Статті в журналах: "Mycorrhizas South Australia"

1

Mcgee, P. "Mycorrhizal Associations of Plant-Species in a Semiarid Community." Australian Journal of Botany 34, no. 5 (1986): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9860585.

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Of 93 species in 37 families occurring in a semiarid open mallee community near Murray Bridge, South Australia, 85 species were mycorrhizal. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas (VAM) were more common than other types of mycorrhizas observed. Genera not previously known to form ectomycorrhizas include Astroloma (Epacridaceae), Comesperma (Polygalaceae), Thysanotus (Asphodelaceae: Liliflorae), Baeckea and Calytrix (Myrtaceae), Dampiera (Goodeniaceae), Podotheca and Toxanthes (Inulae: Asteraceae). Many species were found with both ectomycorrhizas and VAM, with annuals having both VAM and ectomycorrhizas for the whole growing season and perennials usually exhibiting either a predominantly VAM or ectomycorrhizal association. Vesicles were present in plant species not commonly thought of as mycorrhizal hosts.

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2

Scheltema, MA, LK Abbott, and AD Robson. "Seasonal variation in the infectivity of VA mycorrhizal fungi in annual pastures in a Mediterranean environment." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 38, no. 4 (1987): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9870707.

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The seasonal variation in the rate and extent of formation of mycorrhizas in pasture soils from two sites in south-west Australia was examined. Undisturbed soil cores were taken on eight occasions throughout the year, sown with Trifolium subterraneum L. and maintained in a glasshouse. At each collection time the extent of formation of mycorrhizas was measured 3 and 6 weeks after sowing.There was no seasonal variation in the extent of mycorrhizas formed in undisturbed soil cores at one site, hut at the other site the extent of mycorrhizas decreased over time. The rate of formation of mycorrhizas was most rapid when cores were collected immediately after the opening rains of the season.Similar species of fungi were present at both sites; however, the rate and extent of infection formed by each species differed between the sites. At both sites the infectivity of A. laevis and fine endophyte decreased throughout the winter months, but the infectivity of Glomus spp. did not change. Neither the total spore number nor an estimate of the number of infective propagules reflected the infectivity of the total population of VA mycorrhizal fungi measured simultaneously at the two sites.

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3

Meney, KA, KW Dixon, M. Scheltema, and JS Pate. "Occurrence of Vesicular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Dryland Species of Restionaceae and Cyperaceae From South-West Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 41, no. 6 (1993): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9930733.

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Species of Cyperaceae and Restionaceae were examined for presence of vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi in natural habitat in south-west Western Australia. VA mycorrhizal fungi were detected in roots of two species of Cyperaceae (Lepidosperma gracile and Tetraria capillaris), and two species of Restionaceae (Alexgeorgea nitens and Lyginia barbata), all representing the first records for these genera. Results indicated a very short seasonal period of infection, with VA mycorrhizal fungi representing the genera Acaulospora, Glomus, Scutellospora and Gigaspora identified in roots. VA mycorrhizal fungi were prominent from late autumn to early winter (April-June) and in up to 30% of the young, new season's roots as they penetrated the upper 10 cm region of the soil profile. Mycorrhizal infection was not evident during the dry summer months. This study suggests that mycorrhizas may be important for nutrition of these hosts in these environments but their activity is restricted to a brief period of the growing season.

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4

Not Available, Not Available. "The 3rd International Conference on Mycorrhizas (ICOM3), July 2001, Adelaide, South Australia: "Diversity and Integration in Mycorrhizas"." Mycorrhiza 10, no. 2 (August 25, 2000): 99–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720000058.

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5

Braunberger, P. G., L. K. Abbott, and A. D. Robson. "Early vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation in soil collected from an annual clover-based pasture in a Mediterranean environment: soil temperature and the timing of autumn rains." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 1 (1997): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a96049.

