Статті в журналах: "Musculoskeletal system Effect of estrogen on"

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Panevin, Taras S., Anastasia O. Bobkova, Andrey E. Karateev, and Evgeniy G. Zotkin. "Endogenous estrogen deficiency and the development of chronic musculoskeletal pain: A review." Terapevticheskii arkhiv 94, no. 5 (June 17, 2022): 683–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2022.05.201490.

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Sexual dimorphism of chronic diseases is a phenomenon determined by differences in the hormonal status of men and women. In this regard, estrogens, which have a complex effect on the body, are of great interest. In particular, estrogens play an important role in the natural control of pain and inflammation. A decrease in estrogen levels associated with menopause or iatrogenic effects (hysterectomy, use of aromotase inhibitors), as well as mutations of genes responsible for the synthesis of structural components of membrane estrogen receptors (ESR1 and ESR2), can significantly reduce the positive effects of these hormones. Deficiency of estrogen can become one of the reasons for the development of serious pathological changes in particular, the formation of chronic pain associated with the pathology of the musculoskeletal system.

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Yoh, Kenta, Kazuhiro Ikeda, Kuniko Horie, and Satoshi Inoue. "Roles of Estrogen, Estrogen Receptors, and Estrogen-Related Receptors in Skeletal Muscle: Regulation of Mitochondrial Function." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 3 (January 17, 2023): 1853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24031853.

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Estrogen is an essential sex steroid hormone that functions primarily in female reproductive system, as well as in a variety of tissues and organs with pleiotropic effects, such as in cardiovascular, nervous, immune, and musculoskeletal systems. Women with low estrogen, as exemplified by those in postmenopause, are therefore prone to suffer from various disorders, i.e., cardiovascular disease, dementia, metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, sarcopenia, frailty, and so on. Estrogen regulates the expression of its target genes by binding to its cognate receptors, estrogen receptors (ERs) α and β. Notably, the estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) α, β, and γ are originally identified as orphan receptors that share substantial structural homology and common transcriptional targets with ERs. Accumulating evidence suggests that ERs and ERRs play crucial roles in skeletal muscles, such as muscle mass maintenance, muscle exercise physiology, and muscle regeneration. In this article, we review potential regulatory roles of ERs and ERRs in muscle physiology, particularly with regard to mitochondrial function and metabolism.

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Taheri, Mohammad, Hamed Shoorei, Marcel E. Dinger, and Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard. "Perspectives on the Role of Non-Coding RNAs in the Regulation of Expression and Function of the Estrogen Receptor." Cancers 12, no. 8 (August 4, 2020): 2162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12082162.

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Estrogen receptors (ERs) comprise several nuclear and membrane-bound receptors with different tissue-specific functions. ERα and ERβ are two nuclear members of this family, whereas G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), ER-X, and Gq-coupled membrane estrogen receptor (Gq-mER) are membrane-bound G protein-coupled proteins. ERα participates in the development and function of several body organs such as the reproductive system, brain, heart and musculoskeletal systems. ERβ has a highly tissue-specific expression pattern, particularly in the female reproductive system, and exerts tumor-suppressive roles in some tissues. Recent studies have revealed functional links between both nuclear and membrane-bound ERs and non-coding RNAs. Several oncogenic lncRNAs and miRNAs have been shown to exert their effects through the modulation of the expression of ERs. Moreover, treatment with estradiol has been shown to alter the malignant behavior of cancer cells through functional axes composed of non-coding RNAs and ERs. The interaction between ERs and non-coding RNAs has functional relevance in several human pathologies associated with estrogen regulation, such as cancers, intervertebral disc degeneration, coronary heart disease and diabetes. In the current review, we summarize scientific literature on the role of miRNAs and lncRNAs on ER-associated signaling and related disorders.

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Londzin, Piotr, Szymon Siudak, Urszula Cegieła, Maria Pytlik, Aleksandra Janas, Arkadiusz Waligóra, and Joanna Folwarczna. "Phloridzin, an Apple Polyphenol, Exerted Unfavorable Effects on Bone and Muscle in an Experimental Model of Type 2 Diabetes in Rats." Nutrients 10, no. 11 (November 7, 2018): 1701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10111701.

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It is believed that apple fruits contain components with health-promoting effects, including some antidiabetic activity. One of the most known apple compounds is phloridzin, a glucoside of phloretin. Phloridzin and phloretin were reported to exert some favorable skeletal effects in estrogen-deficient rats and mice. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of phloridzin on musculoskeletal system in rats with type 2 diabetes induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ). The experiments were performed on mature female Wistar rats, divided into control rats (fed a standard laboratory diet), HFD/STZ control rats, and HFD/STZ rats receiving phloridzin (20 or 50 mg/kg/day per os) for four weeks. Serum biochemical parameters, muscle mass and strength, bone mass, density, histomorphometric parameters and mechanical properties were determined. The HFD/STZ rats developed hyperglycemia, with decreases in the muscle mass and strength and profound osteoporotic changes. Phloridzin at 20 mg/kg markedly augmented the unfavorable effects of diabetes on the muscle mass and strength and decreased growth of bones, whereas, at 50 mg/kg, it did not affect most of the investigated musculoskeletal parameters. Results of the study indicate the possibility of unfavorable effects of phloridzin on the musculoskeletal system in conditions of hyperglycemia.

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Smahliuk, L. V., H. V. Voronkova, A. Ye Karasiunok, A. V. Liahovska, and V. I. Smahliuk. "INTERACTION BETWEEN DENTO-MAXILLOFACIAL ANOMALIES AND GENERAL-SOMATIC HUMAN CONDITION (LITERATURE REVIEW)." Ukrainian Dental Almanac, no. 4 (December 26, 2019): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2409-0255.4.2019.08.

