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1
Baldy, Charles. Agrometeorology of multiple cropping in warm climates. Paris: Institut national de la recherche agronomique, 1997.
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2
France. Ambassade (India). Centre for Human Sciences, ed. Aligning development, air quality and climate policies for multiple dividends. New Delhi, India: Rajdhani Art Press, 2007.
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3
Deepa, Menon-Choudhary, and France. Ambassade (India). Centre for Human Sciences., eds. Aligning development, air quality, and climate policies for multiple dividends. New Delhi: Centre de Sciences Humaines, 2007.
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4
Miller, N. L. An analysis of simulated California climate using multiple dynamical and statistical techniques: Final paper. Sacramento, Calif.]: California Energy Commission, 2009.
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5
Fischer, Günther. AEZWIN, an interactive multiple-criteria analysis tool for land resources appraisal. Rome: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 1999.
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6
M, Welch Ronald, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Global single and multiple cloud classification with a fuzzy logic expert system. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.
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7
W, Gerstl S. A., Tornow Carmen, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Accurate top of the atmosphere albedo determination from multiple views of the Multi-angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer (MISR) instrument. [Los Alamos, N.M.]: Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1996.
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8
Bumpus, Adam. Realizing local devlopment in the carbon commodity chain: Political economy, value and connecting carbon commodities at multiple scales. Geneva: UNRISD, United Nations Research Instiutte for Social Development, 2011.
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9
S, Ashton Peter, ed. Not by timber alone: Economics and ecology for sustaining tropical forests. Washington, D.C: Island Press, 1992.
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10
Zinyengere, Nkulumo, Theobald Frank Theodory, Million Gebreyes, and Chinwe Ifejika Speranza. Beyond Agricultural Impacts: Multiple Perspectives on Climate Change in Africa. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2017.
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11
Banwart, Steven A., Elke Noellemeyer, Dave Abson, Christiano Ballabio, and Francesca Bampa. Soil Carbon: Science, Management and Policy for Multiple Benefits. CABI, 2019.
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12
Soil Carbon: Science, Management, and Policy for Multiple Benefits. CABI, 2014.
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13
Toman, Michael. The Need for Multiple Types of Information to Inform Climate Change Assessment. The World Bank, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-7094.
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14
Zinyengere, Nkulumo, Theobald Frank Theodory, Million Gebreyes, and Chinwe Ifejika Speranza. Beyond Agricultural Impacts: Multiple Perspectives on Climate Change and Agriculture in Africa. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2017.
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15
Carballo, José Luis, and James J. Bell. Climate Change, Ocean Acidification and Sponges: Impacts Across Multiple Levels of Organization. Springer, 2018.
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16
Carballo, José Luis, and James J. Bell. Climate Change, Ocean Acidification and Sponges: Impacts Across Multiple Levels of Organization. Springer, 2017.
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17
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Aezwin Vol. 15: An Interactive Multiple-Criteria Analysis Tool for Land Resources Appraisal. Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2010.
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18
Mackey, Brendan, David Lindenmayer, Malcolm Gill, Michael McCarthy, and Janette Lindesay, eds. Wildlife, Fire and Future Climate. CSIRO Publishing, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643090040.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The conservation of Earth's forest ecosystems is one of the great environmental challenges facing humanity in the 21st century. All of Earth's ecosystems now face the spectre of the accelerated greenhouse effect and rates of change in climatic regimes that have hitherto been unknown. In addition, multiple use forestry – where forests are managed to provide for both a supply of wood and the conservation of biodiversity – can change the floristic composition and vegetation structure of forests with significant implications for wildlife habitat.
Wildlife, fire and future climate: a forest ecosystem analysis explores these themes through a landscape-wide study of refugia and future climate in the tall, wet forests of the Central Highlands of Victoria. It represents a model case study for the kind of integrated investigation needed throughout the world in order to deal with the potential response of terrestrial ecological systems to global change. The analyses presented in this book represent one of the few ecosystem studies ever undertaken that has attempted such a complex synthesis of fire, wildlife, vegetation, and climate.
Wildlife, fire and future climate: a forest ecosystem analysis is written by an experienced team of leading world experts in fire ecology, modelling, terrain and climate analysis, vegetation and wildlife habitat. Their collaboration on this book represents a unique and exemplary, multi-disciplinary venture.
19
Yu, Zicheng. Late quaternary paleoecology of the southern Niagara Escarpment, Ontario, Canada: a multiple proxy investigation of vegetation and climate history. 1997.