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The results of 2 experiments investigating the early stages of the formation of vesicular- arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizas in response to both soil temperature and the timing of autumn rains are reported for a Mediterranean environment in the south-west of Western Australia. In Expt 1, treatments including an early break, a late break, and a false break followed by a late break were applied to a mixed and sieved field soil collected dry in the summer and placed in pots in a glasshouse. In each break, pots were watered to field capacity and planted with subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) or capeweed (Arctotheca calendula). In early and false breaks, both initiated on the same day in early autumn, the soil temperature was maintained at 30°C, and in the late break, initiated 50 days later in autumn, the soil temperature was maintained at 18°C. In both early and late breaks, pots were watered to field capacity for either 21 or 42 days when plant and mycorrhizal variables were assessed. In a false break, pots were watered to field capacity for 7 days after which the soil was allowed to dry and newly emerged plants died. These pots were then rewatered and replanted at the same time as pots receiving a late break, and subjected to the same soil temperature (18°C). In Expt 2 performed the following year, soil temperature was maintained at 31 or 18°C in both early and late breaks. Pots were planted with clover and watered to field capacity for 21 or 42 days, when plant and mycorrhizal variables were assessed. In Expt 1, VA mycorrhizal colonisation of both clover and capeweed was initially low in an early break compared with levels observed in a late break. Only mycorrhizas formed by Glomus spp. were observed in the early break, whereas mycorrhizas of Glomus, Acaulospora, and Scutellospora spp. and fine endophytes were observed in the late break. Colonisation was decreased by a false break, predominantly because of a decrease in formation of mycorrhizas of Glomus spp. In Expt 2, mycorrhizas of Glomus spp. predominated in warm soil in both early and late breaks and mycorrhizas of Acaulospora spp., Scutellospora spp., and fine endophytes were observed in greater abundance in cool soil in early and late breaks. These experiments indicate that soil temperature at the time of the break will have a large impact on both the overall levels of VA mycorrhizal colonisation of pasture plants and colonisation by different fungi. In addition, fungi that remain quiescent in warm soil may avoid damage in a false break.

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6

Warcup, JH. "Mycorrhizal Associations and Seedling Development in Australian Lobelioideae (Campanulaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 36, no. 4 (1988): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9880461.

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The mycorrhizal associations of Australian Lobelioideae (Lobelia, Pratia and Isotoma) were found to be complex. Perennial species of these genera were solely VA mycorrhizal, whereas annual species were both VA and ectomycorrhizal. Lobelia gibbosa, L. simplicicaulis and L. rhomblfolia had unusual inter- cellular mycorrhizas formed with ectomycorrhizal ascomycetes. While all annual Australian Lobelioideae formed associations with both VA and ectomycorrhizal fungi, five species of Lobelia from South Africa or North America were solely VA mycorrhizal, whether annual or perennial. Seed of the Australian Lobelioideae examined required a ripening period of several months or longer before germination. Seed of L. gibbosa, L. simplicicaulis and L. rhombifolia on germination produced only a short radicle that did not develop further unless invaded by a mycorrhizal fungus. Seed of L. gibbosa and L. simplicicaulis placed beside growing mycorrhizas of certain ascomycetes with young plants of Melaleuca uncinata germinated, and the seedlings became mycorrhizal, grew, and flowered. The subterranean stage dependent on mycorrhizal association with a companion plant lasted 3-4 months. Germinated seed of L. gibbosa on simple agar media failed to become mycorrhizal with appropriate ascomycetes or to develop further. In asymbiotic culture on media incorporating sucrose seedling growth was slight but, in the presence of sucrose and kinetin or N-benzylaminopurine, L. gibbosa developed shoots and often formed small plants that flowered. Root development, however, was scanty or absent even in the presence of the growth substances α-naphthaleneacetic acid or 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Young plants of L. gibbosa from the field transplanted to U.C. mix or sterilised forest soil failed to produce new roots. The plants grew slowly but remained small and produced few flowers, suggesting that mycorrhizal companion plants may also contribute to their growth besides being necessary in seedling development.

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7

Bougher, NL, BA Fuhrer, and E. Horak. "Taxonomy and biogeography of Australian Rozites species mycorrhizal with Nothofagus and Myrtaceae." Australian Systematic Botany 7, no. 4 (1994): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9940353.

