomes related to the digestion of chitin, including Lactococcus, Bacteroides, Bacillus, and Staphylococcus species, which confirms that the gut microbiome of pangolins may help them to digest chitin. Significance The results will aid studies of extreme dietary adaption and the mechanisms of diet differentiation in mammals, as well as metagenomic studies, captive breeding, and ex situ conservation of pangolins.

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9

Sommer, Volker, Umaru Buba, Gonçalo Jesus, and Alejandra Pascual-Garrido. "Sustained myrmecophagy in Nigerian chimpanzees: Preferred or fallback food?" American Journal of Physical Anthropology 162, no. 2 (October 25, 2016): 328–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23122.

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10

Giannotti, Edilberto. "Notes on the nesting and prey capture habits of Corythalia conferta (Araneae: Salticidae) in urban area." Brazilian Journal of Science 1, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/bjs.v1i10.173.

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This study adds data on nesting habits and confirms the tendency of myrmecophagy of the newly described Salticidae spider species, Corythalia conferta. One spider was observed living inside a pot built by the wasp Zeta argillacea (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Another used one of the chambers of a tubular clay nest (“organ tube”), of a Trypoxylon sp. wasp (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae). It can also take shelter in any available cavity.

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11

Llopart, Juan Pablo, Paloma Alvarez-Blanco, Lucía Moreira-Demarco, Alok Bang, Elena Angulo, and Raúl Maneyro. "Testing the Novel Weapons Hypothesis of the Argentine Ant Venom on Amphibians." Toxins 15, no. 4 (March 23, 2023): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15040235.

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The globally invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) possesses a venom lethal to some amphibian species in the invaded range. To test the novel weapons hypothesis (NWH), the effects of the toxin on the cohabiting amphibian species in the ant’s native range need to be investigated. The invader should benefit from the novel chemical in the invaded range, because the species are not adapted, but the venom should not be effective in the native range. We explore the venom effects on juveniles of three amphibian species with different degrees of myrmecophagy inhabiting the ant’s native range: Rhinella arenarum, Odontophrynus americanus, and Boana pulchella. We exposed the amphibians to the ant venom, determined the toxic dose, and evaluated the short- (10 min to 24 h) and medium-term (14 days) effects. All amphibian species were affected by the venom independently of myrmecophagy. In addition to amphibian sensitivity, we discuss how the differential Argentine ant abundance and density in the two ranges could be the key to the susceptibility of amphibians to the venom, resulting in the possibility of NWH. Our results confirm the potential magnitude of the impact of the Argentine ant in successfully invaded areas for the conservation of already threatened amphibians.

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12

Debout, Gabriel. "Myrmecophagy in Mycetophiloidea (Diptera): Note on a Keroplatidae from Africa1,2." BIOTROPICA 36, no. 1 (2004): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1646/03020.

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13

Swenson, Jon E., Anna Jansson, Raili Riig, and Finn Sandegren. "Bears and ants: myrmecophagy by brown bears in central Scandinavia." Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, no. 4 (September 15, 1999): 551–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-004.

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To determine general patterns of myrmecophagy in bears, we tested hypotheses regarding selection of ant species, factors important to bears when selecting ant species, factors influencing seasonal use of ants, and foraging behavior of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in central Sweden. Ants were an important food for these bears, constituting 12, 16, and 4% of fecal volume in spring, summer, and autumn, respectively. Ants were abundant, 30.5-38.5 tonnes per bear, and bears excavated 8-33% (mean 23%) of the mounds of red forest ants annually. Carpenter ants (Camponotus herculeanus) were highly preferred. Among mound-building red forest ants, the Formica aquilonia/polyctena complex was preferred over Formica exsecta and Formica lugubris. The ants selected by bears had high digestible energy and low formic acid content and behaved passively when the colony was disturbed. Colony size and density may also have influenced the selection of ants. Seasonal use of ants was related not to the availability of pupae or the quality of plant foods but probably to the availability of other foods. Bears consumed only a small proportion of the ants, 4000-5000, each time they opened a mound, probably because of rapidly increasing difficulty in capturing them after the colony was attacked. Eurasian brown bears feed more on ants than North American bears do, perhaps because of greater availability of large colonies of red forest ants. Carpenter ants may have been especially available in our study area following intensive clear-cutting.

