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1
Gravagno, Valeria. "La tutela dei diritti umani nelle clausole di condizionalità dell' UE e delle istituzioni finanziarie multilaterali." Thesis, Università degli Studi di Catania, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/472.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In anni recenti molta attenzione è stata dedicata al binomio diritti umani/sviluppo.La clausola di condizionalità utilizzata tanto dall'Ue che dalle Istituzioni finanziarie multilaterali risponde all'esigenza di subordinare l'aiuto allo sviluppo al rispetto dei diritti fondamentali. La comparazione tra il piano europeo e quello internazionale, rivelera' l'esistenza di un fondamentale gap. Da un lato, la maggiore efficacia della condizionalità applicata nel contesto regionale dell'Ue rispetto a quella attuata dalle Istituzioni finanziarie internazionali. Dall'altro,l'assenza di meccanismi giuridici utili a sanzionare eventuali violazioni dei diritti umani nell'ambito del FMI, della Banca Mondiale e dell'OMC.
2
RINALDI, DAVID. "GOVERNANCE AND SELECTIVITY IN MULTILATERAL AID ALLOCATION." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1930.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
La tesi si incentra sulle questioni legate alla distribuzione degli aiuti multilaterali allo sviluppo; in particolare due temi sono affrontati: la selettività degli aiuti e la qualità della governance. L’elaborato si basa sulla letteratura concernente l’efficacia e la distribuzione degli aiuti ed unisce quest’ultima alla letteratura sulla political economy delle organizzazioni internazionali e sulla good governance. Attraverso un’analisi econometrica si intende capire se le organizzazioni multilaterali hanno a cuore la qualità della governance del paese ricevente al momento dell’allocazione degli aiuti. Con un modello GMM-Diff che adopera sia strumenti interni che esterni, si evidenzia come l’interesse per la governance da parte delle istituzioni multilaterali non sia solo retorica, come invece appare da uno studio preliminare. Inoltre, attraverso l’analisi di un panel a tre dimensioni, la tesi monitora l’applicazione della selettività degli aiuti. Viene rigettata l’ipotesi di un aumento della selettività e si evidenziano margini per un miglioramento dell’efficacia allocativa degli aiuti. Le agenzie multilaterali devono cercare di distribuire gli aiuti con criteri diversi da quelli di natura geopolitica.The thesis examines the allocation of multilateral aid flows with respect to two current issues of the development agenda: the selectivity of aid and the quality of governance. The dissertation brings together three strands of the relevant literature: firstly, the reference literature relating to aid effectiveness and aid allocation, which is then followed by the literature on good governance and, lastly, on the political economy of international organizations. We carry out an econometric study to understand whether international organizations care about the recipients’ performance on governance. With a GMM-Diff methodology using both internal and external instruments we show that the focus on governance by multilateral bodies is not only rhetoric, as it appears at first glance. Moreover, we explore how the selectivity of multilateral aid varies over time by employing a three-dimensional panel. Our analysis rejects the hypothesis of increasing selectivity and confirms that there is room to improve on the allocation of aid. Multilateral institutions need to strengthen their efforts to allocate aid on criteria other than political-strategic ones.
3
RINALDI, DAVID. "GOVERNANCE AND SELECTIVITY IN MULTILATERAL AID ALLOCATION." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1930.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
La tesi si incentra sulle questioni legate alla distribuzione degli aiuti multilaterali allo sviluppo; in particolare due temi sono affrontati: la selettività degli aiuti e la qualità della governance. L’elaborato si basa sulla letteratura concernente l’efficacia e la distribuzione degli aiuti ed unisce quest’ultima alla letteratura sulla political economy delle organizzazioni internazionali e sulla good governance. Attraverso un’analisi econometrica si intende capire se le organizzazioni multilaterali hanno a cuore la qualità della governance del paese ricevente al momento dell’allocazione degli aiuti. Con un modello GMM-Diff che adopera sia strumenti interni che esterni, si evidenzia come l’interesse per la governance da parte delle istituzioni multilaterali non sia solo retorica, come invece appare da uno studio preliminare. Inoltre, attraverso l’analisi di un panel a tre dimensioni, la tesi monitora l’applicazione della selettività degli aiuti. Viene rigettata l’ipotesi di un aumento della selettività e si evidenziano margini per un miglioramento dell’efficacia allocativa degli aiuti. Le agenzie multilaterali devono cercare di distribuire gli aiuti con criteri diversi da quelli di natura geopolitica.The thesis examines the allocation of multilateral aid flows with respect to two current issues of the development agenda: the selectivity of aid and the quality of governance. The dissertation brings together three strands of the relevant literature: firstly, the reference literature relating to aid effectiveness and aid allocation, which is then followed by the literature on good governance and, lastly, on the political economy of international organizations. We carry out an econometric study to understand whether international organizations care about the recipients’ performance on governance. With a GMM-Diff methodology using both internal and external instruments we show that the focus on governance by multilateral bodies is not only rhetoric, as it appears at first glance. Moreover, we explore how the selectivity of multilateral aid varies over time by employing a three-dimensional panel. Our analysis rejects the hypothesis of increasing selectivity and confirms that there is room to improve on the allocation of aid. Multilateral institutions need to strengthen their efforts to allocate aid on criteria other than political-strategic ones.