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Seven species of the putatively obligately ectomycorrhizal fungal genus Rozites are described from Australian Nothofagus and myrtaceaeous forests. Rozites metallica, R. armeniacovelata, R. foetens, and R. occulta are new species associated with Nothofagus in south eastern Australia. Rozites fusipes, previously known only from New Zealand, is reported from Tasmanian Nothofagus forests. Rozites roseolilacina and R. symea are new species associated with Eucalyptus in south eastern and south western Australia respectively. The significance of these Rozites species to mycorrhizal and biogeographical theories, such as the origin of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with myrtaceous plants in Australia are discussed. The diversity of Rozites species in Australia, which equals or exceeds that of other southern regions, furthers the notion that many species of the genus co-evolved with Nothofagus in the Southern Hemisphere. Rozites symea in Western Australia occurs well outside the current geographic range of Nothofagus. It is considered to be a relict species that has survived the shift in dominant ectomycorrhizal forest tree type from Nothofagus to Myrtaceae (local extinction of Nothofagus 4–5 million years ago), and is most likely now confined to the high rainfall zone in the south west. Data on Rozites in Australia support the concept that at least some of the present set of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Myrtaceae in Australia are those which successfully completed a host change from Nothofagus, and adapted to changing climate, vegetation and soil conditions during and since the Tertiary. We suggest that the ancient stock of Rozites arose somewhere within the geographical range of a Cretaceous fagalean complex of plant taxa. By the end of the Cretaceous, Rozites and the fagalean complex may have spanned the Asian–Australian region including perhaps many Southern Hemisphere regions. A northern portion of the ancestral Rozites stock gave rise to extant Northern Hemisphere Rozites species and a southern portion speciated as Nothofagus itself speciated.

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8

Phillips, Ryan D., Gary Backhouse, Andrew P. Brown, and Stephen D. Hopper. "Biogeography of Caladenia (Orchidaceae), with special reference to the South-west Australian Floristic Region." Australian Journal of Botany 57, no. 4 (2009): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt08157.

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Caladenia contains 376 species and subspecies, of which almost all are endemic to temperate and southern semiarid Australia. Eleven species occur in New Zealand, 10 of which are endemic, and one species is widely distributed in eastern Australia and the western Pacific. Only three species occur in both south-western and south-eastern Australia. At subgeneric level, Drakonorchis is endemic to the South-west Australian Floristic Region (SWAFR), Stegostyla to eastern Australia and New Zealand, whereas three subgenera, Calonema, Phlebochilus and Elevatae occur on both sides of the Nullarbor Plain. Subgenus Caladenia is primarily eastern Australian but also extends to the western Pacific. The largest subgenera (Calonema and Phlebochilus) have radiated extensively, with Calonema exhibiting a greater concentration of species in more mesic parts of the SWAFR than Phlebochilus. Within the SWAFR, the major biogeographic division within Caladenia follows the 600-mm isohyet. Within rainfall zones, biogeographic districts for Caladenia correlate with a combination of underlying geology and surface soils. Areas of high endemism contain diverse edaphic environments. Climatic and edaphic requirements are likely to be key drivers of rarity in Caladenia, although these parameters may be acting in concert with mycorrhizal and pollinator specificity.

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9

McGee, Peter A., and James M. Trappe. "The Australian zygomycetous mycorrhizal fungi. II. Further Australian sporocarpic Glomaceae." Australian Systematic Botany 15, no. 1 (2002): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb00038.

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Glomus atrouva, G. canum, G. cuneatum and G. pellucidum sp. nov. are described from eastern New South Wales. New distributional data and redescriptions are presented for G. australe, G. fuegianum, G. fulvum and G. pubescens, the last three being first reports for Australia. New records of G. caledonium,G. macrocarpum and G. tenerum are also included.

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10

Antoniolli, Z. I., E. Facelli, P. O'Connor, D. Miller, K. Ophel-Keller, and S. E. Smith. "Spore communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and mycorrhizal associations in different ecosystems, south Australia." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 26, no. 3 (September 2002): 627–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832002000300007.

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Communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were surveyed in different South Australian ecosystems. The soil was wet-sieved for spore extraction, followed by the determination of presence and abundance of AMF species as well as the percentage of root colonization. Mycorrhizal associations were common and there was substantial fungal diversity in different ecosystems. Spores were most abundant in the permanent pasture system and less abundant under continuous wheat. The incidence of mycorrhizal associations in different plant species and the occurrence of Arum and Paris type colonization generally conformed with previous information. Spores of seventeen AMF were verified throughout seasonal changes in 1996 and 1997 in the permanent pasture and on four host species (Lolium perenne, Plantago lanceolata, Sorghum sp. and Trifolium subterraneum) , set up with the same soils under greenhouse conditions. Glomus mosseae was the dominant spore type at all sampling times and in all trap cultures. Mycorrhizal diversity was significantly affected by different sampling times in trap cultures but not in field-collected soil. P. lanceolata, Sorghum sp. and T. subterraneum as hosts for trap cultures showed no differences in richness and diversity of AMF spores that developed in association with their roots. Abundance and diversity were lowest, however, in association with L. perenne , particularly in December 1996. Results show that the combination of spore identification from field-collected soil and trap cultures is essential to study population and diversity of AMF. The study provides baseline data for ongoing monitoring of mycorrhizal populations using conventional methods and material for the determination of the symbiotic effectiveness of AMF key members.

