Книги з теми "Multimodal Concepts"

Our thoughts depend on knowledge about objects, people, properties, and events. In order to think about where we left our keys, what we are going to make for dinner, when we last fed the dogs, and how we are going to survive our next visit with our family, we need to know something about locations, keys, cooking, dogs, survival, families, and so on. Researchers have sought to explain how our brains can store and access such general knowledge. A growing body of evidence suggests that many of our concepts are grounded in action, emotion, and perception systems. We appear to think about the world by means of the same mechanisms that we use to experience it. Abstract concepts like “democracy,” “fermion,” “piety,” “truth,” and “zero” represent a clear challenge to this idea. Given that they represent a uniquely human cognitive achievement, answering the question of how we acquire and use them is central to our ability to understand ourselves. In Abstract Concepts and the Embodied Mind, Guy Dove contends that abstract concepts are heterogeneous and pose three important challenges to embodied cognition. They force us to ask these questions: How do we generalize beyond the specifics of our experience? How do we think about things that we do not experience directly? How do we adapt our thoughts to specific contexts and tasks? He argues that a successful theory of grounding must embrace multimodal representations, hierarchical architecture, and linguistic scaffolding. Abstract concepts are the product of an elastic mind.

This chapter applies theoretical constructs from cognitive linguistics to multimodal visual texts, such as comics. In particular, it discusses the concept of cognitive modes of scanning found in Langacker’s cognitive grammar. Mental scanning relates to the way we build conceptual representations of complex scenes and events. These can be apprehended either holistically (summary scanning) or successively (sequential scanning). A distinctly multimodal medium, comics feature the sequential ordering of images as well as their holistic configuration on the comics page. Thus they involve both summary and sequential scanning processes. The chapter uses the example of Alan Moore’s and Dave Gibbons’ graphic novel Watchmen to show how the conceptual distinction between summary and sequential scanning may provide new impulses for the analysis of graphic literature. A highly intricate text, Watchmen uses the tension of different modes of scanning to construct complex temporal configurations.

The 2nd. edition of this volume comprises current topics in exercise therapy with mentally ill children and adolescents, occupying a significant and extensive area in the context of inpatient multimodal treatment. The spectrum of contributions includes selected study results and reviews on individual pathologies, disorder-oriented concepts and theory-based treatment approaches as well as specific methods and procedures that have proven particularly effective in the clinical setting or have shown to be highly motivational and therapeutic. With contributions by Cordula de F. Stobbe Cavaleiro, Chlé Chermette, Anke Dalhoff, Annette Degener, Hubertus Deimel, Marianne Eberhard-Kaechele, Richard Hammer, Gerd Hölter, Gerd Lehmkuhl, Pia Lellmann, Michael Lindner, Friederike Meßler, Roswitha Nass, Stephan Niggehoff, Antje Scherholz, Birte Schmidt, Till Thimme, Heidrun-Lioba Wunram and Karel Zimmermann.

Abstract This book presents a study of moral metaphors in English and Chinese, applying cognitive linguistics’ conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) to a comparative study of linguistic manifestation of the moral metaphor system rooted in the domains of bodily and physical experience. It intends to shed light on the metaphorical nature of moral cognition and how it is systematically manifested in language. The study sets out with the central goal to contribute to the discovery of potential commonalities that define moral cognition in general as well as the detection of possible differences that characterize distinct cultures concerning moral cognition. It probes into moral cognition at the cultural level as reflected in language, based on linguistic evidence from both English and Chinese and, to a limited extent, multimodal evidence from the corresponding cultures. The moral metaphor system under study is taken as consisting of three major subsystems, named in a shorthand fashion as “physical”, “visual”, and “spatial”. The three subsystems are clusters of conceptual metaphors, whose source concepts are from domains of embodied experiences in the physical world, and which are formulated in contrastive categories with bipolar values for the target concepts moral and immoral. The study is characterized by two keywords: system and systematicity. The former refers to the fact that metaphors (conceptual and linguistic) are connected in networks; the latter refers to the need that metaphors should be studied in such networks.

Barriers to the implementation of adequate pain control are multifactorial and encompass all caregivers. A complete list of barriers to adequate pain control would involve biopsychosocial factors, physiological factors, pharmacological concerns, and medical legal concerns. A short list of barriers to adequate pain control can be separated into physician knowledge, expectations and perceptions, nurses’ and other ancillary providers’ knowledge, expectations and perceptions, patient expectations and perception, management of acute pain, management of chronic pain, discrepancies of pain perception and different population groups, and both regulatory and formulary issues. To have an understanding of up-to-date recommendations and standards regarding evidence-based pain management requires a multimodal approach with a team of physicians.

