Статті в журналах: "Multimode light"

1

Taylor, D. Lansing. "Multimode light microscopy." Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry 343, no. 1 (1992): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00331979.

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2

Piccardo, Marco, Vincent Ginis, Andrew Forbes, Simon Mahler, Asher A. Friesem, Nir Davidson, Haoran Ren, et al. "Roadmap on multimode light shaping." Journal of Optics 24, no. 1 (December 16, 2021): 013001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2040-8986/ac3a9d.

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Abstract Our ability to generate new distributions of light has been remarkably enhanced in recent years. At the most fundamental level, these light patterns are obtained by ingeniously combining different electromagnetic modes. Interestingly, the modal superposition occurs in the spatial, temporal as well as spatio-temporal domain. This generalized concept of structured light is being applied across the entire spectrum of optics: generating classical and quantum states of light, harnessing linear and nonlinear light-matter interactions, and advancing applications in microscopy, spectroscopy, holography, communication, and synchronization. This Roadmap highlights the common roots of these different techniques and thus establishes links between research areas that complement each other seamlessly. We provide an overview of all these areas, their backgrounds, current research, and future developments. We highlight the power of multimodal light manipulation and want to inspire new eclectic approaches in this vibrant research community.

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3

Guzman-Sepulveda, J. R., and A. Dogariu. "Multimode interference dynamic light scattering." Optics Letters 43, no. 17 (August 28, 2018): 4232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.43.004232.

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4

Chihua Zhou, Chihua Zhou, Changchun Zhang Changchun Zhang, Hongbo Liu Hongbo Liu, Kui Liu Kui Liu, Hengxin Sun Hengxin Sun, and Jiangrui Gao Jiangrui Gao. "Generation of temporal multimode squeezed states of femtosecond pulse light." Chinese Optics Letters 15, no. 9 (2017): 092703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201715.092703.

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5

Karassiov, V. P., and S. P. Kulik. "Polarization transformations of multimode light fields." Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics 104, no. 1 (February 2007): 30–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063776107010049.

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6

Zhong, Tianting, Zhipeng Yu, Huanhao Li, Zihao Li, Haohong Li, and Puxiang Lai. "Active wavefront shaping for controlling and improving multimode fiber sensor." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 12, no. 04 (July 2019): 1942007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545819420070.

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Wavefront shaping (WFS) techniques have been used as a powerful tool to control light propagation in complex media, including multimode fibers. In this paper, we propose a new application of WFS for multimode fiber-based sensors. The use of a single multimode fiber alone, without any special fabrication, as a sensor based on the light intensity variations is not an easy task. The twist effect on multimode fiber is used as an example herein. Experimental results show that light intensity through the multimode fiber shows no direct relationship with the twist angle, but the correlation coefficient (CC) of speckle patterns does. Moreover, if WFS is applied to transform the spatially seemingly random light pattern at the exit of the multimode fiber into an optical focus. The focal pattern correlation and intensity both can serve to gauge the twist angle, with doubled measurement range and allowance of using a fast point detector to provide the feedback. With further development, WFS may find potentials to facilitate the development of multimode fiber-based sensors in a variety of scenarios.

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7

He, Zhicong, Cheng Xu, Wenhao He, Jinhu He, Yunpeng Zhou, and Fang Li. "Principle and Applications of Multimode Strong Coupling Based on Surface Plasmons." Nanomaterials 12, no. 8 (April 7, 2022): 1242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12081242.

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In the past decade, strong coupling between light and matter has transitioned from a theoretical idea to an experimental reality. This represents a new field of quantum light–matter interaction, which makes the coupling strength comparable to the transition frequencies in the system. In addition, the achievement of multimode strong coupling has led to such applications as quantum information processing, lasers, and quantum sensors. This paper introduces the theoretical principle of multimode strong coupling based on surface plasmons and reviews the research related to the multimode interactions between light and matter. Perspectives on the future development of plasmonic multimode coupling are also discussed.

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8

Wang, Xinyi, Longfei Yin, Guohua Wu, Bin Luo, and Pengqi Yin. "Research on Resolution Enhancement Technology of Orthogonal Multimode Fiber Imaging." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2242, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2242/1/012004.