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20
McGreavy, Bridie, and David Hart. Sustainability Science and Climate Change Communication. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.563.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Direct experience, scientific reports, and international media coverage make clear that the breadth, severity, and multiple consequences from climate change are far-reaching and increasing. Like many places globally, the northeastern United States is already experiencing climate change, including one of the world’s highest rates of ocean warming, reduced durations of winter ice cover on lakes, a marked increase in the frequency of extreme precipitation events, and climate-mediated ecological disruptions of invasive species. Given current and projected changes in ecosystems, communities, and economies, it is essential to find ways to anticipate and reduce vulnerabilities to change and, at the same time, promote sustainable economic development and human well-being.The emerging field of sustainability science offers a promising conceptual and analytic framework for accelerating progress towards sustainable development. Sustainability science aims to be use-inspired and to connect basic and applied knowledge with solutions for societal benefit. This approach draws from diverse disciplines, theories, and methods organized around the broad goal of maintaining and improving life support systems, ecosystem health, and human well-being. Partners in New England have been using sustainability science as a framework for stakeholder-engaged, interdisciplinary research that has generated use-inspired knowledge and multiple solutions for more than a decade. Sustainability science has helped produce a landscape-scale approach to wetland conservation; emergency response plans for invasive species that threaten livelihoods and cultures; decision support tools for improved water quality management and public health for beach use and shellfish consumption; and the development of robust partnership networks across disciplines and institutions. Understanding and reducing vulnerability to climate change is a central motivating factor in this portfolio of projects because linking knowledge about social-ecological systems with effective policy action requires a holistic view that addresses complex intersecting stressors.One common theme in these varied efforts is the way that communication fundamentally shapes collaborative research and social, technical, and policy outcomes from sustainability science. Communication as a discipline has, for more than two thousand years, sought to understand how environments and symbols shape human life, forms of social organization, and collective decision making. The result is a body of scholarship and practical techniques that are diverse and well adapted to meet the complexity of contemporary sustainability challenges. The complexity of the issues that sustainability science aspires to solve requires diversity and flexibility to be able to adapt approaches to the specific needs of a situation. Long-term, cross-scale, and multi-institutional sustainability science collaborations show that communication research and practice can help build communities and networks, and advance technical and policy solutions to confront the challenges of climate change and promote sustainability now and in future.
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Huntjens, Patrick, Ting Zhang, and Katharina Nachbar. Climate Change and Implications for Security and Justice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805373.003.0007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter examines state-of-the art research and thinking on the implications of climate change for security and justice, clarifying the linkages between them and identifying key governance challenges. Climate justice is about protecting the rights of the most vulnerable and sharing the burdens and benefits of climate change and responses to it equitably and fairly, at the state level as well as beyond the state, while safeguarding the rights of future generations. Broader conceptions of climate security as human security have prevailed, and no trend toward greater militarization of climate action is evident, but successful mitigation and adaptation strategies will be critical components of future peacebuilding work. The chapter ends with recommendations that provide potential pathways for policy and governance reform at multiple levels, both to make multilevel climate governance more fit for purpose, and to better anticipate and address the predicted security and justice implications of climate change.
22
Āzis, Reinis. A Breath of Fresh Air for the European Green Deal: Energy Efficiency and Climate Neutrality Factors. RTU Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/9789934226809.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The topics covered and the research framework as such provide multiple level takeaways regarding energy efficiency and climate neutrality. The research, therefore, elaborates on concepts central to the academic debate at the time of the writing and undercuts patterns and proposals relevant for multiple actors within the local and global energy market. In fact, the research develops broader discussion regarding any strategic energy-efficiency related goal and the complexity and multiple threads that meeting such a goal would entail. The research also explicitly elaborates on the role of energy efficiency in both climate transition and energy system transformation. In addition, it uncovers the scope of various policies implemented on a local level and discusses their role in meeting the climate targets in medium and long-term. Furthermore, the research also elaborates on the role of bioeconomy and climate neutrality.
23
Carvalho, Carlos, and Jill Rickershauser. Characterizing the uncertainty of climate change projections using hierarchical models. Edited by Anthony O'Hagan and Mike West. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198703174.013.20.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article focuses on the use of Bayesian hierarchical models for integration and comparison of predictions from multiple models and groups, and more specifically for characterizing the uncertainty of climate change projections. It begins with a discussion of the current state and future scenarios concerning climate change and human influences, as well as various models used in climate simulations and the goals and challenges of analysing ensembles of opportunity. It then introduces a suite of statistical models that incorporate output from an ensemble of climate models, referred to as general circulation models (GCMs), with the aim of reconciling different future projections of climate change while characterizing their uncertainty in a rigorous fashion. Posterior distributions of future temperature and/or precipitation changes at regional scales are obtained, accounting for many peculiar data characteristics. The article confirms the reasonableness of the Bayesian modelling assumptions for climate change projections' uncertainty analysis.