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The main task of modern orthodontics is to create a balanced and morphologically stable occlusion in harmony with facial aesthetics and functional adaptation. Over the last decade, there has been a clear trend towards an increase in the prevalence of malocclusion, which reaches 80% according to current scientific literature and sometimes it exceeds this percentage. Researchers note a constant and statistically significant correlation between the permanent occlusion pathology and the state of somatic health in adolescence. On the other hand, the interdisciplinary approach is one of the most urgent tasks of modern orthodontics and a constant object of searching for new methods of diagnosis and treatment. The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between dento-facial anomalies and somatic pathology. Materials and methods. Literary sources were reviewed on the relationship of malocclusion with the general diseases and the obtained data were analysed. Discussion. The human body is a biological system consisting of interconnected and subordinate elements. The peculiarities of their structure and relations are subordinated to their functioning as part of a single integral mechanism. Most authors note the existence of a direct interconnection between the general somatic pathology and anomalies of the dento-facial system. When analysing the literature data, several major groups of diseases that have the greatest impact on the development of the dento-facial system are clearly distinguished: diseases of the ENT organs, the gastrointestinal tract, endocrine and musculoskeletal systems. At present the scientists have substantiated the concept of commonality of factors that shape both dental status and state of somatic health. An increase in the frequency of dento-facial anomalies and deformations in 1,6-2,3 times is noted in disorder of the musculoskeletal system. In this category of children, deep incisor occlusion, distal occlusion and neutral occlusion with anomalies of individual teeth predominate. In children with scoliosis, 72.9-84.3% of cases are diagnosed with dento-facial anomalies and deformations. The position of the jaws has an effect on the spatial orientation of the head and this in turn affects the position of other structures of the body. Some researchers point to the “anterior” position of the head of patients with dysfunction of the temporomandibular joints associated with the shortening of the extensors of the sternocleidomastoid muscles. Research showed that in 89,3% of cases, children with bronchial asthma have dento-facial anomalies. Adolescence is one of the critical periods of human life, since it is precisely in adolescence that the neuroendocrine system begins to function, and sex hormones which affect the development of many body systems and the formation of reproductive health are produced. Under the action of steroid hormones, an active development of the musculoskeletal system occurs, which is manifested by the acceleration of total body growth and dento-maxillofacial growth. Insufficient secretion of estrogen leads to impaired bone mineralization and may cause abnormalities in the maxillofacial area. Impaired growth and development of the dento-facial system was detected in case of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. In juvenile idiopathic arthritis, one third of the patients were examined. The skeletal pathology of the Angle I class, as well as impaired functional state of the TMJ were diagnosed. Thyroid hormone and thyroxin stimulates growth in the sphenoid-occipital synchondrosis, nasal cartilage and the growth of the upper jaw in the area of bone sutures, thereby determining of the size and position of the upper jaw. As a result of a decrease in thyroxin level, there is a delay in craniofacial growth, disproportional development, retroposition of the upper jaw and decrease in the length of the mandible. Thus, the correlation of malocclusion in children and adolescents with common diseases arise. Therefore, the diagnosis, tactics of treatment and prevention of dental anomalies and deformities should be considered in the context of the integrity of the unformed organism of the child, the interdependence of the form and functions of its organs and systems.

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Mikheev, R. K., O. R. Grigoryan, E. V. Sheremetyeva, Yu S. Absatarova, Zh A. Uzhegova, M. O. Chernova, A. N. Kurinova, D. V. Sazonova, L. V. Nikankina, and E. N. Andreeva. "Women’s long-term health and longevity: telomere theory of aging in the management of menopause." Voprosy ginekologii, akušerstva i perinatologii 21, no. 3 (2022): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1726-1678-2022-3-116-121.

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The concept of women’s long-term health and longevity implies maintaining the quality of life, including a discussion of the role of hormone replacement therapy within the ‘therapeutic window’. Aging is a complex multi-step process. It is believed that women begin to experience the effects of aging at the age of 40. The processes of age-related changes in the body are being actively studied these days and include markers, models, systems, but there is no unified concept yet. In recent decades, there has been an increase in life expectancy for women, hence there are more women in menopause, and an increase in the incidence of age-related diseases can be expected. With the onset of menopause and age-related changes, women may experience metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, endothelial dysfunction, disorders of both the central and peripheral nervous systems, musculoskeletal disrders and mental health problems. Over past decades, attention has been paid to cellular markers of aging, and the telomere theory has been most developed. It is associated with shortening of telomeres – the end regions of chromosomes. Many studies in recent years have examined the mechanisms influencing the length of these regions, the activity of the telomerase enzyme, and the processes of reproductive aging associated with this theory. In the 20th and 21st centuries, the possible effect of exogenously administered estrogen on telomere length as part of hormone replacement therapy has been under active consideration. Key words: insulin resistance, menopause, telomeres, telomerase, type 2 diabetes, aging, hormone replacement therapy

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Khashukoeva, A. Z., A. V. Naumov, A. D. Meshkov, and O. V. Rassokhina. "Rheumatoid arthritis of menopause: there are more questions than answers." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 10 (August 12, 2021): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2021-10-140-146.

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The article is devoted to an urgent issue - rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The symptoms of arthritis appear in women during menopause. Literature data show that it is often during period of poor reproductive function that the disease first manifests itself in women. RA significantly affects the prognosis of women’s life expectancy and quality. The clinical and pathogenetic relationships between autoimmune diseases (one of which is RA) and the features of menopause remain poorly understood and require research. Basically, papers devoted to the problem present epidemiological studies and the study of the relationships between sex hormones levels and inflammatory mediators that are specific to RA.A literature review on the features of the onset and course of rheumatoid arthritis in menopausal women is presented. The most accepted in the literature explanations characterizing the relationship between changes during menopause and RA are arguments about the protective effect of estrogens on the cells of the musculoskeletal system and the ability of estrogens to influence the intensity of inflammation (systemic inflammation of low intensity associated with age). In the case of the development of rheumatoid arthritis in old age, higher levels of IL-6 and lower TNFa are revealed. This fact gives rise to the choice of basic therapy in favor of a humanized monoclonal antibody to the human interleukin-6 receptor - tocilizumab.The review may be of interest to both practising rheumatologists, neurologists, and gynecologists and general practitioners.

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Ho, Ming-Fen, Tim Bongartz, Mohan Liu, Krishna R. Kalari, Paul E. Goss, Lois E. Shepherd, Matthew P. Goetz, et al. "Estrogen, SNP-Dependent Chemokine Expression and Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator Regulation." Molecular Endocrinology 30, no. 3 (March 1, 2016): 382–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/me.2015-1267.

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Abstract We previously reported, on the basis of a genome-wide association study for aromatase inhibitor-induced musculoskeletal symptoms, that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near the T-cell leukemia/lymphoma 1A (TCL1A) gene were associated with aromatase inhibitor-induced musculoskeletal pain and with estradiol (E2)-induced TCL1A expression. Furthermore, variation in TCL1A expression influenced the downstream expression of proinflammatory cytokines and cytokine receptors. Specifically, the top hit genome-wide association study SNP, rs11849538, created a functional estrogen response element (ERE) that displayed estrogen receptor (ER) binding and increased E2 induction of TCL1A expression only for the variant SNP genotype. In the present study, we pursued mechanisms underlying the E2-SNP-dependent regulation of TCL1A expression and, in parallel, our subsequent observations that SNPs at a distance from EREs can regulate ERα binding and that ER antagonists can reverse phenotypes associated with those SNPs. Specifically, we performed a series of functional genomic studies using a large panel of lymphoblastoid cell lines with dense genomic data that demonstrated that TCL1A SNPs at a distance from EREs can modulate ERα binding and expression of TCL1A as well as the expression of downstream immune mediators. Furthermore, 4-hydroxytamoxifen or fulvestrant could reverse these SNP-genotype effects. Similar results were found for SNPs in the IL17A cytokine and CCR6 chemokine receptor genes. These observations greatly expand our previous results and support the existence of a novel molecular mechanism that contributes to the complex interplay between estrogens and immune systems. They also raise the possibility of the pharmacological manipulation of the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in a SNP genotype-dependent fashion.