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14

Debout, Gabriel. "Myrmecophagy in Mycetophiloidea (Diptera): Note on a Keroplatidae from Africa1,2." Biotropica 36, no. 1 (March 2004): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2004.tb00303.x.

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15

Ferreira-Cardoso, Sérgio, Pierre-Henri Fabre, Benoit de Thoisy, Frédéric Delsuc, and Lionel Hautier. "Comparative masticatory myology in anteaters and its implications for interpreting morphological convergence in myrmecophagous placentals." PeerJ 8 (September 3, 2020): e9690. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9690.

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Background Ecological adaptations of mammals are reflected in the morphological diversity of their feeding apparatus, which includes differences in tooth crown morphologies, variation in snout size, or changes in muscles of the feeding apparatus. The adaptability of their feeding apparatus allowed them to optimize resource exploitation in a wide range of habitats. The combination of computer-assisted X-ray microtomography (µ-CT) with contrast-enhancing staining protocols has bolstered the reconstruction of three-dimensional (3D) models of muscles. This new approach allows for accurate descriptions of muscular anatomy, as well as the quick measurement of muscle volumes and fiber orientation. Ant- and termite-eating (myrmecophagy) represents a case of extreme feeding specialization, which is usually accompanied by tooth reduction or complete tooth loss, snout elongation, acquisition of a long vermiform tongue, and loss of the zygomatic arch. Many of these traits evolved independently in distantly-related mammalian lineages. Previous reports on South American anteaters (Vermilingua) have shown major changes in the masticatory, intermandibular, and lingual muscular apparatus. These changes have been related to a functional shift in the role of upper and lower jaws in the evolutionary context of their complete loss of teeth and masticatory ability. Methods We used an iodine staining solution (I2KI) to perform contrast-enhanced µ-CT scanning on heads of the pygmy (Cyclopes didactylus), collared (Tamandua tetradactyla) and giant (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) anteaters. We reconstructed the musculature of the feeding apparatus of the three extant anteater genera using 3D reconstructions complemented with classical dissections of the specimens. We performed a description of the musculature of the feeding apparatus in the two morphologically divergent vermilinguan families (Myrmecophagidae and Cyclopedidae) and compared it to the association of morphological features found in other myrmecophagous placentals. Results We found that pygmy anteaters (Cyclopes) present a relatively larger and architecturally complex temporal musculature than that of collared (Tamandua) and giant (Myrmecophaga) anteaters, but shows a reduced masseter musculature, including the loss of the deep masseter. The loss of this muscle concurs with the loss of the jugal bone in Cyclopedidae. We show that anteaters, pangolins, and aardvarks present distinct anatomies despite morphological and ecological convergences.

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16

Caldwell, Janalee P. "The evolution of myrmecophagy and its correlates in poison frogs (Family Dendrobatidae)." Journal of Zoology 240, no. 1 (September 1996): 75–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05487.x.

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17

Fujiwara, Sana, Shinsuke Koike, Koji Yamazaki, Chinatsu Kozakai, and Koichi Kaji. "Direct observation of bear myrmecophagy: Relationship between bears’ feeding habits and ant phenology." Mammalian Biology 78, no. 1 (January 2013): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2012.09.002.

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18

Joshi, Anup R., James LD Smith, and David L. Garshelis. "Sociobiology of the myrmecophagous sloth bear in Nepal." Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, no. 11 (December 1, 1999): 1690–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-131.