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Liu, Xiaodong, and Libin Yan. Elevation-Dependent Climate Change in the Tibetan Plateau. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.593.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As a unique and high gigantic plateau, the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is sensitive and vulnerable to global climate change, and its climate change tendencies and the corresponding impact on regional ecosystems and water resources can provide an early alarm for global and mid-latitude climate changes. Growing evidence suggests that the TP has experienced more significant warming than its surrounding areas during past decades, especially at elevations higher than 4 km. Greater warming at higher elevations than at lower elevations has been reported in several major mountainous regions on earth, and this interesting phenomenon is known as elevation-dependent climate change, or elevation-dependent warming (EDW).At the beginning of the 21st century, Chinese scholars first noticed that the TP had experienced significant warming since the mid-1950s, especially in winter, and that the latest warming period in the TP occurred earlier than enhanced global warming since the 1970s. The Chinese also first reported that the warming rates increased with the elevation in the TP and its neighborhood, and the TP was one of the most sensitive areas to global climate change. Later, additional studies, using more and longer observations from meteorological stations and satellites, shed light on the detailed characteristics of EDW in terms of mean, minimum, and maximum temperatures and in different seasons. For example, it was found that the daily minimum temperature showed the most evident EDW in comparison to the mean and daily maximum temperatures, and EDW is more significant in winter than in other seasons. The mean daily minimum and maximum temperatures also maintained increasing trends in the context of EDW. Despite a global warming hiatus since the turn of the 21st century, the TP exhibited persistent warming from 2001 to 2012.Although EDW has been demonstrated by more and more observations and modeling studies, the underlying mechanisms for EDW are not entirely clear owing to sparse, discontinuous, and insufficient observations of climate change processes. Based on limited observations and model simulations, several factors and their combinations have been proposed to be responsible for EDW, including the snow-albedo feedback, cloud-radiation effects, water vapor and radiative fluxes, and aerosols forcing. At present, however, various explanations of the mechanisms for EDW are mainly derived from model-based research, lacking more solid observational evidence. Therefore, to comprehensively understand the mechanisms of EDW, a more extensive and multiple-perspective climate monitoring system is urgently needed in the areas of the TP with high elevations and complex terrains.High-elevation climate change may have resulted in a series of environmental consequences, such as vegetation changes, permafrost melting, and glacier shrinkage, in mountainous areas. In particular, the glacial retreat could alter the headwater environments on the TP and the hydrometeorological characteristics of several major rivers in Asia, threatening the water supply for the people living in the adjacent countries. Taking into account the climate-model projections that the warming trend will continue over the TP in the coming decades, this region’s climate change and the relevant environmental consequences should be of great concern to both scientists and the general public.
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Wangui, Edna. Adaptation to Current and Future Climate in Pastoral Communities Across Africa. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.604.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Pastoralists around the world are exposed to climate change and increasing climate variability. Various downscaled regional climate models in Africa support community reports of rising temperatures as well as changes in the seasonality of rainfall and drought. In addition to climate, pastoralists have faced a second exposure to unsupportive policy environments. Dating back to the colonial period, a lack of knowledge about pastoralism and a systemic marginalization of pastoral communities influenced the size and nature of government investments in pastoral lands. National governments prioritized farming communities and failed to pay adequate attention to drylands and pastoral communities. The limited government interventions that occurred were often inconsistent with contemporary realities of pastoralism and pastoral communities. These included attempts at sedentarization and modernization, and in other ways changing the priorities and practices of pastoral communities.The survival of pastoral communities in Africa in the context of this double exposure has been a focus for scholars, development practitioners, as well as national governments in recent years. Scholars initially drew attention to pastoralists’ drought-coping strategies, and later examined the multiple ways in which pastoralists manage risk and exploit unpredictability. It has been learned that pastoralists are rational land managers whose experience with variable climate has equipped them with the skills needed for adaptation. Pastoralists follow several identifiable adaptation paths, including diversification and modification of their herds and herding strategies; adoption of livelihood activities that did not previously play a permanent role; and a conscious decision to train the next generation for nonpastoral livelihoods. Ongoing government interventions around climate change still prioritize cropping over herding. Sometimes, such nationally supported adaptation plans can undermine community-based adaptation practices, autonomously evolving within pastoral communities. Successful adaptation hinges on recognition of the value of autonomous adaptation and careful integration of such adaptation with national plans.