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Abstract This paper presents a new scheme to improve the imaging resolution of optical fiber endoscope. Multimode fiber imaging is combined with correlation imaging experimental architecture, and Schmidt orthogonalization algorithm is used to reduce the correlation of light field. The simulation and experimental results show that this scheme can greatly improve the imaging quality and resolution, especially in the case of under sampling. In addition, the scheme can also resist the low resolution problem caused by the light field divergence of multimode fiber correlation imaging, and when the light field divergence reaches a certain extent, the resolution of the orthogonalized multimode fiber light field will no longer be affected. The feasibility of orthogonal multimode fiber imaging scheme in large depth of field is verified.

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9

Liu, Ying, Ruo-Nan Kang, Bin Wang, Fei-Fei Guo, Kun Du, Dan-Dan Kou, and Chun-Rui Chang. "Study on the characteristic of light transmission in a single-multimode fiber." International Journal of Modern Physics B 34, no. 10 (April 20, 2020): 2050098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979220500988.

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Based upon the optical coherence superposition principle, a system to acquire light transmitted by a single-multimode fiber has been built. By collecting the optical interference images and using MATLAB software for analysis, the target light transmitted by a single-multimode optical fiber can be extracted from it. Thus, the transmission characteristics of light in a single-multimode optical fiber can be obtained, aiming to realize the direct transmission imaging through the multimode optical fiber by the compensation principle according to the change of phase in the transmission process and to provide technical support for the development of medical examination and medical devices in China.

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10

Devet’yarov, D. R., M. A. Eron’yan, A. Yu Kulesh, I. K. Meshkovskii, and K. V. Dukel’skii. "Radiation-Resistant Germanosilicate Multimode Fiber Light Guides." Glass Physics and Chemistry 48, no. 4 (August 2022): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s108765962204006x.

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11

Devet’yarov, D. R., M. A. Eron’yan, A. Yu Kulesh, I. K. Meshkovskii, and K. V. Dukel’skii. "Radiation-Resistant Germanosilicate Multimode Fiber Light Guides." Glass Physics and Chemistry 48, no. 4 (August 2022): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s108765962204006x.

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12

Sui, Guorong, Fan Liu, Haifei Guo, and Zhi Chen. "Flexible broadband white light multimode interference coupler." Optics Express 29, no. 19 (August 31, 2021): 29730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.433260.

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13

Huang, Jianming, and Prem Kumar. "Photon-counting statistics of multimode squeezed light." Physical Review A 40, no. 3 (August 1, 1989): 1670–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.40.1670.

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14

Potton, R. J. "Multimode Coherent States and HeNe Laser Light." Journal of Modern Optics 41, no. 10 (October 1994): 1863–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500349414551771.

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15

Li, Zhi-Yuan, Lan-Lan Lin, and Kai-Ming Ho. "Light coupling with multimode photonic crystal waveguides." Applied Physics Letters 84, no. 23 (June 7, 2004): 4699–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1760596.

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16

Král, P. "Multimode stimulated Raman scattering with squeezed light." Czechoslovak Journal of Physics 40, no. 11 (November 1990): 1226–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01605051.

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17

Lomer, Mauro. "FENÓMENO SPECKLE EN FIBRA ÓPTICAS Y SUS APLICACIONES EN SENSORES." Revista Cientifica TECNIA 22, no. 2 (April 4, 2017): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.21754/tecnia.v22i2.76.

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Un patrón de luz altamente estructurado es observado cuando un haz de luz coherente se propaga por una fibra óptica multimodo y es proyectada sobre una pantalla. Este patrón está constituido por una gran cantidad de pequeñas manchas de luz brillantes (del inglés: speckle) sobre un fondo opaco, producidos por un fenómeno de interferencia intermodal. El patrón de speckle varía lentamente debido a factores medio-ambientales que rodean a la fibra óptica, pero la intensidad total se mantiene casi constante y puede ser registrada por una simple cámara CCD. Cualquier perturbación exterior (temperatura, vibración, presión, tensión, …) realizada sobre la fibra afecta al patrón de speckle. Un adecuado procesado de las imágenes puede permitir extraer las causas del origen de la perturbación y construir una señal de correlación y su aplicación en la medida de parámetros físicos, químicos o biológicos. Se presentan la generación del fenómeno speckle en fibras ópticas multimodo con fuente de luz coherente. Se describen los conceptos teóricos que están presentes en el fenómeno, el montaje óptico y la demostración experimental, así como algunas aplicaciones que pueden dar lugar en sensores. Palabras clave.- Fenómeno speckle, Fibras ópticas multimode, Sensores. ABSTRACTA highly structured light pattern is observed when a coherent light beam is propagated by a multimode optical fiber and projected onto a screen. This pattern consists of a large number of small patches of bright light (English: speckle) on an opaque background, caused by the intermodal interference phenomenon. The speckle pattern varies slowly due to environmental factors surrounding the optical fiber, but the total intensity remains almost constant and can be registered by a single CCD camera. Any external perturbation (temperature, vibration, pressure, voltage, ...) performed on the fiber affects the speckle pattern. An appropriate image processing can allow extracting the causes of the disturbance source and build a correlation signal and its application to the extent of physical, chemical or biological. Generation occur speckle phenomenon in multimode optical fibers with a source of coherent light. We describe the theoretical concepts that are present in the phenomenon, the optical setup and the experimental demonstration, as well as some applications that can result in sensors. Keywords.- Speckle phenomenon, Multimode optical fibers, Sensors.

