Статті в журналах: "Muscle ageing"

1

Tkacz, Katarzyna, Monika Modzelewska-Kapituła, Adam Więk та Zenon Nogalski. "The Applicability of Total Color Difference ΔE for Determining the Blooming Time in Longissimus Lumborum and Semimembranosus Muscles from Holstein-Friesian Bulls at Different Ageing Times". Applied Sciences 10, № 22 (20 листопада 2020): 8215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10228215.

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This study was conducted to determine the optimal blooming time in beef muscles based on ΔE, and to analyze the effects of muscle type and ageing time on beef color and blooming. Beef color was determined on freshly cut longissimus lumborum (LL, n = 8) and semimembranosus (SM, n = 8) muscles on days 1, 9, and 14 of ageing during 60 min blooming at 5 min intervals. It was found that ΔE0, representing the difference in color between freshly cut muscles and subsequently analyzed samples, supported the determination of the optimal blooming time, which varied across ageing times (15, 20, 25 min for the LL muscle, and 10, 15, 20 min for the SM muscle on days 1, 9, and 14 of ageing, respectively). Beef color was affected by both muscle type and ageing. The values of color parameters increased between days 1 and 9 of ageing. The results may have practical applications because beef should be presented to consumers and restaurant owners approximately 25 min after cutting, when its color has fully developed.

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2

Charles, James P., and Karl T. Bates. "The Functional and Anatomical Impacts of Healthy Muscle Ageing." Biology 12, no. 10 (October 23, 2023): 1357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12101357.

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Even “healthy” muscle ageing is often associated with substantial changes in muscle form and function and can lead to increased injury risks and significant negative impacts on quality of life. However, the impacts of healthy muscle ageing on the fibre architecture and microstructure of different muscles and muscle groups throughout the lower limb, and how these are related to their functional capabilities, are not fully understood. Here, a previously established framework of magnetic resonance and diffusion tensor imaging was used to measure the muscle volumes, intramuscular fat, fibre lengths and physiological cross-sectional areas of 12 lower limb muscles in a cohort of healthily aged individuals, which were compared to the same data from a young population. Maximum muscle forces were also measured from an isokinetic dynamometer. The more substantial interpopulation differences in architecture and functional performance were located within the knee extensor muscles, while the aged muscles were also more heterogeneous in muscle fibre type and atrophy. The relationships between architecture and muscle strength were also more significant in the knee extensors compared to other functional groups. These data highlight the importance of the knee extensors as a potential focus for interventions to negate the impacts of muscle ageing.

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3

Lexell, Jan. "Ageing and Human Muscle: Observations From Sweden." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 18, no. 1 (March 1, 1993): 2–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h93-002.

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The purposes of this review are to summarize studies of cross-sections of autopsied whole muscles from previously physically healthy males and to focus on the cause of the ageing atrophy. The ageing atrophy begins around 25 years of age and thereafter accelerates. This is caused mainly by a loss of muscle fibres, and to a lesser extent by a reduction in fibre size, mostly of the proportion of the fibre area in the muscle cross-section occupied by type 2 (fast-twitch) fibres. In muscle from old subjects, there is a significant increase in the number of enclosed fibres, indicating an increased incidence of fibre type grouping, a loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord, and a reduction in the number of functioning motor units. These findings strongly suggest a combination of a progressive denervation process and an altered physical activity level as the two major mechanisms underlying the effects of normal ageing on human muscle. These changes have obvious implications for old individuals and their participation in physical activity and in sports, which must be accommodated in rehabilitation regimes or in training programmes. Key words: ageing, microscopy, muscles, physiological adaptation

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4

Roman, Michael A., Harry B. Rossiter, and Richard Casaburi. "Exercise, ageing and the lung." European Respiratory Journal 48, no. 5 (October 6, 2016): 1471–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00347-2016.

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This review provides a pulmonary-focused description of the age-associated changes in the integrative physiology of exercise, including how declining lung function plays a role in promoting multimorbidity in the elderly through limitation of physical function. We outline the ageing of physiological systems supporting endurance activity: 1) coupling of muscle metabolism to mechanical power output; 2) gas transport between muscle capillary and mitochondria; 3) matching of muscle blood flow to its requirement; 4) oxygen and carbon dioxide carrying capacity of the blood; 5) cardiac output; 6) pulmonary vascular function; 7) pulmonary oxygen transport; 8) control of ventilation; and 9) pulmonary mechanics and respiratory muscle function. Deterioration in function occurs in many of these systems in healthy ageing. Between the ages of 25 and 80 years pulmonary function and aerobic capacity each decline by ∼40%. While the predominant factor limiting exercise in the elderly likely resides within the function of the muscles of ambulation, muscle function is (at least partially) rescued by exercise training. The age-associated decline in pulmonary function, however, is not recovered by training. Thus, loss in pulmonary function may lead to ventilatory limitation in exercise in the active elderly, limiting the ability to accrue the health benefits of physical activity into senescence.

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5

Cvetko, Erika, Jiří Janáček, Lucie Kubínová, and Ida Eržen. "THE CAPILLARY PATTERN IN HUMAN MASSETER MUSCLE DURING AGEING." Image Analysis & Stereology 32, no. 3 (October 12, 2013): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.5566/ias.v32.p135-144.

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The effect of ageing on the capillary network in skeletal muscles has produced conflicting results in both, human and animals studies. Some of the inconsistencies are due to non-comparable and biased methods that were applied on thin transversal sections, especially in muscles with complicated morphological structures, such as in human masseter muscle. We present a new immunohistochemical method for staining capillaries and muscle fibres in 100 µm thick sections as well as novel approach to 3D visualization of capillaries and muscle fibres. Applying confocal microscopy and virtual 3D stereological grids, or tracing capillaries in virtual reality, length of capillaries within a muscle volume or length of capillaries adjacent to muscle fibre per fibre length, fibre surface or fibre volume were evaluated in masseter muscle of young and old subjects by an unbiased approach. Our findings show that anatomic capillarity is well maintained in masseter muscle in old subjects; however, vascular remodelling occurs with age, which could be a response to changed muscle function and age-related muscle fibre type transformations.

