Статті в журналах: "Multimodal probe"

1

Beaudette, Kathy, Jiawen Li, Joseph Lamarre, Lucas Majeau, and Caroline Boudoux. "Double-Clad Fiber-Based Multifunctional Biosensors and Multimodal Bioimaging Systems: Technology and Applications." Biosensors 12, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12020090.

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Optical fibers have been used to probe various tissue properties such as temperature, pH, absorption, and scattering. Combining different sensing and imaging modalities within a single fiber allows for increased sensitivity without compromising the compactness of an optical fiber probe. A double-clad fiber (DCF) can sustain concurrent propagation modes (single-mode, through its core, and multimode, through an inner cladding), making DCFs ideally suited for multimodal approaches. This study provides a technological review of how DCFs are used to combine multiple sensing functionalities and imaging modalities. Specifically, we discuss the working principles of DCF-based sensors and relevant instrumentation as well as fiber probe designs and functionalization schemes. Secondly, we review different applications using a DCF-based probe to perform multifunctional sensing and multimodal bioimaging.

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Zang, Xiaonan, Wennan Zhao, Jennifer Toth, Rebecca Bascom, and William Higgins. "Multimodal Registration for Image-Guided EBUS Bronchoscopy." Journal of Imaging 8, no. 7 (July 8, 2022): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging8070189.

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The state-of-the-art procedure for examining the lymph nodes in a lung cancer patient involves using an endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) bronchoscope. The EBUS bronchoscope integrates two modalities into one device: (1) videobronchoscopy, which gives video images of the airway walls; and (2) convex-probe EBUS, which gives 2D fan-shaped views of extraluminal structures situated outside the airways. During the procedure, the physician first employs videobronchoscopy to navigate the device through the airways. Next, upon reaching a given node’s approximate vicinity, the physician probes the airway walls using EBUS to localize the node. Due to the fact that lymph nodes lie beyond the airways, EBUS is essential for confirming a node’s location. Unfortunately, it is well-documented that EBUS is difficult to use. In addition, while new image-guided bronchoscopy systems provide effective guidance for videobronchoscopic navigation, they offer no assistance for guiding EBUS localization. We propose a method for registering a patient’s chest CT scan to live surgical EBUS views, thereby facilitating accurate image-guided EBUS bronchoscopy. The method entails an optimization process that registers CT-based virtual EBUS views to live EBUS probe views. Results using lung cancer patient data show that the method correctly registered 28/28 (100%) lymph nodes scanned by EBUS, with a mean registration time of 3.4 s. In addition, the mean position and direction errors of registered sites were 2.2 mm and 11.8∘, respectively. In addition, sensitivity studies show the method’s robustness to parameter variations. Lastly, we demonstrate the method’s use in an image-guided system designed for guiding both phases of EBUS bronchoscopy.

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3

Kan-Dapaah, Kwabena, Nima Rahbar, and Wole Soboyejo. "Novel magnetic heating probe for multimodal cancer treatment." Medical Physics 42, no. 5 (April 10, 2015): 2203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4915955.

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4

Gabrielli, Luca, and Fabrizio Mancin. "Minimal Self-Immolative Probe for Multimodal Fluoride Detection." Journal of Organic Chemistry 81, no. 22 (October 14, 2016): 10715–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.joc.6b01787.

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5

Tam, Jenny, Alexander Pilozzi, Umar Mahmood, and Xudong Huang. "Simultaneous Monitoring of Multi-Enzyme Activity and Concentration in Tumor Using a Triply Labeled Fluorescent In Vivo Imaging Probe." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 9 (April 27, 2020): 3068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093068.

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The use of fluorescent imaging probes that monitor the activity of proteases that experience an increase in expression and activity in tumors is well established. These probes can be conjugated to nanoparticles of iron oxide, creating a multimodal probe serving as both a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agent and an indicator of local protease activity. Previous works describe probes for cathepsin D (CatD) and metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) protease activity grafted to cross-linked iron oxide nanoparticles (CLIO). Herein, we have synthesized a triply labeled fluorescent iron oxide nanoparticle molecular imaging (MI) probe, including an AF750 substrate concentration reporter along with probes for cathepsin B (CatB) sand MMP2 protease activity. The reporter provides a baseline signal from which to compare the activity of the two proteases. The activity of the MI probe was verified through incubation with the proteases and tested in vitro using the human HT29 tumor cell line and in vivo using female nude mice injected with HT29 cells. We found the MI probe had the appropriate specificity to the activity of their respective proteases, and the reporter dye did not activate when incubated in the presence of only MMP2 and CatB. Probe fluorescent activity was confirmed in vitro, and reporter signal activation was also noted. The fluorescent activity was also visible in vivo, with injected HT29 cells exhibiting fluorescence, distinguishing them from the rest of the animal. The reporter signal was also observable in vivo, which allowed the signal intensities of the protease probes to be corrected; this is a unique feature of this MI probe design.

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6

Yadav, Aditya, Chethana Rao, Navneet Chandra Verma, Pushpendra Mani Mishra, and Chayan Kanti Nandi. "Magnetofluorescent Nanoprobe for Multimodal and Multicolor Bioimaging." Molecular Imaging 19 (January 1, 2020): 153601212096947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1536012120969477.

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Although, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have extensively been used as a contrasting agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the lack of intrinsic fluorescence restricted their application as a multimodal probe, especially in combination with light microscopy. In Addition, the bigger size of the particle renders them incompetent for bioimaging of small organelles. Herein, we report, not only the synthesis of ultrasmall carbon containing magneto-fluorescent SPIONs with size ∼5 nm, but also demonstrate its capability as a multicolor imaging probe. Using MCF-7 and HeLa cell lines, we show that the SPIONs can provide high contrast mulicolor images of the cytoplasm from blue to red region. Further, single particle level photon count data revealed that the SPIONs could efficaciously be utilized in localization based super resolution microscopy in future.