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18

Lebedev, Michael, Andrey Demenev, Andrey Parakhonsky, and Oleg Misochko. "New Evidence for a Nonclassical Behavior of Laser Multimode Light." Optics 3, no. 1 (January 29, 2022): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/opt3010006.

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In this work, we present new experimental evidence of a nonclassical behavior of a multimode Fabry–Perot (FP) semiconductor laser by the measurements of intensity correlation functions. Due to the multimode quantum state occurrence, instead of expected correlations between the intensities of the laser modes (a semiclassical theory), their anticorrelations were revealed.

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19

Clarke, Ted. "Multimode Trans-Illuminator for the Stereomicroscope." Microscopy Today 15, no. 4 (July 2007): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500055711.

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The stereomicroscope was the main tool I once used for metallurgical failure analysis. I have owned a Meiji EMT Greenough-type stereomicroscope since the late 1980's. I had not used transmitted light with the stereomicroscope until about a year ago when I completed a multimode transmitted light illuminator for my Meiji stereomicroscope. I thought this capability would be very useful for introducing the grandkids to the microscopic world, especially with live lake water organisms. My earlier article in Microscopy Today, “Rediscovery of Darkfield Dispersion Staining while Building a Universal Student Microscope,” January/February 2003, demonstrated usefulness of a dual brightfield and darkfield capability in transmitted light for viewing living organisms. I have a ½″ fiber-optic bundle light guide used in the illumination system for my modified Biolam microscope also shown in Microscopy Today, “Effects of Condenser Spherical Aberration on Image Quality,” March 2005.

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20

Jing, Hao, Jie He, Ru-Wen Peng, and Mu Wang. "Aperiodic-Order-Induced Multimode Effects and Their Applications in Optoelectronic Devices." Symmetry 11, no. 9 (September 4, 2019): 1120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11091120.

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Unlike periodic and random structures, many aperiodic structures exhibit unique hierarchical natures. Aperiodic photonic micro/nanostructures usually support optical multimodes due to either the rich variety of unit cells or their hierarchical structure. Mainly based on our recent studies on this topic, here we review some developments of aperiodic-order-induced multimode effects and their applications in optoelectronic devices. It is shown that self-similarity or mirror symmetry in aperiodic micro/nanostructures can lead to optical or plasmonic multimodes in a series of one-dimensional/two-dimensional (1D/2D) photonic or plasmonic systems. These multimode effects have been employed to achieve optical filters for the wavelength division multiplex, open cavities for light–matter strong coupling, multiband waveguides for trapping “rainbow”, high-efficiency plasmonic solar cells, and transmission-enhanced plasmonic arrays, etc. We expect that these investigations will be beneficial to the development of integrated photonic and plasmonic devices for optical communication, energy harvesting, nanoantennas, and photonic chips.

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21

Belleville, Claude, and Gaétan Duplain. "White-light interferometric multimode fiber-optic strain sensor." Optics Letters 18, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.18.000078.

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22

Kühn, H., D. G. Welsch, and W. Vogel. "Reconstruction of the quantum state of multimode light." Physical Review A 51, no. 5 (May 1, 1995): 4240–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.51.4240.

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23

Kiesewetter, Dmitrii V. "Polarisation characteristics of light from multimode optical fibres." Quantum Electronics 40, no. 6 (August 27, 2010): 519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/qe2010v040n06abeh013514.

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24

Karasev, V. P., and V. I. Puzyrevskii. "Generalized coherent states of multimode light, and biphotons." Journal of Soviet Laser Research 10, no. 3 (1989): 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01120384.