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Ursids have adapted to environments ranging from the tropics to the arctic, and although the family is noted for its omnivory, some species have specialized food habits. The sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) has specialized on insect prey, particularly termites and ants, and exhibits some characteristics and behaviors that are common among myrmecophagous mammals. We examined whether myrmecophagy has affected its sociobiology. During 1990-1994 we studied a high-density population of sloth bears in Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal. We found extensive seasonal overlap among home ranges of adults of the same sex (>50%) and between subadults and adults of both sexes (>70%). Moreover, overlap zones between adjacent ranges were used in proportion to their area. This, and observations of unrelated bears feeding or traveling in proximity to one another (not at concentrated food sources), suggested a high degree of mutual tolerance in this population. However, subadults and females with young may have temporally avoided other bears by limiting their activity to daylight hours. Predators (which were chiefly nocturnal) may also have affected the activity patterns of these (the most vulnerable) bears, and were probably responsible for the females' habit of giving birth in an underground den, fasting for several weeks so as not to leave cubs unattended in the den, and carrying the cubs on their back for 6-7 months after leaving the den. The young left their mother at 1.5 or 2.5 years old (this varied by family) and remained together and (or) later rejoined a sibling or another subadult, possibly to form a coalition against either predators or older bears. We documented few mortalities and no permanent juvenile dispersal in this study, but we also found few subadults in our study area, which indicates undetected mortality or dispersal. We cannot discount the possibility that some aspects of the sociobiology of sloth bears (e.g., cub-carrying, mutual tolerance) are related to myrmecophagy, but the social system and life-history traits of this species seem to fit well within the range observed among other ursids.

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19

Hirai, Toshiaki, and Masafumi Matsui. "Myrmecophagy in a Ranid Frog Rana rugosa: Specialization or Weak Avoidance to Ant Eating." Zoological Science 17, no. 4 (May 2000): 459–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2108/0289-0003(2000)17[459:miarfr]2.0.co;2.

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20

Hirai, Toshiaki, and Masafumi Matsui. "Myrmecophagy in a Ranid Frog Rana rugosa. Specialization or Weak Avoidance to Ant Eating?" ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 17, no. 4 (2000): 459–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2108/zsj.17.459.

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21

Randriamahazo, Herilala J. A. R., and Akira Mori. "Examination of Myrmecophagy and Herbivory in the Madagascan Spiny-Taild Iguana,Oplurus Cuvieri(Reptilia: Opluridae)." Current Herpetology 31, no. 1 (June 2012): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5358/hsj.31.8.

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22

Arias, A. M., D. D. Larrea, J. A. Céspedez, C. Quintana, and G. B. Olea. "Diet and histomorphological study of the gastrointestinal system of melanophryniscus klappenbachi (anura: bufonidae)." Revista Veterinaria 32, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.30972/vet.3225718.

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<p>The diet and histomorphology of the digestive tract of Melanophryniscus klappenbachi were determined by the analysis of adult and juvenile specimens collected in a private field in Bermejo department, Chaco, Argentina. The sampling was carried out monthly from March to June 2015. 29 specimens were collected, measured, sexed, and dissected for the obtainment of the digestive content and his- tological samples. The results showed a high tendency towards myrmecophagy; more than 95% of the recovered prey items were identified as ants. The histomorphology of the gastrointestinal system consisted of the main four layers of tissue observed in vertebrates: mucosa, submucosa, muscular, and serosa. This study constitutes a contribution to the knowledge of biology and the natural history of anurans of the Bufonidae family, especially the genus Melanophryniscus, which currently receives a great amount of attention regarding its con- servation status.<br /><br /><br /></p>

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23

Plaza, Jeszianlenn L., Ephrime B. Metillo, and Marites B. Sanguila. "Trophic ecology of syntopic anurans of tropical stream communities." Journal of Tropical Ecology 37, no. 3 (May 2021): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467421000158.

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AbstractWe investigated trophic resource partitioning in seven syntopic anurans from low- and mid-elevation stream habitats of a tropical riparian ecosystem by utilising stomach content analysis (SCA) and stable isotope analysis (SIA). Our SCA data revealed dietary similarities, narrow trophic niche breadth, and low dietary niche overlap in Ansonia muelleri, Limnonectes magnus, Occidozyga laevis, Megophrys stejnegeri, Pulchrana grandocula, Sanguirana mearnsi, and Staurois natator which could be attributed to these anurans’ selection of available local prey items. We confirmed ant-specialisation (myrmecophagy) of the Mindanao island endemic bufonid A. muelleri based on our temporal SCA dietary data. Our SIA estimates of assimilation of potential prey sources confirmed that L. magnus, P. grandocula, and O. laevis are generalist predators, opportunistically feeding on locally abundant insect prey items. This study on trophic resource partitioning in syntopic anurans provides the first picture of trophic interactions, i.e., predation and competition in stream communities in tropical riparian zones of a watershed ecosystem in northeast Mindanao of the southern Philippines.