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11

Brundrett, MC, and LK Abbott. "Roots of Jarrah Forest Plants .I. Mycorrhizal Associations of Shrubs and Herbaceous Plants." Australian Journal of Botany 39, no. 5 (1991): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9910445.

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This survey included 109 plants native to the jarrah forest (a mediterranean eucalypt woodland in south-western Australia dominated by Eucalyptus marginata and E. calophylla). Mycorrhizal formation by seedlings of these plants was examined after inoculation with isolates of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi, or after growth in intact cores of natural habitat soil containing VAM and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. These methods were supplemented by examining roots from mature forest-grown plants, so that different methods and criteria for designating mycorrhizal association types could be considered. Most plants had one of the following types of mycorrhizal association: VAM only (56% of species); both ECM and VAM (16% of species); or non-mycorrhizal roots (25% of species, which also had long root hairs and/or cluster roots). Plants with dual ECM/VAM associations often formed ECM more readily than VAM. With the exception of the large and diverse families, Papilionaceae, Myrtaceae and Anthericaceae, plants within a family had consistent mycorrhizal relations, as did the members of most genera.

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12

BELL, T. "Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nutrition in Mycorrhizal Epacridaceae of South-west Australia." Annals of Botany 77, no. 4 (April 1996): 389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1996.0047.

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13

Błaszkowski, Janusz, Tesfaye Wubet, Variampally Sankar Harikumar, Przemysław Ryszka, and François Buscot. "Glomus indicum, a new arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus." Botany 88, no. 2 (February 2010): 132–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b09-104.

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A new arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species of the genus Glomus , Glomus indicum (Glomeromycota), forming small, hyaline spores in hypogeous aggregates is described and illustrated. The spores are globose to subglobose, (17–)32(–52) µm in diameter, rarely egg-shaped, oblong to irregular, 17–38 µm × 19–43 µm. The single spore wall of G. indicum consists of two hyaline layers: a mucilaginous, short-lived, thin outer layer staining pinkish to pink in Melzer's reagent and a laminate, smooth, permanent, thicker inner layer. Glomus indicum was found in the rhizosphere of Euphorbia heterophylla L. naturally growing in coastal sands of Alappuzha in Kerala State of South India and Lactuca sativa L. cultivated in Asmara, Eritrea, North East Africa. In single-species cultures with Plantago lanceolata L. as the host plant, G. indicum formed vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza. Molecular analysis of the phylogenetic position of G. indicum based on both SSU and ITS rDNA sequences showed the fungus to be a new species with its own cluster. Besides the sites where the spores were observed, sequence types belonging to the G. indicum cluster were documented from environmental samples mainly in the USA, Estonia, and Australia, suggesting the wide occurrence of the species. A key to all known species of the Glomeromycota producing hyaline to light-coloured glomoid spores is provided.

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14

Phillips, Ryan D., Matthew D. Barrett, Emma L. Dalziell, Kingsley W. Dixon, and Nigel D. Swarts. "Geographical range and host breadth ofSebacinaorchid mycorrhizal fungi associating withCaladeniain south-western Australia." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 182, no. 1 (August 8, 2016): 140–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/boj.12453.

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15

Khan, Abdul G. "Occurrence and importance of mycorrhizae in aquatic trees of New South Wales, Australia." Mycorrhiza 3, no. 1 (May 1993): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00213465.

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16

Claridge, A. W., J. M. Trappe, and D. L. Claridge. "Mycophagy by the swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor)." Wildlife Research 28, no. 6 (2001): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr00105.

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Microscopic analysis of the scats of swamp wallabies (Wallabia bicolor), collected from a variety of forested sites in south-eastern mainland Australia, indicates that the species consumes a diversity of species of hypogeous (underground-fruiting) fungi. The mycophagous (fungus-feeding) dietary behaviour seemingly extends to habitats recently burned by fire, implying that W. bicolor may be critical in dispersing fungal spores and perhaps in re-establishing mycorrhizal associations of these fungi with forest trees and shrubs. Such an interrelationship has been previously demonstrated only for more heavily mycophagous species of ground-dwelling mammal.