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25

Treps, N., N. Grosse, W. P. Bowen, M. T. L. Hsu, A. Maître, C. Fabre, H.-A. Bachor, and P. K. Lam. "Nano-displacement measurements using spatially multimode squeezed light." Journal of Optics B: Quantum and Semiclassical Optics 6, no. 8 (July 28, 2004): S664—S674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1464-4266/6/8/007.

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26

Florentin, Raphael, Vincent Kermene, Joel Benoist, Agnès Desfarges-Berthelemot, Dominique Pagnoux, Alain Barthélémy, and Jean-Pierre Huignard. "Shaping the light amplified in a multimode fiber." Light: Science & Applications 6, no. 2 (August 29, 2016): e16208-e16208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/lsa.2016.208.

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27

Sadykov, N. R. "Radiation passage through a twisted multimode light guide." Russian Physics Journal 42, no. 10 (October 1999): 909–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02523806.

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28

Marom, E., and S. Ruschin. "Light coupling measurements in three-guide multimode structures." Optics Communications 55, no. 3 (September 1985): 154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-4018(85)90037-9.

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29

Abrashitova, Ksenia, and Lyubov V. Amitonova. "Multimode fiber ruler for detecting nanometric displacements." APL Photonics 7, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 086103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0089159.

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Light is a perfect tool for numerous metrology applications. To deliver light to hard-to-reach places, fiber probes are widely used. Hair-thin endoscopes based on multimode fibers offer exceptional performance in terms of information density and instrument footprint. Here, we integrate optical metrology into a flexible fiber probe and present a multimode fiber ruler for detecting nanometric displacements. A fast single-shot measurement demonstrates two-dimensional resolving power of 1.8 nm, which is 670 times smaller than the diffraction limit of the optical system and 24 times smaller than the demagnified image pixel size. The multimode fiber ruler does not require detailed field mapping; therefore, low-magnification optical systems can be used to increase the light intensity on a sensor. Moreover, the proposed approach does not rely on any special structures, such as optical grating or metasurfaces. A high-resolution two-dimensional fingerprint is naturally “printed” on the multimode fiber output facet. Our results enable fiber-based displacement measurements with nanometer precision, establishing a new benchmark for fiber-based optical alignment sensors and metrology.

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30

Rička, Jaroslav. "Dynamic light scattering with single-mode and multimode receivers." Applied Optics 32, no. 15 (May 20, 1993): 2860. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.32.002860.

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31

Ra, Young-Sik, Adrien Dufour, Mattia Walschaers, Clément Jacquard, Thibault Michel, Claude Fabre, and Nicolas Treps. "Non-Gaussian quantum states of a multimode light field." Nature Physics 16, no. 2 (December 16, 2019): 144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41567-019-0726-y.

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32

Lugiato, L. A., and Ph Grangier. "Improving quantum-noise reduction with spatially multimode squeezed light." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 14, no. 2 (February 1, 1997): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.14.000225.

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33

Ansari, Nadeem A., and V. I. Man’ko. "Photon statistics of multimode even and odd coherent light." Physical Review A 50, no. 2 (August 1, 1994): 1942–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.50.1942.

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34

Chekhovskoy, I. S., O. V. Shtyrina, S. Wabnitz, and M. P. Fedoruk. "Finding spatiotemporal light bullets in multicore and multimode fibers." Optics Express 28, no. 6 (March 2, 2020): 7817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.384464.

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35

Baev, V. M., K. J. Boiler, J. Eschner, A. Weiler, and P. E. Toschek. "Dynamics of a multimode dye laser after light injection." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 7, no. 11 (November 1, 1990): 2181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.7.002181.

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36

Kukhlevsky, S. V., and L. Kozma. "Guiding of light by short-length multimode waveguides — I." Il Nuovo Cimento D 20, no. 6 (June 1998): 783–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03185478.

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37

Yan, Qi, Hai Jiao Yu, Feng Jun Tian, and Wei Min Sun. "A 5-Port Photonic Lantern for Light Beam Combining." Advanced Materials Research 571 (September 2012): 261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.571.261.

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We demonstrate a 5 port photonic lantern for light beam combining. This is a potential key component for low-cost wideband light source. The photonic lantern is a fused-taper fiber device with 5 energy delivery optical fibers into a multi-mode fiber. The input fibers have Ge-doped core diameter of 110μm and the output multimode fiber has a core diameter of 30μm. In the tapered section light in different fibers couples with each other and the multimode fiber terminal output all wavelengths of the light from 5 LED sources which be used to test the device. Different broadband sources can be obtained by using photonic lantern and different combination of LED sources. This paper shows the feasibility of using the photonic lantern to obtain wide-band light source by narrow bandwidth light sources.