4
Elizalde, Carranza Miguel Ángel. "Las medidas comerciales multilaterales para la protección del medio ambiente y el sistema multilateral del comercio." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7288.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Para alcanzar el desarrollo sostenible es necesario que los acuerdos de la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) y los Acuerdos Multilaterales del Medio Ambiente (AMUMA) se apoyen mutuamente. El problema es que estos acuerdos regulan a las medidas comerciales desde perspectivas diferentes: mientras que algunos AMUMA las permiten por ser consideradas necesarias para lograr sus objetivos, los acuerdos de la OMC generalmente las prohíben pues se perciben como un obstáculo para el desarrollo económico. Las diferencias institucionales entre estos regímenes indican que, en caso de surgir alguna diferencia, probablemente serán resueltas por el Órgano de Solución de Diferencias (OSD) de la OMC. Así, lograr el apoyo mutuo entre estos sistemas normativos depende, al menos en parte, de que el OSD de la OMC realice una interpretación sostenible de los acuerdos comerciales, es decir, que prohíba el proteccionismo comercial y permita la adopción de medidas comerciales basadas en consideraciones ambientales auténticas.To achieve sustained development it is necessary to make the trade agreements administered by the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the multilateral environmental agreements (MEA) mutually supportive. The problem is that these agreements regulate trade measures from different perspectives: while some MEAs permit them as necessary to achieve their objectives, the agreements of the WTO generally forbid them because they are perceived as an obstacle for economic development. The institutional differences between these regimes indicate that, in the case that a difference arises, it would probably be resolved by the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) of the WTO. So, making these normative systems mutually supportive depends, at least in part, on a sustainable interpretation of the trade agreements by the DSB, in other words, that forbids protectionism and permits trade measures based on authentic environmental considerations.
5
Amaral, Raquel Dantas do. "O financiamento multilateral do desenvolvimento: o estado brasileiro e os bancos multilaterais de desenvolvimento no planejamento territorial - o caso do Ceará." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16139/tde-18102018-112314/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A foco desta tese acontece sobre o processo de concepção e de implementação de um projeto com financiamento multilateral, sendo realizada uma análise das relações sociais e políticas entre os Governos Brasileiros e os Bancos Multilaterais de Desenvolvimento (BMDs). O objetivo principal é compreender o arranjo institucional dos BMDs e do Estado Brasileiro e suas implicações no processo de planejamento territorial, a partir do caso do Estado do Ceará. A pesquisa teórica passa primeiramente pela análise da evolução do conceito de desenvolvimento, destacando as interpretações dadas pelas instituições globais de poder, iluminando o fundamental papel dos BMDs na construção e na disseminação de uma compreensão global de desenvolvimento. É discutido também o entrelaçamento dos BMDs com as políticas de desenvolvimento do Brasil desde meados do século XX até a primeira década do século XXI. Para a pesquisa empírica foram escolhidos três projetos de desenvolvimento territorial ainda em fase de implementação pelo Governo do Ceará, financiados individualmente pelos Banco Mundial, Banco Interamericano (BID), Corporação Andina de Fomento (CAF). A análise desses projetos reforçou o argumento de que a década de 1990 foi uma década de alinhamento entre os governos brasileiros e os BMDs, o que, no caso particular do Estado do Ceará, deu-se harmoniosamente, a partir do \"Governo das Mudanças\" (1987-2006), com o início da sistematização do planejamento territorial no Ceará. Os BMDs, além de financiadores, foram responsáveis por grande parte da metodologia de planejamento aplicada hoje no Estado do Ceará. A compreensão do papel que o Brasil representa para as instituições financeiras multilaterais foi fundamental para a reflexão sobre a mudança de relacionamento entre o Estado Brasileiro e os Bancos