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24

Yamazaki, Koji, Chinatsu Kozakai, Shinsuke Koike, Hideto Morimoto, Yusuke Goto, and Kengo Furubayashi. "Myrmecophagy of Japanese black bears in the grasslands of the Ashio area, Nikko National Park, Japan." Ursus 23, no. 1 (May 2012): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2192/ursus-d-10-00012.1.

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25

Pekár, Stano, Radek Michalko, Stanislav Korenko, Ondřej Šedo, Eva Líznarová, Lenka Sentenská, and Zbyněk Zdráhal. "Phenotypic integration in a series of trophic traits: tracing the evolution of myrmecophagy in spiders (Araneae)." Zoology 116, no. 1 (February 2013): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.zool.2012.05.006.

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26

Noyce, Karen V., Paul B. Kannowski, and Michael R. Riggs. "Black bears as ant-eaters: seasonal associations between bear myrmecophagy and ant ecology in north-central Minnesota." Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, no. 10 (October 1, 1997): 1671–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-794.

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We documented the seasonal occurrence and volume of different ant species in black bear (Ursus americanus) scats in north-central Minnesota. We determined nest densities of common ant species in strip transects and compared their use by bears with their availability. We recorded phenologic change in ant-nest characteristics and measured the nutritional composition of ant workers, ant pupae, and herbaceous spring foods of bears. Consumption of ants was higher than reported elsewhere, peaking in early July, when ants constituted 58% of scat volume and occurred in 96% of scats. Increased consumption of ants in late spring coincided with (i) increased abundance and size of ant brood in nests and (ii) decreased protein and increased fiber levels in herbaceous foods. Lasius umbratus was the principal species consumed at 1 site, whereas L. umbratus, Acanthomyops interjectus, and A. claviger dominated the diet farther south. These ants were likely preferred to other equally abundant species because of their sometimes dense concentrations inside nests, passive behavior, and distinctive odor, enabling bears to forage more efficiently than on other species. We suspect that regional differences in ant consumption are due to differences in local availability of these species. Where they are less common, bears likely select large-bodied ants, usually Camponotus and Formica species.

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Gaudin, Timothy J., Patrick Hicks, and Yamil Di Blanco. "Myrmecophaga tridactyla (Pilosa: Myrmecophagidae)." Mammalian Species 50, no. 956 (April 12, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mspecies/sey001.

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28

Silva, J. M. M., A. L. J. Desbiez, D. Kluyber, V. G. Castro, J. H. F. F. Naves, and L. Q. L. Hirano. "Post-release challenges: case report of parasitosis by Ancylostoma sp. in a giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 75, no. 4 (July 2023): 715–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-12968.

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ABSTRACT The giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) is classified as vulnerable to extinction. Here, we report the occurrence of ancylostomiasis in a young male Myrmecophaga tridactyla. The animal was raised from a puppy in captivity with management directed toward rehabilitation and monitored soft release. Five months after release, significant weight loss was noted in the individual, who was captured for examinations, with detection of Ancylostoma sp. in coproparasitological analysis. Although common in domestic carnivores, this is the first report of hookworm disease in free-ranging giant anteaters. Due to the stress factor arising from adapting to the challenges in the new environment, long-term post-release monitoring of animals undergoing rehabilitation is extremely important to increase the chance of survival of individuals. The giant anteater was released after treatment with vermifuge composed of fenbendazole, pyrantel pamoate, and praziquantel.

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Maronezi, M. C., G. G. Lemos, F. H. Lima, L. M. Izique, M. De Santi, C. Couto, T. M. Pereira, et al. "Ultrasound evaluation of female reproductive system in free ranging Giant Anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla): case report." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 72, no. 3 (May 2020): 895–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-11727.

