Статті в журналах: "Muons horizontaux"

1

TIMASHKOV, D. A., M. B. AMELCHAKOV, D. V. CHERNOV, V. V. KINDIN, R. P. KOKOULIN, K. G. KOMPANIETS, R. V. KONOPATOV, et al. "ALBEDO MUONS: NEW DATA AND CALCULATIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 29 (November 20, 2005): 6977–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x0503065x.

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Data on near-horizontal muons obtained with experimental complex NEVOD-DECOR are analyzed. More than 1.5 × 103 atmospheric muons scattered into upper hemisphere with energy above 7 GeV were registered. Calculations show that the main process forming albedo muon flux near horizon is multiple Coulomb scattering.

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2

MAZZIOTTA, M. N., M. BRIGIDA, C. FAVUZZI, P. FUSCO, F. GARGANO, N. GIGLIETTO, F. GIORDANO, F. LOPARCO, S. RAINÒ, and P. SPINELLI. "UNDERGROUND MUON ENERGY SPECTRA WITH THE MACRO TRD." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 29 (November 20, 2005): 6968–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05030624.

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The MACRO detector was located in the Hall B of the Gran Sasso underground Laboratories under an average rock overburden of 3700 hg/cm2. A TRD composed by three identical modules, covering an horizontal area of 36 m2, was added to the MACRO detector in order to measure the residual energy of muons entering MACRO. This kind of measurement provides a useful tool to study the primary cosmic ray energy spectra and composition, their interactions with the Earth's atmosphere and the propagation of muons inside the rock. The results of the measurement of the energy of single and double muons crossing MACRO will be presented. Our data show that double muons are more energetic than single ones in the rock depth range from 3000 to 6500 hg/cm2. Single muon data confirm the reliability of the models adopted to describe the cosmic ray interactions with the atmosphere and the muon propagation inside the rock.

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3

Athanassas, Constantin D., C. Kitsaki, T. Alexopoulos, V. Gika, and S. Maltezos. "Simulation of a muographic analysis of a volcanic dome in Geant4." HNPS Proceedings 27 (April 17, 2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.2612.

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Here we present a Monte Carlo simulation of a muographic campaign on Methana volcano, Greece. In order to estimate the absorption parameters and the pattern of muon scattering at various incident energies (GeV to TeV), a radar-derived digital terrain model (DTM) was submitted to irradiation by horizontal muons in Geant4 and the penetrating muons were collected by a hypothetical MicroMegas particle detector on the other side of the DTM. Monte Carlo simulation demonstrated that muon energies at least as high as 10 TeV are required for whole-scale radiography of Methana and one has to reduce the scale of study to smaller structures (e.g. ~ 600 m - wide volcanic domes) in order to exploit the more affluent lower energy muons (~ 600 GeV). Coulomb scattering, on the other hand, brings about deflection of muon trajectories away from the detector, resulting in loss of information. Additionally, scattering adds Gaussian blurring to the scanned objects. With the intention of improving contrast and extract objects in muographic image we recommend the use of spatial operators (filters) employed in image analysis.

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4

Cohu, Amélie, Matias Tramontini, Antoine Chevalier, Jean-Christophe Ianigro, and Jacques Marteau. "Atmospheric and Geodesic Controls of Muon Rates: A Numerical Study for Muography Applications." Instruments 6, no. 3 (August 4, 2022): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments6030024.

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Muon tomography or muography is an innovative imaging technique using atmospheric muons. The technique is based on the detection of muons that have crossed a target and the measurement of their attenuation or deviation induced by the medium. Muon flux models are key ingredients to convert tomographic and calibration data into the 2D or 3D density maps of the target. Ideally, they should take into account all possible types of local effects, from geomagnetism to atmospheric conditions. Two approaches are commonly used: semi-empirical models or Monte Carlo simulations. The latter offers the advantage to tackle down many environmental and experimental parameters and also allows the optimization of the nearly horizontal muons flux, which remains a long-standing problem for many muography applications. The goal of this paper is to identify through a detailed simulation what kind of environmental and experimental effects may affect the muography imaging sensitivity and its monitoring performance. The results have been obtained within the CORSIKA simulation framework, which offers the possibility to tune various parameters. The paper presents the simulation’s configuration and the results obtained for the muon fluxes computed in various conditions.

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5

GUPTA, NAYANTARA, and D. P. BHATTACHARYYA. "INVESTIGATION ON THE NEUTRINO INDUCED MUONS FROM ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI." Modern Physics Letters A 15, no. 25 (August 20, 2000): 1567–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732300001742.

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The fluxes of neutrino induced muons at different zenith angles have been calculated using the high energy diffused neutrino spectra emitted from blazars. We have used the standard formulation developed by Gaisser based on charge-current interactions in rock and the QED-based energy loss formulation to estimate the spectra of neutrino induced muons. The energy spectra of neutrino flux generated from blazars has been taken from the model calculations of Protheroe. The latest charge-current and total interaction cross-sections at ultrahigh energies from Kwiecinski et al. have been used to find the probability of muon generation from neutrinos and the loss of neutrinos during propagation through the Earth. We find that our derived horizontal neutrino induced muon energy spectra expected from blazar model of Protheroe is comparable with the upper limits as predicted by SOUDAN 2 experiment.