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6

Strzyz, Paulina. "Autophagy rescues muscle ageing." Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 17, no. 2 (January 21, 2016): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm.2016.3.

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7

Florek, Mariusz, Andrzej Junkuszew, Wiktor Bojar, Piotr Skałecki, Monika Greguła-Kania, Anna Litwińczuk, and Tomasz M. Gruszecki. "21. Effect of Vacuum Ageing on Instrumental and Sensory Textural Properties of Meat from Uhruska Lambs." Annals of Animal Science 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 601–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2015-0084.

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Abstract The objective of the present research was to assess the instrumental and sensory textural attributes of lamb meat depending on the cold storage ageing under vacuum. The research material included two skeletal muscles, i.e. semimembranosus (SM) and rectus femoris (RF) from carcasses of Uhruska lambs. The age of animals ranged from 120 to 135 days. The ageing and muscle influenced significantly shear force and shear energy. However, significantly lower shear force and higher score of tenderness were observed on 7 vs. 2 days of ageing only for SM. The evaluated factors (ageing and muscle) affected slightly and not significantly the parameters of texture profile analysis. The muscle samples after the 7-day ageing showed higher hardness and chewiness. Significant correlation of sensory tenderness with instrumental shear and energy force and springiness was confirmed. The obtained results indicated that vacuum-packed lamb meat during cold storage for 7 days following slaughter develops the sensory attributes, especially tenderness.

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8

Koopman, René. "Dietary protein and exercise training in ageing." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 70, no. 1 (November 22, 2010): 104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665110003927.

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Ageing is accompanied by a progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, leading to the loss of functional capacity and an increased risk for developing chronic metabolic diseases such as diabetes. The age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass results from a chronic disruption in the balance between muscle protein synthesis and degradation. As basal muscle protein synthesis rates are likely not different between healthy young and elderly human subjects, it was proposed that muscles from older adults lack the ability to regulate the protein synthetic response to anabolic stimuli, such as food intake and physical activity. Indeed, the dose–response relationship between myofibrillar protein synthesis and the availability of essential amino acids and/or resistance exercise intensity is shifted down and to the right in elderly human subjects. This so-called ‘anabolic resistance’ represents a key factor responsible for the age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass. Interestingly, long-term resistance exercise training is effective as a therapeutic intervention to augment skeletal muscle mass, and improves functional performance in the elderly. The consumption of different types of proteins, i.e. protein hydrolysates, can have different stimulatory effects on muscle protein synthesis in the elderly, which may be due to their higher rate of digestion and absorption. Current research aims to elucidate the interactions between nutrition, exercise and the skeletal muscle adaptive response that will define more effective strategies to maximise the therapeutic benefits of lifestyle interventions in the elderly.

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9

Vaskoska, Rozita, Minh Ha, Zahra Batool Naqvi, Jason David White, and Robyn Dorothy Warner. "Muscle, Ageing and Temperature Influence the Changes in Texture, Cooking Loss and Shrinkage of Cooked Beef." Foods 9, no. 9 (September 14, 2020): 1289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9091289.

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This study aimed to quantify the effect of muscle, ageing and cooking temperature on the texture, cooking loss and shrinkage of cooked beef. Cuboids from unaged (1 day post mortem) and aged (14 days post mortem) semitendinosus, biceps femoris and psoas major muscles, from both sides of five beef carcasses, were cooked at four different cooking temperatures (50, 60, 70 and 80 °C) for 30 min. and their Warner–Bratzler shear force (WBSF), cooking loss and shrinkage (longitudinal and transverse) were quantified. The WBSF was reduced by ageing in the muscles at the specific cooking temperatures: psoas major (cooked at 50, 60 and 80 °C), semitendinosus (70 and 80 °C) and biceps femoris (80 °C). The cooking loss was 3% greater in aged compared to unaged muscles. The longitudinal shrinkage was greatest in psoas major at 80 °C amongst the muscle types and it was reduced by ageing in psoas major (70 and 80 °C) and biceps femoris (80 °C). The transverse shrinkage was reduced by ageing only in biceps femoris, across all temperatures; and the diameter of homogenized fibre fragments from semitendinosus and biceps femoris was reduced more by cooking at 50 °C in unaged compared to aged condition. WBSF was related to transverse shrinkage, and cooking loss was related to longitudinal shrinkage. The effect of muscle type on the physical changes occurring during cooking of beef is dependent on ageing and cooking temperature.

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10

BRUCE, H. L., and R. O. BALL. "EFFECTS OF POSTMORTEM GLYCOLYSIS ON THE QUALITY OF HOT-DEBONED BOVINE MUSCLE." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 70, no. 2 (June 1, 1990): 431–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas90-055.

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Meat tenderness may be improved by accelerating muscle metabolism or by damaging muscle structure and increasing the solubility of muscle proteins. Pre- and postrigor protein and collagen solubilities were measured in semitendinosus muscles, removed pre-rigor from 24 Charolais crossbred steer carcasses, that were either unstimulated or electrically stimulated (115 V, 0.25 amp, 60 Hz) within 1 h postexsanguination to accelerate muscle metabolism. Temperature, pH, Hunterlab color reflectance, sarcomere length and lactate concentration were measured during ageing. Shear force was measured on aged (7 d) muscle only. Low voltage electrical stimulation increased glycolytic rate as indicated by significantly (P < 0.05) lower pH and higher L-lactate concentrations of stimulated muscles as compared to control muscles. Total and sarcoplasmic protein solubilities decreased due to ageing, and myofibrillar protein solubility increased; however, collagen solubilities were unchanged. Low voltage electrical stimulation did not affect color reflectance, sarcomere length or shear force, indicating that an increased rate of glycolysis alone was not sufficient to effect increases in meat tenderness. Key words: Beef, electrical stimulation, meat quality, muscle

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11

Reynolds, Pamela. "Characteristics of ageing skeletal muscle." Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 7, no. 3 (January 1991): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09593989109106967.

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12

Goldspink, Geoffrey, and Stephen D. R. Harridge. "Growth factors and muscle ageing." Experimental Gerontology 39, no. 10 (October 2004): 1433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2004.08.010.