Managing pain in the patient with substance use disorder can be challenging. This chapter describes those challenges and provides strategies to address them. Specifically it discusses the prevalence and specific considerations for commonly abused substances, the need for aggressive communication among perioperative clinicians, and a strategy to decrease acute postoperative pain and associated complications using opioid-sparing, multimodal analgesia. It includes a discussion of the concept of equianalgesic opioid doses and management of opioid-related side effects including respiratory depression, with regard to buprenorphine, naltrexone, and methadone. Specific consideration is given to the surgical patient treated with buprenorphine, and a defined clinical plan is outlined.

Analgesia of the thorax and abdomen can be challenging. Surgical incisions are commonly associated with severe postoperative pain. Whilst continuous epidural analgesia remains the ‘gold standard’ in terms of postoperative pain relief after major surgery, there remain concerns regarding rare serious side effects. It has been difficult to demonstrate conclusive evidence of improvement in outcomes when epidural analgesia is used. Superior pain relief and a reduction in postoperative respiratory morbidity are, however, clear advantages of regional anaesthesia. Interest has increased in techniques such as paravertebral and rectus sheath blocks in part due to the ready availability of high-definition portable ultrasound equipment, but also in response to concerns regarding neuraxial blockade and the development of enhanced recovery pathways. In addition, novel approaches to analgesia of the trunk, such as the transversus abdominis plane block, have been developed and are now widely used as part of a multimodal analgesic regimen. In this chapter, techniques of neuraxial and peripheral nerve block are discussed along with their indications and complications.

Recent studies of musicians’ use of the concept of shape have examined its multimodal characteristics and expression; its link with musical identity; and its function as one of many heuristics for achieving a particular effect rapidly and without cumbersome amounts of conscious thought. This chapter analyses interview data, leading to the construction of a model encompassing the levels at which shaping was discussed, triggers for musical shaping, heuristics, technical modifications, and the resulting change in sound. An overview of the data is provided through an explanation of each component, and the distribution among the participants of the use of each idea discussed. The model is then used to represent selected parts of the data to give an insight into how the components of the model were combined in the interviews. Finally, the model is discussed in relation to its potential for generalization embracing other performing musicians.

As exemplified by sensory illusions, perception is interpretative rather than faithfully representational of the changes in the world. All perceptual pathways involve stimulus transduction, transmission, and modulation before sensory events are coded by the nervous system. The set of stimuli that humans respond to are a subset of the stimuli that elicit reactions across the animal kingdom. The brain processes visual, auditory, mechanical, and vestibular stimuli by breaking stimuli into their sinusoidal components for neuronal processing. The probabilistic response of sensory receptors to stimulation within a receptive field is described. A fundamental property of sensory perception is responsiveness to a wide range of stimulus intensities over several orders of magnitude. Yet, at any one time, the response to a stimulus is proportional to the background level of stimulation. The concept of labeled line sensory transmission is described, and the reality of multimodal integration is revealed through examples.

Drawing on Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s concept of “intercorporeality,” this book offers a new multidisciplinary perspective on human interaction. Intercorporeality is presented as an alternative to conceptions of the body that increasingly obstruct productive dialogue and collaboration between the disciplines. Examples of such conceptions include notions of the body as a container of psychic phenomena, a medium of outward expression, or a vehicle of social processes. Instead, this book conceives of the living body in terms of its interaction with other bodies and its openness to and engagement with the material and cultural world. Intercorporeality synthesizes converging approaches to embodiment into a new empirically saturated theoretical conception that will serve as an integrated framework for future research on “multimodal” interaction in the context of complex, material contexts of human life and action. Bringing together theory and empirical research from a variety of disciplines, the contributions to Intercorporeality share a foundation in phenomenology, pragmatism, and philosophical anthropology, on the one hand, and advanced interaction research, on the other.

Patients referred to pain clinics are often those with the most severe pain, who have failed more conservative approaches or strictly medical modalities. In other instances, the patients are referred for concerns of comorbidities or lack of pain management resources such as a clinic and procedure room with fluoroscopic capabilities. While the goal for these percutaneous interventions is improved pain control, they should be considered adjuncts and not replacements for a comprehensive pain management strategy. Most patients benefit from multimodal pain medication strategies, physical therapy, stress management and relaxation training, occupational therapy, acupuncture, or other treatment therapies. This chapter provides an overview and discussion of several of the most common pain procedures encountered in clinical pain management practices today. Each procedure is discussed with an initial description of the strategy, including technical aspects, medical indications, and relevant complications important for the pain management physician to understand. This will be followed by a section on considerations for anesthetic management.