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6

Lo Presti, Domenico, Giuseppe Gallo, Danilo Bonanno, Daniele Bongiovanni, Fabio Longhitano, and Santo Reito. "Feasibility Study of a New Cherenkov Detector for Improving Volcano Muography." Sensors 19, no. 5 (March 8, 2019): 1183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19051183.

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Muography is an expanding technique for internal structure investigation of large volume object, such as pyramids, volcanoes and also underground cavities. It is based on the attenuation of muon flux through the target in a way similar to the attenuation of X-ray flux through the human body for standard radiography. Muon imaging have to face with high background level, especially compared with the tiny near horizontal muon flux. In this paper the authors propose an innovative technique based on the measurement of Cherenkov radiation by Silicon photo-multipliers arrays to be integrated in a standard telescope for muography applications. Its feasibility study was accomplished by means of Geant4 simulations for the measurement of the directionality of cosmic-ray muons. This technique could be particularly useful for the suppression of background noise due to back-scattered particles whose incoming direction is likely to be wrongly reconstructed. The results obtained during the validation study of the technique principle confirm the ability to distinguish the arrival direction of muons with an efficiency higher than 98% above 1 GeV. In addition, a preliminary study on the tracking performance of the presented technique was introduced.

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7

Zhou, L.-P., Y. Hong, J.-Y. Tang, Y. Yuan, N. Vassilopoulos, Y.-W. Wu, and Z.-W. Pan. "Design study for large acceptance muon beamlines by using beam splitting methods." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 05 (May 1, 2022): T05018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/05/t05018.

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Abstract A muon beamline scheme is designed for the Phase-I of the Experimental Muon Source (EMuS), which is a standalone facility by sharing the proton beam extracted from the Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS) of China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS). The proton beam for EMuS has a beam power of 20–25 kW and kinetic energy of 1.6 GeV with a low repetition rate of 1.25–2.5 Hz. Different from traditional muon beamline design, a sophisticated beam splitting system using combined spatial and time splitting methods has been developed for the EMuS beamline. In order to profit a graphite target of long effective length, the beamline is designed to have a large horizontal acceptance of 6000π·mm·mrad. A special electrostatic deflector with two channels splits the beam spatially into two branch beamlines, so that the reduced horizontal emittance of the split beams becomes utilizable for applications. Since the muon beam has a time structure of two bunches per pulse that inherits from the proton beam and a single bunch is required for μSR applications, a fast kicker magnet is used to separate two bunches into two endstations. All these make simultaneous muon beams in four endstations that are basically for μSR applications. Surface muons with an intensity order of 105/s and different spot sizes are available for all the four endstations. The contaminated positrons are carefully treated to reduce the background by combining the use of the electrostatic deflector and a dedicated Wien filter.

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8

Kedar, S., H. K. M. Tanaka, C. J. Naudet, C. E. Jones, J. P. Plaut, and F. H. Webb. "Muon radiography for exploration of Mars geology." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems Discussions 2, no. 2 (October 18, 2012): 829–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gid-2-829-2012.

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Abstract. Muon radiography is a technique that uses naturally occurring showers of muons (penetrating particles generated by cosmic rays) to image the interior of large scale geological structures in much the same way as standard X-ray radiography is used to image the interior of smaller objects. Recent developments and application of the technique to terrestrial volcanoes have demonstrated that a low-power, passive muon detector can peer deep into geological structures up to several kilometers in size, and provide crisp density profile images of their interior at ten meter scale resolution. Preliminary estimates of muon production on Mars indicate that the near horizontal Martian muon flux, which could be used for muon radiography, is as strong or stronger than that on Earth, making the technique suitable for exploration of numerous high priority geological targets on Mars. The high spatial resolution of muon radiography also makes the technique particularly suited for the discovery and delineation of Martian caverns, the most likely planetary environment for biological activity. As a passive imaging technique, muon radiography uses the perpetually present background cosmic ray radiation as the energy source for probing the interior of structures from the surface of the planet. The passive nature of the measurements provides an opportunity for a low power and low data rate instrument for planetary exploration that could operate as a scientifically valuable primary or secondary instrument in a variety of settings, with minimal impact on the mission's other instruments and operation.

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9

Kedar, S., H. K. M. Tanaka, C. J. Naudet, C. E. Jones, J. P. Plaut, and F. H. Webb. "Muon radiography for exploration of Mars geology." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 2, no. 1 (June 17, 2013): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-2-157-2013.