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7

Ham, Daseul, Su Yong Lee, Sukjune Choi, Ho Jun Oh, Do Young Noh, and Hyon Chol Kang. "Multimodal X-ray probe station at 9C beamline of Pohang Light Source-II." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 29, no. 4 (June 27, 2022): 1114–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577522006397.

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In this study, the conceptual design and performance of a multimodal X-ray probe station recently installed at the 9C coherent X-ray scattering beamline of the Pohang Light Source-II are presented. The purpose of this apparatus is to measure coherent X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and electrical properties simultaneously. A miniature vacuum probe station equipped with a four-point probe was mounted on a six-axis motion hexapod. This can be used to study the structural and chemical evolution of thin films or nanostructures, as well as device performance including electronic transport properties. This probe station also provides the capability of varying sample environments such as gas atmosphere using a mass-flow-control system and sample temperatures up to 600°C using a pyrolytic boron nitride heater. The in situ annealing of ZnO thin films and the performance of ZnO nanostructure-based X-ray photodetectors are discussed. These results demonstrate that a multimodal X-ray probe station can be used for performing in situ and operando experiments to investigate structural phase transitions involving electrical resistivity switching.

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8

Schanne, Gabrielle, Lucas Henry, How Chee Ong, Andrea Somogyi, Kadda Medjoubi, Nicolas Delsuc, Clotilde Policar, Felipe García, and Helene C. Bertrand. "Rhenium carbonyl complexes bearing methylated triphenylphosphonium cations as antibody-free mitochondria trackers for X-ray fluorescence imaging." Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 8, no. 16 (2021): 3905–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1qi00542a.

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9

Bang, J. J., S. R. Russell, K. K. Rupp, and S. A. Claridge. "Multimodal scanning probe imaging: nanoscale chemical analysis from biology to renewable energy." Analytical Methods 7, no. 17 (2015): 7106–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ay00507h.

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10

An, Seong J., Massimiliano Stagi, Travis J. Gould, Yumei Wu, Michael Mlodzianoski, Felix Rivera-Molina, Derek Toomre, et al. "Multimodal imaging of synaptic vesicles with a single probe." Cell Reports Methods 2, no. 4 (April 2022): 100199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100199.

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11

An, Seong J., Massimiliano Stagi, Travis J. Gould, Yumei Wu, Michael Mlodzianoski, Felix Rivera-Molina, Derek Toomre, et al. "Multimodal imaging of synaptic vesicles with a single probe." Cell Reports Methods 2, no. 4 (April 2022): 100199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100199.

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12

Hostachy, Sarah, Marie Masuda, Takayuki Miki, Itaru Hamachi, Sandrine Sagan, Olivier Lequin, Kadda Medjoubi, Andrea Somogyi, Nicolas Delsuc, and Clotilde Policar. "Graftable SCoMPIs enable the labeling and X-ray fluorescence imaging of proteins." Chemical Science 9, no. 19 (2018): 4483–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sc00886h.

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13

Kempa, Axel Tobias. "Multimodale Bronchoskopie in der Rundherddiagnostik: Gewinnbringende Kombinationen ausloten." Kompass Pneumologie 9, no. 3 (2021): 127–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000516294.

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There are cases of peripheral lung nodules that are difficult to approach despite using ancillary diagnostic devices during multimodal bronchoscopy. The use of ultrathin bronchoscopes has shown superiority over standard thin bronchoscopes. We retrospectively evaluated whether substitution of the thin-bronchoscope by the ultrathin device during multimodal bronchoscopy improves lesion ultrasound visualization and diagnostic yield in patients with difficult-to-approach pulmonary lesions. The study comprised 44 out of 338 patients that underwent multimodal bronchoscopy at Matsusaka Municipal Hospital. The thin-bronchoscope with an external diameter of 4 mm was substituted by the ultrathin-bronchoscope with an external diameter of 3 mm when the radial endobronchial ultrasound showed that the probe position was not within the target lesion. The median diameter of the pulmonary tumors was 17.5 mm (range: 6.0–5.2.0 mm). The endobronchial ultrasound showed the probe’s position adjacent to the lesion in 12 cases and no visible lesion in 32 cases using a thin-bronchoscope. However, the endobronchial ultrasound views changed from adjacent to the lesion to within the lesion in nine cases, from no visible lesion to within the lesion in 17 cases, and from no visible lesion to adjacent to the lesion in nine cases after bronchoscope substitution. After substitution, the diagnostic yield was 80.8% in cases with the radial probe within the target lesion, 72.7% in cases with the probe adjacent to the target lesion, and 0% in cases with no visible lesion. The overall diagnostic yield was 65.9% after bronchoscope substitution. The substitution of the thin bronchoscope by the ultrathin device on a need basis improves the position of the radial endobronchial ultrasound probe and diagnostic yield of pulmonary lesions during multimodal diagnostic bronchoscopy.

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14

Kniaz, V. V., and P. Moshkantseva. "OBJECT RE-IDENTIFICATION USING MULTIMODAL AERIAL IMAGERY AND CONDITIONAL ADVERSARIAL NETWORKS." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-2/W1-2021 (April 15, 2021): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-2-w1-2021-131-2021.