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13

Tieland, Michael, Inez Trouwborst, and Brian C. Clark. "Skeletal muscle performance and ageing." Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle 9, no. 1 (November 19, 2017): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12238.

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14

Gea, Joaquim, Pilar Ausín, Juana Ma Martínez-Llorens, and Esther Barreiro. "Respiratory muscle senescence in ageing and chronic lung diseases." European Respiratory Review 29, no. 157 (September 17, 2020): 200087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0087-2020.

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Ageing is a progressive condition that usually leads to the loss of physiological properties. This process is also present in respiratory muscles, which are affected by both senescent changes occurring in the whole organism and those that are more specific for muscles. The mechanisms of the latter changes include oxidative stress, decrease in neurotrophic factors and DNA abnormalities. Ageing normally coexists with comorbidities, including respiratory diseases, which further deteriorate the structure and function of respiratory muscles. In this context, changes intrinsic to ageing become enhanced by more specific factors such as the impairment in lung mechanics and gas exchange, exacerbations and hypoxia. Hypoxia in particular has a direct effect on muscles, mainly through the expression of inducible factors (hypoxic-inducible factor), and can result in oxidative stress and changes in DNA, decrease in mitochondrial biogenesis and defects in the tissue repair mechanisms. Intense exercise can also cause damage in respiratory muscles of elderly respiratory patients, but this can be followed by tissue repair and remodelling. However, ageing interferes with muscle repair by tampering with the function of satellite cells, mainly due to oxidative stress, DNA damage and epigenetic mechanisms. In addition to the normal process of ageing, stress-induced premature senescence can also occur, involving changes in the expression of multiple genes but without modifications in telomere length.

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Chaturvedi, Dhananjay, Sunil Prabhakar, Aman Aggarwal, Krishan B. Atreya, and K. VijayRaghavan. "Adult Drosophila muscle morphometry through microCT reveals dynamics during ageing." Open Biology 9, no. 6 (June 2019): 190087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.190087.

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Indirect flight muscles (IFMs) in adult Drosophila provide the key power stroke for wing beating. They also serve as a valuable model for studying muscle development. An age-dependent decline in Drosophila free flight has been documented, but its relation to gross muscle structure has not yet been explored satisfactorily. Such analyses are impeded by conventional histological preparations and imaging techniques that limit exact morphometry of flight muscles. In this study, we employ microCT scanning on a tissue preparation that retains muscle morphology under homeostatic conditions. Focusing on a subset of IFMs called the dorsal longitudinal muscles (DLMs), we find that DLM volumes increase with age, partially due to the increased separation between myofibrillar fascicles, in a sex-dependent manner. We have uncovered and quantified asymmetry in the size of these muscles on either side of the longitudinal midline. Measurements of this resolution and scale make substantive studies that test the connection between form and function possible. We also demonstrate the application of this method to other insect species making it a valuable tool for histological analysis of insect biodiversity.

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Doherty, Timothy J., Anthony A. Vandervoort, and William F. Brown. "Effects of Ageing on the Motor Unit: A Brief Review." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 18, no. 4 (December 1, 1993): 331–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h93-029.

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This review briefly summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding age related changes in skeletal muscle, followed by a more in-depth review of ageing effects on animal and human motor units (MUs). Ageing in humans is generally associated with reductions in muscle mass (atrophy), leading to reduced voluntary and electrically evoked contractile strength by the 7th decade for most muscle groups studied. As well, contraction and one-half relaxation times are typically prolonged in muscles of the elderly. Evidence from animal and human studies points toward age associated MU loss as the primary mechanism for muscle atrophy, and such losses may be greatest among the largest and fastest MUs. However, based on studies in animals and humans, it appears that at least some of the surviving MUs are able to partially compensate for MU losses, as indicated by an increase in the average MU size with age. The fact that muscles in the elderly have fewer, but on average larger and slower, MUs has important implications for motor control and function in this population. Key words: skeletal muscle, motor neuron, motor axon, contractile properties, adaptation

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Mahindran, Elancheleyen, Wan Safwani Wan Kamarul Zaman, Khairul Bariah Ahmad Amin Noordin, Yuen-Fen Tan, and Fazlina Nordin. "Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Hype or Hope for Skeletal Muscle Anti-Frailty." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 9 (April 25, 2023): 7833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24097833.

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Steadily rising population ageing is a global demographic trend due to the advancement of new treatments and technologies in the medical field. This trend also indicates an increasing prevalence of age-associated diseases, such as loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia), which tends to afflict the older population. The deterioration in muscle function can cause severe disability and seriously affects a patient’s quality of life. Currently, there is no treatment to prevent and reverse age-related skeletal muscle ageing frailty. Existing interventions mainly slow down and control the signs and symptoms. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicle (MSC-EV) therapy is a promising approach to attenuate age-related skeletal muscle ageing frailty. However, more studies, especially large-scale randomised clinical trials need to be done in order to determine the adequacy of MSC-EV therapy in treating age-related skeletal muscle ageing frailty. This review compiles the present knowledge of the causes and changes regarding skeletal muscle ageing frailty and the potential of MSC-EV transplantation as a regenerative therapy for age-related skeletal muscle ageing frailty and its clinical trials.

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Welch, Ailsa A., Richard P. G. Hayhoe, and Donnie Cameron. "The relationships between sarcopenic skeletal muscle loss during ageing and macronutrient metabolism, obesity and onset of diabetes." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 79, no. 1 (November 5, 2019): 158–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665119001150.

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Skeletal muscle is integral to the metabolism and utilisation of macronutrients; however, substantial muscle loss and morphological changes occur with ageing. These are associated with loss of muscle function and accelerate rapidly from the age of 60 years, leading to the conditions of sarcopenia and frailty. As the relationship between muscle ageing and macronutrient metabolism and utilisation has seen limited research to date, this review focuses on the interactions between skeletal muscle changes during ageing, metabolism and utilisation of fat, carbohydrates and overall energy expenditure.Skeletal muscle contributes less to resting energy expenditure during ageing, potentially contributing to onset of obesity from middle age. Age-related changes to skeletal muscle lead to glucose dysregulation, with consequent reduction in glycaemic control, increased insulin resistance and ultimately onset of type-2 diabetes. Recent studies indicate that high total fat and SFA intake are detrimental to skeletal muscle, while higher intakes of PUFA are protective. Age-associated changes in skeletal muscle may also reduce total fatty acid utilisation.In conclusion, further research is needed to understand the relationships between macronutrient metabolism and utilisation and age-related changes to skeletal muscle. No dietary recommendations exist specifically for skeletal muscle health during ageing, but we advise individuals to follow healthy eating guidelines, by consuming sufficient protein, fruit and vegetables, and limited SFA and to maintain physically active lifestyles. Clinicians responsible for managing type-2 diabetes need to be aware of growing evidence relating age-related skeletal muscle changes to diabetes onset and progression.