26
Omstedt, Anders. The Development of Climate Science of the Baltic Sea Region. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.654.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dramatic climate changes have occurred in the Baltic Sea region caused by changes in orbital movement in the earth–sun system and the melting of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet. Added to these longer-term changes, changes have occurred at all timescales, caused mainly by variations in large-scale atmospheric pressure systems due to competition between the meandering midlatitude low-pressure systems and high-pressure systems. Here we follow the development of climate science of the Baltic Sea from when observations began in the 18th century to the early 21st century. The question of why the water level is sinking around the Baltic Sea coasts could not be answered until the ideas of postglacial uplift and the thermal history of the earth were better understood in the 19th century and periodic behavior in climate related time series attracted scientific interest. Herring and sardine fishing successes and failures have led to investigations of fishery and climate change and to the realization that fisheries themselves have strongly negative effects on the marine environment, calling for international assessment efforts. Scientists later introduced the concept of regime shifts when interpreting their data, attributing these to various causes. The increasing amount of anoxic deep water in the Baltic Sea and eutrophication have prompted debate about what is natural and what is anthropogenic, and the scientific outcome of these debates now forms the basis of international management efforts to reduce nutrient leakage from land. The observed increase in atmospheric CO2 and its effects on global warming have focused the climate debate on trends and generated a series of international and regional assessments and research programs that have greatly improved our understanding of climate and environmental changes, bolstering the efforts of earth system science, in which both climate and environmental factors are analyzed together.Major achievements of past centuries have included developing and organizing regular observation and monitoring programs. The free availability of data sets has supported the development of more accurate forcing functions for Baltic Sea models and made it possible to better understand and model the Baltic Sea–North Sea system, including the development of coupled land–sea–atmosphere models. Most indirect and direct observations of the climate find great variability and stochastic behavior, so conclusions based on short time series are problematic, leading to qualifications about periodicity, trends, and regime shifts. Starting in the 1980s, systematic research into climate change has considerably improved our understanding of regional warming and multiple threats to the Baltic Sea. Several aspects of regional climate and environmental changes and how they interact are, however, unknown and merit future research.
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Kennett, Douglas J., and David A. Hodell. AD 750–1100 Climate Change and Critical Transitions in Classic Maya Sociopolitical Networks. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199329199.003.0007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Multiple palaeoclimatic reconstructions point to a succession of major droughts in the Maya Lowlands between AD 750 and 1100 superimposed on a regional drying trend that itself was marked by considerable spatial and temporal variability. The longest and most severe regional droughts occurred between AD 800 and 900 and again between AD 1000 and 1100. Well-dated historical records carved on stone monuments from forty Classic Period civic-ceremonial centers reflect a dynamic sociopolitical landscape between AD 250 and 800 marked by a complex of antagonistic, diplomatic, lineage-based, and subordinate networks. Warfare between Maya polities increased between AD 600 and 800 within the context of population expansion and long-term environmental degradation exacerbated by increasing drought. Nevertheless, in spite of the clear effects of drought on network collapse during the Classic Period, one lingering question is why polities in the northern lowlands persisted and even flourished between AD 800 and 1000 (Puuc Maya and Chichén Itzá) before they too fragmented during an extended and severe regional drought between AD 1000 and 1100. Here we review available regional climate records during this critical transition and consider the different sociopolitical trajectories in the South/Central versus Northern Maya lowlands.
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Wendy, Miles. Part III Public International Law Disputes, Climate Disputes, and Sustainable Development in the Energy Sector, 16 International Boundary Disputes and Natural Resources. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198805786.003.0016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter deals with international boundary disputes and natural resources. After providing an historical context to modern boundaries, the chapter describes how climate change directly impacts land, food, and water access because of increased extreme weather conditions. Thus, climate change can threaten peace and security in fragile regions due to conflicts over diminishing inhabitable territory and natural resources. The chapter assesses how international boundary disputes can be affected by changing demands for oil (eg in Kurdistan and South Sudan), and for renewable energy resources (eg the ownership, use, and control of rivers crossing multiple borders). It also reflects on a more global scope the effects that climate change-related migration has on the modern understanding of international borders.
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Baldy, C., and C. J. Stigter. Agrometeorology of Multiple Cropping in Warm Climates. Science Pub Inc, 1997.
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30
Baldy, C. Agrométéorologie of multiple cropping in worm climates. Inra Editions, 2000.
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31
Alfredo, Ollero Ojeda, Conesa García Carmelo, and Vidal-Abarca Gutiérrez María Rosario, eds. A GUIDE TO GOOD PRACTICES FOR THE MANAGEMENT AND RESTORATION OF MEDITERRANEAN EPHEMERAL STREAMS:RESILIENCE AND ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE. Editum. Ediciones de la Universidad de Murcia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/editum.2912.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ephemeral channels (ramblas or dry channels - except in sudden occasional flash foods) are prevalent in the Mediterranean, where they make up most of the fluvial network. They are fundamental natural systems in the hydrological cycle for transporting water, sediment and nutrients, and, therefore, are excellent indicators of climate and global change. Their promotion, the recognition of their role, their hydromorphological values and ecosystemic services are all absolutely essential for understanding their level of resilience and contribution to adapting to climate change. And it is urgent for us to work on their management, recovery and conservation, because overall they are subjected to strong pressures and are being greatly damaged. This guide warns the reader about the multiple impacts these channels are subjected to, it informs us about their important Mediterranean heritage, which is so underestimated and ignored; and it proposes 33 good practices for their management and recovery. It is a book that can offer ideas to the people responsible for managing them, but is aimed at the whole of society, because the challenge is very complex: we have to recover ephemeral channels by improving understanding and raising awareness. And we must act quickly, because it is already late and until now practically nothing has been done to respect, protect and recover these vital fluvial systems on our land. This is our challenge.