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Abstract. Muon radiography is a technique that uses naturally occurring showers of muons (penetrating particles generated by cosmic rays) to image the interior of large-scale geological structures in much the same way as standard X-ray radiography is used to image the interior of smaller objects. Recent developments and application of the technique to terrestrial volcanoes have demonstrated that a low-power, passive muon detector can peer deep into geological structures up to several kilometers in size, and provide crisp density profile images of their interior at ten meter scale resolution. Preliminary estimates of muon production on Mars indicate that the near horizontal Martian muon flux, which could be used for muon radiography, is as strong or stronger than that on Earth, making the technique suitable for exploration of numerous high priority geological targets on Mars. The high spatial resolution of muon radiography also makes the technique particularly suited for the discovery and delineation of Martian caverns, the most likely planetary environment for biological activity. As a passive imaging technique, muon radiography uses the perpetually present background cosmic ray radiation as the energy source for probing the interior of structures from the surface of the planet. The passive nature of the measurements provides an opportunity for a low power and low data rate instrument for planetary exploration that could operate as a scientifically valuable primary or secondary instrument in a variety of settings, with minimal impact on the mission's other instruments and operation.

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10

Topuz, Ahmet Ilker, Madis Kiisk, and Andrea Giammanco. "DOME: Discrete Oriented Muon Emission in GEANT4 Simulations." Instruments 6, no. 3 (September 15, 2022): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments6030042.

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The simulation of muon tomography requires a multi-directional particle source that traverses a number of horizontal detectors of limited angular acceptance that are used to track cosmic-ray muons. In this study, we describe a simple strategy that can use GEANT4 simulations to produce a hemispherical particle source. We initially generate random points on a spherical surface of practical radius by using a Gaussian distributions for the three components of the Cartesian coordinates, thereby obtaining a generating surface for the initial position of the particles to be tracked. Since we do not require the bottom half of the sphere, we take the absolute value of the vertical coordinate, resulting in a hemisphere. Next, we direct the generated particles into the target body by selectively favoring the momentum direction along the vector constructed between a random point on the hemispherical surface and the origin of the target, thereby minimizing particle loss through source biasing. We also discuss a second scheme where the coordinate transformation is performed between the spherical and Cartesian coordinates, and the above-source biasing procedure is applied to orient the generated muons towards the target. Finally, a recipe based on restrictive planes from our previous study is discussed. We implement our strategies by using G4ParticleGun in the GEANT4 code. While we apply these techniques to simulations for muon tomography via scattering, these source schemes can be applied to similar studies for atmospheric sciences, space engineering, and astrophysics where a 3D particle source is a necessity.

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11

YASHIN, I. I., M. B. AMELCHAKOV, N. S. BARBASHINA, A. G. BOGDANOV, D. V. CHERNOV, V. V. KINDIN, R. P. KOKOULIN, et al. "OBSERVATION OF UHECRs IN HORIZONTAL FLUX." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 29 (November 20, 2005): 6937–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05030521.

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Preliminary results of muon bundle studies in of zenith angle range θ ≥ 60° and multiplicities by means of coordinate detector DECOR are discussed. Estimates of muon bundle characteristics at large zenith angles obtained with CORSIKA code demonstrate the ability of such not large detector as NEVOD-DECOR complex to perform cosmic ray studies in a very wide energy range from 1011 eV to more than 1017 eV.

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12

Zichichi, Antonino. "Time-Shift in the OPERA Setup: Proof against Superluminal Neutrinos without the need of knowing the CERN-LNGS distance and Reminiscences on the Origin of the Gran Sasso Lab, of the Third Neutrino and of the "Teramo Anomaly"." Asia Pacific Physics Newsletter 01, no. 02 (September 2012): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2251158x12000240.

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The LVD time stability allows one to establish a time-shift in the OPERA experiment, thus providing the first proof against superluminal neutrinos, using the horizontal muons of the "Teramo Anomaly." This proof is particularly interesting because it does not need the knowledge of the distance between the location at which the neutrinos are produced (CERN) and the location they are detected (LNGS). Since the superluminal neutrinos generated in the physics community a vivid interest in good and bad behavior in physics research, the author thought it was appropriate to recall the origin of the Gran Sasso Lab, of the third neutrino, of the horizontal muons due to the "Teramo Anomaly" and of the oscillation between leptonic flavors, when the CERN-Gran Sasso neutrino beam was included in the project for the most powerful underground laboratory in the world.

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13

ZICHICHI, ANTONINO. "TIME-SHIFT IN THE OPERA SETUP: PROOF AGAINST SUPERLUMINAL NEUTRINOS WITHOUT THE NEED OF KNOWING THE CERN–LNGS DISTANCE AND REMINISCENCES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE GRAN SASSO LAB, OF THE THIRD NEUTRINO AND OF THE "TERAMO ANOMALY"." International Journal of Modern Physics A 27, no. 18 (July 17, 2012): 1230017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x12300177.

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The LVD time stability allows one to establish a time-shift in the OPERA experiment, thus providing the first proof against superluminal neutrinos, using the horizontal muons of the "Teramo Anomaly." This proof is particularly interesting since it does not need the knowledge of the distance between the location at which the neutrinos are produced (CERN) and the location they are detected (LNGS). Since the superluminal neutrinos generated in the physics community a vivid interest in good and bad behavior in physics research, the author thought it was appropriate to recall the origin of the Gran Sasso Lab, of the third neutrino, of the horizontal muons due to the "Teramo Anomaly" and of the oscillation between leptonic flavors, when the CERN–Gran Sasso neutrino beam was included in the project for the most powerful underground laboratory in the world.