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19

McArdle, Anne, and Malcolm J. Jackson. "The role of attenuated redox and heat shock protein responses in the age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass and function." Essays in Biochemistry 61, no. 3 (July 11, 2017): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/ebc20160088.

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The loss of muscle mass and weakness that accompanies ageing is a major contributor to physical frailty and loss of independence in older people. A failure of muscle to adapt to physiological stresses such as exercise is seen with ageing and disruption of redox regulated processes and stress responses are recognized to play important roles in theses deficits. The role of redox regulation in control of specific stress responses, including the generation of heat shock proteins (HSPs) by muscle appears to be particularly important and affected by ageing. Transgenic and knockout studies in experimental models in which redox and HSP responses were modified have demonstrated the importance of these processes in maintenance of muscle mass and function during ageing. New data also indicate the potential of these processes to interact with and influence ageing in other tissues. In particular the roles of redox signalling and HSPs in regulation of inflammatory pathways appears important in their impact on organismal ageing. This review will briefly indicate the importance of this area and demonstrate how an understanding of the manner in which redox and stress responses interact and how they may be controlled offers considerable promise as an approach to ameliorate the major functional consequences of ageing of skeletal muscle (and potentially other tissues) in man.

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Özkal, Özden, Murat Kara, Semra Topuz, Bayram Kaymak, Aysun Bakı, and Levent Özçakar. "Assessment of core and lower limb muscles for static/dynamic balance in the older people: An ultrasonographic study." Age and Ageing 48, no. 6 (July 3, 2019): 881–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afz079.

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Abstract Background sufficient research has not been conducted to determine the role of core and lower limb muscles in providing balance in older people. Objective to investigate the relationships between the thickness of core/lower limb muscles and static/dynamic balance in older people. Methods the study included a total of 68 older people (≥ 65 years) and 68 gender-matched young subjects, aged 20–40 years. Balance, knee proprioception sense, regional and total muscle measurements and grip strength were assessed using a force platform system, isokinetic dynamometer, ultrasound imaging, bioelectrical impedance analysis and Jamar dynamometer, respectively. Results all the static (postural sway) parameters were higher and all the dynamic (limits of stability) parameters were lower in the older adults compared to the young adults (all P<0.05). The diaphragm was thicker and all the other muscles (except for multifidus and tibialis anterior) were thinner in the older group (all P<0.05). A higher error of knee proprioception sense was determined at 45 and 70 degrees in the older subjects (both P<0.001). According to the multivariate analyses, significant predictors for balance were age, gender, height, and rectus femoris, vastus intermedius and diaphragm muscle thicknesses in the older group, and age, gender, height, grip strength, and rectus abdominis, internal oblique, longissimus, tibialis anterior and soleus muscle thicknesses in the young group (all P<0.05). Conclusions the thickness of core/lower limb muscles are important determinants of balance in both older and young adults. These findings could provide a strong rationale for strengthening specific (abdominal and quadriceps) muscles to prevent falls and regional sarcopenia, and to improve posture/balance in the older population. Clinical trial registration number NCT03791047 Ethics committee approval Hacettepe University Non-interventional Clinical Research Ethics Board. Decision number:GO 18/506-39

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Fujita, Satoshi, and Elena Volpi. "Nutrition and sarcopenia of ageing." Nutrition Research Reviews 17, no. 1 (June 2004): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/nrr200481.

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Sarcopenia, the loss of muscle mass and function with ageing, is a multifactorial condition that slowly develops over decades and becomes a significant contributor to disability in the older population. Malnutrition and alterations in the muscle anabolic response to nutritional stimuli have been identified as potentially preventable factors that may significantly contribute to sarcopenia. In the present article we review the most recent findings regarding the role of nutritional factors in the development, prevention and treatment of sarcopenia. Specifically, we focus on the nutritional needs of the elderly; the age-related changes in the response of muscle protein metabolism to feeding and to the endogenous hormones released during feeding; and the role played by the splanchnic tissues in the response of muscle proteins to feeding. Finally, we review the issues relative to the potential use of nutritional therapies, including supplementation, for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia.

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Słodki, Sebastian, and Joanna Bogucka. "Mitochondrial theory of skeletal muscle ageing –new facts, new doubts." Journal of Veterinary Research 63, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2019-0015.

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Abstract For many years, scientists have been pursuing research on skeletal muscle ageing both in humans and animals. Studies on animal models have extended our knowledge of this mechanism in humans. Most researchers agree that the major processes of muscle ageing occur in the mitochondria as the major energy production centres in muscle cells. It is believed that decisive changes occur at the enzymatic activity level as well as in protein synthesis and turnover ability. Deregulation of ion channels and oxidative stress also play significant roles. In particular, in recent years the free radical theory of ageing has undergone considerable modification; researchers are increasingly highlighting the partly positive effects of free radicals on processes occurring in cells. In addition, the influence of diet and physical activity on the rate of muscle cell ageing is widely debated as well as the possibility of delaying it through appropriate physical exercise and diet programmes. Numerous studies, especially those related to genetic processes, are still being conducted, and in the near future the findings could provide valuable information on muscle ageing. The results of ongoing research could answer the perennial question of whether and how we can influence the rate of ageing both in animals and humans.

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Juárez, M., I. L. Larsen, L. L. Gibson, W. M. Robertson, M. E. R. Dugan, N. Aldai, and J. L. Aalhus. "Extended ageing time and temperature effects on quality of sub-primal cuts of boxed beef." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 90, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas09079.