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Bianconi, Ginestra. Multilayer Networks in Nature, Society and Infrastructures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753919.003.0004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Chapter 4 opens Part III of the book, ‘Multilayer Networks’, which comprises chapters 4–15. The chapter starts with an informal definition of multiplex networks, multi-slice networks and networks of networks, and motivates the research interest on multilayer networks by providing a general overview of the multiple applications of the multilayer network framework in different disciplines and contexts, including social networks, complex infrastructures, financial networks, molecular networks and network medicine, brain networks, ecological networks and climate networks. This chapter discusses the major examples of multilayer network datasets studied so far in the different disciplines and highlights the main research questions emerging from the study of these real datasets.
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Doherty-Bigara, Jennifer, Andrea García Salinas, and Daniella Restrepo Duarte. One Region, One Commitment: Towards Sustainable Recovery in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003653.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In preparation for the next UN Biodiversity Conference (COP15) and UNFCCC Climate Change Conference (COP26), the IDB Group organized “One Region, One Commitment”, a virtual summit to showcase the regions multiple achievements in the climate change and biodiversity agendas in Latin America and the Caribbean. A total of 22 sessions were held throughout 3 days, in which speakers discussed the advanced climate policies that are being promoted by several countries, underscored that the role of the private sector and civil society is indispensable and unpostponable, highlighted the unique opportunity we now have to reflect on the type of recovery we want for the region, and examined how to harmonize sustainability goals with economic growth from multiple fronts. This document provides a brief summary of the main takeaways from the summit. We hope it also serves as a guide to continue learning from the valuable knowledge and experience shared during this event.
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van den Bosch, Matilda, and William Bird, eds. Oxford Textbook of Nature and Public Health. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198725916.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Much literature on environmental health has described threats from the environment. The Oxford Textbook of Nature and Public Health: The Role of Nature in Improving the Health of a Population focuses on the role of nature for our health and well-being by demonstrating how we can gain multiple health benefits from nature, and how much we risk losing by destroying our surrounding natural environment. Providing a broad and inclusive picture of the multifaceted relation between human health and natural environments, the books covers all aspects of this relationship ranging from disease prevention; through physical activity in green spaces, to ecosystem services like climate change adaptation by urban trees preventing heat stress in hot climates. Nature’s potential hazardous consequences are also discussed including natural disasters, vector-borne pathogens, and allergies.
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National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Earth-Atmosphere Interactions: Understanding and Responding to Multiple Environmental Stresses., ed. Understanding multiple environmental stresses: Report of a workshop. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2007.
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36
Smith, Alexis, and Shalei Simms. Impact on Organizations. Edited by Adrienne J. Colella and Eden B. King. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199363643.013.25.
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This chapter examines the organizational impact of discrimination. Through its effect on organizational personnel processes, unfair discrimination has far-reaching and long-lasting impact on individuals, groups, and the organization as a whole. The chapter reviews the multiple ways that discrimination can infect human resource practices and policies, which in turn negatively impacts organizational outcomes such as applicant attraction, employee well-being and retention, group and organizational performance, and firm reputation. It then turns to the role of organizational climate for diversity, which has a potentially mitigating effect on the impact of discrimination. It suggests that, through deliberate organizational learning, companies with positive climates for diversity have the capacity to use events of discrimination as a turning point toward sustained organizational change and growth. The chapter closes by exploring how organizations can create the conditions for this redemptive potential and, ultimately, learn from discrimination and prevent its reoccurrence.
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Sheppard, Charles. 8. Climate change and reefs. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199682775.003.0008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Reefs are more affected by the damaging consequences of climate change than any other ecosystem. ‘Climate change and reefs’ illustrates how the impacts of climate change add on to, and synergistically multiply, the harmful effects of local disease and pollution. Warming of the seas and an increase of intense light overload the photosynthetic mechanism and symbiotic algae die. When these are expelled, the coral appears bleached and may die if conditions continue. The increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere also leads to acidification of the oceans, which reduces the amount of carbonate available to corals for limestone deposition. Severely damaged or destroyed reefs will erode, which means they can no longer act as breakwaters for island communities.
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Morris-Iveson, Leslie, and St John Day, eds. Resilience of Water Supply in Practice: Experiences from the Frontline. IWA Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789061628.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Water Resilience in Practice is co-edited by two experienced water sector professionals and reviews resilience in water supply service delivery in the form of a series of case studies from different economic contexts – ranging from low-income and fragile states to upper-income countries. It documents real experiences and reflects on the initiatives different service providers apply to strengthen resilience in practice. It describes how service providers respond, adapt, innovate and learn on an ongoing basis, and how they endeavour to meet challenges and provide water supply to users equitably and sustainably. In recent years climate resilience in water supply has been a new emerging paradigm. In response it is helpful to document and record some up-to-date experiences, which can be consolidated in one place. However, it is also necessary to recognise the multiple pressures that water resources face, such as: population growth, increased water demands, existing climatic variability as well as climate change. These pressures are having a profound impact on water supply service delivery. In this context service providers and development professionals must take active measures to respond to these risks. This book is primarily addressed to organisations and practitioners involved in planning, designing, managing and financing water supply programmes in urban and rural settings. ISBN: 9781789061611 (paperback) ISBN: 9781789061628 (eBook) ISBN: 9781789061635 (ePub)
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Hemmelgarn, Anthony L., and Charles Glisson. Understanding and Assessing Organizational Social Context (OSC). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190455286.003.0003.