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17

Smith, Zoë F., Elizabeth A. James, and Cassandra B. McLean. "Mycorrhizal specificity of Diuris fragrantissima (Orchidaceae) and persistence in a reintroduced population." Australian Journal of Botany 58, no. 2 (2010): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt09214.

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This study investigated the diversity and specificity of mycorrhizal fungi associated with five Diuris (Orchidaceae) taxa in south-eastern Australia, as part of a reintroduction program for the endangered species Diuris fragrantissima. We compared fungi isolated from D. fragrantissima occurring naturally in the only remaining population with those from artificially cultivated plants and reintroduced plants 18 months after planting in a new field site west of Melbourne. Genetic similarity of nuclear internal transcribed spacer and nuclear large subunit DNA sequences showed that Diuris taxa associate with a narrow taxonomic range of fungi within the cosmopolitan family Tulasnellaceae in the Rhizoctonia alliance. All fungal isolates induced host seed germination and hence were considered mycorrhizal. Fungal isolates from naturally occurring D. fragrantissima plants showed a higher level of genetic similarity than fungi isolated from cultivated plants. This observation suggests that, historically, the species may have associated with a more genetically variable range of Tulasnella fungi. Artificially cultivated D. fragrantissima were propagated aseptically from seed and spontaneously formed mycorrhizal associations within 6 months of transfer to potting media. Wild collected D. fragrantissima plants maintained in cultivation for over 30 years were found to contain mycorrhizal fungi similar to those isolated from naturally occurring plants in 2004–2006. Mycorrhizal associations in artificially cultivated D. fragrantissima were present in 18 randomly sampled plants 18 months after reintroduction. Further, associations formed between several reintroduced plants and a fungus concurrently inoculated into site soil. We propose that future orchid reintroductions may benefit from the concurrent addition of suitable mycorrhizal fungi to site soil. Maintenance of orchid mycorrhizal relationships after reintroduction is essential to improve long-term viability of reintroduced populations.

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18

Ryan, M. H., R. M. Norton, J. A. Kirkegaard, K. M. McCormick, S. E. Knights, and J. F. Angus. "Increasing mycorrhizal colonisation does not improve growth and nutrition of wheat on Vertosols in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, no. 10 (2002): 1173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar02005.

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Most crops host arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Canola and other brassicas are some of the few exceptions. This study examined AM fungal colonisation, uptake of phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn), growth, and yield of wheat following brassicas and crops that host AMF in 5 crop-sequence experiments in southern New South Wales and Victoria. All experiments were on alkaline Vertosols, similar to soils in the northern wheatbelt on which low AM fungal colonisation of wheat following canola, or long-fallow, has been reported to induce poor crop growth. Soils with a broad range of extractable P concentrations were chosen. AM fungal colonisation of wheat was generally lower following brassicas than hosts of AMF, although this varied with year and location. The effect on wheat AM fungal colonisation levels did not vary between brassicas with differing levels and types of root glucosinolates. Low AM fungal colonisation did not affect early wheat growth, pre-anthesis P and Zn uptake, or yield. A positive relationship between AM fungal colonisation and grain Zn and P concentrations occurred in one experiment. High levels of colonisation by AMF did not protect crop roots from damage by root pathogens and high levels of pathogen damage made interpretation of results difficult in some instances. As these findings are consistent with results from an experiment on an acidic Kandosol in southern New South Wales, it appears farmers do not need to consider the degree to which wheat will be colonised by AMF when planning crop sequences in south-eastern Australia.

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19

Pankhurst, CE, BG Hawke, HJ McDonald, CA Kirkby, JC Buckerfield, P. Michelsen, KA O'Brien, VVSR Gupta, and BM Doube. "Evaluation of soil biological properties as potential bioindicators of soil health." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 7 (1995): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9951015.

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Two long-term field trials in South Australia were used to detect and characterise changes in soil biological properties that were a consequence of different agricultural management. The properties examined were total bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes; total pseudomonads; cellulolytic bacteria and fungi; mycorrhizal fungi; plant root pathogens (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium irregulare); bacterial-feeding protozoa; soil mesofauna (collembola and acari); earthworms; microbial biomass; C and N mineralisation; in situ CO2 respiration; cellulose decomposition; and soil enzyme activity (peptidase, phosphatase, sulfatase). The sensitivity of these biological properties was assessed to tillage (no-tillage v. conventional cultivation), stubble management (stubble retained v. stubble harvested), crop rotation (continuous wheat v. wheat-sown pasture), and N fertilisation (nil v. 80 kg N/ha applied during the crop phase). Tillage, stubble management, crop rotation, and N fertilisation significantly (P<0.01) affected C mineralisation and microbial biomass. Tillage with stubble management significantly affected root pathogenic fungi, protozoa, collembola, earthworms, and cellulose decomposition. Crop rotation affected mycorrhizal fungi, protozoa, and soil peptidase activity, and N fertiliser had a significant effect on mycorrhizal fungi, protozoa, and cellulose decomposition. As these biological properties are responsive to agricultural management, they may have potential as bioindicators. Total bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes, cellulosedecomposing bacteria and fungi, soil phosphatase and sulfatase activity, and N mineralisation were less affected by these treatments and may therefore have limited potential as bioindicators.