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ABSTRACT An adult, female, 31kg body weight, free range Myrmecophaga tridactyla was referred for medical consultation due to apathy, dehydration, intense flatulence and fetid stools. The animal was submitted to chemical restraint and physical examination, blood count, fecal analysis, and vaginal cytology and abdominal ultrasonography were performed. Good nutritional status and clinical variables within the normal range were observed at physical examination. At vaginal cytology leukocytes, spermatozoa and a large proportion of cornified cells (superficial) were observed, indicating estrus and recent copula. At ultrasound examination it was possible to locate, identify, evaluate and measure the ovaries and the uterine structures, cervix, body, lumen, myometrium and endometrium, a fact never reported in the literature for this species. These data can be used as reference for clinical evaluation of the reproductive tract in Myrmecophaga tridactyla females considered vulnerable species, for the diagnosis of reproductive pathologies, biotechnologies application or estrous cycle evaluation.

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30

Futema, F., D. L. Fedullo, V. Kyan, D. Fantoni, D. C. B. Baccarin, M. A. Romano, and C. R. A. Ferrigno. "Treatment of radius, ulna and humerus fractures with the aid of a bone morphogenetic protein in a giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 16, no. 03 (July 2003): 196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1632778.

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SummaryA giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) was found with closed comminuted fractures on the right radius and ulna and left humerus the duration of which was unknown. The animal was unable to use either of the thoracic limbs. The fractures were stabilized with 3.5-mm titanium plates and a commercially available mixture of micro lyophilized bovine cortical osseous and bovine BMP (Gen-tech®, Baumer, Brazil) was implanted into the fractures sites. Postoperative radiographic evaluations were performed every 30 days and after four months. Bone healing was observed in all of the fractures. The animal was able to be reintroduced into its natural habitat. From this case we conclude that despite the low metabolic rate of the giant anteater, which is an inherent characteristic of this species, the treatment of radius, ulna and humerus fractures by means of plates and screws, associated with BMP on the Myrmecophaga tridactyla, was a success.

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Silva, Daniel Barbosa da, Paulo Cesar Moreira, Viviane Souza Cruz, Eduarda Pereira Santana, Alberto Corrêa Mendonça, and Júlio Roquete Cardoso. "Anatomical aspects of the forearm muscles of Myrmecophaga tridactyla." Acta Veterinaria Brasilica 15, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21708/avb.2021.15.1.9615.

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The giant anteater is one of the species classified as vulnerable to extinction. Burning and being run over are among important causes in the decrease of individuals of this species and a better knowledge of the anatomy of these animals can contribute to the treatment of injured animals and their restoration to the environment. Thus, the objective of this work was to describe aspects of the anatomy of the muscles of the forearm of M. tridactyla. For this purpose, six adult specimens were used, three females and three males. The corpses were fixed with a 10% formaldehyde solution and preserved in vats contai-ning the same solution. The thoracic limbs were dissected by routine dissection techniques. The forearm muscles of M. tridac-tyla were: brachioradialis; radial carpal extensor; common finger extensor; lateral finger extensor, ulnar carpal extensor; finger extensor I and II; long abductor of finger I; supinator, radial carpal flexor; ulnar flexor of the carpus, superficial flexor of the fingers, deep flexor of the fingers, pronator teres and square pronator, which were innervated by the radial, ulnar and median nerves. These muscles give a large volume to the forearm, are robust and have highly developed tendons, especially those invol-ved with the flexion of the carpus, digits and elbow, actions that are fundamental to your defense habits and search for food.

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Oliveira, Fabrício Singaretti de, Paula Fernanda Gubulin Carvalho, Mauro Henrique Bueno de Camargo, Aline Delfini, and Leandro Luís Martins. "Síndrome vestibular em tamanduá-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 30, no. 3 (October 22, 2009): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2009v30n3p683.

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Emmons, Louise H., Roly Peña Flores, Sixto Angulo Alpirre, and Matthew J. Swarner. "Bathing Behavior of Giant Anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)." Edentata 6, no. 1 (2004): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1896/1413-4411.6.1.41.