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38

Zhang, Ziyang, Aashia Rahman, Julia Fiebrandt, Yu Wang, Kai Sun, Jiajun Luo, Kalaga Madhav, and Martin Roth. "Fiber Vector Bend Sensor Based on Multimode Interference and Image Tapping." Sensors 19, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19020321.

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A grating-less fiber vector bend sensor is demonstrated using a standard single mode fiber spliced to a multimode fiber as a multimode interference device. The ring-shaped light intensity distribution at the end of the multimode fiber is subject to a vector transition in response to the fiber bend. Instead of comprehensive imaging processing for the analysis, the image can be tapped out by a seven-core fiber spliced to the other end of the multimode fiber. The seven-core fiber is further guided to seven single mode fibers via a commercial fan-out device. By comparing the relative light intensities received at the seven outputs, both the bend radius and its direction can be determined. Experiment has shown that a slight bend displacement of 10 µm over a 1.2-cm-long multimode fiber in the X direction (bend angle of 0.382°) causes a distinctive power imbalance of 4.6 dB between two chosen outputs (numbered C4 and C7). For the same displacement in the Y direction, the power ratio between the previous two outputs C4 and C7 remains constant, while the imbalance between another pair (C3 and C4) rises significantly to 7.0 dB.

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39

Gao, Hong-yun, Zi-wei Wu, Zhe-xiong-yan Xu, and Min Li. "Rotary propagation characteristics of light in multimode-single mode-multimode fiber structures using ray tracing method." Optoelectronics Letters 11, no. 4 (July 2015): 294–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11801-015-5105-z.

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40

Sun, Baoguang, Xiaofeng Wang, Canmei Zhou, and Yuqin Fan. "Fiber-to-waveguide coupling based on plasmonic devices." International Journal of Modern Physics B 34, no. 25 (September 15, 2020): 2050225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979220502252.

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Due to the large difference in mode size and effective-index mismatch between the optical fiber and the waveguides on the photonic integrated circuits, it is a big challenge to efficiently couple light into thin semiconductor waveguides. In this paper, a taper plasmonic coupler is presented to couple fiber light into an Si waveguide. The taper plasmonic coupler structure is optimized, and the alignment tolerance of the gap, the lateral offset and the vertical offset between coupler and Si waveguide are studied. Numerical simulation shows that the coupler changes the single mode fiber light to multimode light at its input port section, while at its output port section, the coupler turns the multimode light back to a single mode light, and finally couples this light to Si waveguide. The maximum couple efficiency is 86.8% in [Formula: see text] effective coupler length.

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41

Rothe, Stefan, Qian Zhang, Nektarios Koukourakis, and Jürgen W. Czarske. "Deep Learning for Computational Mode Decomposition in Optical Fibers." Applied Sciences 10, no. 4 (February 18, 2020): 1367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10041367.

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Multimode fibers are regarded as the key technology for the steady increase in data rates in optical communication. However, light propagation in multimode fibers is complex and can lead to distortions in the transmission of information. Therefore, strategies to control the propagation of light should be developed. These strategies include the measurement of the amplitude and phase of the light field after propagation through the fiber. This is usually done with holographic approaches. In this paper, we discuss the use of a deep neural network to determine the amplitude and phase information from simple intensity-only camera images. A new type of training was developed, which is much more robust and precise than conventional training data designs. We show that the performance of the deep neural network is comparable to digital holography, but requires significantly smaller efforts. The fast characterization of multimode fibers is particularly suitable for high-performance applications like cyberphysical systems in the internet of things.

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42

Tang, Pusong, Kanpei Zheng, Weiming Yuan, Tuqiang Pan, Yi Xu, Songnian Fu, Yuncai Wang, and Yuwen Qin. "Learning to transmit images through optical speckle of a multimode fiber with high fidelity." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 8 (August 22, 2022): 081107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0099159.

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Multimode fibers provide a unique opportunity for exploring the spatial degrees of freedom for high throughput light transmission. However, the modal dispersion prevents from the straightforward application of multimode fibers for space division multiplexing, such as image transmission. Herein, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a deep neural network termed multimode fiber inverse-scattering net for overcoming the modal dispersion induced scrambling in multimode fibers. Such a network is capable of transmitting grayscale image through the multimode fiber with high fidelity. 256-level grayscale images with 128 × 128 spatial channels encoded in the input wavefront can be retrieved from the output optical speckle patterns, where the average Pearson correlation coefficient and structural similarity index are as large as 0.97 and 0.95, respectively. Our results demonstrate that the proposed deep neural network has an excellent ability for learning the relationship between the input and output optical fields of a multimode fiber, which might facilitate the realization of high throughput space division multiplexing through multimode fibers.