Bringing together a team of global experts, this is the first volume to focus on the ways in which meanings are ascribed to actions in social interaction. It builds on the research traditions of Conversation Analysis and Pragmatics, and highlights the role of interactional, social, linguistic, multimodal, and epistemic factors in the formation and ascription of action-meanings. It shows how inference and intention ascription are displayed and drawn upon by participants in social interaction. Each chapter reveals practices, processes, and uses of action ascription, based on the analysis of audio and video recordings from nine different languages. Action ascription is conceptualised in this volume as not merely a cognitive process, but a social action in its own right that is used for managing interactional concerns and guiding the subsequent course of social interaction. It will be essential reading for academic researchers and advanced students interested in the relationship between language, behaviour and social interaction.

This chapter, which has both a historical and an analytic dimension, concerns the ritual of the ‘Eucharist’ or ‘mass’, best known in the Catholic variant of Christianity. The first part of the paper outlines the part of the ritual’s complex history that is concerned with various theological attempts to explain or justify particular interpretations of the ritual that have been the subject of conflict. In particular, it outlines the intellectual history of efforts to apply sophisticated theories of language developed in the medieval period and the early modern period. These approaches already involved a theory of deixis that foreshadows modern theories in linguistics that are entirely non-theological. It is a recent linguistic theory, Deictic Space Theory, that is outlined and applied in second part of the paper. This is a cognitive approach to core aspects of linguistic meaning that are grounded in spatial cognition. The overall aim is to investigate, in context, the possible cognitive and emotional effects that may be brought about by the interaction among linguistic formulae and other features of the ritual. Close linguistic and multimodal analysis of the crucial and most controversial moment of the Eucharist is speculatively linked with known psychological, cognitive, and neural processes.