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20

Fracchia, Sebastián, Adriana Aranda-Rickert, Eduardo Flachsland, Graciela Terada, and Silvana Sede. "Mycorrhizal compatibility and symbiotic reproduction of Gavilea australis, an endangered terrestrial orchid from south Patagonia." Mycorrhiza 24, no. 8 (April 30, 2014): 627–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00572-014-0579-2.

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21

Blackwell, Paul, Evelyn Krull, Greg Butler, Allan Herbert, and Zakaria Solaiman. "Effect of banded biochar on dryland wheat production and fertiliser use in south-western Australia: an agronomic and economic perspective." Soil Research 48, no. 7 (2010): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr10014.

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Effects of banded biochar application on dryland wheat production and fertiliser use in 4 experiments in Western Australia and South Australia suggest that biochar has the potential to reduce fertiliser requirement while crop productivity is maintained, and biochar additions can increase crop yields at lower rates of fertiliser use. Banding was used to minimise wind erosion risk and place biochar close to crop roots. The biochars/metallurgical chars used in this study were made at relatively high temperatures from woody materials, forming stable, low-nutrient chars. The results suggest that a low biochar application rate (~1 t/ha) by banding may provide significant positive effects on yield and fertiliser requirement. Benefits are likely to result from improved crop nutrient and water uptake and crop water supply from increased arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonisation during dry seasons and in low P soils, rather than through direct nutrient or water supply from biochars. Financial analysis using farm cash flow over 12 years suggests that a break-even total cost of initial biochar use can range from AU$40 to 190/ha if the benefits decline linearly to nil over 12 years, taking into account a P fertiliser saving of 50% or a yield increase of 10%, or both, assuming long-term soil fertility is not compromised. Accreditation of biochar for carbon trading may assist cost reduction.

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22

Gazey, C., L. K. Abbott, and A. D. Robson. "Indigenous and introduced arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi contribute to plant growth in two agricultural soils from south-western Australia." Mycorrhiza 14, no. 6 (December 9, 2003): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00572-003-0282-1.

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23

O’Connor, Patrick, Maria Manjarrez, and Sally E. Smith. "The fate and efficacy of benomyl applied to field soils to suppress activity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 55, no. 7 (July 2009): 901–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w09-035.

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A systematic application of the fungicide benomyl was used to follow up the suppression of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization and to determine its fungitoxic activity and persistence at different depths. Repeated applications of benomyl reduced AM colonization mainly in the upper 0–4 cm layer of the treated soils. Furthermore, AM colonization decreased with soil depth. The activity and persistence of this fungicide was reduced over small changes in depth in the first 10 cm of the soil profile beneath a semiarid herbland at Brookfield Conservation Park (South Australia). Repeated applications of the fungicide only slightly increased the levels of toxicity in the soils, probably because of biodegradation of the fungicide in soils with a recent history of exposure to the fungicide. The decline in fungicide activity at depth was correlated with a decline in the suppressive effect of the fungicide on the activity of AM fungi.

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Little, Karen R., Michael T. Rose, William R. Jackson, Timothy R. Cavagnaro, and Antonio F. Patti. "Do lignite-derived organic amendments improve early-stage pasture growth and key soil biological and physicochemical properties?" Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 9 (2014): 899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13433.