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Most of the information indicating ageing improves tenderness has been collected on the loin and rib-eye muscles over relatively short ageing times, assuming that all muscles will react similarly. In the present study, the effect of extended ageing times on instrumental texture (56 d) and sensory characteristics (42 d) of six different beef sub-primals [striploin (SL), inside round (IR), outside round (OR), eye of round (ER), blade eye (BE) and chuck tender (CT)] was studied. The effects of two ageing temperatures (1 and 5°C) were also compared. In general, ageing increased tenderness (P < 0.05) of SL, BE, ER and CT sub-primals, although BE shear force increased after 42 d of ageing. On the other hand, ageing had no effect on IR tenderness (P > 0.05) and resulted in a decrease in tenderness of OR (P < 0.05) until day 35, with a later increase after 42 d of ageing. Increasing ageing temperature (5°C) had limited effect on tenderness, but ageing time and temperature increases led to lower flavour and higher off-flavour intensity (P < 0.05) of the studied sub-primals. These results suggest that cut-specific maximum ageing times and rigid adherence to temperature maximums would be of benefit to optimize post-slaughter processes and meat quality.Key words: Beef, ageing, tenderness, muscle

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Turżańska, Karolina, Małgorzata Drelich, and Agnieszka Posturzyńska. "PROTEIN AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF SARCOPENIA." Wiadomości Lekarskie 72, no. 9 (2019): 1660–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek201909110.

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There is continuous ageing in world population. Although life expectancy still increases there is no similar trend in maintaining quality of life. The number of disabilities due to age is expected to double in 2060. Muscle mass is one of the most important factors of health and nutrition in old age and it constant loss is characteristic for process of ageing. Muscle mass is controlled by number of different factors. The most important of which is balance between muscle protein synthesis and degradation. Ageing has no influence on muscle protein degradation so for maintaining muscle mass it is better to target muscle protein synthesis. Optimal protein dose in the meal is the minimal amount of protein effecting in maximal anabolic response. Threshold for anabolic response increase with age. This process, named anabolic resistance can be overwhelmed with high amount of protein in diet. Experts in the field of ageing and nutrition recommend 1,2−1,5 g/kg/d protein for the maintaining of muscle mass, 1,2−1,5 g/kg/d for older with additional risk factors, 2,0 g/kg/d for seriously ill and malnourished. Physical training has synergistic influence with diet protein. Physical training improves muscle performance, muscle strength and prevents muscle wasting. Physical training combined with increased amount of protein in diet results with increased muscle mass.

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25

Granic, Antoneta, Karen Suetterlin, Tea Shavlakadze, Miranda D. Grounds, and Avan A. Sayer. "Hallmarks of ageing in human skeletal muscle and implications for understanding the pathophysiology of sarcopenia in women and men." Clinical Science 137, no. 22 (November 2023): 1721–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20230319.

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Abstract Ageing is a complex biological process associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Nine classic, interdependent hallmarks of ageing have been proposed involving genetic and biochemical pathways that collectively influence ageing trajectories and susceptibility to pathology in humans. Ageing skeletal muscle undergoes profound morphological and physiological changes associated with loss of strength, mass, and function, a condition known as sarcopenia. The aetiology of sarcopenia is complex and whilst research in this area is growing rapidly, there is a relative paucity of human studies, particularly in older women. Here, we evaluate how the nine classic hallmarks of ageing: genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, and altered intercellular communication contribute to skeletal muscle ageing and the pathophysiology of sarcopenia. We also highlight five novel hallmarks of particular significance to skeletal muscle ageing: inflammation, neural dysfunction, extracellular matrix dysfunction, reduced vascular perfusion, and ionic dyshomeostasis, and discuss how the classic and novel hallmarks are interconnected. Their clinical relevance and translational potential are also considered.

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26

Ghanemi, Abdelaziz, Aicha Melouane, Mayumi Yoshioka, and Jonny St-Amand. "Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine (Sparc) KO Leads to an Accelerated Ageing Phenotype Which Is Improved by Exercise Whereas SPARC Overexpression Mimics Exercise Effects in Mice." Metabolites 12, no. 2 (January 28, 2022): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12020125.

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Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a matricellular glycoprotein implicated in various functions, including metabolism, tissue regeneration, and functional homeostasis. SPARC/Sparc declines with ageing but increases with exercise. We aim to verify two hypotheses: (1) SPARC deficiency leads to an ageing-like phenotype (metabolic decline, muscle loss, etc.), and (2) SPARC overexpression would mimic exercise, counteract ageing, and improve age-related changes. Our mice experiments are divided into two parts. First, we explore the consequences of Sparc knockout (KO) and compare them to the ageing effects. We also observe the effects of exercise. In the second part, we study the effects of SPARC overexpression and compare them to the exercise benefits. At the end, we make an analysis of the results to point out the analogies between Sparc KO and the ageing-like phenotype on the one hand and make comparisons between SPARC overexpression and exercise in the context of exercise counteracting ageing. The measurements were mainly related to tissue weights, adiposity, metabolism, and muscle strength. The main findings are that Sparc KO reduced glucose tolerance, muscle glucose transporter expression, and abdominal adipose tissue weight but increased glycogen content in the muscle. SPARC overexpression increased muscle strength, muscle mass, and expressions of the muscle glucose transporter and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation but lowered the glycemia and the adiposity, especially in males. Collectively, these findings, and the data we have previously reported, show that Sparc KO mice manifest an ageing-like phenotype, whereas SPARC overexpression and exercise generate similar benefits. The benefits are towards counteracting both the SPARC deficiency-induced ageing-like phenotype as well as reversing the age-related changes. The potential applications of these findings are to build/optimize Sparc KO-based animal models of various health conditions and, on the other hand, to develop therapies based on introducing SPARC or targeting SPARC-related pathways to mimic exercise against age-related and metabolic disorders.

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27

Gupta, P., R. Shekhar, M. S. O'Mahony, J. Karlsson, A. Soderstrom, A. C. Berggren, D. Sumukadas, et al. "Bone, muscle and rheumatology." Age and Ageing 42, suppl 3 (August 1, 2013): iii12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/aft097.