Multilaterais no início do século XXI, iluminando que não somente os BMDs são importantes para o Brasil, como também o Brasil transformou-se em um importante \"player\" na arquitetura do financiamento multilateral. Isso ocorre tanto pelo seu peso financeiro, como também por se configurar um grande território de geração e exportação de best practices. As entrevistas com funcionários dos bancos e com servidores públicos do Governo do Estado conformaram o método fundamental desta tese. Outros caminhos consistiram na análise de dados primários fornecidos pelas Unidades de Gerenciamento de Projeto e adquiridos nos sites dos bancos.The focus of this thesis is on the process of planning and of implementation of a project with multilateral financing, analyzing social and political relations between Brazilian governments and the Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs). The main objective is to understand the institutional arrangement of the MDBs and the Brazilian State and its implications in the spatial planning process, from the case of the State of Ceara. Firstly the theoretical research approaches the evolution of the concept of development, highlighting the interpretations given by global institutions of power, sheding light on the fundamental role of the MDBs in the construction and the dissemination of a global understanding of development. The interweaving of the MDBs with Brazil\'s development policies is also discussed, from the mid-twentieth century to the first decade of twenty-first century. For the empirical research, three spatial development projects, still under implementation by Government of Ceara, were selected, which are individually financed by the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and the Andean Development Corporation (CAF). The analysis of these projects reinforced the argument that the 1990s were a decade of alignment between the Brazilian governments and the MDBs. In the particular case of the State of Ceara, it has harmoniously occurred, from the \"Government of Changes\" (1987-2006), with the start of the systematization of the spatial planning. The MDBs, as well as financiers, were responsible for much of the planning methodology applied today in the State of Ceara. The understanding of the role that Brazil represents for the multilateral financial institutions was fundamental for the reflection on the change of relationship between the Brazilian State and the Multilateral Banks in the early 21st century, enlightening that not only the MDBs are important for Brazil, but also because Brazil has become an important player in the architecture of multilateral financing. This is due both to its financial influence and to consist in a great territory for the generation and export of best practices. Interviews with bank employees and public servants of Ceara are the fundamental method of this thesis. Other paths are the analysis of primary data provided by the project management units and on banks\' websites.
6
Alaniz, Cristian Ricardo, and Cinthia Lourdes Segovia. "Convenio multilateral." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, 2013. http://bdigital.uncu.edu.ar/5610.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
El tema de este trabajo de investigación versa sobre regímenes especiales de distribución de base imponible, para la liquidación del impuesto sobre los ingresos brutos, regulados por el Convenio Multilateral. Para darle mayor profundidad a esta investigación se decidió analizar específicamente a tres de estos regímenes. Éstos son, el régimen especial sobre la actividad primaria, regulado por el artículo 13º del convenio, el régimen especial de empresas de transporte, regulado por el artículo 9º del convenio y el régimen especial para entidades financieras, regulado por el artículo 8º del convenio.
La elección del tema de investigación fue motivada por la posibilidad de conocer más en profundidad, dentro de sus aspectos impositivos, estas actividades.
Otro de los motivos de la elección, es la poca disponibilidad de material bibliográfico y medios de consulta, referido a este tema, al que se puede recurrir a la hora de analizar y resolver cuestiones referidas a estas actividades.Fil: Alaniz, Cristian Ricardo. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas.
Fil: Segovia, Cinthia Lourdes. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas.