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Manzi, Susan, Jorge Sánchez-Guerrero, Joan T. Merrill, Richard Furie, Dafna Gladman, Sandra V. Navarra, Ellen M. Ginzler, et al. "Effects of belimumab, a B lymphocyte stimulator-specific inhibitor, on disease activity across multiple organ domains in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: combined results from two phase III trials." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 71, no. 11 (May 1, 2012): 1833–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-200831.

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ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of belimumab versus placebo, plus standard systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) therapy, on organ domain-specific SLE disease activity.MethodsData obtained after 52 weeks of treatment from two phase III trials (BLISS-52 and BLISS-76) comparing belimumab 1 and 10 mg/kg versus placebo, plus standard therapy, in 1684 autoantibody-positive patients were analysed post hoc for changes in British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) and Safety of Estrogens in Lupus National Assessment–Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SELENA–SLEDAI) organ domain scores.ResultsAt baseline, the domains involved in the majority of patients were musculoskeletal and mucocutaneous by both BILAG and SELENA–SLEDAI, and immunological by SELENA–SLEDAI. At 52 weeks, significantly more patients treated with belimumab versus placebo had improvement in BILAG musculoskeletal and mucocutaneous domains (1 and 10 mg/kg), and in SELENA–SLEDAI mucocutaneous (10 mg/kg), musculoskeletal (1 mg/kg) and immunological (1 and 10 mg/kg) domains. Improvement was also observed in other organ systems with a low prevalence (≤16%) at baseline, including the SELENA–SLEDAI vasculitis and central nervous system domains. Significantly fewer patients treated with belimumab versus placebo had worsening in the BILAG haematological domain (1 mg/kg) and in the SELENA–SLEDAI immunological (10 mg/kg), haematological (10 mg/kg) and renal (1 mg/kg) domains.ConclusionsBelimumab treatment improved overall SLE disease activity in the most common musculoskeletal and mucocutaneous organ domains. Less worsening occurred in the haematological, immunological and renal domains.

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Collins, Brittany C., Eija K. Laakkonen, and Dawn A. Lowe. "Aging of the musculoskeletal system: How the loss of estrogen impacts muscle strength." Bone 123 (June 2019): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2019.03.033.

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AL-Bashaireh, Ahmad M., Linda G. Haddad, Michael Weaver, Debra Lynch Kelly, Xing Chengguo, and Saunjoo Yoon. "The Effect of Tobacco Smoking on Musculoskeletal Health: A Systematic Review." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2018 (July 11, 2018): 1–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4184190.

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This systematic review explored associations between smoking and health outcomes involving the musculoskeletal system. AMSTAR criteria were followed. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct returned 243 articles meeting inclusion criteria. A majority of studies found smoking has negative effects on the musculoskeletal system. In research on bones, smoking was associated with lower BMD, increased fracture risk, periodontitis, alveolar bone loss, and dental implant failure. In research on joints, smoking was associated with increased joint disease activity, poor functional outcomes, and poor therapeutic response. There was also evidence of adverse effects on muscles, tendons, cartilage, and ligaments. There were few studies on the musculoskeletal health outcomes of secondhand smoke, smoking cessation, or other modes of smoking, such as waterpipes or electronic cigarettes. This review found evidence that suggests tobacco smoking has negative effects on the health outcomes of the musculoskeletal system. There is a need for further research to understand mechanisms of action for the effects of smoking on the musculoskeletal system and to increase awareness of healthcare providers and community members of the adverse effects of smoking on the musculoskeletal system.

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Lenková, Rút, Iveta Boržíková, Wioletta Mikuľáková, Monika Vašková, and Veronika Vasilišinová. "The Effect of Movement Intervention on Musculoskeletal System in Undergraduates." Acta Facultatis Educationis Physicae Universitatis Comenianae 60, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 15–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afepuc-2020-0002.

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SummaryThe aim of the research was to diagnose manifestations of functional and structural disorders and consider the effect of intervention on the musculoskeletal system of students of teacher’s program of physical education. A total of 40 students of Faculty of Sports Prešov University in Prešov participated in the research. As part of the experiment we designed a targeted movement program as an intervention and applied it to an experimental group of students. After 5 months of the intervention, the measurements were repeated. In experimental group we noticed that 30 % of men and 20 % of women improved from III. to II. qualitative degree of shortened muscles. The statistically significant difference (p <.05) was confirmed in group of men. From the perspective of intersexual differences, we observed a statistically significant difference among the shortened muscles in the experimental group (p ≤.05). Changes in structural disorders of the spine after the intervention were statistically insignificant. In regards to good spinal health and muscle balance, we assume that targeted movement program can have preventive effect against functional and structural disorders.

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Voloshin, Arkady S., Joseph Mizrahi, Oleg Verbitsky, and Eli Isakov. "Dynamic loading on the human musculoskeletal system —effect of fatigue." Clinical Biomechanics 13, no. 7 (October 1998): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0268-0033(98)00030-8.

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Nazarov, Sobir Usmonovich. "THE POSITIVE EFFECT OF SWIMMING ON THE MOVEMENT SYSTEM." CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PEDAGOGICS 02, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/pedagogics-crjp-02-10-40.

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The article discusses the positive effects of swimming on the human body. In particular, the effects of butterfly, brass, crawl methods on the musculoskeletal system, increased resistance to diseases of acute respiratory viral infections, improvement of the functional state of the body were discussed.

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İnal, Özgü, and Selen Serel Arslan. "Investigating the effect of smartphone addiction on musculoskeletal system problems and cognitive flexibility in university students." Work 68, no. 1 (January 29, 2021): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-203361.