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34

Brainard, Benjamin M., Alisa Newton, Keith C. Hinshaw, and Alan M. Klide. "Tracheostomy in the Giant Anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 39, no. 4 (December 2008): 655–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2007-0124.1.

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35

Fromme, Lilja, Débora Regina Yogui, Mario Henrique Alves, Arnaud Léonard Jean Desbiez, Marion Langeheine, André Luis Quagliatto Santos, Ursula Siebert, and Ralph Brehm. "Spermatogenesis in the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)." Theriogenology Wild 2 (2023): 100018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.therwi.2023.100018.

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E. R, Prasad. "Myrmecophily on Leucas chinensis (Lamiaceae)." IOSR Journal Of Environmental Science, Toxicology And Food Technology 5, no. 2 (2013): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2402-0525054.

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37

Abreu, Paula Aparecida Costa de, Emilly Layne Martins do Nascimento, Luana Ferreira Amaral, Pedro Paulo Oliveira, and Flávia Melo Rodrigues. "ESTADO DA ARTE DE DUAS ESPÉCIES PILOSAS AMEAÇADAS DE EXTINÇÃO NO CERRADO BRASILEIRO." Revista EVS - Revista de Ciências Ambientais e Saúde 50, no. 1 (February 2, 2024): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.18224/evs.v50i1.8361.

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Os pilosas Myrmecophaga tridactyla e Bradypus variegatus ocorrem no Cerrado e estão classificados como vulneráveis pela International Union of Conservation – IUCN. O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer o estado da arte das publicações com estas duas espécies. O levantamento dos artigos utilizou o banco de dados Scopus e a busca foi realizada com o “nome científico de cada espécie”, podendo estar presente no resumo, palavras-chave e título dos artigos em qualquer período. Após a seleção e filtragem dos artigos foram extraídas várias informações, tais como: área do conhecimento, ano da publicação, número de citações, idioma e país do estudo, autor e instituição, nome do periódico e fator de impacto do periódico. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva e testes de correlação para avaliar a associação entre algumas variáveis quantitativas. Um total de 88 artigos foram encontrados para a espécie Myrmecophaga tridactyla e 43 para a espécies Bradypus variegatus. Há necessidade de maior publicações científicas com estas espécies, pois observa-se com este estudo muitas lacunas de conhecimento e poucos estudos.

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38

Tortato, Fernando Rodrigo, and Sérgio Luiz Althoff. "Mammalia, Myrmecophagidae, Myrmecophaga tridactyla (Linnaeus, 1758) and Cervidae, Ozotoceros bezoarticus (Linnaeus, 1758): contribution to the knowledge of the historical distribution in Santa Catarina, southern Brazil." Check List 7, no. 2 (March 1, 2011): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/7.2.146.

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The present study reports historical records of Myrmecophaga tridactyla and Ozotoceros bezoarticus from the north plateau of Santa Catarina state, southern Brazil, thus contributing to the knowledge about the distribution of these species. The possible causes of the extinction of Ozotoceros bezoarticus are also discussed as well as management tactics to conserve these species in southern Brazil.

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Sanches, Adrien W. D., Pedro R. Werner, Tereza C. C. Margarido, and Jose R. Pachaly. "MULTICENTRIC LYMPHOMA IN A GIANT ANTEATER (MYRMECOPHAGA TRIDACTYLA)." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 44, no. 1 (March 2013): 186–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/1042-7260-44.1.186.

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40

Shaw, James H., Jose Machado-Neto, and Tracy S. Carter. "Behavior of Free-Living Giant Anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)." Biotropica 19, no. 3 (September 1987): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2388344.

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Allard, Stephanie M., Julie L. Earles, and Leilani DesFosses. "Spatial Memory in Captive Giant Anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)." Animal Behavior and Cognition 1, no. 3 (2014): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.12966/abc.08.08.2014.