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Abstract. Object Re-Identification (ReID) is the task of matching a given object in the new environment with its image captured in a different environment. The input for a ReID method includes two sets of images. The probe set includes one or more images of the object that must be identified in the new environment. The gallery set includes images that may contain the object from the probe image. The ReID task’s complexity arises from the differences in the object appearance in the probe and gallery sets. Such difference may originate from changes in illumination or viewpoint locations for multiple cameras that capture images in the probe and gallery sets. This paper focuses on developing a deep learning ThermalReID framework for cross-modality object ReID in thermal images. Our framework aims to provide continuous object detection and re-identification while monitoring a region from a UAV. Given an input probe image captured in the visible range, our ThermalReID framework detects objects in a thermal image and performs the ReID. We evaluate our ThermalReID framework and modern baselines using various metrics. We use the IoU and mAP metrics for the object detection task. We use the cumulative matching characteristic (CMC) curves and normalized area-under-curve (nAUC) for the ReID task. The evaluation demonstrated encouraging results and proved that our ThermalReID framework outperforms existing baselines in the ReID accuracy. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the fusion of the semantic data with the input thermal gallery image increases the object detection and localization scores. We developed the ThermalReID framework for cross-modality object re-identification. We evaluated our framework and two modern baselines on the task of object ReID for four object classes. Our framework successfully performs object ReID in the thermal gallery image from the color probe image. The evaluation using real and synthetic data demonstrated that our ThermalReID framework increases the ReID accuracy compared to modern ReID baselines.

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15

Mathieu, Emilie, Anne-Sophie Bernard, Elodie Quévrain, Martha Zoumpoulaki, Sébastien Iriart, Caroline Lung-Soong, Barry Lai, et al. "Intracellular location matters: rationalization of the anti-inflammatory activity of a manganese(ii) superoxide dismutase mimic complex." Chemical Communications 56, no. 57 (2020): 7885–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc03398g.

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The study of Mn-based superoxide dismutase mimic conjugated with a multimodal Re-probe in a cellular model of oxidative stress revealed that its bioactivity is associated with its accumulation at the mitochondria.

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16

Tsukasaki, Y., A. Komatsuzaki, Y. Mori, Q. Ma, Y. Yoshioka, and T. Jin. "A short-wavelength infrared emitting multimodal probe for non-invasive visualization of phagocyte cell migration in living mice." Chem. Commun. 50, no. 92 (2014): 14356–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cc06542e.

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For the non-invasive visualization of phagocyte cell migration in a mouse lymph system, we developed a short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) emitting multimodal probe that contains PbS/CdS quantum dots, rhodamine 6G and iron oxide nanoparticles.

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Barmin, Roman, Polina Rudakovskaya, Olga Gusliakova, Olga Sindeeva, Ekaterina Prikhozhdenko, Elizaveta Maksimova, Ekaterina Obukhova, et al. "Air-Filled Bubbles Stabilized by Gold Nanoparticle/Photodynamic Dye Hybrid Structures for Theranostics." Nanomaterials 11, no. 2 (February 6, 2021): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11020415.

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Microbubbles have already reached clinical practice as ultrasound contrast agents for angiography. However, modification of the bubbles’ shell is needed to produce probes for ultrasound and multimodal (fluorescence/photoacoustic) imaging methods in combination with theranostics (diagnostics and therapeutics). In the present work, hybrid structures based on microbubbles with an air core and a shell composed of bovine serum albumin, albumin-coated gold nanoparticles, and clinically available photodynamic dyes (zinc phthalocyanine, indocyanine green) were shown to achieve multimodal imaging for potential applications in photodynamic therapy. Microbubbles with an average size of 1.5 ± 0.3 μm and concentration up to 1.2 × 109 microbubbles/mL were obtained and characterized. The introduction of the dye into the system reduced the solution’s surface tension, leading to an increase in the concentration and stability of bubbles. The combination of gold nanoparticles and photodynamic dyes’ influence on the fluorescent signal and probes’ stability is described. The potential use of the obtained probes in biomedical applications was evaluated using fluorescence tomography, raster-scanning optoacoustic microscopy and ultrasound response measurements using a medical ultrasound device at the frequency of 33 MHz. The results demonstrate the impact of microbubbles’ stabilization using gold nanoparticle/photodynamic dye hybrid structures to achieve probe applications in theranostics.

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Abdullah, Fuad, Arini Nurul Hidayati, Agis Andriani, Dea Silvani, Ruslan Ruslan, Soni T. Tandiana, and Nina Lisnawati. "Fostering students’ Multimodal Communicative Competence through genre-based multimodal text analysis." Studies in English Language and Education 9, no. 2 (May 23, 2022): 632–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/siele.v9i2.23440.

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The multiplicity of semiotic resources employed in communication, the rapid advancement of information, communication, and technology (ICT), and burgeoning interdisciplinary research into multimodality have led to a paradigmatic shift from a mono-modal to the multimodal perspective of communication. Conversely, actualising multimodal concepts in teaching and learning practises remains underexplored, notably in developing the students’ multimodal communicative competence (MCC). For this reason, this study endeavoured to probe genre-based multimodal text analysis in fostering the students’ MCC. Grounded on Action Research (AR), the present study facilitated students to cultivate their MCC through the activities of Genre-based multimodal text analysis (hereafter, GBMTA). Practically speaking, students performed the analysing practises in the course at an English Education Department of a state university in Tasikmalaya, West Java, Indonesia, namely Grammar in Multimodal Discourse (GiMD. Four Indonesian EFL students were recruited as the participants. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analysed with thematic analysis. The findings showed that the students could: (1) build their knowledge on multimodality, (2) engage with theoretical and practical learning activities, (3) assign analytical and reflective task-based learning activities, and (4) provide constructive feedback about their learning performances, and (5) raise awareness of the contributions of multimodality to prospective English teachers’ competences. The main implication of this study is the promotion of increased awareness of deploying multimodal aspects to English language teaching, learning, and investigative practises to attain optimum MCC.

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Sharma, Shalini, Nisha Lamichhane, Parul, Tapas Sen, and Indrajit Roy. "Iron oxide nanoparticles conjugated with organic optical probes for in vivo diagnostic and therapeutic applications." Nanomedicine 16, no. 11 (May 2021): 943–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2020-0442.

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The role and scope of functional inorganic nanoparticles in biomedical research is well established. Among these, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have gained maximum attention as they can provide targeting, imaging and therapeutic capabilities. Furthermore, incorporation of organic optical probes with IONPs can significantly enhance the scope and viability of their biomedical applications. Combination of two or more such applications renders multimodality in nanoparticles, which can be exploited to obtain synergistic benefits in disease detection and therapy viz theranostics, which is a key trait of nanoparticles for advanced biomedical applications. This review focuses on the use of IONPs conjugated with organic optical probe/s for multimodal diagnostic and therapeutic applications in vivo.