7
Metze-Mangold, Verena. "Der Übergang von der Informations- zur Wissensgesellschaft." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-133409.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Vortrag anlässlich des Doktoranden-Kolloquiums des UNESCO-Lehrstuhls für Internationale Beziehungen am 23. Juli 2012 im Lingnerschloss Dresden. Die westliche Gesellschaft befindet sich im Übergang von der Industrie- zur Wissensgesellschaft – so lautet eine der bekanntesten Thesen der aktuellen Gesellschaftstheorie. Dabei ist es in erster Linie der Umgang mit Wissen, der die Grundlage für die Bearbeitung aktueller Herausforderungen auf nationaler wie internationaler Ebene darstellt.
8
Matiolli, Thiago Oliveira Lima. "O que o Complexo do Alemão nos conta sobre as cidades: poder e conhecimento no Rio de Janeiro no início dos anos 80." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8132/tde-24112016-131614/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Esse trabalho analisa as condições que tornaram possível, e aceitável, a percepção de que favelas diferentes, mas contíguas entre si, fossem apreendidas como uma unidade territorial nomeada do Complexo do Alemão. Tal perspectiva remete a fins da década de 1970 e início dos anos 1980, período reconhecido pela literatura urbana carioca como aquele no qual a solução para o problema da favela, por parte do poder público, passa a ser um conjunto de intervenções diversas, às quais se convencionou nomear de urbanização, em detrimento da política de remoção. Dentre outros elementos, essa reorientação da ação governamental, por um lado, vai desencadear uma abundante produção de informações sobre esses territórios, através da montagem de um quadro técnico qualificado que buscava todo o tempo responder a questão que veio a se colocar para o governo municipal com essa mudança: como urbanizar? Por outro, reflete, também, a influência das transformações na agenda urbana interacional na gestão da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, bem como na de outros municípios do país. A investigação desses aspectos levantou uma dúvida sobre o caráter realmente transformador das políticas de urbanização inicialmente levadas a cabo por um prefeito, Israel Klabin, que era um homem de negócios de sucesso e íntimos de atores econômicos e políticos, nacionais e internacionais. Com entrevistas, pesquisa documental e em jornais da época, propõe-se entender as politicas de urbanização sob a ótica da governamentalização desses territórios, ou, em outras palavras, como uma tecnologia de gestão da população e dos espaços favelados.This thesis analyses the conditions that made possible and acceptable the perception that different favelas, but contiguous in each other, were perceived as a territorial unit named Complexo do Alemão. This perspective brings to the late 1970s and early 1980s, period recognized by the urban carioca literature as the period in which the solution to the favela problem, by the public authorities, becomes a set of many interventions, which was conventionally named as urbanization, in detriment of the removal policy. This reorientation of the public authorities, by one side, triggers an abundant production of information about this territories, through the assembly of a qualified technical condition, that seeked at all times to answer the question that was put to the municipal government with this change: how to urbanize? On other hand, reflects, between other motivations, the influence of the transformation in the international urban agenda in the urban management of the city of Rio de Janeiro, but also in other cities of the country. The investigation of these aspects raised a doubt on the real transformer character of the urbanization policies initially carried out by a mayor, Israel Klabin, that was a successful businessman and close to economic and political actors, national and international. With interviews, documental research and in newspapers of the period, it proposes to understand the urbanization policies by the perspective of the governmentalization of these territories, or, in other words, as a management technology of the population and slum areas of favela.
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Gurgel, Núbia Irailde Fernandes. "Globalização e política urbana: as agências multilaterais e o Prosamim - Programa Social e Ambiental dos Igarapés de Manaus." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2013. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/5118.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
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FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas
This paper presents an analysis of global changes and their implications in the processes of urbanization, whose title is "Globalization and Urban Policy: The Multilateral agencies and PROSAMIM - Social and EnvironmentaAl Program of Manaus". It evences the recent urban revitalization occurred in Manaus – Am, from public policy heave by the State Government with funding from the Interamerican Development Bank - IDB. It starts from the principle that cities have always been the scene of great deeds, after the advent of mercantilism and later with industrialization process, they have become indispensable to the advancement of competitive capitalism. The social sciences have been analyzing their constant changes and their implications in the social context of individuals, therefore, they became the object of profound analyzes the role assigned to cities and its intrinsic relationship with the advent of capitalism in motion that, in the current context, the global configuration makes the States become competitors in the race for foreign investment in their territories, therefore, they should development a positive image of the city in Manaus given a major watersheds occupied by stilts that in various streams became stage of government actions in urban requalification process and environmental revitalization of the streams. These urban reforms converge with Michalet (2002) the territories are polarized with attractiveness aimed at integration of the global economy. To perform this work we adopted the methodology of qualitative research, including primary and secondary data seeking to understand the PROSAMIM and its relationship with urban policies adopted by the Bank, in other words, a policy of structural urban setting of the city of Manaus to stay appealing to processes triggered by globalization. Among the results presented, emerged new cityscapes and landscapes in the city of Manaus as well as new contexts conducive to property investment in the capital of Amazonas State.