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14

Phillips, Thomas J. "The Muonium Antimatter Gravity Experiment." EPJ Web of Conferences 181 (2018): 01017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818101017.

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A direct measurement of the gravitational acceleration of antimatter has the potential to show that we live in a “Dirac-Milne” Universe, which could explain cosmological observations without the need for dark matter, dark energy, inflation, or missing antimatter. Such a measurement would also be sensitive to the possible existence of a fifth force. Cooling antimatter to temperatures where gravitational energies are comparable to thermal energies is challenging for most forms of antimatter, which annihilate upon contact with matter. The exception is the antimuon (μ+), which is easily cooled by stopping in cold matter, but the short muon lifetime poses challenges. Positive muons that stop in material will combine with free electrons to form muonium, a neutral leptonic atom with most of its mass derived from the 2nd-generation antimuon. We are developing the Muonium Antimatter Gravity Experiment (MAGE) to measure the gravitational force on muonium using a novel, monoenergetic, low-velocity, horizontal muonium beam directed at an ultra-precise atom interferometer. If successful, MAGE will measure for the first time the gravitational coupling to a 2nd-generation particle in a system whose antimatter-dominated mass is not predominantly strong-interaction binding energy. The novel MAGE beam production approach could also have important applications to other muonium experiments as well as to the measurement ofg– 2.

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15

Parente, G., A. Shoup, and G. B. Yodh. "Horizontal air showers, atmospheric muons and the cosmic-ray spectrum." Astroparticle Physics 3, no. 1 (January 1995): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0927-6505(94)00035-2.

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16

Agafonova, N. Yu, V. V. Ashikhmin, E. A. Dobrynina, A. S. Malgin, O. G. Ryazhskaya, and I. R. Shakiryanova. "Measurement of Seasonal Variations of Horizontal Muons with Underground LVD Setup." Physics of Atomic Nuclei 83, no. 1 (January 2020): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063778820010020.

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17

DeMuth, D., G. J. Alner, D. Ayres, W. L. Barrett, P. Border, D. J. A. Cockerill, J. H. Cobb, et al. "Horizontal muons and a search for AGN neutrinos in Soudan 2." Astroparticle Physics 20, no. 5 (February 2004): 533–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2003.07.003.

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18

Gottowik, Marvin. "Measurements of Horizontal Air Showers with the Auger Engineering Radio Array." EPJ Web of Conferences 216 (2019): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921602001.

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The Pierre Auger Observatory is the largest observatory for the detection of cosmic rays. With the Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) we measure the emitted radio signal of extensive air showers and reconstruct properties of the primary cosmic rays. For horizontal air showers (zenith angles larger than 60°) the signal is distributed over a large area of more than several km2. Therefore, detection of air showers using a sparse radio antenna array, compatible with the 1500 m distance between the 1600 surface detector stations, is possible. The radio technique is sensitive to the electromagnetic component of air showers. Combining radio detection with particle information from the surface detector of the Observatory, which at large zenith angles mostly detects muons, allows to study the cosmic ray composition for horizontal air showers.

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19

Khokhlov, S. S., N. S. Barbashina, A. G. Bogdanov, A. N. Dmitrieva, L. I. Dushkin, E. A. Zadeba, V. V. Kindin, et al. "Energy spectrum of cascade showers generated in water by near-horizontal muons." Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics 77, no. 5 (May 2013): 638–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1062873813050262.

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20

Bogacz, S. A., та D. B. Cline. "A μ+μ- Quantum Collider using Novel Crystal-Based Accelerator Components". International Journal of Modern Physics A 12, № 18 (20 липня 1997): 3181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x97001675.

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We outline a concept of a 250 × 250 GeV μ+ μ- collider that uses bent crystals for beam confinement and steering instead of conventional magnets. The collider ring is based on a novel bending-focusing crystal cell. Beam optics of the proposed model cell has all the features of the alterating gradient FODO cell. Furthermore, alternating (horizontal-vertical) focusing provides unique betatron phase stability in both planes, while bending of particle trajectories due to crystal curvature is fully achromatic. We also explore the ionization energy loss of channeling muons interacting with the electron gas in a crystal channel as a possible cooling mechanism. Finally, a use of low Z binary crystals (such as LiF) for final focus at the interaction point is proposed. Bringing the μ+μ- into collision inside a crystal channel results in quantum confinement at the collision point. For such a collider the number of required μ± may be very low (~108μ per pulse), so that this collider has few problems from μ → e backgrounds or heating, which is a virtue of paramount importance. A low intensity hadronic μ± source (p + A → π → μ) can be utilized provided that an effective method of fast muon cooling is used. For example, the use of frictional cooling for low energy μ± beams could initially reduce the longitudinal phase–space, before the final transverse cooling is applied. Here, we outline such a "crystal cooler" that explores ionization energy loss in the ultrastrong focusing environment of a crystal channel. Employing all the above-mentioned novel crystal-based accelerator components, a possible luminosity of about 1032 cm-2 sec-1, is estimated for the proposed quantum collider. We also discuss a list of problems one needs to solve in order to make such a collider a real possibility.