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20

Bartolini, L., F. Feroldi, J. J. A. Weda, M. Slaman, J. F. de Boer, and D. Iannuzzi. "Multimodal probe for optical coherence tomography epidetection and micron-scale indentation." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 10, no. 06 (November 2017): 1742007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179354581742007x.

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We present a multimodal ferrule-top sensor designed to perform the integrated epidetection of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) depth-profiles and micron-scale indentation by all-optical detection. By scanning a sample under the probe, we can obtain structural cross-section images and identify a region-of-interest in a nonhomogeneous sample. Then, with the same probe and setup, we can immediately target that area with a series of spherical-indentation measurements, in which the applied load is known with a [Formula: see text]N precision, the indentation depth with sub-[Formula: see text]m precision and a maximum contact radius of 100[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m. Thanks to the visualization of the internal structure of the sample, we can gain a better insight into the observed mechanical behavior. The ability to impart a small, confined load, and perform OCT [Formula: see text]-scans at the same time, could lead to an alternative, high transverse resolution, Optical Coherence Elastography (OCE) sensor.

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Kang, Won Jun, Jonghwan Lee, Yong Seung Lee, Sujeong Cho, Bahy A. Ali, Abdulaziz A. Al-Khedhairy, Hyejung Heo, and Soonhag Kim. "Multimodal imaging probe for targeting cancer cells using uMUC-1 aptamer." Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 136 (December 2015): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.09.004.

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Yu, Zhenfeng, Yuanyuan He, Timo Schomann, Kefan Wu, Yang Hao, Ernst Suidgeest, Hong Zhang, Christina Eich, and Luis J. Cruz. "Achieving Effective Multimodal Imaging with Rare-Earth Ion-Doped CaF2 Nanoparticles." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 4 (April 11, 2022): 840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040840.

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Nowadays, cancer poses a significant hazard to humans. Limitations in early diagnosis techniques not only result in a waste of healthcare resources but can even lead to delays in diagnosis and treatment, consequently reducing cure rates. Therefore, it is crucial to develop an imaging probe that can provide diagnostic information precisely and rapidly. Here, we used a simple hydrothermal method to design a multimodal imaging probe based on the excellent properties of rare-earth ions. Calcium fluoride co-doped with ytterbium, gadolinium, and neodymium (CaF2:Y,Gd,Nd) nanoparticles (NPs) is highly crystalline, homogeneous in morphology, and displays a high biosafety profile. In addition, in vitro and ex vivo experiments explored the multimodal imaging capability of CaF2:Y,Gd,Nd and demonstrated the efficient performance of CaF2:Y,Gd,Nd during NIR-II fluorescence/photoacoustic/magnetic resonance imaging. Collectively, our novel diagnosis nanoparticle will generate new ideas for the development of multifunctional nanoplatforms for disease diagnosis and treatment.

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Cavalera, Simone, Fabio Di Nardo, Luca Forte, Francesca Marinoni, Matteo Chiarello, Claudio Baggiani, and Laura Anfossi. "Switching from Multiplex to Multimodal Colorimetric Lateral Flow Immunosensor." Sensors 20, no. 22 (November 18, 2020): 6609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20226609.

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Multiplex lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) is largely used for point-of-care testing to detect different pathogens or biomarkers in a single device. The increasing demand for multitargeting diagnostics requires multi-informative single tests. In this study, we demonstrated three strategies to upgrade standard multiplex LFIA to multimodal capacity. As a proof-of-concept, we applied the strategies to the differential diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, a widespread pathogen, for which conventional multiplex LFIA testing is well-established. In the new two-parameter LFIA (x2LFIA), we exploited color encoding, in which the binding of multiple targets occurs in one reactive band and the color of the probe reveals which one is present in the sample. By combining the sequential alignment of several reactive zones along the membrane of the LFIA strip and gold nanoparticles and gold nanostars for the differential visualization, in this demonstration, the x2LFIA can furnish information on HIV serotype and stage of infection in a single device. Three immunosensors were designed. The use of bioreagents as the capturing ligand anchored onto the membrane or as the detection ligand labelled with gold nanomaterials affected the performance of the x2LFIA. Higher detectability was achieved by the format involving the HIV-specific antigens as capturing agent and labelled secondary bioligands (anti-human immunoglobulins M and protein G) as the probes.

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Walia, Shanka, and Amitabha Acharya. "Silica micro/nanospheres for theranostics: from bimodal MRI and fluorescent imaging probes to cancer therapy." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 6 (February 24, 2015): 546–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.6.57.

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Nano-theranostics offer remarkable potential for future biomedical technology with simultaneous applications for diagnosis and therapy of disease sites. Through smart and careful chemical modifications of the nanoparticle surface, these can be converted to multifunctional tiny objects which in turn can be used as vehicle for delivering multimodal imaging agents and therapeutic material to specific target sites in vivo. In this sense, bimodal imaging probes that simultaneously enable magnetic resonance imaging and fluorescence imaging have gained tremendous attention because disease sites can be characterized quick and precisely through synergistic multimodal imaging. But such hybrid nanocomposite materials have limitations such as low chemical stability (magnetic component) and harsh cytotoxic effects (fluorescent component) and, hence, require a biocompatible protecting agent. Silica micro/nanospheres have shown promise as protecting agent due to the high stability and low toxicity. This review will cover a full description of MRI-active and fluorescent multifunctional silica micro/nanospheres including the design of the probe, different characterization methods and their application in imaging and treatment in cancer.

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Li, Yan, Jason Chen, and Zhongping Chen. "Multimodal intravascular imaging technology for characterization of atherosclerosis." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 13, no. 01 (November 4, 2019): 2030001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545820300013.