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28

Borja-Gonzalez, Maria, Jose C. Casas-Martinez, Brian McDonagh, and Katarzyna Goljanek-Whysall. "Inflamma-miR-21 Negatively Regulates Myogenesis during Ageing." Antioxidants 9, no. 4 (April 23, 2020): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040345.

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Ageing is associated with disrupted redox signalling and increased circulating inflammatory cytokines. Skeletal muscle homeostasis depends on the balance between muscle hypertrophy, atrophy and regeneration, however during ageing this balance is disrupted. The molecular pathways underlying the age-related decline in muscle regenerative potential remain elusive. microRNAs are conserved robust gene expression regulators in all tissues including skeletal muscle. Here, we studied satellite cells from adult and old mice to demonstrate that inhibition of miR-21 in satellite cells from old mice improves myogenesis. We determined that increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, TNFα and IL6, as well as H2O2, increased miR-21 expression in primary myoblasts, which in turn resulted in their decreased viability and myogenic potential. Inhibition of miR-21 function rescued the decreased size of myotubes following TNFα or IL6 treatment. Moreover, we demonstrated that miR-21 could inhibit myogenesis in vitro via regulating IL6R, PTEN and FOXO3 signalling. In summary, upregulation of miR-21 in satellite cells and muscle during ageing may occur in response to elevated levels of TNFα and IL6, within satellite cells or myofibrillar environment contributing to skeletal muscle ageing and potentially a disease-related decline in potential for muscle regeneration.

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29

Gregson, J. "Reliability of measurement of muscle tone and muscle power in stroke patients." Age and Ageing 29, no. 3 (May 1, 2000): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/29.3.223.

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30

Coble, Joel, Rudolf J. Schilder, Arthur Berg, Micah J. Drummond, Blake B. Rasmussen, and Scot R. Kimball. "Influence of ageing and essential amino acids on quantitative patterns of troponin T alternative splicing in human skeletal muscle." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 40, no. 8 (August 2015): 788–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2014-0568.

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Ageing is associated with a loss of skeletal muscle performance, a condition referred to as sarcopenia. In part, the age-related reduction in performance is due to a selective loss of muscle fiber mass, but mass-independent effects have also been demonstrated. An important mass-independent determinant of muscle performance is the pattern of expression of isoforms of proteins that participate in muscle contraction (e.g., the troponins). In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that ageing impairs alternative splicing of the pre-mRNA encoding fast skeletal muscle troponin T (TNNT3) in human vastus lateralis muscle. Furthermore, we hypothesized that resistance exercise alone or in combination with consumption of essential amino acids would attenuate age-associated effects on TNNT3 alternative splicing. Our results indicate that ageing negatively affects the pattern of TNNT3 alternative splicing in a manner that correlates quantitatively with age-associated reductions in muscle performance. Interestingly, whereas vastus lateralis TNNT3 alternative splicing was unaffected by a bout of resistance exercise 24 h prior to muscle biopsy, ingestion of a mixture of essential amino acids after resistance exercise resulted in a significant shift in the pattern of TNNT3 splice form expression in both age groups to one predicted to promote greater muscle performance. We conclude that essential amino acid supplementation after resistance exercise may provide a means to reduce impairments in skeletal muscle quality during ageing in humans.

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31

Mirlesse, Nicolas, Kristof Egervari, Aurélie Bornand, Julien Lecluse, Johannes A. Lobrinus, Max Scheffler, Christine Serratrice, Virginie Prendki, and Clémence Cuvelier. "Statin-induced autoimmune necrotizing myopathy with pharyngeal muscles involvement." Age and Ageing 49, no. 5 (March 7, 2020): 883–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afaa038.

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Abstract Statins are widely prescribed in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. While their efficacy in the secondary prevention of vascular events is proven, their safety profile in older patients with multiple co-morbidities and polypharmacy remains questionable. Although rare, antihydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (anti-HMGCR) myopathy is a severe adverse effect of statins, manifesting as myalgias, proximal muscle weakness, muscle cell necrosis and rhabdomyolysis. We report an uncommon case of an autopsy-proven anti-HMGCR necrotising myopathy predominately affecting pharyngeal muscles in an older patient, leading to dysphagia, pneumonia and death within 3 weeks from onset. Clinicians should screen for dysphagia in any patient with suspected anti-HMGCR myopathy, order an anti-HMGCR antibody titre and consider prompt immunosupressive therapy.

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32

Savary, Isabelle, Elisabeth Debras, Dominique Dardevet, Claire Sornet, Pierre Capitan, Jacques Prugnaud, Philippe Patureau Mirand, and Jean Grizard. "Effect of glucocorticoid excess on skeletal muscle and heart protein synthesis in adult and old rats." British Journal of Nutrition 79, no. 3 (March 1998): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19980047.

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This study was carried out to analyse glucocorticoid-induced muscle wasting and subsequent recovery in adult (6-8 months) and old (18-24 months) rats because the increased incidence of various disease states results in hypersecretion of glucocorticoids in ageing. Adult and old rats received dexamethasone in their drinking water for 5 or 6 d and were then allowed to recover for 3 or 7 d. As dexamethasone decreased food intake, all groups were pair-fed to dexamethasonetreated old rats (i.e. the group that had the lowest food intake). At the end of the treatment, adult and old rats showed significant increases in blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations. This increase disappeared during the recovery period. Protein synthesis of different muscles was assessed in vivo by a flooding dose of [13C]valine injected subcutaneously 50 min before slaughter. Dexamethasone induced a significant decrease in protein synthesis in fast-twitch glycolytic and oxidative glycolytic muscles (gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus). The treatment affected mostly ribosomal efficiency. Adult dexamethasone-treated rats showed an increase in protein synthesis compared with their pair-fed controls during the recovery period whereas old rats did not. Dexamethasone also significantly decreased protein synthesis in the predominantly oxidative soleus muscle but only in old rats, and increased protein synthesis in the heart of adult but not of old rats. Thus, in skeletal muscle, the catabolic effect of dexamethasone is maintained or amplified during ageing whereas the anabolic effect in heart is depressed. These results are consistent with muscle atrophy occurring with ageing.