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21

Pieczonka, Sara, Doug Schouten, Oday Dabboor, Duncan Osler, and Alexander Braun. "On the detectability of density change in steam-assisted gravity drainage reservoirs using muon tomography." Leading Edge 39, no. 7 (July 2020): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle39070497.1.

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Muon tomography is applied to realistic density models of a steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) reservoir at 1.25 and 5 years after initial reservoir production. Forward models of muon count and opacity based on the density models are computed, as well as inverse models of the synthetic muon observations for various simulated detector arrays. The results demonstrate that both phases of reservoir development, namely the rising phase and the spreading phase, can be resolved by muon detectors placed 30 m below the bitumen reservoir at 230 m total vertical depth. The total mass change in the reservoir was recovered from the inversion model and differs from the true mass change by 20%–29%. The spatial distribution of density change shows very good agreement in the horizontal direction, while the vertical is less well constrained in this modeled sensor array configuration. The inverse models provide improved insights into reservoir depletion patterns and indicate muon tomography to be an applicable tool for continuous reservoir monitoring. The numerical modeling approach developed herein is able to model a wide range of SAGD reservoir geometries and detector arrays toward planning of optimized monitoring solutions.

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22

Morris, Christopher L., Jeffrey Bacon, Konstantin Borozdin, Joseph Fabritius, Haruo Miyadera, John Perry, and Tsukasa Sugita. "Horizontal cosmic ray muon radiography for imaging nuclear threats." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 330 (July 2014): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2014.03.017.

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23

Abbrescia, M., M. Ambrosio, G. C. Barbarino, G. Bressi, D. Campana, R. Cardarelli, F. Guarino, et al. "A horizontal muon telescope implemented with resistive plate chambers." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 336, no. 1-2 (November 1993): 322–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(93)91116-5.

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24

D'Aquino, F., G. Iaselli, S. Nuzzo, A. Ranieri, F. Romano, P. Pistilli, M. Ambrosio, et al. "Rejection power of a horizontal RPC telescope for left and right coming cosmic muons." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 324, no. 1-2 (January 1993): 330–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(93)90996-u.

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25

Garbini, Marco. "Horizontal muon flux measured with the LVD detector at LNGS." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 221 (December 2011): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2011.09.045.

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26

Boussaha, Bouzid, and Tariq Bitam. "Earth-Skimming Ultrahigh Energy Tau Neutrinos Simulated with Monte Carlo Method and CONEX Code." Advances in High Energy Physics 2021 (November 18, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9987060.

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This paper is aimed at studying the feasibility of building an Earth-skimming cosmic tau neutrinos detector, with the aim of eventually identifying the ideal dimensions of a natural site mountain-valley for the detection of very high energy neutrinos tau range from 1 0 16 eV to 1 0 20 eV , as well as possibly locate one such site in Algeria. First, a Monte Carlo simulation of the neutrino-[mountain] matter interaction as well as the resulting decay of the tau lepton is conducted to determine the optimal dimensions of the mountain as well as the location of the tau decay in the valley. Second, a CORSIKA (COsmic Ray Simulation for KAscade) simulation with the CONEX option is conducted to track the evolution of the almost horizontal air shower initiated by the tau lepton. Many particles are produced, which are part of the shower components: electrons, muons, gammas, pions, etc. The study of the spatial distribution of these particles enables the discovery of the optimal width of the valley, and consequently, the distance at which to lay the detection network.

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27

Khaerdinov, M. N., N. S. Khaerdinov, and A. S. Lidvansky. "A method of determining basic thunderstorm field parameters from variations of cosmic ray muons detected by a horizontal array." Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics 81, no. 2 (February 2017): 226–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1062873817020228.

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28

Tanaka, H. K. M., K. Nagamine, S. N. Nakamura, and K. Ishida. "Radiographic measurements of the internal structure of Mt. West Iwate with near-horizontal cosmic-ray muons and future developments." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 555, no. 1-2 (December 2005): 164–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2005.08.099.

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29

Abu-Ajamieh, Fayez. "Probing Scalar and Pseudoscalar Solutions to the g−2 Anomaly." Advances in High Energy Physics 2020 (July 1, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1751534.

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I investigate a class of models with scalar and pseudoscalar solutions to the g−2 anomaly for both the muon and the electron over the mass range of perturbativity (mϕ≲50 GeV), with Yukawa couplings proportional to the lepton’s mass. In particular, I investigate the constraints from BaBar, beam dump experiments, Z decay measured quantities, LEP mono-γ searches, ee⟶ττγ searches, and solar and horizontal branch (HB) star bounds. For a pseudoscalar, I find that no region in the parameter space can simultaneously provide a solution for both the electron and the muon anomalies while maintaining the required form of the couplings, and therefore, the pseudoscalar solution is disfavored. On the other hand, I find for the scalar case that there is an open window above ~30 MeV in the allowed region, but with significant tension with experiment for the region mϕ≳10 GeV. In addition, there is a smaller window between ~350 KeV and 1 MeV that is not ruled out by cosmological observations. Part of the first open window is expected to be covered by the proposed NA64 experiment. Similar analysis can be readily applied to other proposed solutions to the anomaly, such as solutions with Z′ or with the dark photon.