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Early detection of vulnerable plaques is the critical step in the prevention of acute coronary events. Morphology, composition, and mechanical property of a coronary artery have been demonstrated to be the key characteristics for the identification of vulnerable plaques. Several intravascular multimodal imaging technologies providing co-registered simultaneous images have been developed and applied in clinical studies to improve the characterization of atherosclerosis. In this paper, the authors review the present system and probe designs of representative intravascular multimodal techniques. In addition, the scientific innovations, potential limitations, and future directions of these technologies are also discussed.

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Zhao, Meng, Jianan Ding, Qiulian Mao, Yuqi Zhang, Yinjia Gao, Shuyue Ye, Hongni Qin та Haibin Shi. "A novel αvβ3 integrin-targeted NIR-II nanoprobe for multimodal imaging-guided photothermal therapy of tumors in vivo". Nanoscale 12, № 13 (2020): 6953–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr10720g.

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A novel NIR-II probe QT-RGD consisting of a NIR-II fluorophore and two tumor-targeting cyclic-RGD peptides was reported. In vitro and in vivo studies show that it could be successfully used for multimodal NIR-II/PA/SPECT imaging and photothermal therapy of malignant tumor.

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Liu, Hao, Zuned Ahmed, Sasa Vranjkovic, Manfred Parschau, Andrada-Oana Mandru, and Hans J. Hug. "A cantilever-based, ultrahigh-vacuum, low-temperature scanning probe instrument for multidimensional scanning force microscopy." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 13 (October 11, 2022): 1120–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.13.95.

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Cantilever-based atomic force microscopy (AFM) performed under ambient conditions has become an important tool to characterize new material systems as well as devices. Current instruments permit robust scanning over large areas, atomic-scale lateral resolution, and the characterization of various sample properties using multifrequency and multimodal AFM operation modes. Research of new quantum materials and devices, however, often requires low temperatures and ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions and, more specifically, AFM instrumentation providing atomic resolution. For this, AFM instrumentation based on a tuning fork force sensor became increasingly popular. In comparison to microfabricated cantilevers, the more macroscopic tuning forks, however, lack sensitivity, which limits the measurement bandwidth. Moreover, multimodal and multifrequency techniques, such as those available in cantilever-based AFM carried out under ambient conditions, are challenging to implement. In this article, we describe a cantilever-based low-temperature UHV AFM setup that allows one to transfer the versatile AFM techniques developed for ambient conditions to UHV and low-temperature conditions. We demonstrate that such a cantilever-based AFM offers experimental flexibility by permitting multimodal or multifrequency operations with superior force derivative sensitivities and bandwidths. Our instrument has a sub-picometer gap stability and can simultaneously map not only vertical and lateral forces with atomic-scale resolution, but also perform rapid overview scans with the tip kept at larger tip–sample distances for robust imaging.

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Kang, Nam-Young, Jung Yeol Lee, Sang Hee Lee, In Ho Song, Yong Hwa Hwang, Min Jun Kim, Wut Hmone Phue та ін. "Multimodal Imaging Probe Development for Pancreatic β Cells: From Fluorescence to PET". Journal of the American Chemical Society 142, № 7 (10 лютого 2020): 3430–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b11173.

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Moon, Sung-Hyun, Bo Yeun Yang, Yun-Sang Lee, Dong Soo Lee, June-Key Chung, and Jae Min Jeong. "Development of a PSMA targeting nanoparticle as PET/MR multimodal imaging probe." Nuclear Medicine and Biology 41, no. 7 (August 2014): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.05.023.

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Li, Jie, Yi Zhang, Mahendra D. Chordia, Hua Wu, Li Shao, and Dongfeng Pan. "Multimodal formyl peptide receptor 1 targeted inflammation imaging probe: cFLFLF-MHI-DOTA." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 26, no. 3 (February 2016): 1052–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.12.029.

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Chuan, Yu, and Wen Geyi. "The TM0n multimodal excitation of a coaxial line probe-to-circular waveguide." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 19, no. 3 (October 20, 1998): 225–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2760(19981020)19:3<225::aid-mop15>3.0.co;2-0.

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32

Anand, Suresh, Riccardo Cicchi, Flavio Giordano, Valerio Conti, Anna Maria Buccoliero, Renzo Guerrini, and Francesco Saverio Pavone. "Multimodal fiber-probe spectroscopy allows detecting epileptogenic focal cortical dysplasia in children." Journal of Biophotonics 10, no. 6-7 (January 9, 2017): 896–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbio.201600136.

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Moonitz, Sasha A., Noah Shepard, and Rodrigo Noriega. "Multimodal spectroscopic investigation of the conformation and local environment of biomolecules at an electrified interface." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 8, no. 31 (2020): 7024–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tb01158d.

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Pham, Wellington, Shawn Barton, Bo Li, Michael Siuta, Vaibhav A. Janve, Jessica Song, Clinton M. Holt, et al. "Specific Molecular Recognition as a Strategy to Delineate Tumor Margin Using Topically Applied Fluorescence Embedded Nanoparticles." Precision Nanomedicine 1, no. 3 (December 16, 2018): 194–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.33218/prnano1(3).181009.1.

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The Thomsen-Friedenreich (TF) antigen is a tumor-associated antigen consistently expressed on the apical surface of epithelial-based cancer cells, including pancreatic cancer. In this work, we report the development of multimodal imaging probe, the tripolymer fluorescent nanospheres, whose surface was fabricated with peanut agglutinin (PNA) moieties as TF molecular recognition molecules. Here, we demonstrate that the probe is able to detect TF antigen in human pancreatic cancer tissues and differentiate from normal tissue. What is most noteworthy regarding the probe is its ability to visualize tumor margins defined by epithelial TF antigen expression. Further, in vivo preclinical studies using an orthotopic mouse model of pancreatic cancer suggest the potential use of the nanospheres for laparoscopic imaging of pancreatic cancer tumor margins to enhance surgical resection and improve clinical outcomes.