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33

Doria, Enrico, Daniela Buonocore, Angela Focarelli, and Fulvio Marzatico. "Relationship between Human Aging Muscle and Oxidative System Pathway." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2012 (2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/830257.

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Ageing is a complex process that in muscle is usually associated with a decrease in mass, strength, and velocity of contraction. One of the most striking effects of ageing on muscle is known as sarcopenia. This inevitable biological process is characterized by a general decline in the physiological and biochemical functions of the major systems. At the cellular level, aging is caused by a progressive decline in mitochondrial function that results in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by the addition of a single electron to the oxygen molecule. The aging process is characterized by an imbalance between an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species in the organism and the antioxidant defences as a whole. The goal of this review is to examine the results of existing studies on oxidative stress in aging human skeletal muscles, taking into account different physiological factors (sex, fibre composition, muscle type, and function).

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34

Tarum, Janelle, Hans Degens, Mark D. Turner, Claire Stewart, Craig Sale, and Lívia Santos. "Modelling Skeletal Muscle Ageing and Repair In Vitro." Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 2023 (July 4, 2023): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/9802235.

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Healthy skeletal muscle can regenerate after ischaemic, mechanical, or toxin-induced injury, but ageing impairs that regeneration potential. This has been largely attributed to dysfunctional satellite cells and reduced myogenic capacity. Understanding which signalling pathways are associated with reduced myogenesis and impaired muscle regeneration can provide valuable information about the mechanisms driving muscle ageing and prompt the development of new therapies. To investigate this, we developed a high-throughput in vitro model to assess muscle regeneration in chemically injured C2C12 and human myotube-derived young and aged myoblast cultures. We observed a reduced regeneration capacity of aged cells, as indicated by an attenuated recovery towards preinjury myotube size and myogenic fusion index at the end of the regeneration period, in comparison with younger muscle cells that were fully recovered. RNA-sequencing data showed significant enrichment of KEGG signalling pathways, PI3K-Akt, and downregulation of GO processes associated with muscle development, differentiation, and contraction in aged but not in young muscle cells. Data presented here suggest that repair in response to in vitro injury is impaired in aged vs. young muscle cells. Our study establishes a framework that enables further understanding of the factors underlying impaired muscle regeneration in older age.

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35

DeLorey, Darren S., Donald H. Paterson, and John M. Kowalchuk. "Effects of ageing on muscle O2 utilization and muscle oxygenation during the transition to moderate-intensity exercise." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 32, no. 6 (December 2007): 1251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h07-121.

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At the onset of exercise, an increase in muscle and pulmonary O2 consumption is met by increases in muscle O2 delivery and muscle O2 extraction. Thus, the study of pulmonary O2 uptake kinetics reflects the integrated response between the convective and diffusive O2 delivery systems and the muscle metabolic machinery (i.e., mitochondrial enzyme activation and provision of acetyl groups to the tricarboxcylic acid cycle) to increase muscle O2 consumption. Pulmonary O2 uptake kinetics are slowed in older adults compared with young adults and previous studies suggest that the slower O2 uptake kinetics may be the result of an age-associated decline in the ability of older adults to increase O2 delivery to active muscles. However, an inherent limitation to understanding the control of and limitations to pulmonary O2 uptake kinetics is that it is methodologically difficult to examine the adaptation of muscle perfusion and O2 delivery and muscle O2 utilization in the muscle microcirculation of active muscles in the dynamically exercising human. In this review, we provide an overview of the effect of ageing on pulmonary O2 uptake kinetics (reflecting the activation of muscle O2 consumption) during the transition to moderate-intensity exercise. Age-related changes in O2 delivery systems and muscle oxidative capacity are examined as potential limitations to pulmonary O2 uptake kinetics. We then review recent studies from our laboratory that have investigated the control of pulmonary O2 uptake kinetics at the level of the muscle microcirculation by examining the adaptation of muscle O2 delivery and muscle O2 utilization using near-infrared spectroscopy during the transition to exercise in healthy young and older adults.

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36

Harridge, Stephen D. R. "Ageing and local growth factors in muscle." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports 13, no. 1 (February 2003): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0838.2003.20235.x.

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37

Lourenço dos Santos, Sofia, Martin A. Baraibar, Staffan Lundberg, Orvar Eeg-Olofsson, Lars Larsson, and Bertrand Friguet. "Oxidative proteome alterations during skeletal muscle ageing." Redox Biology 5 (August 2015): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2015.05.006.

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38

Manta, P., D. Vassilopoulos, and M. Spengos. "Nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio in ageing skeletal muscle." European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences 236, no. 4 (April 1987): 235–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00383854.

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39

Muller-Delp, Judy M. "Heterogeneous ageing of skeletal muscle microvascular function." Journal of Physiology 594, no. 8 (December 20, 2015): 2285–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jp271005.

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40

Conley, Kevin E., Sharon A. Jubrias, and Peter C. Esselman. "Oxidative capacity and ageing in human muscle." Journal of Physiology 526, no. 1 (July 2000): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00203.x.

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41

Carosio, Silvia, Maria Grazia Berardinelli, Michela Aucello, and Antonio Musarò. "Impact of ageing on muscle cell regeneration." Ageing Research Reviews 10, no. 1 (January 2011): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2009.08.001.

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42

Ebner, Nicole, Veronika Sliziuk, Nadja Scherbakov, and Anja Sandek. "Muscle wasting in ageing and chronic illness." ESC Heart Failure 2, no. 2 (May 6, 2015): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.12033.

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43

Smith, Neil T., Malcolm J. Jackson, and Brian McDonagh. "REDOX PROTEOMICS OF MOUSE SKELETAL MUSCLE AGEING." Free Radical Biology and Medicine 96 (July 2016): S42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.04.086.

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44

BRUCE, STUART, ROGER WOLEDGE, and SUZANNE PHILLIPS. "Muscle Strength and Oestrogen Status." Age and Ageing 25, no. 1 (1996): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/25.1.81.

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45

Ward, A. "Editorial. Assessment of muscle tone." Age and Ageing 29, no. 5 (September 1, 2000): 385–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/29.5.385.