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30

Khokhlov, S. S., M. B. Amel’chakov, N. S. Barbashina, A. G. Bogdanov, V. D. Burtsev, A. N. Dmitrieva, L. I. Dushkin, et al. "Study of cascade showers generated by near-horizontal muons in the water Cherenkov detector with a dense array of optical modules." Bulletin of the Lebedev Physics Institute 41, no. 10 (October 2014): 292–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068335614100042.

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31

Nagamine, K., M. Iwasaki, K. Shimomura, and K. Ishida. "Method of probing inner-structure of geophysical substance with the horizontal cosmic-ray muons and possible application to volcanic eruption prediction." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 356, no. 2-3 (March 1995): 585–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(94)01169-9.

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32

Zaitseva, D. V., and R. P. Kokoulin. "The barometric effect in the intensity of near-horizontal cosmic ray muons according to the data of the coordinate-tracking detector DECOR." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 945 (January 2018): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/945/1/012029.

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33

Nagano, M., H. Yoshii, T. Hara, N. Hayashida, M. Honda, K. Kamata, S. Kawaguchi, et al. "An upper limit on the muon flux at energies above 100 TeV determined from horizontal air showers observed at Akeno." Journal of Physics G: Nuclear Physics 12, no. 1 (January 1986): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0305-4616/12/1/015.

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34

Weisskopf, Adrian, David Tarazona, and Martin Berz. "Computation and consequences of high order amplitude- and parameter-dependent tune shifts in storage rings for high precision measurements." International Journal of Modern Physics A 34, no. 36 (December 20, 2019): 1942011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x19420119.

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Nonlinear effects of the various electric field and magnetic field components of storage rings to confine the particles and bend their trajectory can cause substantial amplitude-dependent tune shifts within the beam. Furthermore, tune shifts are often sensitive to variations of system parameters, e.g. total particle momentum offsets [Formula: see text]. Such amplitude- and parameter-dependent tune shifts influence the dynamics and stability of a beam in particle storage rings. Thus, it is critical for high precision measurements to analyze and understand these influences. On this basis, we present normal form methods for the calculation of high order amplitude and system parameter dependencies of the horizontal and vertical tunes in storage rings using the differential algebra (DA) framework within COSY INFINITY. A storage ring is simulated using COSY INFINITY to generate a DA Poincaré return map describing the transverse phase space behavior after each revolution in the storage ring. The map is expanded around the parameter-dependent closed orbit of the system before transforming the resulting map into normal form coordinates to extract the high order tune dependencies on the phase space amplitude and variation in the system parameters. As a specific example, a storage ring similar to the Storage Ring of the Muon [Formula: see text]-2 Experiment at Fermilab (E989) is investigated.

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35

Chilingarian, Ashot. "Thunderstorm Ground Enhancements Measured on Aragats and Progress of High-Energy Physics in the Atmosphere." Atmosphere 14, no. 2 (February 2, 2023): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020300.

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High-energy physics in the atmosphere (HEPA) has undergone an intense reformation in the last decade. Correlated measurements of particle fluxes modulated by strong atmospheric electric fields, simultaneous measurements of the disturbances of the near-surface electric fields and lightning location, and registration of various meteorological parameters on the Earth have led to a better understanding of the complex processes in the terrestrial atmosphere. The cooperation of cosmic rays and atmospheric physics has led to the development of models for the origin of particle bursts recorded on the Earth’s surface, estimation of vertical and horizontal profiles of electric fields in the lower atmosphere, recovery of electron and gamma ray energy spectra, the muon deceleration effect, etc. The main goal of this review is to demonstrate how the measurements performed at the Aragats cosmic ray observatory led to new results in atmospheric physics. We monitored particle fluxes around the clock using synchronized networks of advanced sensors that recorded and stored multidimensional data in databases with open, fast, and reliable access. Visualization and statistical analysis of particle data from hundreds of measurement channels disclosed the structure and strength of the atmospheric electric fields and explained observed particle bursts. Consequent solving of direct and inverse problems of cosmic rays revealed the modulation effects that the atmospheric electric field has on cosmic ray fluxes.

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36

Klyukhin, Vyacheslav, Austin Ball, Felix Bergsma, Henk Boterenbrood, Benoit Curé, Domenico Dattola, Andrea Gaddi, et al. "The CMS Magnetic Field Measuring and Monitoring Systems." Symmetry 14, no. 1 (January 15, 2022): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14010169.