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This chapter describes the OSC measurement system. The OSC measure assesses culture, climate, and worker attitudes as the key components of OSC. Including multiple dimensions of culture and climate, the OSC measure provides a personality profile of organizations based on the responses of direct service providers within the work units that are assessed. Empirically derived, the dimensions and resulting measurement profiles allow users to assess the health of their organization’s social context using national norms for behavioral health and social service organizations. The authors explain the use of the OSC measure in their ARC organizational improvement process, and they integrate research and case examples to illustrate how the OSC measure can be applied for organizational assessment and change efforts. These efforts include using social context profiles to identify targets for change, action plans, and objectives to achieve within organizational development efforts.
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Öjendal, Joakim, and Gustav Aldén Rudd. “Something Has to Yield”. Edited by Ken Conca and Erika Weinthal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199335084.013.29.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As estimations and predictability of water supply in basins around the globe become difficult under a changing global climate, the need for new transboundary water management arises. To avoid international tensions related to water, traditional water agreements between states need to be transformed into more sophisticated and flexible arrangements of water governance. Designing and implementing such arrangements is a huge challenge since they must involve multiple stakeholders, must take into consideration the accelerating global water scarcity, and are dependent on the risks and unknowns of global climate change. Following an exploration of the core literature on the topic and the theoretical underpinnings of how to govern future risks, this chapter takes a closer look at the status of three important transboundary basins: the Meuse, the Mekong, and the Teesta basin. These basins all experience water stress with riparian states at different stages of agreeing on transboundary institutions and institutional cooperation.
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Brunner, Ronald D., and Amanda H. Lynch. Adaptive Governance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.601.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Adaptive governance is defined by a focus on decentralized decision-making structures and procedurally rational policy, supported by intensive natural and social science. Decentralized decision-making structures allow a large, complex problem like global climate change to be factored into many smaller problems, each more tractable for policy and scientific purposes. Many smaller problems can be addressed separately and concurrently by smaller communities. Procedurally rational policy in each community is an adaptation to profound uncertainties, inherent in complex systems and cognitive constraints, that limit predictability. Hence planning to meet projected targets and timetables is secondary to continuing appraisal of incremental steps toward long-term goals: What has and hasn’t worked compared to a historical baseline, and why? Each step in such trial-and-error processes depends on politics to balance, if not integrate, the interests of multiple participants to advance their common interest—the point of governance in a free society. Intensive science recognizes that each community is unique because the interests, interactions, and environmental responses of its participants are multiple and coevolve. Hence, inquiry focuses on case studies of particular contexts considered comprehensively and in some detail.Varieties of adaptive governance emerged in response to the limitations of scientific management, the dominant pattern of governance in the 20th century. In scientific management, central authorities sought technically rational policies supported by predictive science to rise above politics and thereby realize policy goals more efficiently from the top down. This approach was manifest in the framing of climate change as an “irreducibly global” problem in the years around 1990. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established to assess science for the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The parties negotiated the Kyoto Protocol that attempted to prescribe legally binding targets and timetables for national reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. But progress under the protocol fell far short of realizing the ultimate objective in Article 1 of the UNFCCC, “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference in the climate system.” As concentrations continued to increase, the COP recognized the limitations of this approach in Copenhagen in 2009 and authorized nationally determined contributions to greenhouse gas reductions in the Paris Agreement in 2015.Adaptive governance is a promising but underutilized approach to advancing common interests in response to climate impacts. The interests affected by climate, and their relative priorities, differ from one community to the next, but typically they include protecting life and limb, property and prosperity, other human artifacts, and ecosystem services, while minimizing costs. Adaptive governance is promising because some communities have made significant progress in reducing their losses and vulnerability to climate impacts in the course of advancing their common interests. In doing so, they provide field-tested models for similar communities to consider. Policies that have worked anywhere in a network tend to be diffused for possible adaptation elsewhere in that network. Policies that have worked consistently intensify and justify collective action from the bottom up to reallocate supporting resources from the top down. Researchers can help realize the potential of adaptive governance on larger scales by recognizing it as a complementary approach in climate policy—not a substitute for scientific management, the historical baseline.