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BACKGROUND: Smartphone usage has become more common in daily life, and in certain situations, this may lead to addictive behavior. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the relationship between smartphone addiction and musculoskeletal problems and cognitive flexibility in university students. METHODS: Smartphone addiction was evaluated with the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS), the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) was used to evaluate musculoskeletal symptoms, and pain was measured with Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Cognitive flexibility was assessed with the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI). RESULTS: A significant correlation was found between SAS total score and musculoskeletal problems in the upper back, lower back, hip and feet (p < 0.05, r = 0.11; r = 0.16; r = 0.11; r = 0.13, r = 0.14). Smartphone addiction showed a significant positive correlation with neck pain, right hand pain and right arm pain (p < 0.05, r = 0.13; r = 0.17; r = 0.14). There was a significant negative correlation between CFI total score and SAS total score (p < 0.05, r = – 0.13). CONCLUSIONS: Smartphone addiction is associated with musculoskeletal problems, pain and cognitive flexibility in university students. Encouraging an active lifestyle, physical activity, ergonomic arrangements, individual behavioral modification as well as environmental regulations and policies may eliminate the negative effects of smartphone addiction.

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Arca, Muhammed, Süleyman Dönmezdil, and Elif Dilara Durmaz. "The effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on anxiety, depression, and musculoskeletal system complaints in healthcare workers." Work 69, no. 1 (May 26, 2021): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-205014.

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BACKGROUND: COVID-19 increased psychological and physical complaints, including anxiety, depression, and pain. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to examine anxiety, depression, and musculoskeletal complaints that may occur in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Data were cross-sectional, collected by the online questionnaire method consisted of demographic questions, Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Nordic Musculoskeletal System Query (NMQ), and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). RESULTS: Among the groups, the number of doctors in the frontline group, the fear of being infected, the number of tests performed, and personal protective equipment were higher than the second-line group (p < 0.05). It was found that 73.4% of the participants had anxiety, 83.5% had depression, and 94.9% had musculoskeletal pain. It was observed that there was no statistically significant difference between the applied scale scores between the groups (p > 0.05). About musculoskeletal system complaints of the participants, neck pain presence was determined as 73.4% in the last 12 months, and upper back pain was the highest with 61.4% in the last week. Neck (p < 0.005) and upper back pain (p = 0.04) parameters in the last seven days of the NMQ scale applied to the participants were found to be statistically significantly higher in the contact group. CONCLUSIONS: Anxiety, depression, and musculoskeletal pain of healthcare workers were found to be high. While neck and back pain was the most common in musculoskeletal complaints, it was found that these pains were higher in the frontline group. In this regard, healthcare professionals can be given psychological support and exercise training.

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Voloshin, Arkady S. "Effect of fatigue on the attenuational capacity of human musculoskeletal system." Journal of Biomechanics 27, no. 6 (January 1994): 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(94)91092-8.

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Zittermann, Armin. "The Biphasic Effect of Vitamin D on the Musculoskeletal and Cardiovascular System." International Journal of Endocrinology 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3206240.

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This narrative review summarizes beneficial and harmful vitamin D effects on the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular system. Special attention is paid to the dose-response relationship of vitamin D with clinical outcomes. In infants and adults, the risk of musculoskeletal diseases is highest at circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentrations below 25 nmol/L and is low if 40–60 nmol/L are achieved. However, evidence is also accumulating that in elderly people the risk of falls and fractures increases again at circulating 25OHD levels > 100 nmol/L. Cohort studies report a progressive increase in cardiovascular disease (CVD) events at 25OHD levels < 50 nmol/L. Nevertheless, meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials suggest only small beneficial effects of vitamin D supplements on surrogate parameters of CVD risk and no reduction in CVD events. Evidence is accumulating for adverse vitamin D effects on CVD outcomes at 25OHD levels > 100 nmol/L, but the threshold may be influenced by the level of physical activity. In conclusion, dose-response relationships indicate deleterious effects on the musculoskeletal system and probably on the cardiovascular system at circulating 25OHD levels < 40–60 nmol/L and >100 nmol/L. Future studies should focus on populations with 25OHD levels < 40 nmol/L and should avoid vitamin D doses achieving 25OHD levels > 100 nmol/L.

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Kim, Jin Kyung, and Ellis R. Levin. "Estrogen signaling in the cardiovascular system." Nuclear Receptor Signaling 4, no. 1 (January 2006): nrs.04013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1621/nrs.04013.

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Estrogen exerts complex biological effects through the two isoforms of estrogen receptors (ERs): ERα and ERβ. Whether through alteration of gene expression or rapid, plasma membrane-localized signaling to non-transcriptional actions, estrogen-αctivated ERs have significant implications in cardiovascular physiology. 17-β-estradiol (E2) generally has a protective property on the vasculature. Estrogen treatment is anti-atherogenic, protecting injured endothelial surfaces and lowering LDL oxidation in animal models. Increased NO production stimulated by E2 results in vasodilation of the coronary vascular bed, and involves rapid activation of phosphotidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling to eNOS in carotid and femoral arteries. Both isoforms of ERs impact various vascular functions, modulating ion channel integrity, mitigating the response to arterial injury, inducing vasodilation, and preventing development of hypertension in animal models. In addition to reducing afterload by vasodilation, ERs have a direct antihypertrophic effect on the myocardium. E2-activated ERs (E2/ER) antagonize the hypertrophic pathway induced by vasoactive peptides such as angiotensin II by activating PI3K, subsequent MICIP gene expression, leading to the inhibition of calcineurin activity and the induction of hypertrophic genes. In models of ischemia-reperfusion, E2/ER is antiapoptotic for cardiomyocytes, exerting the protective actions via PI3K and p38 MAP kinases and suppressing the generation of reactive oxygen species. In sum, E2-activated ERs consistently and positively modulate multiple aspects of the cardiovascular system.

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A, Corr S., Gentle M. J, McCorquodale C. C, and Bennett D. "The Effect of Morphology on the Musculoskeletal System of the Modern Broiler." Animal Welfare 12, no. 2 (May 2003): 145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600025604.

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AbstractThis study compares various morphometric features of two strains of broilers, selected and ‘relaxed’ (ie random-bred), raised under two feeding regimes, ad-libitum-fed and restricted-fed. We consider the possible consequences of the different body shapes on the musculoskeletal system. The ad-libitum-fed selected birds reached heavier bodyweights at younger ages, had wider girths, and developed large amounts of breast muscle which probably displaced their centre of gravity cranially. At cull weight, they had shorter legs than birds in the other groups and greater thigh-muscle masses; therefore, greater forces would have to be exerted by shorter lever arms in order to move the body. The tarsometatarsi were broader, providing increased resistance to greater loads, but the bones had a lower calcium and phosphorus content, which would theoretically make them weaker. Many of these morphological changes are likely to have detrimental effects on the musculoskeletal system and therefore compromise the walking ability and welfare of the birds.