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This review article describes the performance of the magnetic field measuring and monitoring systems for the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector. To cross-check the magnetic flux distribution obtained with the CMS magnet model, four systems for measuring the magnetic flux density in the detector volume were used. The magnetic induction inside the 6 m diameter superconducting solenoid was measured and is currently monitored by four nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probes installed using special tubes at a radius of 2.9148 m outside the barrel hadron calorimeter at ±0.006 m from the coil median XY-plane. Two more NRM probes were installed at the faces of the tracking system at Z-coordinates of −2.835 and +2.831 m and a radius of 0.651 m from the solenoid axis. The field inside the superconducting solenoid was precisely measured in 2006 in a cylindrical volume of 3.448 m in diameter and 7 m in length using ten three-dimensional (3D) B-sensors based on the Hall effect (Hall probes). These B-sensors were installed on each of the two propeller arms of an automated field-mapping machine. In addition to these measurement systems, a system for monitoring the magnetic field during the CMS detector operation has been developed. Inside the solenoid in the horizontal plane, four 3D B-sensors were installed at the faces of the tracking detector at distances X = ±0.959 m and Z-coordinates of −2.899 and +2.895 m. Twelve 3D B-sensors were installed on the surfaces of the flux-return yoke nose disks. Seventy 3D B-sensors were installed in the air gaps of the CMS magnet yoke in 11 XY-planes of the azimuthal sector at 270°. A specially developed flux loop technique was used for the most complex measurements of the magnetic flux density inside the steel blocks of the CMS magnet yoke. The flux loops are installed in 22 sections of the flux-return yoke blocks in grooves of 30 mm wide and 12–13 mm deep and consist of 7–10 turns of 45 wire flat ribbon cable. The areas enclosed by these coils varied from 0.3 to 1.59 m2 in the blocks of the barrel wheels and from 0.5 to 1.12 m2 in the blocks of the yoke endcap disks. The development of these systems and the results of the magnetic flux density measurements across the CMS magnet are presented and discussed in this review article.

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37

Yang, Guangliang, Josh Schoetker, Dan Poulson, Elena Guardincerri, J. M. Durham, Sven Vogel, Shaun Hoerner, et al. "Simulation and validation studies of a large drift tube muon tracker." Review of Scientific Instruments 94, no. 8 (August 1, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0155503.

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Cosmic ray muons are massive, charged particles created from high energy cosmic rays colliding with atomic nuclei in Earth’s atmosphere. Because of their high momenta and weak interaction, these muons can penetrate through large thicknesses of dense material before being absorbed, making them ideal for nondestructive imaging of objects composed of high-Z elements. A Giant Muon Tracker with two horizontal 8 × 6 ft.2 and two vertical 6 × 6 ft.2 modules of drift tubes was used to measure muon tracks passing through samples placed inside the detector volume. The experimental results were used to validate a Monte Carlo simulation of the Giant Muon Tracker. The imaging results of simulated samples were reconstructed and compared with those from the experiment, which showed excellent agreement.

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38

Babu, K. S., Sudip Jana, Manfred Lindner, and Vishnu P. K. "Muon g − 2 anomaly and neutrino magnetic moments." Journal of High Energy Physics 2021, no. 10 (October 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/jhep10(2021)240.

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Abstract We show that a unified framework based on an SU(2)H horizontal symmetry which generates a naturally large neutrino transition magnetic moment and explains the XENON1T electron recoil excess also predicts a positive shift in the muon anomalous magnetic moment. This shift is of the right magnitude to be consistent with the Brookhaven measurement as well as the recent Fermilab measurement of the muon g − 2. A relatively light neutral scalar from a Higgs doublet with mass near 100 GeV contributes to muon g − 2, while its charged partner induces the neutrino magnetic moment. In contrast to other multi-scalar theories, in the model presented here there is no freedom to control the sign and strength of the muon g − 2 contribution. We analyze the collider tests of this framework and find that the HL-LHC can probe the entire parameter space of these models.

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39

Bonanno, D., G. Gallo, P. La Rocca, F. Longhitano, D. Lo Presti, C. Pinto, and F. Riggi. "Measurement of nearly horizontal cosmic muons at high altitudes with the MEV telescope." European Physical Journal Plus 134, no. 6 (June 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjp/i2019-12683-1.

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40

Machida, S. "Circular accelerator lattices with skew quadrupoles." European Physical Journal Plus 137, no. 4 (April 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-022-02601-1.

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AbstractCircular accelerator lattices are usually confined in the horizontal plane. Optics design does not rely on the orbit in the vertical direction. Here we propose a circular accelerator lattice in which the orbit moves in both horizontal and vertical directions. Having another degree of freedom, flexibility of the optics increases with less constraints of the orbit, e.g. a zero momentum compaction factor lattice without reverse bending magnets or a negative dispersion function. As a possible application of the concept, a collider ring arc of a muon collider facility is illustrated.

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41

Nakai, Yuichiro, Matthew Reece та Motoo Suzuki. "Supersymmetric alignment models for (g − 2)μ". Journal of High Energy Physics 2021, № 10 (жовтень 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/jhep10(2021)068.

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Abstract Hierarchical masses of quarks and leptons are addressed by imposing horizontal symmetries. In supersymmetric Standard Models, the same symmetries play a role in suppressing flavor violating processes induced by supersymmetric particles. Combining the idea of spontaneous CP violation to control contributions to electric dipole moments (EDMs), the mass scale of supersymmetric particles can be lowered. We present supersymmetric models with U(1) horizontal symmetries and discuss CP and flavor constraints. Models with two U(1) symmetries are found to give a viable solution to the muon g − 2 anomaly. Interestingly, the parameter space to explain the anomaly will be probed by future electron EDM experiments.