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Commercial products derived from lignite (brown coal), sold mainly as humate preparations, are widely promoted as plant growth stimulants leading to higher crop yields. These products are also claimed to improve key indicators of soil health including soil pH and microbial biomass. In a glasshouse setting, we investigated the effect of six lignite-derived amendments applied at the manufacturer’s recommended rate on the early-stage growth of two pasture species, lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). We used two soil types common to south-eastern Australia, and following an 8-week growing period, assessed soil pH, microbial biomass carbon and mycorrhizal colonisation as key indicators of soil health. We hypothesised that humic acid (HA) and macronutrients derived from the products would positively influence pasture growth and soil health indicators. Although significant growth effects were observed in response to some products, the effects were inconsistent across pasture and soil types. Treatment effects on tissue nutrient accumulation were rare, with the exception of increased potassium in ryegrass in one soil amended with raw brown coal, and decreased nitrogen in lucerne in the same soil amended with a granulated, slow-release humate product. Further, we found no consistent trends in mycorrhizal colonisation or microbial biomass carbon in response to individual treatments. Given the variable responses of the plant species and soil types to the amendments used here, we emphasise the need for further mechanistic studies to help understand how these amendments can be used to greatest effect.

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Chambers, Susan M., Nathalie J. A. Curlevski, and John W. G. Cairney. "Ericoid mycorrhizal fungi are common root inhabitants of non-Ericaceae plants in a south-eastern Australian sclerophyll forest." FEMS Microbiology Ecology 65, no. 2 (August 2008): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00481.x.

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Jusaitis, Manfred. "Herbicidal control of bridal creeper (Asparagus asparagoides) in an ecologically sensitive environment." Pacific Conservation Biology 24, no. 1 (2018): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc17010.

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Asparagus asparagoides (bridal creeper) is a highly invasive noxious environmental weed in southern Australia. It poses a severe threat to biodiversity and conservation in temperate natural ecosystems. Pterostylis arenicola, a threatened terrestrial orchid endemic to South Australia, is directly imperilled by this weed in most of its remnant populations. The coincident growth phenologies of orchid and weed make for an ecologically sensitive environment when considering methods of weed control or eradication. To minimise impact on the orchid and its ecosystem, this paper examines the efficacy of herbicide application for A. asparagoides control using the weed wiping technique, comparing it to the conventional spray application method. The most prolonged control of A. asparagoides was achieved after a single wipe-application of 1.5 g a.i. (active ingredient) L−1 metsulfuron methyl, either alone or in combination with 120 g a.i. L−1 glyphosate, both treatments giving significantly better weed control five years after treatment than comparable spray applications. An investigation of the effect of glyphosate on cultures of the mycorrhizal fungus isolated from P. arenicola indicated a significant decline in mycelial growth with increasing herbicide concentration over the range 0.5–3.0 kg a.i. ha−1. These results provide further incentive for the use of ecologically sensitive herbicide application techniques, such as weed wiping, in areas of high conservation concern.

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Bougoure, Jeremy, Mark Brundrett, Andrew Brown, and Pauline F. Grierson. "Habitat characteristics of the rare underground orchid Rhizanthella gardneri." Australian Journal of Botany 56, no. 6 (2008): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt08031.

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Rhizanthella gardneri R.S.Rogers is an entirely subterranean mycoheterotrophic orchid known only from two isolated populations within south-western Western Australia (WA). This rare species appears restricted to habitats dominated by species of the Melaleuca uncinata complex. R. gardneri purportedly forms a tripartite relationship with Melaleuca1, via a connecting mycorrhizal fungus, for the purpose of carbohydrate and nutrient acquisition. Here, we quantify key climate, soil and vegetation characteristics of known R. gardneri habitats to provide baseline data for monitoring of known R. gardneri populations, to better understand how R. gardneri interacts with its habitat and to identify possible new sites for R. gardneri introduction. We found that the habitats of the two known R. gardneri populations show considerable differences in soil chemistry, Melaleuca structure and Melaleuca productivity. Multivariate analyses showed that both multidimensional scaling (MDS) and principal components analysis (PCA) ordinations of soil chemical characteristics were very similar. Individual sites within populations were relatively similar in all attributes measured, whereas overall northern and southern habitats were distinct from each other. These results suggest that R. gardneri can tolerate a range of conditions and may be more widespread than previously thought, given that there are extensive areas of Melaleuca thickets with similar habitat characteristics across south-western WA. Variability within the habitats of known R. gardneri populations suggests translocation of this species into sites with similar vegetation may be a viable option for the survival of this species.

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Feuerherdt, Leah, Sophie Petit, and Manfred Jusaitis. "Distribution of mycorrhizal fungus associated with the endangered pink‐lipped spider orchid(Arachnorchis(syn.Caladenia) behrii)at Warren Conservation Park in South Australia." New Zealand Journal of Botany 43, no. 2 (January 2005): 367–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0028825x.2005.9512961.