Este trabalho apresenta uma análise das mutações globais e suas implicações nos processos de urbanização. Intitulado por “Globalização e Política Urbana: As Agências multilaterais e o PROSAMIM – Programa Social e Ambiental dos Igarapés de Manaus” que evidencia as recentes revitalizações urbanas ocorridas em Manaus - Am, a partir das políticas públicas alçadas pelo governo do Estado com financiamentos do Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento - BID. Parte-se do princípio de que as cidades sempre foram palco de grandes feitos, após o advento do mercantilismo e posteriormente, com o processo de industrialização, elas tornaram-se imprescindíveis ao avanço do capitalismo concorrencial. As Ciências Sociais vêm analisando suas mutações constantes e suas implicações no contexto social dos indivíduos, para tanto, tornou-se objeto de profundas análises o papel atribuído às cidades e sua relação intrínseca com o advento do capitalismo em marcha que, no contexto atual, a configuração global faz com que os Estados se tornem concorrentes na disputa por investimentos estrangeiros em seus territórios, para tanto, devem criar uma boa imagem das cidades, em Manaus, haja vista as principais bacias hidrográficas ocupadas por palafitas que em diversos igarapés, tornaram-se palco das ações do governo nos processos de requalificações urbanas e revitalizações ambientais dos igarapés. Tais reformas urbanas convergem com a acepção de Michalet (2002) acerca dos territórios que se polarizam com atratividades voltadas para a integração à “economia global”. Para a execução desse trabalho adotou-se a metodologia da pesquisa qualitativa, abrangendo dados primários e secundários buscando a compreensão do PROSAMIM e a sua relação com as políticas urbanas adotadas pelo BID, ou seja, uma política de ajuste urbano estrutural da cidade de Manaus para permanecer atraente aos processos desencadeados pela globalização. Dentre os resultados apresentados, emergiram novos cenários urbanos e paisagísticos na cidade de Manaus bem como novos contextos propícios aos investimentos imobiliários na capital do Estado do Amazonas.
10
González, Nedic Aldana Agustina, María Anabella Modón, Eugenia Schmid, and Rodrigo Martín Villar. "Ingresos brutos - convenio multilateral." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, 2020. http://bdigital.uncu.edu.ar/15709.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Este trabajo de estudio se basa en describir un problema común a gran parte de los contribuyentes del Impuesto a los Ingresos Brutos, más precisamente aquellos circunscriptos en el ámbito de aplicación del Convenio Multilateral. Dadas las características de sus giros comerciales y al desempeñar sus actividades en más de una jurisdicción, les son aplicables severos regímenes de recaudación que terminan por originarles saldos a favor crónicos en el mencionado impuesto. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar y explicar el origen de dichos saldos que surgen como consecuencia de las retenciones y percepciones practicadas por el Fisco a los contribuyentes, poniendo especial énfasis en estas últimas. Además se describe el actual tratamiento y se plantean también sugerencias, o vías alternativas de solución, que a nuestro juicio resultan procedentes. El presente estudio consiste en un análisis de tipo explorativo, descriptivo y explicativo. Con la información adquirida se busca poder conocer la existencia y viabilidad de los distintos procedimientos o alternativas con que cuentan los contribuyentes para poder encontrar alguna respuesta positiva acerca de la problemática dictada anteriormente. Luego de examinar detalladamente leyes, pactos, resoluciones, jurisprudencia y demás normativa referida al tema en cuestión, puede afirmarse que no existe un único proceso que sea realmente efectivo para todos y cada uno de los sujetos pasibles de esta problemática. Debe tenerse en cuenta que las medidas que existen en la actualidad tales como los certificados de no retención/ percepción y la reducción de alícuotas, entre otras; pueden no ser efectivas, y en tal caso la solución con respecto a dicha problemática que se le otorga a los contribuyentes, es la de poder recurrir al Poder Judicial para poder dirimir los inconvenientes que pueden surgir por medio de un proceso que además de ser lento, es costoso.Fil: González Nedic, Aldana Agustina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas.