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46

Tallis, Jason, Rob S. James, Alexander G. Little, Val M. Cox, Michael J. Duncan, and Frank Seebacher. "Early effects of ageing on the mechanical performance of isolated locomotory (EDL) and respiratory (diaphragm) skeletal muscle using the work-loop technique." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 307, no. 6 (September 15, 2014): R670—R684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00115.2014.

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Previous isolated muscle studies examining the effects of ageing on contractility have used isometric protocols, which have been shown to have poor relevance to dynamic muscle performance in vivo. The present study uniquely uses the work-loop technique for a more realistic estimation of in vivo muscle function to examine changes in mammalian skeletal muscle mechanical properties with age. Measurements of maximal isometric stress, activation and relaxation time, maximal power output, and sustained power output during repetitive activation and recovery are compared in locomotory extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and core diaphragm muscle isolated from 3-, 10-, 30-, and 50-wk-old female mice to examine the early onset of ageing. A progressive age-related reduction in maximal isometric stress that was of greater magnitude than the decrease in maximal power output occurred in both muscles. Maximal force and power developed earlier in diaphragm than EDL muscle but demonstrated a greater age-related decline. The present study indicates that ability to sustain skeletal muscle power output through repetitive contraction is age- and muscle-dependent, which may help rationalize previously reported equivocal results from examination of the effect of age on muscular endurance. The age-related decline in EDL muscle performance is prevalent without a significant reduction in muscle mass, and biochemical analysis of key marker enzymes suggests that although there is some evidence of a more oxidative fiber type, this is not the primary contributor to the early age-related reduction in muscle contractility.

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47

Marrone, Raffaele, Angela Salzano, Antonio Di Francia, Lucia Vollano, Roberto Di Matteo, Anna Balestrieri, Aniello Anastasio, and Carmela Maria Assunta Barone. "Effects of Feeding and Maturation System on Qualitative Characteristics of Buffalo Meat (Bubalus bubalis)." Animals 10, no. 5 (May 21, 2020): 899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10050899.

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We aimed to evaluate the effects of post dry ageing (PDA) period on meat colour and rheological characteristics in 16 buffalo bulls fed two different diets: with (FRS) or without (CTL) rye grass. Animals were randomly divided into two feeding groups and slaughtered at 540 ± 4.7 and 533 ± 7.0 kg of live body weight, respectively, for the CTL and FRS group. After five days post-mortem ageing (T0), Semitendinosus muscle (ST) and Longissimus muscle (LD) underwent a prolonged maturation process in a controlled meat chamber for 30 days (ST) and until 60 days (LD). After 30 days (T1), significant changes (p < 0.01) in meat colour (ΔE) in both muscles of the FRS group was recorded, while no significant change was observed in CTL group. The FRS diet had a positive effect on textural properties of ST muscle compared to CTL diet, as well as hardness, chewiness and gumminess. All qualitative characteristics improved in the first period of PDA but, whereas LD showed to keep improving, extending the post-ageing period by further 30 days, the ST becomes un-processable at 60 days. In conclusion, a combined used of fresh feeding and PDA period could enhance both tenderness and colour in animal fed FSR.

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48

Cierach, Marek, Błażej Błaszak, and Grażyna Gozdecka. "Effect of ageing and MAP on quality of striploin from cattle of Holstein-Friesian breed." Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences 45 (September 14, 2022): e57783. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v44i1.57783.

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There have been determined the features of m. longissimus lumborum steaks from young cattle-for-fattening of Holstein-Friesian breed, Polish black-and-white variety. There were measured pH values, basic chemical composition and colour parameters. The meat was subjected to moist-ageing for 12 days and, next, stored in modified atmosphere for the following 10 days. The amount of heat loss in relation to the temperature of thermal processing was determined. Texture parameters were studied instrumentally and organoleptically. The studied muscles from young cattle-for-fattening characterised with proper and similar pH values. The average fat content was 4.37%. The surface colour of the studied dorsal muscle was relatively bright, the average value L*=37.97, and on the cross-section L*=32.97. The average value of the muscle surface's ‘redness’ was a*=18.98, whereas cross-section's a*=20.27. The amounts of heat leakages were rising along with the increase of temperature from 11.24 to 37.14%. Ageing and storing in MAP led to a significant decrease in the amounts of heat leakages. Ageing and storing in MAP had a significant influence on decreasing shear force and on increasing the organoleptic evaluation marks of the m. longissimus lumborum after thermal processing, which shows that the muscle may become culinary meat with features accepted by consumers.

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49

Benarroch, Louise, Enzo Cohen, Antonio Atalaia, Rabah Ben Yaou, Gisèle Bonne, and Anne T. Bertrand. "Preclinical Advances of Therapies for Laminopathies." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 21 (October 21, 2021): 4834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10214834.

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Laminopathies are a group of rare disorders due to mutation in LMNA gene. Depending on the mutation, they may affect striated muscles, adipose tissues, nerves or are multisystemic with various accelerated ageing syndromes. Although the diverse pathomechanisms responsible for laminopathies are not fully understood, several therapeutic approaches have been evaluated in patient cells or animal models, ranging from gene therapies to cell and drug therapies. This review is focused on these therapies with a strong focus on striated muscle laminopathies and premature ageing syndromes.

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50

Aalhus, J. L., M. E. R. Dugan, W. M. Robertson, D. R. Best, and I. L. Larsen. "A within-animal examination of postmortem ageing for up to 21 d on tenderness in the bovine longissimus thoracis and semimembranosus muscles." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 84, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a03-076.

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The present research shows an interesting example of ageing up to 21 d having a differential effect on tenderness in the longissimus thoracis (LT) and semimembranosus (SM) muscles. When compared to 1 d postmortem, Warner - Bratzler shear (WBS) progressively decreased over time postmortem in the LT (12.05 kg at 1 d vs. 8.08 kg at 6 d, 6.95 kg at 14 d, and 5.52 kg at 21 d) but not in the SM (9.81 kg at 1 d vs. 8.19 kg at 6d, 8.43 kg at 14 d, and 9.30 kg at 21 d). Introduction of muscle-specific ageing times in industry could reduce tenderness variation and reduce refrigeration costs. Key words: Beef, ageing, tenderness, longissimus thoracis, semimembranosus

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