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35

Pinggera, Daniel, Paul Rhomberg, Ronny Beer, Claudius Thomé, and Ondra Petr. "Brain Tissue Damage Induced by Multimodal Neuromonitoring In Situ during MRI after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Incidence and Clinical Relevance." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 11 (June 2, 2022): 3169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11113169.

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Both neuromonitoring and early magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provide crucial information for treatment management and prognosis in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI). So far, neuromonitoring in situ impedes the routine implementation of MRI due to safety concerns. We aimed to evaluate the brain tissue damage induced by inserted neuromonitoring devices and its clinical relevance. Nineteen patients with sTBI and being exposed to at least one MRI with neuromonitoring in situ and one follow-up MRI after neuromonitoring removal were analyzed. All MRIs were reviewed for specific tissue damage. Three females and sixteen males (aged 20–74 years, mean 42.8 years) with an initial median GCS of 5 (range 3–8) were analyzed. No lesion was observed in six patients (31.6%), whereas another six patients (31.6%) demonstrated a detectable probe trajectory. Probe-related tissue damage was visible in seven patients (36.8%) with the size of the lesion prone to further enlarge with increasing cumulative duration of MRI examinations. Upon interdisciplinary evaluation, the lesions were not considered clinically relevant. Neuromonitoring probes in situ during MRI examinations may cause local brain tissue damage, yet without any clinical implications if placed correctly. Therefore, indications must be strictly based on joint decision from all involved disciplines.

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Valeiras-Jurado, Julia. "Multimodal persuasive strategies in product pitches." Text & Talk 41, no. 4 (February 2, 2021): 561–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/text-2019-0254.

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Abstract The product pitch is a widespread genre within business communication and is used to introduce a product in the market. Product pitches are meant to convince an audience of the value of the product they introduce. Because they are subjected to strict time constraints, these presentations need to be particularly effective in their persuasive efforts, and speakers need to make the best use of all the semiotic resources they have at their disposal to efficiently convey their message. Researchers and practitioners with first-hand experience in this genre agree that it is inherently persuasive and multimodal. However, little is known about the complex interplay established between the different semiotic modes that are at stake in a product pitch, and about the potential effect that these multimodal ensembles have on persuasion. This study analyses a corpus of product pitches using a combination of computer assisted multimodal discourse analysis and ethnographic observations and interviews to probe into the use of multimodal persuasive strategies in these presentations. The findings show how speakers highlight the unique selling points of their products and present them as the best solution to a problem, resorting to a series of persuasive strategies (e.g. attention getting, evaluation) that are realised through carefully orchestrated multimodal ensembles.

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Meng, Lingchen, Xibo Ma, Shan Jiang, Guang Ji, Wenkun Han, Bin Xu, Jie Tian, and Wenjing Tian. "High-efficiency fluorescent and magnetic multimodal probe for long-term monitoring and deep penetration imaging of tumors." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 7, no. 35 (2019): 5345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tb00638a.

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High-quality multimodal imaging requires exogenous contrast agents with high sensitivity, spatial–temporal resolution, and high penetration depth for the accurate diagnosis and surveillance of cancer.

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Kniaz, V. V., and A. N. Bordodymov. "LONG WAVE INFRARED IMAGE COLORIZATION FOR PERSON RE-IDENTIFICATION." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W12 (May 9, 2019): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w12-111-2019.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Person re-identification (ReID) in color and thermal images require matching of the object color and its temperature. While thermal cameras increase the performance of ReID systems during the night-time, identification of corresponding features in the visible and the long-wave infrared range is challenging. The biggest challenge arises from the multimodal relationship between an object’s color and its temperature. Modern ReID methods provide state-of-the-art results in person matching in the visible range. Hence, it is possible to perform multimodal matching by translation of a thermal probe image to the color domain. After that, the synthetic color probe image is matched with images from the real color gallery set. This paper is focused on the development of the ThermalReID multispectral person ReID framework. The framework performs matching in two steps. Firstly, it colorizes the input thermal probe image using a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN). Secondly, it matches images in the color domain using color histograms and MSCR features. We evaluate the ThermalReID framework using RegDB and ThermalWorld datasets. The results of the evaluation are twofold. Firstly, the developed GAN performs realistic colorization of thermal images. Secondly, the ThermalReID framework provides matching of persons in color and thermal images that compete with and surpass the state-of-the-art. The developed ThermalReID framework can be used in video surveillance systems for effective person ReID during the nighttime.</p>

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Мочалов, К. Е., О. И. Агапова, А. Н. Генералова, И. С. Васкан, Д. О. Соловьева, В. А. Олейников, И. И. Агапов та А. Е. Ефимов. "Наноразмерный корреляционный анализ морфологической, оптической и магнитной структуры полимерных микросфер для мультиплексной диагностики". Письма в журнал технической физики 46, № 5 (2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2020.05.49103.18103.

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A united analytical technology based on the integration of scanning probe nanotomography and optical microscopy (SPNT-OM) is presented and the potential of the technology is demonstrated by the example of multi-parameter analysis of encoded microspheres. The presented SPNT-OM technology can become a powerful tool for multimodal nanocharacterization of a wide range of microparticles, composite and hybrid polymers.

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Sawant, Geetanjali, Vinayak Bharadi, Kaushal Prasad, and Pravin Jangid. "Age-Adaptive Multimodal Biometric Authentication System with Blockchain-based Re-Enrollment." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 11, no. 9s (August 31, 2023): 322–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i9s.7426.