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Zay, Svitlana, Danylo Zavodovskyi, Dmytro Nozdrenko, Kateryna Bogutska, Olexander Motuziuk, Yuriy Sklyarov, and Yuriy Prylutskyy. "Chronic Alcoholization: Effect on Musculoskeletal System and Remedial Action of C60 Fullerenes." International Journal of Physiology and Pathophysiology 7, no. 3 (2016): 273–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/intjphyspathophys.v7.i3.100.

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Qian, Hongyan, Jingxiu Xuan, Yuan Liu, and Guixiu Shi. "Function of G-Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor-1 in Reproductive System Tumors." Journal of Immunology Research 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7128702.

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The G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor-1 (GPER-1), also known as GPR30, is a novel estrogen receptor mediating estrogen receptor signaling in multiple cell types. The progress of estrogen-related cancer is promoted by GPER-1 activation through mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and phospholipase C (PLC) signaling pathways. However, this promoting effect of GPER-1 is nonclassic estrogen receptor (ER) dependent manner. In addition, clinical evidences revealed that GPER-1 is associated with estrogen resistance in estrogen-related cancer patients. These give a hint that GPER-1 may be a novel therapeutic target for the estrogen-related cancers. However, preclinical studies also found that GPER-1 activation of its special agonist G-1 inhibits cancer cell proliferation. This review aims to summarize the characteristics and complex functions of GPER-1 in cancers.

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Begidova, Tamara P., and Ekaterina Y. Mukina. "PNF-therapy in complex rehabilitation of individuals with musculoskeletal system disorders." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 1 (2022): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2022-27-1-165-171.

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The subject of the study is the assessment of the integrated application of rehabilitation measures with the use of PNF-therapy in disorders of the musculoskeletal system. The analysis of the available scientific and methodological literature revealed insufficient study and practical implementation of modern rehabilitation techniques for musculoskeletal system disorders of various etiologies, showing the increasing relevance of physical rehabilitation in the modern world. Rehabilitation for chronic diseases of the musculoskeletal system is a continuous process that requires constant adaptation of the methods used to the needs of the person with disabilities. Studies of the effect of PNF-therapy should include: sensorimotor control of limbs, sitting and standing, control of movement coordination, regularity of exercise and health-related quality of life. The data obtained can be used in the practice of teaching students, undergraduates, graduate students and attendees of faculties and retraining and advanced training courses in the field of “Physical education for individuals with disabilities (adaptive physical education)”, as well as instructors in adaptive physical education in the rehabilitation of people with diseases of the musculoskeletal system. Theoretical aspects related to the use of PNF-therapy in the complex rehabilitation of persons with musculoskeletal system lesions are discovered. Forecast of the probable direction of perspective physical rehabilitation development for this contingent is given.

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Knap, V., P. Ondova, M. Istonova, and K. Oravcova. "The Effect of Obesity on Musculosceletal System." Clinical Social Work and Health Intervention 12, no. 5 (December 11, 2021): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22359/cswhi_12_5_11.

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Obesity arises and persists during an excessive long-term pos- itive energy balance. Risk factors for the development of obe- sity are, in particular: ahigh-calorie diet, low physical activity; adaptation to asedentary lifestyle; irregular diet. The most commonly used criterion for assessing obesity is the Body Mass Index – BMI. The incidence of obesity in Europe is be- tween 10% to 25% in women, while more than 50% of the pop- ulation in most European countries is overweight and obese. The effect of obesity on the musculoskeletal system is demon- strable in patients who suffer its consequences during their life. Long-term overweight is the cause of excessive strain on bones, joints and muscles, which over time, due to the chronic course of obesity, affects almost every obese individual. Obesity prevention programs, the development of a healthy lifestyle, healthy eating and exercise-related activities are our common goals for preventing obesity.

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Korotkiy, Valeriy, Elena Perets, Vladimir Pasko, and Bogdan Korotkiy. "Mechanical and resonance manipulation in the treatment of diseases of the musculoskeletal system." Manual Therapy 2022, no. 2 (July 20, 2022): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.54504/1684-6753-2022-2-15-21.

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The article describes a method of manual manipulation where the necessary movement of the element of the musculoskeletal system, which was selected for exposure, is performed in accordance with the principles of achieving vibrational and translational mechanical resonance. This method of mechanical and resonance manipulation proved to be more effective and less traumatic in clinical practice when compared with the traditional manipulation method, and the intended effect, which consisted in increasing mobility and more physiologically correct arrangement of the exposed elements of the musculoskeletal system, was more pronounced, namely, greater mobility was achieved with a more uniform increase in the mobility of all the exposed elements of the musculoskeletal system. At the same time, fewer manual therapy sessions by 30% were required for achieving the planned therapeutic effect, and, due to less trauma to biological tissues during mechanical and resonance manipulation, the sessions were less painful.

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Kurnia, Rina. "Pengaruh Senam Terhadap Keluhan Muskuloskeletal Pada Lansia." Interest : Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan 8, no. 2 (November 27, 2019): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37341/interest.v8i2.158.

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Background: The elderly group is a high risk group that experiences various health problems, especially degenerative diseases. Elderly people tend to experience a decrease in the musculoskeletal system. Decreases in the musculoskeletal system can cause disruption to physical mobility in the elderly. Methods: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of gymnastic on musculoskeletal disorders. The study was quantitative research with experimental one group pre-test post-test design. It was conducted at the Posyandu in Nggaren, Pandeyan Village, Ngemplak, Boyolali. Sampling was done by total sampling technique with a total of 48 respondents . Analysis of data using Wilcoxon. Results: p-value = 0.001 (p <0.005). Conclusion: there is an effect of gymnastic on musculoskeletal disorders in the elderly at the Posyandu in Nggaren, Pandeyan Village, Ngemplak, Boyolali.

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Ponyrko, A. O. "THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC HYPERGLYCEMIA ON THE STATE OF MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)." Актуальні проблеми сучасної медицини: Вісник Української медичної стоматологічної академії 21, no. 1 (March 21, 2021): 184–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2077-1096.21.1.184.