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42

Belfatto, Benedetta, Revaz Beradze, and Zurab Berezhiani. "The CKM unitarity problem: a trace of new physics at the TeV scale?" European Physical Journal C 80, no. 2 (February 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-7691-6.

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Abstract After the recent high precision determinations of $$V_{us}$$Vus and $$V_{ud}$$Vud, the first row of the CKM matrix shows more than $$4\sigma $$4σ deviation from unitarity. Two possible scenarios beyond the Standard Model can be investigated in order to fill the gap. If a 4th non-sequential quark $$b'$$b′ (a vector-like weak isosinglet) participates in the mixing, with $$\vert V_{ub'} \vert \sim 0.04$$|Vub′|∼0.04, then its mass should be no more than 6 TeV or so. A different solution can come from the introduction of the gauge horizontal family symmetry $$SU(3)_\ell $$SU(3)ℓ acting between the lepton families and spontaneously broken at the scale of about 6 TeV. Since the gauge bosons of this symmetry contribute to muon decay in interference with Standard Model, the Fermi constant is slightly smaller than the muon decay constant so that unitarity is recovered. Also the neutron lifetime problem, that is about $$4\sigma $$4σ discrepancy between the neutron lifetimes measured in beam and trap experiments, is discussed in the light of the these determinations of the CKM matrix elements.

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43

Agafonova, N. Yu, P. Antonioli, V. V. Ashikhmin, G. Bari, E. Bressan, L. Evans, M. Garbini, et al. "Determination of a time-shift in the OPERA set-up using high-energy horizontal muons in the LVD and OPERA detectors." European Physical Journal Plus 127, no. 6 (June 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjp/i2012-12071-5.

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44

Tomar, Gaurav, and Subhendra Mohanty. "Muon anomalous magnetic moment and positron excess at AMS-02 in a gauged horizontal symmetric model." Journal of High Energy Physics 2014, no. 11 (November 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/jhep11(2014)133.

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45

Grinenko, Vadim, Debarchan Das, Ritu Gupta, Bastian Zinkl, Naoki Kikugawa, Yoshiteru Maeno, Clifford W. Hicks, Hans-Henning Klauss, Manfred Sigrist, and Rustem Khasanov. "Unsplit superconducting and time reversal symmetry breaking transitions in Sr2RuO4 under hydrostatic pressure and disorder." Nature Communications 12, no. 1 (June 24, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24176-8.

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AbstractThere is considerable evidence that the superconducting state of Sr2RuO4 breaks time reversal symmetry. In the experiments showing time reversal symmetry breaking, its onset temperature, TTRSB, is generally found to match the critical temperature, Tc, within resolution. In combination with evidence for even parity, this result has led to consideration of a dxz ± idyz order parameter. The degeneracy of the two components of this order parameter is protected by symmetry, yielding TTRSB = Tc, but it has a hard-to-explain horizontal line node at kz = 0. Therefore, s ± id and d ± ig order parameters are also under consideration. These avoid the horizontal line node, but require tuning to obtain TTRSB ≈ Tc. To obtain evidence distinguishing these two possible scenarios (of symmetry-protected versus accidental degeneracy), we employ zero-field muon spin rotation/relaxation to study pure Sr2RuO4 under hydrostatic pressure, and Sr1.98La0.02RuO4 at zero pressure. Both hydrostatic pressure and La substitution alter Tc without lifting the tetragonal lattice symmetry, so if the degeneracy is symmetry-protected, TTRSB should track changes in Tc, while if it is accidental, these transition temperatures should generally separate. We observe TTRSB to track Tc, supporting the hypothesis of dxz ± idyz order.

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46

Imran, Muhammad, Valentin Kuznetsov, Katarzyna Maria Dziedziniewicz-Wojcik, Andreas Pfeiffer, Panos Paparrigopoulos, Spyridon Trigazis, Tommaso Tedeschi, and Diego Ciangottini. "Migration of CMSWEB cluster at CERN to Kubernetes: a comprehensive study." Cluster Computing, June 9, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10586-021-03325-0.

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AbstractThe Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment heavily relies on the CMSWEB cluster to host critical services for its operational needs. The cluster is deployed on virtual machines (VMs) from the CERN OpenStack cloud and is manually maintained by operators and developers. The release cycle is composed of several steps, from building RPMs to their deployment, validation, and integration tests. To enhance the sustainability of the CMSWEB cluster, CMS decided to migrate its cluster to a containerized solution based on Docker and orchestrated with Kubernetes (K8s). This allows us to significantly speed up the release upgrade cycle, follow the end-to-end deployment procedure, and reduce operational cost. In this paper, we give an overview of the CMSWEB VM cluster and the issues we discovered during this migration. We discuss the architecture and the implementation strategy in the CMSWEB Kubernetes cluster. Even though Kubernetes provides horizontal pod autoscaling based on CPUs and memory, in this paper, we provide details of horizontal pod autoscaling based on the custom metrics of CMSWEB services. We also discuss automated deployment procedure based on the best practices of continuous integration/continuous deployment (CI/CD) workflows. We present performance analysis between Kubernetes and VM based CMSWEB deployments. Finally, we describe various issues found during the implementation in Kubernetes and report on lessons learned during the migration process.

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