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In the long run, a significant time gap between enrollment and probe image challenges the model's prediction ability when it has been trained on variant biometric traits. Since variant biometric traits change over time, it is sensible to construct a multimodal biometric authentication system that must include at least one invariant trait, such as the iris. The emergence of Deep learning has enabled developers to build classifiers on synthesized age-progressive images, particularly face images, to search for individuals who have been missing for many years, to avail a comprehensive portrayal of their appearance. However, in sensitive areas such as the military and banks, where security and confidentiality are of utmost importance, models should be built using real samples, and any variations in biometric traits should trigger an alert for the system and notify the subject about re-enrollment. This paper proposes an algorithm for age adaptation of biometric classifiers using multimodal channels which securely update the biometric traits while logging the transactions on the blockchain. It emphasizes confidence-score-based re-enrolment of individual subjects when the authenticator module becomes less effective with a particular subject's probe image. This reduces the time, cost, and memory involved in periodic re-enrolment of all subjects. The classifier deployed on the blockchain invokes appropriate smart contracts and completes this process securely.

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Pan, Zian. "Brain machine interface for Parkison's disease." Theoretical and Natural Science 67, no. 1 (December 26, 2024): 175–81. https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/2024.18716.

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Parkinson's disease, a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder second only to Alzheimer's disease, is characterized by motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, and impaired balance due to the progressive loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. Traditional treatment methods, including oral and intravenous dopamine, are ineffective due to the blood-brain barrier, while long-term use of levodopa presents significant drawbacks. Advances in microelectronics have introduced neural probes as promising tools for both the study and treatment of Parkinson's disease. This review examines the capabilities of neural probes to monitor neural activity, detect real-time dopamine concentrations, and facilitate localized intracerebral dopamine delivery. We discuss the design challenges and solutions for creating minimally invasive, long-term stable neural probes, emphasizing the importance of flexible substrates, biocompatible coatings, and integrated microfluidic channels. The proposed multimodal neural probe aims to improve our understanding of the relationship between dopamine and Parkinson's disease, offering new avenues for diagnosis and treatment. This work underscores the potential of neural probes to revolutionize Parkinson's disease research and therapy, contributing to the broader field of neuroengineering and neurotherapeutics.

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Bui, Duong Thuy, Radim Havelek, Karel Královec, Lenka Kubíčková, Jarmila Kuličková, Petr Matouš, Vít Herynek, et al. "Multimodal Contrast Agent Enabling pH Sensing Based on Organically Functionalized Gold Nanoshells with Mn-Zn Ferrite Cores." Nanomaterials 12, no. 3 (January 27, 2022): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12030428.

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Highly complex nanoparticles combining multimodal imaging with the sensing of physical properties in biological systems can considerably enhance biomedical research, but reports demonstrating the performance of a single nanosized probe in several imaging modalities and its sensing potential at the same time are rather scarce. Gold nanoshells with magnetic cores and complex organic functionalization may offer an efficient multimodal platform for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), photoacoustic imaging (PAI), and fluorescence techniques combined with pH sensing by means of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). In the present study, the synthesis of gold nanoshells with Mn-Zn ferrite cores is described, and their structure, composition, and fundamental properties are analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, magnetic measurements, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The gold surface is functionalized with four different model molecules, namely thioglycerol, meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinate, 11-mercaptoundecanoate, and (11-mercaptoundecyl)-N,N,N-trimethylammonium bromide, to analyze the effect of varying charge and surface chemistry on cells in vitro. After characterization by dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering measurements, it is found that the particles do not exhibit significant cytotoxic effects, irrespective of the surface functionalization. Finally, the gold nanoshells are functionalized with a combination of 4-mercaptobenzoic acid and 7-mercapto-4-methylcoumarin, which introduces a SERS active pH sensor and a covalently attached fluorescent tag at the same time. 1H NMR relaxometry, fluorescence spectroscopy, and PAI demonstrate the multimodal potential of the suggested probe, including extraordinarily high transverse relaxivity, while the SERS study evidences a pH-dependent spectral response.

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Syed, Muhamamd Adnan, Zhenjun Han, Zhaoju Li, and Jianbin Jiao. "Impostor Resilient Multimodal Metric Learning for Person Reidentification." Advances in Multimedia 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3202495.

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In person reidentification distance metric learning suffers a great challenge from impostor persons. Mostly, distance metrics are learned by maximizing the similarity between positive pair against impostors that lie on different transform modals. In addition, these impostors are obtained from Gallery view for query sample only, while the Gallery sample is totally ignored. In real world, a given pair of query and Gallery experience different changes in pose, viewpoint, and lighting. Thus, impostors only from Gallery view can not optimally maximize their similarity. Therefore, to resolve these issues we have proposed an impostor resilient multimodal metric (IRM3). IRM3 is learned for each modal transform in the image space and uses impostors from both Probe and Gallery views to effectively restrict large number of impostors. Learned IRM3 is then evaluated on three benchmark datasets, VIPeR, CUHK01, and CUHK03, and shows significant improvement in performance compared to many previous approaches.

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44

Dong, Xiawei, Jing Ye, Yihan Wang, Hongjie Xiong, Hui Jiang, Hongbing Lu, Xiaohui Liu, and Xuemei Wang. "Ultra-Small and Metabolizable Near-Infrared Au/Gd Nanoclusters for Targeted FL/MRI Imaging and Cancer Theranostics." Biosensors 12, no. 8 (July 24, 2022): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12080558.

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Tumor accurate imaging can effectively guide tumor resection and accurate follow-up targeted therapy. The development of imaging-stable, safe, and metabolizable contrast agents is key to accurate tumor imaging. Herein, ultra-small and metabolizable dual-mode imaging probe Au/Gd@FA NCs is rationally engineered by a simple hydrothermal method to achieve accurate FL/MRI imaging of tumors. The probes exhibit ultra-small size (2.5–3.0 nm), near-infrared fluorescence (690 nm), high quantum yield (4.4%), and a better T1 nuclear magnetic signal compared to commercial MRI contrast agents. By modifying the folic acid (FA) molecules, the uptake and targeting of the probes are effectively improved, enabling specific fluorescence imaging of breast cancer. Au/Gd@FA NCs with good biosafety were found to be excreted in the feces after imaging without affecting the normal physiological metabolism of mice. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased significantly after incubation of Au/Gd@FA NCs with tumor cells under 660 nm laser irradiation, indicating that Au/Gd@FA NCs can promote intracellular ROS production and effectively induce cell apoptosis. Thus, metabolizable Au/Gd@FA NCs provide a potential candidate probe for multimodal imaging and tumor diagnosis in clinical basic research. Meanwhile, Au/Gd@FA NCs mediated excessive intracellular production of ROS that could help promote tumor cell death.