Fil: Modón, María Anabella. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas.
Fil: Schmid, Eugenia. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas.
Fil: Villar, Rodrigo Martín. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas.
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Björkman, Joanna, and Maria Glanz. "Multilateral Trading Facility : En institutionell analys av multilateral trading facilities påverkan på transaktionskostnader." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-84940.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
BAKGRUND: År 2007 infördes MiFID-direktivet bland EU:s medlemsländer vars främsta mål var att öka konkurrensen på den europeiska aktiemarknaden. I samma veva avskaffandes börsmonopolet vilket lett till att det idag finns fler handelsplatser som erbjuder aktiehandel, så kallade multilateral trading facilities (MTF). Genom denna etablering har aktiemarknaderna genomgått en marknadsstrukturförändring, vilket kan ha lett till förändring av transaktionskostnader och möjliggjort uppkomst av eventuella oväntade effekter. Det här är något som idag fem år efter implementeringen av MiFID-direktivet diskuteras frekvent. SYFTE: Huvudsyftet med uppsatsen är att kartlägga och utifrån institutionell teori analysera hur införandet av multilateral trading facilities förändrat och påverkat transaktionskostnader på svenska marknadsplatser som bedriver handel med aktier. Ett delsyfte är också att beskriva institutionen multilateral trading facility och dess framväxt. GENOMFÖRANDE: Studien har genomförts med ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt genom intervjuer med berörda parter på aktiemarknaden i Sverige. Intervjuerna har bidragit till en utförlig empirisk beskrivning om hur MTF:erna mottagits på, samt påverkat aktiemarknaden. Vidare har intervjuerna tillsammans med granskning av direktiv och andra lagar, utformat studiens dokumentationsdel kring begreppet MTF. För att fastställa transaktionskostnadernas påverkan analyserades insamlad empiri tillsammans med institutionell ekonomisk teori. SLUTSATS: Studien visar att transaktionskostnaderna har förändrats efter MTF:ernas etablering. Minskade handelskostnader har lett till lägre transaktionskostnader, samtidigt har de totala transaktionskostnaderna för marknadsdata ökat. Oväntade effekter utgörs främst av ökade investeringar i form av marknadsuppkopplingsavgifter och teknikrelaterade kostnader, något som resulterat i stora transaktionskostnader. Även handeln utanför den öppna marknaden har ökat. Alla intressenter har på något sätt påverkats av MiFID-direktivet och MTF:erna. Ingen specifik vinnare har kunnat utses, däremot konstaterar författarna att institutionella investerare har förlorat mer än vad de har vunnit.BACKGROUND: The MiFID-directive was implemented in 2007, with the main purpose to increase competition in the European stock markets. At the same time, the abolishment of the exchange monopoly made it possible for several new market venues to emerge on the stock market, such as multilateral trading facilities (MTF). With this establishment the stock markets have gone through a structural change, which may have led to changes in transaction costs and given occurrence of unexpected effects. This is something that today, five years after the implementation of MiFID, is discussed frequently. AIM: The main purpose of this study is to map, and from institutional theory analyse how the introduction of multilateral trading facilities have changed and influenced transaction costs in Swedish market venues that realize stock trading. A sub-purpose is to describe the institution multilateral trading facility and its emergence. COMPLETION: The study uses a qualitative method where interviews have been made with suitable parties at the stock market in Sweden. The qualitative interviews have contributed to a detailed empirical description of the establishment of MTF and how they have affected the stock market. Further, the interviews along with a review of directives and laws, has created a documentation of MTF. To assess the impact on transaction costs an analysis with gathered empirical data and institutional economic theory has been made. CONCLUTION: The study shows that transaction costs have changed since the establishment of MTF. Reduced trade costs have led to lower transaction costs, at the same time the total transaction costs of market data has increased. Unexpected effects are mainly due to increased investments in terms of market access fees and technology-related costs, which have resulted in high transaction costs. Even trade outside the open market has increased. MiFID and MTF have in some way affected all parties. No specific winners have been selected, however, the authors state that institutional investors have lost more than they have won.