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Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that today has become a threatening problem for human health. Its prevalence has been constantly increasing throughout the world over the past decades. Diabetes mellitus is regarded as an incurable metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, which is caused by defects in insulin secretion. This disease annually affects almost 3% of the total population of the planet. Chronic hyperglycemia causes dysfunction of various organs of the body, such as the eyes, kidneys, heart, blood vessels, and nerves. The most common complications of diabetes include lesions of the vessels of the eye, kidneys, lower limbs and nervous system. A high level of glucose in the blood causes the development of a wide range of pathological disorders, which affect bones as well. Recent studies have shown that diseases of the skeletal system are often observed in diabetes mellitus. Speaking about the effect of hyperglycemia on bones, the development of osteopenia and osteoporosis should be noted. In this regard, an important area of research is to study changes in the bone tissue in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and the mechanisms that lead to disruption of bone structure and metabolism. The article highlights the pathophysiological mechanisms of hyperglycemia action in type 1 diabetes that explains complex disorders of the organs of the musculoskeletal system. The detrimental effect of hyperglycemia results in marked degenerative changes in bone cells. The pathogenic effect of hyperglycemia on bone tissue is manifested in a decrease in bone mineral density that is due to the lack of insulin and, as a consequence, significant metabolic disorders, a decrease in bone mass, inhibition of bone tissue formation, a significant decrease in the trace element composition of bone. The combination of these factors creates the appropriate pathomorphological basis for the development of diabetic osteopathy. The article highlights the mechanism of action of hyperglycemia on skeletal system in order to stimulate to a more detailed investigation of diabetes mellitus in experimental animals.

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Batantsev, Nikolay I., Alyona V. Tsyndrina, and Andrey Vasilyevich Dudko. "The effect of swimming on the musculoskeletal system in obese people. Literary review." StudNet 5, no. 6 (2022): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.55186/26584964_2022_5_6_6.

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Shukla, Akshara, Rohitash Jamwal, and Kumud Bala. "ADVERSE EFFECT OF COMBINED ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE PILLS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i1.14565.

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ABSTRACTOral contraceptive (OC) pills contain estrogen and progestin that are synthetic analogs of natural hormones. These synthetic hormones affectthe hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis of the female reproductive system. There are many types of contraceptives; most of the OC pills preventpregnancy by inhibiting ovulation. Estrogen and progestin are two female reproductive hormones that are critical. Typically, estradiol is producedby growing follicle (ovaries) which stimulates the hypothalamus to produce the gonadotropin-releasing hormone, which further stimulates theanterior pituitary to produce follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). LH production triggers the ovulation. Similarly, theprogesterone is produced by corpus luteum (ovaries), which triggers the production of FSH and LH. There are many types of progesterone available.Long-term usage of synthetic estrogen and progesterone can disturb the balance between the level of these hormones in the body. This imbalance maylead to severe side effects such as breast cancer, cervical cancer, thrombosis, direct impact on the brain, and infertility.Keywords: Estrogen, Progesterone, Contraceptives, Herbal contraceptives.

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Gupta, Meeta, Poonam Yadav, and Sarvesh Kumar. "Comparative Study of Low Dose Conjugate Equine Estrogen 0.3 mg vs Standard Dose Conjugate Equine Estrogen 0.625 mg as Hormone Replacement Therapy." Journal of SAFOMS 1, no. 2 (2013): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10032-1011.

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ABSTRACT Introduction Since menopause was related to variety of genitourinary, vasomotor, psychological and musculoskeletal changes, conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) was introduced for all menopause-related symptoms in various doses. Materials and methods It is a comparative study in which 100 postmenopausal women were selected (natural or surgical menopause) with one or more menopausal symptoms. All patients were randomly divided in two groups. Group A received 0.3 mg CEE and group B received 0.625 mg CEE, and both groups were compared with each other in various aspects. Results Both the groups were comparable to each other with respect to mean age, residence, type of menopause, total duration of menopause. Both the groups show comparable improvement in vasomotor, genitourinary and psychological symptoms and p > 0.05 which is not significant. On evaluation of bone mineral density (BMD), the group B showed significant improvement than group A (p < 0.001). Effect on endometrium was not significant. Conclusion Because of the complications of estrogen ± progestin, it should be prescribed at the lowest effective doses and for the shortest duration consistent with treatment goals and risk for individual women. How to cite this article Yadav P, Singh R, Kaur H, Gupta M, Kumar S. Comparative Study of Low Dose Conjugate Equine Estrogen 0.3 mg vs Standard Dose Conjugate Equine Estrogen 0.625 mg as Hormone Replacement Therapy. J South Asian Feder Menopause Soc 2013;1(2):45-49.

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Samoilov, Mykola. "Effect of physical rehabilitation for musculoskeletal system and the immune system of adolescents with disorders of posture." Слобожанський науково-спортивний вісник 39, no. 1 (February 28, 2014): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15391/snsv.2014-1.021.

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Vasin, S. G. "Strength exercises on special type simulators for students with scoliotic disease." Terapevt (General Physician), no. 4 (March 29, 2022): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-12-2204-01.

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The article considers the influence of power loads on simulators associated with a certain stage of the work of the musculoskeletal system that have a physical effect on the muscle group and motor functions of the body as a whole. The expediency of broad involvement of students with problems of the musculoskeletal system in physical exercises with the use of strength simulators is indicated.

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Davletiyarova, K. V., V. L. Soltanova, L. V. Kapilevich, and V. I. Andreyev. "Correction of disordered equilibrium function in students through exercise therapy." Bulletin of Siberian Medicine 8, no. 3 (June 28, 2009): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2009-3-23-26.

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The method of stabilography was used to study the equilibrium function in students with vascular heart diseases and diseases of musculoskeletal system going in for exercise therapy (ET). The organization of physical training with the use exercise therapy favors the normalization of the equilibrium function and coordination abilities, and the effect is more pronounced in the group of students with diseases of the musculoskeletal system.

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Tomaszewski, Wiesław, and Katarzyna Malinowska. "Neuropathy – Damage to Peripheral Nerves in Diseases and Injuries of the Musculoskeletal System." Ortopedia Traumatologia Rehabilitacja 19, no. 6 (December 30, 2017): 569–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.8073.

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The musculoskeletal diseases and injuries affect not only the musculoskeletal system itself, but also the closely related structures, such as blood vessels and nerves (both within the central and the peripheral nervous system). If these relationships are neglected or the directed neuroprotective and neuro-regeneration therapy is delayed, the final effect of the treatment is compromised. The aim if this paper is describing the important medical and social problem of peripheral neuropathies from the point of view of epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, imaging diagnostics and complex medical procedures using modern approaches and techniques, based on the available literature.

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Kim, Wangdo, and Arkady S. Voloshin. "Modeling of the effect of footwear on the dynamic loading on human musculoskeletal system." Journal of Biomechanics 25, no. 6 (June 1992): 662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(92)90140-v.