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45

Pan, Yi, Jun Yang, Yaning Fang, Junhui Zheng, Rong Song, and Changqing Yi. "One-pot synthesis of gadolinium-doped carbon quantum dots for high-performance multimodal bioimaging." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 5, no. 1 (2017): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tb02115h.

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A high-performance fluorescence (FL)/magnetic resonance (MR) imaging probe is synthesized by doping Gd³⁺ into carbon quantum dots via a one-pot pyrolysis process, and its dual-modality applications are demonstrated by the use of HeLa cells and mice as models.

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46

Carneiro Filho, Omar, Osvaldo Vilela Filho, Paulo César Ragazzo, and Lea Mirian Barbosa da Fonseca. "A new method for intraoperative localization of epilepsy focus by means of a gamma probe." Radiologia Brasileira 47, no. 1 (February 2014): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-39842014000100010.

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Objective To evaluate the utility of a new multimodal image-guided intervention technique to detect epileptogenic areas with a gamma probe as compared with intraoperative electrocorticography. Materials and Methods Two symptomatic patients with refractory epilepsy underwent magnetic resonance imaging, videoelectroencephalography, brain SPECT scan, neuropsychological evaluation and were submitted to gamma probe-assisted surgery. Results In patient 1, maximum radioactive count was initially observed on the temporal gyrus at about 3.5 cm posteriorly to the tip of the left temporal lobe. After corticotomy, the gamma probe indicated maximum count at the head of the hippocampus, in agreement with the findings of intraoperative electrocorticography. In patient 2, maximum count was observed in the occipital region at the transition between the temporal and parietal lobes (right hemisphere). During the surgery, the area of epileptogenic activity mapped at electrocorticography was also delimited, demarcated, and compared with the gamma probe findings. After lesionectomy, new radioactive counts were performed both in the patients and on the surgical specimens (ex-vivo). Conclusion The comparison between intraoperative electrocorticography and gamma probe-assisted surgery showed similarity of both methods. The advantages of gamma probe include: noninvasiveness, low cost and capacity to demonstrate decrease in the radioactive activity at the site of excision after lesionectomy.

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47

Kochan, Kamila, Elizabeth Lai, Zack Richardson, Cara Nethercott, Anton Y. Peleg, Philip Heraud, and Bayden R. Wood. "Vibrational Spectroscopy as a Sensitive Probe for the Chemistry of Intra-Phase Bacterial Growth." Sensors 20, no. 12 (June 18, 2020): 3452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20123452.

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Bacterial growth in batch cultures occurs in four phases (lag, exponential/log, stationary and death phase) that differ distinctly in number of different bacteria, biochemistry and physiology. Knowledge regarding the growth phase and its kinetics is essential for bacterial research, especially in taxonomic identification and monitoring drug interactions. However, the conventional methods by which to assess microbial growth are based only on cell counting or optical density, without any insight into the biochemistry of cells or processes. Both Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy have shown potential to determine the chemical changes occurring between different bacterial growth phases. Here, we extend the application of spectroscopy and for the first time combine both Raman and FTIR microscopy in a multimodal approach to detect changes in the chemical compositions of bacteria within the same phase (intra-phase). We found a number of spectral markers associated with nucleic acids (IR: 964, 1082, 1215 cm−1; RS: 785, 1483 cm−1), carbohydrates (IR: 1035 cm−1; RS: 1047 cm−1) and proteins (1394 cm−1, amide II) reflecting not only inter-, but also intra-phase changes in bacterial chemistry. Principal component analysis performed simultaneously on FTIR and Raman spectra enabled a clear-cut, time-dependent discrimination between intra-lag phase bacteria probed every 30 min. This demonstrates the unique capability of multimodal vibrational spectroscopy to probe the chemistry of bacterial growth even at the intra-phase level, which is particularly important for the lag phase, where low bacterial numbers limit conventional analytical approaches.

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48

Hostachy, S., J. M. Swiecicki, C. Sandt, N. Delsuc, and C. Policar. "Photophysical properties of single core multimodal probe for imaging (SCoMPI) in a membrane model and in cells." Dalton Transactions 45, no. 7 (2016): 2791–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5dt03819g.

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Azuri, Ido, Irit Rosenhek-Goldian, Neta Regev-Rudzki, Georg Fantner, and Sidney R. Cohen. "The role of convolutional neural networks in scanning probe microscopy: a review." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 12 (August 13, 2021): 878–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.12.66.

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Progress in computing capabilities has enhanced science in many ways. In recent years, various branches of machine learning have been the key facilitators in forging new paths, ranging from categorizing big data to instrumental control, from materials design through image analysis. Deep learning has the ability to identify abstract characteristics embedded within a data set, subsequently using that association to categorize, identify, and isolate subsets of the data. Scanning probe microscopy measures multimodal surface properties, combining morphology with electronic, mechanical, and other characteristics. In this review, we focus on a subset of deep learning algorithms, that is, convolutional neural networks, and how it is transforming the acquisition and analysis of scanning probe data.

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Boase, Nathan R. B., Idriss Blakey, Barbara E. Rolfe, Karine Mardon, and Kristofer J. Thurecht. "Synthesis of a multimodal molecular imaging probe based on a hyperbranched polymer architecture." Polymer Chemistry 5, no. 15 (2014): 4450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4py00513a.

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