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42

Bertassoni, Alessandra, Marisa De Oliveira Novaes, and Flávio Henrique Guimarães Rodrigues. "Tamanduás (Vermilingua, Pilosa) da Bacia do Alto Paraguai: uma revisão do conhecimento do planalto à planície pantaneira." Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi - Ciências Naturais 17, no. 1 (June 3, 2022): 71–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.46357/bcnaturais.v17i1.833.

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A ordem Pilosa integra preguiças e tamanduás, sendo os últimos pertencentes à subordem Vermilingua. Dentro desta, a família Myrmecophagidae é representada no Brasil pelo tamanduá-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) e pelo tamanduá-mirim (Tamandua tetradactyla). Ambas as espécies têm como características a ausência de dentes e a morfologia do crânio bastante alongada e conspícua. O objetivo deste estudo é disponibilizar as informações relacionadas aos gêneros Myrmecophaga e Tamandua, com enfoque na distribuição confirmada para a Bacia do Alto Paraguai e a planície pantaneira. As informações tratam sobre a morfologia, a distribuição geográfica, os tipos de habitat no qual ocorrem, o período de atividade, a alimentação, a biologia reprodutiva, as ameaças, os projetos de conservação e as técnicas utilizadas para se estudar as espécies. M. tridactyla é uma das espécies mais estudadas dentro da superordem Xenarthra, porém os estudos estão limitados a algumas regiões. Já para T. tetradactyla, informações de história natural (dinâmica populacional, reprodução, utilização de recursos, entre outras) são praticamente inexistentes. Assim, há lacunas de conhecimentos básicos para ambas as espécies. Estudos de levantamentos bibliográficos configuram-se como um passo importante para avançar e melhorar o estado da arte de conhecimentos sobre as espécies.

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Gomes, Paula Damasceno, Hedermy Christiem Cerqueira de Paula Tessari, Júlia Vieira Herter, Paulo César Mendes dos Santos Filho, Laís Velloso Garcia, and Líria Queiroz Luz Hirano. "Blood transfusion in a young Myrmecophaga tridactyla (Pilosa, Myrmecophagidae): case report." Acta Veterinaria Brasilica 14, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21708/avb.2020.14.2.9041.

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Ito, F., and G. Takaku. "Obligate myrmecophily in an oribatid mite." Naturwissenschaften 81, no. 4 (April 1994): 180–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01134538.

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45

Ito, F., and G. Takaku. "Obligate Myrmecophily in an Oribatid Mite." Naturwissenschaften 81, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 180–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001140050053.

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46

Bôlla, Daniela, João P. Baraldo-Mello, Thierry Garcia, and Sean Rovito. "Color abnormalities in the Giant Anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758) and Southern Tamandua (Tamandua tetradactyla [Linnaeus, 1758]) from Brazil and Ecuador." Notas sobre Mamíferos Sudamericanos 04, no. 1 (December 2022): 001–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31687/saremnms22.11.2.

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Anomalias genéticas que resultam em alteração de coloração não são frequentes em Xenarthra e poucos registros foram descritos até o momento. Aqui relatamos o primeiro registro conhecido dessa alteração cromática em Myrmecophaga tridactyla e novos registros dessas alterações para Tamandua tetradactyla na América do Sul. Trazemos também um registro publicado online em um jornal local e discutimos alguns dos problemas inerentes a essas condições.

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Kreutz, Kolja, Frauke Fischer, and K. Eduard Linsenmair. "Observations of lntraspecific Aggression in Giant Anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)." Edentata 8-10 (December 2009): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1896/020.010.0107.

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Rocha, Fabiana L., and Guilherme Mourão. "An Agonistic Encounter Between Two Giant Anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)." Edentata 7, no. 1 (2006): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1896/1413-4411.7.1.50.

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Nofs, Sally, Mohamed Abd-Eldaim, Kathy V. Thomas, David Toplon, Dawn Rouse, and Melissa Kennedy. "Influenza Virus A (H1N1) in Giant Anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)." Emerging Infectious Diseases 15, no. 7 (July 2009): 1081–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1507.081574.

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Owen, Professor. "On the Anatomy of the Great Anteater (Myrmecophaga jurata)." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 22, no. 1 (August 20, 2009): 154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1854.tb07263.x.

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