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Kee, Dohyung, Min K. Chung, and J. H. Kim. "Legal system and its effect for prevention of work-related musculoskeletal disorders in Korea." International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 41, no. 3 (May 2011): 224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2011.02.001.

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Hammodi, Ali, Sajeda Al-Chalabi, and Rana A. Asem. "The Effect Of Estrogen On The Male Reproductive System Of Rats Receiving Cimetidine." JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE 24, no. 3 (November 30, 1999): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.33899/edusj.1999.58794.

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Liu, Bin, and Dean E. Dluzen. "Effect of estrogen upon methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity within the impaired nigrostriatal dopaminergic system." Synapse 60, no. 5 (2006): 354–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/syn.20307.

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Cegieła, Urszula, Piotr Londzin, Aleksandra Janas, Maria Pytlik, and Joanna Folwarczna. "Effect of Administration of Azithromycin and/or Probiotic Bacteria on Bones of Estrogen-Deficient Rats." Pharmaceuticals 15, no. 8 (July 24, 2022): 915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15080915.

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The gut microbiota plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis, including that of the skeletal system. Antibiotics may affect the skeletal system directly or indirectly by influencing the microbiota. Probiotic bacteria have been reported to favorably affect bones in conditions of estrogen deficiency. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of azithromycin (AZM) administered alone or with probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus rhamnosus; LR) on bones in estrogen-deficient rats. The experiments were carried out on mature rats divided into five groups: non-ovariectomized (NOVX) control rats, ovariectomized (OVX) control rats, and OVX rats treated with: LR, AZM, or AZM with LR. The drugs were administered for 4 weeks. Serum biochemical parameters, bone mineralization, histomorphometric parameters, and mechanical properties were examined. Estrogen deficiency increased bone turnover and worsened cancellous bone microarchitecture and mechanical properties. The administration of LR or AZM slightly favorably affected some skeletal parameters of estrogen-deficient rats. The administration of AZM with LR did not lead to the addition of the effects observed for the separate treatments, indicating that the effects could be microbiota-mediated.

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Tasvuran Horata, Emel. "Investigation of the effect of technology and internet addictions on the musculoskeletal system in university students during the post-pandemic period." Medical Science and Discovery 9, no. 12 (December 25, 2022): 650–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36472/msd.v9i12.850.

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Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic caused the habits of university students to have spent more time with technological devices and the internet. This study is aimed to investigate the effect of technology and internet addictions of university students on the musculoskeletal (MSK) problems during the post-pandemic period. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 368 university students. The Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, Pain Numerical Rating Scale, Technology Addiction Scale (TAS), Young's Internet Addiction Test-Short Form (YIAT-SF), and Örebro Musculoskeletal Screening Questionnaire-12-TR (Örebro-12-TR) were applied. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to assess the effect of technology addiction and internet addiction on the MSK problem. Results: The mean TAS score of the participants was 45.94±15.46, the mean YIAT-SF score was 24.56±9.52, and the mean Örebro-12-TR score was 35.55±17.14. Technology (p=0.037) and internet addiction (p=0.001) variables had a significant effect on MSK problem. This model can explain 18.4% of the total variance in the risk of developing MSK problems (adjusted R2=0.184). Conclusion: This study showed that internet and technology addictions affected the MSK problems during the post-pandemic period. Interventions and training programs could reduce the risk of MSK problems.

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Stefanadis, Christodoulos, Eleftherios Tsiamis, John Dernellis, and Pavlos Toutouzas. "Effect of estrogen on aortic function in postmenopausal women." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 276, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): H658—H662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1999.276.2.h658.

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We hypothesized that estrogen may alter aortic elastic properties. The aortic pressure-diameter relation was obtained in 20 postmenopausal women, 10 without ( group 1) and 10 with ( group 2) proven coronary artery disease, before and after intravenous administration of 10 μg of 17β-estradiol. Instantaneous aortic diameter was measured by an intravascular catheter developed in our institution simultaneously with aortic pressure at the same aortic level with a catheter-tipped micromanometer. At baseline, elastic properties of the aorta were decreased in group 2 compared with group 1. Compared with baseline, aortic distensibility was increased in both groups ( P< 0.01 and P < 0.05 for groups 1 and 2, respectively) after estrogen administration, whereas the pressure-diameter loop was shifted downward along a different hypothetical line of elasticity, suggesting active changes in the aortic elastic properties. Furthermore, a significant reduction in wave reflection was found in both groups ( P < 0.001). This action may contribute to the beneficial effects of estrogen on the cardiovascular system and may have future therapeutic implications in postmenopausal women.

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Maddalozzo, Gianni F., Jeffery J. Widrick, Mark A. Hoffman, and Christine M. Snow. "Hormone Replacement Therapy and Resistance Training Effect on the Musculoskeletal System in Early Postmenopausal Women." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36, Supplement (May 2004): S107—S108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200405001-00506.

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Maddalozzo, Gianni F., Jeffery J. Widrick, Mark A. Hoffman, and Christine M. Snow. "Hormone Replacement Therapy and Resistance Training Effect on the Musculoskeletal System in Early Postmenopausal Women." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36, Supplement (May 2004): S107???S108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200405001-00506.

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Groza, Costina, Liliana Groppa, Serghei Popa, Dorian Sasu, and Larisa Rotaru. "Impact of vitamin D in chronic kidney disease and its effect on the musculoskeletal system." Moldovan Journal of Health Sciences 29, no. 3 (October 2022): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.52645/mjhs.2022.3.09.

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Introduction. Vitamin D plays an important role in maintaining musculoskeletal health. As the glomerular filtration rate decreases, vitamin D deficiency also occurs. The aim of this paper is to highlight the level of vitamin D depending on the stage of chronic kidney disease. Materials and methods. A structured search was performed in the PubMed, Scopus and HINARI databases, where the relevant articles have been taken into account, published in the last 20 years. The search terms used (in English) were: „vitamin D deficiency”, „pathogenesis of vitamin D”, ”the impact of vitamin D in chronic kidney disease”, „chronic kidney disease”. Results. Several studies have shown that the change in vitamin D levels is dependent to the decrease of glomerular filtration rate. The lowest serum vitamin D concentration was observed in stage 5 of chronic kidney disease. Vitamin D deficiency occurs due to a decrease in the number of nephrons and a decrease in the number of proximal tubular cells that absorb vitamin D (25 (OH) D) to be subsequently hydroxylated to its active form by 1α-hydroxylase. Conclusions. Patients with vitamin D-deficient due to chronic kidney disease have an increased risk of decreased bone mineral density and multiple fractures.