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Crawford, Neta C. The Pentagon, Climate Change, and War. The MIT Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/14617.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
How the Pentagon became the world's largest single greenhouse gas emitter and why it's not too late to break the link between national security and fossil fuel consumption. The military has for years (unlike many politicians) acknowledged that climate change is real, creating conditions so extreme that some military officials fear future climate wars. At the same time, the U.S. Department of Defense—military forces and DOD agencies—is the largest single energy consumer in the United States and the world's largest institutional greenhouse gas emitter. In this eye-opening book, Neta Crawford traces the U.S. military's growing consumption of energy and calls for a reconceptualization of foreign policy and military doctrine. Only such a rethinking, she argues, will break the link between national security and fossil fuels. The Pentagon, Climate Change, and War shows how the U.S. economy and military together have created a deep and long-term cycle of economic growth, fossil fuel use, and dependency. This cycle has shaped U.S. military doctrine and, over the past fifty years, has driven the mission to protect access to Persian Gulf oil. Crawford shows that even as the U.S. military acknowledged and adapted to human-caused climate change, it resisted reporting its own greenhouse gas emissions. Examining the idea of climate change as a “threat multiplier” in national security, she argues that the United States faces more risk from climate change than from lost access to Persian Gulf oil—or from most military conflicts. The most effective way to cut military emissions, Crawford suggests provocatively, is to rethink U.S. grand strategy, which would enable the United States to reduce the size and operations of the military.
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Espelage, Dorothy, and Jun Sung Hong. Children Who Bully or Are Bullied. Edited by Thomas H. Ollendick, Susan W. White, and Bradley A. White. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634841.013.37.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bullying and cyberbullying among youth continue to be major public health issues that are quite disruptive to healthy academic, social, and mental health development. This chapter identifies the prevalence of these forms of bullying and the adverse outcomes. A social–ecological framework is used to discuss why youth become victims or perpetrators of bullying. From a social–ecological approach, youth are placed at risk for involvement in bullying by multiple factors, including individual characteristics, family dynamics, school climate factors, peer influences, and influences from the larger community. Also, these ecological structures can create a protective shield from involvement in bullying. Subsequent to the review of research , what works to prevent bullying and cyberbullying is discussed.
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Wing, Ian Sue, and Edward J. Balistreri. Computable General Equilibrium Models for Policy Evaluation and Economic Consequence Analysis. Edited by Shu-Heng Chen, Mak Kaboudan, and Ye-Rong Du. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199844371.013.7.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter reviews recent applications of computable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling in the analysis and evaluation of policies that affect interactions among multiple markets. At the core of this research is a particular approach to the data and structural representations of the economy, elaborated through the device of a canonical static multiregional model. This template is adapted and extended to shed light on the structural and methodological foundations of simulating dynamic economies, incorporating “bottom-up” representations of discrete production activities, and modeling contemporary theories of international trade with monopolistic competition and heterogeneous firms. These techniques are motivated by policy applications including trade liberalization, development, energy policy and greenhouse gas mitigation, the impacts of climate change and natural disasters, and economic integration and liberalization of trade in services.
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Smiarowski, Konrad, Ramona Harrison, Seth Brewington, Megan Hicks, Frank J. Feeley, Céline Dupont-Hébert, Brenda Prehal, George Hambrecht, James Woollett, and Thomas H. McGovern. Zooarchaeology of the Scandinavian settlements in Iceland and Greenland. Edited by Umberto Albarella, Mauro Rizzetto, Hannah Russ, Kim Vickers, and Sarah Viner-Daniels. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686476.013.9.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Scandinavian Viking Age and Medieval settlements of Iceland and Greenland have been subject to zooarchaeological research for over a century, and have come to represent two classic cases of survival and collapse in the literature of long-term human ecodynamics. The work of the past two decades by multiple projects coordinated through the North Atlantic Biocultural Organization (NABO) cooperative and by collaborating scholars has dramatically increased the available zooarchaeological evidence for economic organization of these two communities, their initial adaptation to different natural and social contexts, and their reaction to Late Medieval economic and climate change. This summary paper provides an overview of ongoing comparative research as well as references for data sets and more detailed discussion of archaeofauna from these two island communities.
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Weiss, Harvey, ed. Megadrought and Collapse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199329199.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This is the first book to treat the major examples of megadrought and societal collapse, from the late Pleistocene end of hunter–gatherer culture and origins of cultivation to the 15th century AD fall of the Khmer Empire capital at Angkor, and ranging from the Near East to South America. Previous enquiries have stressed the possible multiple and internal causes of collapse, such overpopulation, overexploitation of resources, warfare, and poor leadership and decision-making. In contrast, Megadrought and Collapse presents case studies of nine major episodes of societal collapse in which megadrought was the major and independent cause of societal collapse. In each case the most recent paleoclimatic evidence for megadroughts, multiple decades to multiple centuries in duration, is presented alongside the archaeological records for synchronous societal collapse. The megadrought data are derived from paleoclimate proxy sources (lake, marine, and glacial cores; speleothems, or cave stalagmites; and tree-rings) and are explained by researchers directly engaged in their analysis. Researchers directly responsible for them discuss the relevant current archaeological records. Two arguments are developed through these case studies. The first is that societal collapse in different time periods and regions and at levels of social complexity ranging from simple foragers to complex empires would not have occurred without megadrought. The second is that similar responses to megadrought extend across these historical episodes: societal collapse in the face of insurmountable climate change, abandonment of settlements and regions, and habitat tracking to sustainable agricultural landscapes. As we confront megadrought today, and in the likely future, Megadrought and Collapse brings together the latest contributions to our understanding of past societal responses to the crisis on an equally global and diverse scale.