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Claridge, AW, MT Tanton, and RB Cunningham. "Hypogeal fungi in the diet of the long-nosed potoroo (Potorous tridactylus) in mixed-species and regrowth eucalypt forest stands in south-eastern Australia." Wildlife Research 20, no. 3 (1993): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9930321.

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The diet of the long-nosed potoroo (Potorous tridactylus), a medium-sized ground-dwelling marsupial, was monitored (using faecal analysis) in a multiaged eucalypt forest site, and a regrowth eucalypt forest site in south-eastern Australia. In the multiaged forest P. tridactylus was primarily mycophagous, consuming the sporocarps (fruiting bodies) of at least 58 fungal species. Most of these taxa were hypogeal (underground fruiting) basidiomycetes thought to form mycorrhizae on the roots of a variety of plants. The percentage occurrence of fungus in faeces decreased in spring and summer and increased in autumn and winter. This pattern was opposite to the changing occurrence in faeces of other food types, and the percentage occurrence of spores of a major fungus species. At the regrowth forest site the quantity of fungus in faeces of P. tridactylus was lower but more constant over time. There were also differences in the percentage occurrence of spores of at least two fungal species. Additionally, the diversity of fungal taxa found as spores in faeces at the regrowth site was significantly lower (on average) than that recorded in faeces from the multiaged site. Differences in the fungal diets of the two P. tridactylus populations may be partially attributable to the disturbance (fire and logging) histories of each site.

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Fernandez, Romina D., Sergio J. Ceballos, Agustina Malizia, and Roxana Aragón. "Gleditsia triacanthos (Fabaceae) in Argentina: a review of its invasion." Australian Journal of Botany 65, no. 3 (2017): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt16147.

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Gleditsia triacanthos L. is a woody species native to North America that has invaded Uruguay, Spain, Australia, South Africa and several countries of Central and Eastern Europe. In Argentina, it has become one of the most important invasive woody species and has a high potential to continue spreading. In this study, we review different aspects of G. triacanthos invasion in Argentina that include descriptions of invaded ecoregions and environments, intrinsic characteristics of the species, invasion dynamics and impacts. In addition, we discuss mechanisms that potentially explain its success, control strategies and natural barriers to its invasion. We reviewed a total of 91 articles and book chapters, of which 62 were developed in Argentina. Studies reported that the invasion of G. triacanthos in different ecoregions was favoured by intrinsic characteristics of the species, together with the interaction with cattle and disturbances, which cause negative impacts on flora, fauna and ecosystem processes. Disturbances were proposed as the main mechanism to explain this species’ invasion, but other hypotheses such as the release of natural enemies and/or propagule pressure might also be important. Further studies are required, mainly on the impacts on ecosystem processes and on the control, production of organic compounds and mutualistic interactions (with nitrogen-fixing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi).

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Davison, E. M., D. Giustiniano, N. L. Bougher, L. E. McGurk, and E. L. J. Watkin. "Additions to Amanita (Amanitaceae, Agaricales) section Arenariae from south-western Australia." Australian Systematic Botany, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21017.

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A recent molecular phylogeny of Amanita recognises three subgenera and 11 sections. Members of subgenus Amanitina are characterised by amyloid spores and a mycorrhizal habit. Section Arenariae falls within this subgenus. Members of this section are known only from southern Australia; they are either sequestrate (secotioid) or agaricoid and lack clamp connections. We describe the following three additional secotioid species: Amanita arenarioides Bougher, E.M.Davison & Giustiniano, A. compacta Bougher, E.M.Davison & Giustiniano and A. pseudoarenaria E.M.Davison, Giustiniano & Bougher, which are separated on macroscopic appearance, spore shape and genetic sequences. We also describe two agaricoid species, namely, A. pupatuju E.M.Davison, Giustiniano, McGurk & E.L.J.Watkin, and A sabulosa E.M.Davison & Giustiniano, which are separated on bulb shape and genetic sequences. We provide expanded descriptions of A. arenaria (O.K.Mill. & E.Horak) Justo and A. griselloides D.A.Reid; we also synonymise A. dumosorum D.A.Reid with A. peltigera D.A.Reid. A revised diagnosis and description of section Arenariae is provided, together with a key to currently recognised member of this section.

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Hanlon. "First Recorded Account of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Sand Dunes in South Eastern Australia: Biogeography and Species Richness." Journal of Coastal Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/jcoastres-d-20-00057.1.

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