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Hwang, Sujin, and Hyojin Kim. "The Effect of Using Digital Devices on the Eyes and Musculoskeletal System in University Students." Korean Journal of Vision Science 24, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 461–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17337/jmbi.2022.24.4.461.

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Rosińczuk, Joanna, Robert Dymarek, and Ireneusz Całkosiński. "Histopathological, Ultrastructural, and Immunohistochemical Assessment of Hippocampus Structures of Rats Exposed to TCDD and High Doses of Tocopherol and Acetylsalicylic Acid." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/645603.

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The effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on central nervous system consists of changing expression of estrogen receptors, whereas the result of chronic inflammatory reaction caused by dioxin is occurrence of destructive changes in various organs connected with disturbed metabolism of connective tissue and damage of cells. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of dioxins on function, ultrastructure, and cytological and histological structure of hippocampus, particularly on expression of estrogen receptors in central nervous system as well as to define protective influence of tocopherol (TCP) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on the decrease in activity of proinflammatory effects in central nervous system. It was shown that TCDD contributes to destructive and inflammatory changes along with demyelization of myelin sheaths and atrophy of estrogen receptors in hippocampus. Dioxin contributes to atrophy of estrogen receptors in hippocampus, in which also destructive and inflammatory changes were found along with demyelination of myelin sheaths. Histopathological and ultrastructural image of hippocampus areas in rats, in which both TCP and ASA were used, is characterized by poorly expressed degenerative changes and smaller inflammatory reactivity. Using both TCP and ASA has a protective effect on functions of central nervous system.

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Cardona, M. "Effect of estrogen replacement therapy on blood pressure, renin-angiotensin system, and intracellular electrolytes." American Journal of Hypertension 14, no. 11 (November 2001): A260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0895-7061(01)02035-0.

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Rogers, Chris W., Charlotte F. Bolwell, Erica K. Gee, and Sarah M. Rosanowski. "Equine musculoskeletal development and performance: impact of the production system and early training." Animal Production Science 60, no. 18 (2020): 2069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17685.

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The welfare debate around horse racing appears to be focussed on musculoskeletal injury and the racing of 2-year-olds. Much of this debate appears contrary to the evolutionary history of the horse as a cursorial animal and the capability of the equine musculoskeletal system to respond to the demands of race training. Epidemiological studies have reported that 2-year-old racehorses have a longer time period from entering training to the first race and a greater number of lost training days than older horses. However, this is, in part, due to the time taken to learn to train and the impact of dorsal metacarpal disease, which is due to loading of naïve as opposed to immature tissue. Across several racing jurisdictions and codes, it has been demonstrated that horses that train and race as 2-year-olds have longer, more successful, careers than those that start racing later in life. This positive trend has also been observed with horses starting in equestrian sport at an early age. The literature on the growth and development of the horse indicates that the musculoskeletal system is primed for activity and loading from an early age. Additional exercise for the young horse has a positive rather the negative effect, with many tissues having a sensitive period for ‘priming’ when the horse is a juvenile. This implies that under many modern management systems, the challenge to horse welfare is not ‘too much exercise too soon’ but ‘too little too late’. The current limitation in our understanding is the lack of knowledge of what is the correct exercise dose to optimise the musculoskeletal system. Modern management systems invariably provide too little exercise, but is the exercise data from feral horses the ‘gold standard’, or more a reflection of what the horse is capable of if resources such as food and water are limited? Further research is required to refine our understanding of the optimal exercise levels required and development of greater precision in identifying the sensitive periods for priming the musculoskeletal system.

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Candırı, Busra, Gulfem Ezgi Ozaltın, Dilan Demirtas Karaoba, and Burcu Talu. "The effect of motor and functional independence of disabled children on musculoskeletal disorders in pediatric caregivers: A cross-sectional study." Journal of Surgery and Medicine 6, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 615–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.28982/josam.1000789.

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Background/Aim: There are conflicting results regarding the effect of motor and functional independence levels of disabled children on the burden of care. In addition, this burden, as well as musculoskeletal problems of pediatric caregivers, has not been examined in detail. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of motor and functional levels of the disabled child. Methods: The study was planned as a single-blind, multicenter, cross-sectional study. Children between ages 1-12 with physical disabilities from various problems, and 65 caregivers over the age of 18 who cared for them for at least 6 months, were included. Caregivers were divided into two groups, as per the BAKAS Caregiver Impact Scale score as high care burden (n = 33) or low care burden (n = 32). The motor level of the disabled child was determined by the Gross Motor Function Classification System, and the functional level of the Pediatric Functional Independence Measurement. The Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire was used to evaluate musculoskeletal problems in caregivers. Results: There was no significant difference between the Gross Motor Function Classification System levels of children in groups (P > 0.05). The Pediatric Functional Independence Measurement scores of children in the high care burden group were significantly lower than those in the low care burden group (P < 0.05). According to a comparison of pain in parts of the body for 12 months, using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, the percentage of pain in the neck, shoulder, back, elbow, hand, hip, and foot regions of caregivers was significantly higher in the group with a high care burden (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between percent of low back and knee pain in the last 12 months (P > 0.05). A weak positive correlation was found between the BAKAS Caregiver Impact scores and the Pediatric Functional Independence Measurement of children with disabilities (r = 0.26; P = 0.03). Conclusion: The lower functional level of the disabled child may cause an increase in caregiver burden of both the caregivers and musculoskeletal disorders.

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De Groote, Friedl, and Antoine Falisse. "Perspective on musculoskeletal modelling and predictive simulations of human movement to assess the neuromechanics of gait." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1946 (March 3, 2021): 20202432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2432.

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Locomotion results from complex interactions between the central nervous system and the musculoskeletal system with its many degrees of freedom and muscles. Gaining insight into how the properties of each subsystem shape human gait is challenging as experimental methods to manipulate and assess isolated subsystems are limited. Simulations that predict movement patterns based on a mathematical model of the neuro-musculoskeletal system without relying on experimental data can reveal principles of locomotion by elucidating cause–effect relationships. New computational approaches have enabled the use of such predictive simulations with complex neuro-musculoskeletal models. Here, we review recent advances in predictive simulations of human movement and how those simulations have been used to deepen our knowledge about the neuromechanics of gait. In addition, we give a perspective on challenges towards using predictive simulations to gain new fundamental insight into motor control of gait, and to help design personalized treatments in patients with neurological disorders and assistive devices that improve gait performance. Such applications will require more detailed neuro-musculoskeletal models and simulation approaches that take uncertainty into account, tools to efficiently personalize those models, and validation studies to demonstrate the ability of simulations to predict gait in novel circumstances.

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