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43

Chen, Tao, Zhangqi Dang, Zeyu Deng, Zhenming Ding, and Ziyang Zhang. "Micro Light Flow Controller on a Programmable Waveguide Engine." Micromachines 13, no. 11 (November 16, 2022): 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13111990.

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A light flow controller that can regulate the three-port optical power in both lossless and lossy modus is realized on a programmable multimode waveguide engine. The microheaters on the waveguide chip mimic the tunable “pixels” that can continuously adjust the local refractive index. Compared to the conventional method where the tuning takes place only on single-mode waveguides, the proposed structure is more compact and requires less electrodes. The local index changes in a multimode waveguide can alter the mode numbers, field distribution, and propagation constants of each individual mode, all of which can alter the multimode interference pattern significantly. However, these changes are mostly complex and not governed by analytical equations as in the single-mode case. Though numerical simulations can be performed to predict the device response, the thermal and electromagnetic computing involved is mostly time-consuming. Here, a multi-level search program is developed based on experiments only. It can reach a target output in real time by adjusting the microheaters collectively and iteratively. It can also jump over local optima and further improve the cost function on a global level. With only a simple waveguide structure and four microheaters, light can be routed freely into any of the three output ports with arbitrary power ratios, with and without extra attenuation. This work may trigger new ideas in developing compact and efficient photonic integrated devices for applications in optical communication and computing.

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44

Wei, Yong, Jiangxi Hu, Ping Wu, Yudong Su, Chunlan Liu, Shifa Wang, Xiangfei Nie, and Lu Liu. "Optical Fiber Cladding SPR Sensor Based on Core-Shift Welding Technology." Sensors 19, no. 5 (March 9, 2019): 1202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19051202.

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The typical structure of an optical fiber surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor, which has been widely investigated, is to produce the SPR phenomenon by the transmission of light in a fiber core. The traditional method is to peel off the fiber cladding by complex methods such as corrosion, polishing, and grinding. In this paper, the transmitted light of a single-mode fiber is injected into three kinds of fiber cladding by core-shift welding technology to obtain the evanescent field directly between the cladding and the air interface and to build the Kretschmann structure by plating with a 50-nm gold film. The SPR sensing phenomenon is realized in three kinds of fiber cladding of a single-mode fiber, a graded-index multimode fiber, and a step-index multimode fiber. For the step-index multimode fiber cladding SPR sensor, all the light field energy is coupled to the cladding, leading to no light field in the fiber core, the deepest resonance valley, and the narrowest full width at half maximum. The single-mode fiber cladding SPR sensor has the highest sensitivity, and the mean sensitivity of the probe reaches 2538 nm/RIU (refractive index unit) after parameter optimization.

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45

Xie, Kun, Wenguang Liu, Qiong Zhou, Zongfu Jiang, Fengjie Xi, and Xiaojun Xu. "Real-time phase measurement and correction of dynamic multimode beam using a single spatial light modulator." Chinese Optics Letters 18, no. 1 (2020): 011404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col202018.011404.

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46

Li Pan, 李攀, 朱清智 Zhu Qingzhi, and 吴逢铁 Wu Fengtie. "Hollow Beam Generated by Incoherent Light Source and Multimode Fiber." Acta Optica Sinica 35, no. 4 (2015): 0422004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos201535.0422004.

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47

Kozlovskii, A. V. "Generation of squeezed (sub-Poissonian) light by a multimode laser." Physics-Uspekhi 50, no. 12 (December 31, 2007): 1243–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/pu2007v050n12abeh006340.

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48

Kozlovskii, A. V. "Generation оf squeezed (sub-Poissonian) light by а multimode laser". Uspekhi Fizicheskih Nauk 177, № 12 (2007): 1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3367/ufnr.0177.200712h.1345.

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49

He, G., and F. W. Cuomo. "A light intensity function suitable for multimode fiber-optic sensors." Journal of Lightwave Technology 9, no. 4 (April 1991): 545–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/50.76670.

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50

Stepanov, S., T. A. Leskova, E. R. Méndez, and E. I. Chaikina. "Intermode light diffusion in multimode optical waveguides with rough surfaces." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 22, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 1053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.22.001053.

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