The monograph reflects the problems of Russian psycholinguistics from the moment of its inception in Russia to the present day and presents its main directions that are currently developing. In addition, theoretical developments and practical results obtained in the framework of different directions and research centers are described in a concise form. The task of the book is to reflect, as far as it is possible in one edition, firstly, the history of the formation of Russian psycholinguistics; secondly, its methodology and developed methods; thirdly, the results obtained in different research centers and directions in different regions of Russia; fourthly, to outline the main directions of the further development of Russian psycholinguistics. There is no doubt that in the theoretical, methodological and applied aspects, the main problems and the results of their development by Russian psycholinguistics have no analogues in world linguistics and psycholinguistics, or are represented by completely original concepts and methods. We have tried to show this uniqueness of the problematics and the methodological equipment of Russian psycholinguistics in this book. The main role in the formation of Russian psycholinguistics was played by the Moscow psycholinguistic school of A.A. Leontyev. It still defines the main directions of Russian psycholinguistics. Russian psycholinguistics (the theory of speech activity - TSA) is based on the achievements of Russian psychology: a cultural-historical approach to the analysis of mental phenomena L.S. Vygotsky and the system-activity approach of A.N. Leontyev. Moscow is the most "psycholinguistic region" of Russia - INL RAS, Moscow State University, Moscow State Linguistic University, RUDN, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Sechenov University, Moscow State University and other Moscow universities. Saint Petersburg psycholinguists have significant achievements, especially in the study of neurolinguistic problems, ontolinguistics. The most important feature of Russian psycholinguistics is the widespread development of psycholinguistics in the regions, the emergence of recognized psycholinguistic research centers - St. Petersburg, Tver, Saratov, Perm, Ufa, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Voronezh, Yekaterinburg, Kursk, Chelyabinsk; psycholinguistics is represented in Cherepovets, Ivanovo, Volgograd, Vyatka, Kaluga, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Vladivostok, Abakan, Maikop, Barnaul, Ulan-Ude, Yakutsk, Syktyvkar, Armavir and other cities; in Belarus - Minsk, in Ukraine - Lvov, Chernivtsi, Kharkov, in the DPR - Donetsk, in Kazakhstan - Alma-Ata, Chimkent. Our researchers work in Bulgaria, Hungary, Vietnam, China, France, Switzerland. There are Russian psycholinguists in Canada, USA, Israel, Austria and a number of other countries. All scientists from these regions and countries have contributed to the development of Russian psycholinguistics, to the development of psycholinguistic theory and methods of psycholinguistic research. Their participation has not been forgotten. We tried to present the main Russian psycholinguists in the Appendix - in the sections "Scientometrics", "Monographs and Manuals" and "Dissertations", even if there is no information about them in the Electronic Library and RSCI. The principles of including scientists in the scientometric list are presented in the Appendix. Our analysis of the content of the resulting monograph on psycholinguistic research in Russia allows us to draw preliminary conclusions about some of the distinctive features of Russian psycholinguistics: 1. cultural-historical approach to the analysis of mental phenomena of L.S.Vygotsky and the system-activity approach of A.N. Leontiev as methodological basis of Russian psycholinguistics; 2. theoretical nature of psycholinguistic research as a characteristic feature of Russian psycholinguistics. Our psycholinguistics has always built a general theory of the generation and perception of speech, mental vocabulary, linked specific research with the problems of ontogenesis, the relationship between language and thinking; 3. psycholinguistic studies of speech communication as an important subject of psycholinguistics; 4. attention to the psycholinguistic analysis of the text and the development of methods for such analysis; 5. active research into the ontogenesis of linguistic ability; 6. investigation of linguistic consciousness as one of the important subjects of psycholinguistics; 7. understanding the need to create associative dictionaries of different types as the most important practical task of psycholinguistics; 8. widespread use of psycholinguistic methods for applied purposes, active development of applied psycholinguistics. The review of the main directions of development of Russian psycholinguistics, carried out in this monograph, clearly shows that the direction associated with the study of linguistic consciousness is currently being most intensively developed in modern Russian psycholinguistics. As the practice of many years of psycholinguistic research in our country shows, the subject of study of psycholinguists is precisely linguistic consciousness - this is a part of human consciousness that is responsible for generating, understanding speech and keeping language in consciousness. Associative experiments are the core of most psycholinguistic techniques and are important both theoretically and practically. The following main areas of practical application of the results of associative experiments can be outlined. 1. Education. Associative experiments are the basis for constructing Mind Maps, one of the most promising tools for systematizing knowledge, assessing the quality, volume and nature of declarative knowledge (and using special techniques and skills). Methods based on smart maps are already widely used in teaching foreign languages, fast and deep immersion in various subject areas. 2. Information search, search optimization. The results of associative experiments can significantly improve the quality of information retrieval, its efficiency, as well as adaptability for a specific person (social group). When promoting sites (promoting them in search results), an associative experiment allows you to increase and improve the quality of the audience reached. 3. Translation studies, translation automation. An associative experiment can significantly improve the quality of translation, take into account intercultural and other social characteristics of native speakers. 4. Computational linguistics and automatic word processing. The results of associative experiments make it possible to reveal the features of a person's linguistic consciousness and contribute to the development of automatic text processing systems in a wide range of applications of natural language interfaces of computer programs and robotic solutions. 5. Advertising. The use of data on associations for specific words, slogans and texts allows you to predict and improve advertising texts. 6. Social relationships. The analysis of texts using the data of associative experiments makes it possible to assess the tonality of messages (negative / positive moods, aggression and other characteristics) based on user comments on the Internet and social networks, in the press in various projections (by individuals, events, organizations, etc.) from various social angles, to diagnose the formation of extremist ideas. 7. Content control and protection of personal data. Associative experiments improve the quality of content detection and filtering by identifying associative fields in areas subject to age restrictions, personal information, tobacco and alcohol advertising, incitement to ethnic hatred, etc. 8. Gender and individual differences. The data of associative experiments can be used to compare the reactions (and, in general, other features of thinking) between men and women, different social and age groups, representatives of different regions. The directions for the further development of Russian psycholinguistics from the standpoint of the current state of psycholinguistic science in the country are seen by us, first of all:  in the development of research in various areas of linguistic consciousness, which will contribute to the development of an important concept of speech as a verbal model of non-linguistic consciousness, in which knowledge revealed by social practice and assigned by each member of society during its inculturation is consolidated for society and on its behalf;  in the expansion of the problematics, which is formed under the influence of the growing intercultural communication in the world community, which inevitably involves the speech behavior of natural and artificial bilinguals in the new object area of psycholinguistics;  in using the capabilities of national linguistic corpora in the interests of researchers studying the functioning of non-linguistic and linguistic consciousness in speech processes;  in expanding research on the semantic perception of multimodal texts, the scope of which has greatly expanded in connection with the spread of the Internet as a means of communication in the life of modern society;  in the inclusion of the problems of professional communication and professional activity in the object area of psycholinguistics in connection with the introduction of information technologies into public practice, entailing the emergence of new professions and new features of the professional ethos;  in the further development of the theory of the mental lexicon (identifying the role of different types of knowledge in its formation and functioning, the role of the word as a unit of the mental lexicon in the formation of the image of the world, as well as the role of the natural / internal metalanguage and its specificity in speech activity);  in the broad development of associative lexicography, which will meet the most diverse needs of society and cognitive sciences. The development of associative lexicography may lead to the emergence of such disciplines as associative typology, associative variantology, associative axiology;  in expanding the spheres of applied use of psycholinguistics in social sciences, sociology, semasiology, lexicography, in the study of the brain, linguodidactics, medicine, etc. This book is a kind of summarizing result of the development of Russian psycholinguistics today. Each section provides a bibliography of studies on the relevant issue. The Appendix contains the scientometrics of leading Russian psycholinguists, basic monographs, psycholinguistic textbooks and dissertations defended in psycholinguistics. The content of the publications presented here is convincing evidence of the relevance of psycholinguistic topics and the effectiveness of the development of psycholinguistic problems in Russia.