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Silvers, Michael B. Voices of Drought. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042089.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Voices of Drought is an ethnomusicological study of relationships between popular music, the environmental and social costs of drought, and the politics of culture and climate vulnerability in the northeast region of Brazil, primarily the state of Ceará. The book traces the articulations of music and sound with drought as a discourse, a matter of politics, and a material reality. It encompasses multiple entwined issues, including ecological exile, poverty, and unequal access to vital resources such as water, along with corruption, prejudice, unbridled capitalism, and rapidly expanding neoliberalism. Each chapter is a case study: the use of carnauba wax, formed by palm trees as a protective climate adaptation, in the production of wax cylinder sound recordings in the late nineteenth century; the political significance of regionalist popular music, especially baião and forró, in the mid-twentieth century; forró music and practices of weather forecasting that involve listening to bird calls; the production and meaning of the soundscape of a small city as it involves musician Raimundo Fagner; social and musical change at the turn of the twenty-first century; and the cancellation of state-sponsored Carnival celebrations due to a costly multi-year drought in the 2010s. Demonstrating how ecological crisis affects musical culture by way of and proportionate to social difference and stratification, the book advocates a focus on environmental justice in ecomusicological scholarship.
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Lloyd, Howell A. Law and History. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198800149.003.0004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An assessment of France’s condition in the late 1550s prefaces an account of why Bodin left Toulouse for Paris, how he embarked on an avocat’s role in the Parlement, and his taking an oath of religious conformity. The chapter’s second section examines Bodin’s attempt at an analysis of ‘universal law’, the Juris universi distributio, comparing the two versions which he published in very different formats. The third section seeks to interpret the arguments on religious issues expressed in his Lettre to Jean Bautru de Matras. Fourthly, Bodin’s first major work is considered: the Methodus for examining histories, viewed as a means of enquiry in three modes, human, natural, and divine, each with legal and ethical connotations. Bodin’s treatment of the first of these embraced multiple social, constitutional, cosmological, and other phenomena, including his theories of ‘climate’ and universal time, and furnished also an agenda for his entire writing career.
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Schmandt, Jurgen, Aysegül Kibaroglu, Regina Buono, and Sephra Thomas, eds. Sustainability of Engineered Rivers In Arid Lands. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108261142.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This interdisciplinary volume examines how nine arid or semi-arid river basins with thriving irrigated agriculture are doing now and how they may change between now and mid-century. The rivers studied are the Colorado, Euphrates-Tigris, Jucar, Limarí, Murray-Darling, Nile, Rio Grande, São Francisco, and Yellow. Engineered dams and distribution networks brought large benefits to farmers and cities, but now the water systems face multiple challenges, above all climate change, reservoir siltation, and decreased water flows. Unchecked, they will see reduced food production and endanger the economic livelihood of basin populations. The authors suggest how to respond to these challenges without loss of food production, drinking water, or environmental health. The analysis of the political, hydrological, and environmental conditions within each basin gives policymakers, engineers, and researchers interested in the water/sustainability nexus a better understanding of engineered rivers in arid lands.
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Ackerly, Brooke, and Ying Zhang. Feminist Ethics in International Relations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.436.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The study of feminist ethics in international relations (IR) is the study of three topics. The first is the feminist contributions to key topics in international ethics and the research agenda that continues to further that enterprise. Feminists have made important contributions to IR thought on central ethical concepts. They rethink these concepts from the perspective of their impact on women, deconstruct the dichotomies of the concepts and their constituent parts, and reconsider how the field should be studied. Next, there is the feminist engagement with the epistemological construction of the discipline of IR itself, by which feminists make the construction of the field itself a normative subject. Finally, there is the feminist methodological contribution of a “meta-methodology”—a research ethic applicable in the research of all questions and able to improve the research practice of all methodologists. The contention here is that ethical IR research must be responsive to the injustices of the world, hence feminists have also explored the connections between scholarship and activism. And this in turn has meant exploring methodologies such as participatory action research that engages one with the political impact of research and methods. Furthermore, contemporary challenges related to climate, globalization, shifts in people, and shifts in global governance are encouraging feminists to work from multiple theoretical perspectives and to triangulate across multiple methods and questions, in order to contribute to our understanding of global problems and the politics of addressing them.