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Zimmermann, Ralf. "Regionale Integration und multilaterale Handelsordnung /." Köln : Inst. für Wirtschaftsforschung, 1999. http://swbplus.bsz-bw.de/bsz084897236inh.htm.
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Nunsavathu, Upender Naik. "Productivity index of multilateral wells." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2006. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4702.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2006.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 106 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 104-106).
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Gill, Amandeep Singh. "Nuclear learning in multilateral forums." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2018. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/nuclear-learning-in-multilateral-forums(80d97355-72cd-413d-983c-77268a624c41).html.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The thesis asks if governments "learn" about nuclear weapons in dialogue with other governments and how new areas of nuclear learning such as nuclear security emerge and get consolidated in multilateral forums. A model of nuclear learning is proposed bringing together insights from the fields of sociology of knowledge, organisational learning, decision-making, policy learning and international relations. This model, which integrates power among other explanatory factors, is tested against evidence from nuclear history and from the current practice of nuclear negotiations. The outcome builds on the efforts of Joseph Nye in the 1980s to examine nuclear learning in the bilateral Soviet-U.S. context, updates and extends nuclear learning to the multilateral field and underscores nuclear security as a new area of nuclear learning in its own right.
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Linares, Díaz Martín. "¿Hacia un keynesianismo global multilateral?" Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, 2014. http://bdigital.uncu.edu.ar/6711.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
El motivo de la realización de este trabajo es analizar el “Keynesianismo global unilateral" realizado por los Estados Unidos en contexto del auge económico experimentado en los años de posguerra de la segunda guerra mundial, para luego centrarse en el progreso de la economía mundial hasta la actualidad. La modernización de la economía mundial deja a muchos modelos y teorías rezagadas y olvidadas por una razón obvia, el modelo funciona en un entorno controlado en donde las variables irrelevantes se mantienen constantes (ceteris paribus) y solo se perciben variaciones en las variables relevantes las cuales nos interesan analizar. Pero, ¿qué sucede si se modifica el paisaje en el cual el modelo se desempeña? ¿Podría seguir funcionando y obteniendo resultados coherentes? ¿Es posible la actualización del “Keynesianismo Global Unilateral" a un “Keynesianismo Global Multilateral" existiendo en la actualidad la ausencia de un único líder económico mundial?Fil: Linares Díaz, Martín. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas.
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Curti, Fernanda. "Organismos internacionais de cooperação multilateral." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2016. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/22947.
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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade, Departamento de Economia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Economia, 2016.Submitted by Fernanda Percia França (fernandafranca@bce.unb.br) on 2017-02-21T17:03:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_FernandaCurti.pdf: 737515 bytes, checksum: f0e67d2dd0078dda05e05757afe9e79d (MD5)
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A eficácia da Cooperação Internacional é bem delicada, nenhum auxilio à implementação de políticas públicas será a solução cabal aos problemas inerentes que, em síntese, vem historicamente permeando os caminhos de uma nação. De tal modo, o presente estudo tem por objetivo identificar quais são os fatores positivos e negativos da cooperação técnica internacional na gestão e implementação das políticas públicas. Como justificativa para o estudo, tem-se que, diante de uma sociedade globalizada, a não resolução ou redução de problemas universais de desigualdade sociais, segurança, saúde, fome, redução da pobreza dentre outros, trará menos segurança às minorias privilegiadas, portanto, a equalização nas desigualdades de muitos países afeta diretamente as minorias desenvolvidas. A metodologia utilizada para o desenvolvimento do presente estudo trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica. A pesquisa é do tipo exploratória-descritiva, caracterizando-se como qualitativa.
The effectiveness of international cooperation is very delicate, any aid the implementation of public policies is the full solution to the inherent problems, in short, has historically permeating the ways of a nation. In this way, this study aims to identify what are the positive and negative factors in the International technical cooperation management and implementation of public policies. As justification for the study, is that in the face of a globalized society, no resolution or reduction of universal problems of social inequality, security, health, hunger, poverty reduction, among others, less security will bring the privileged minorities, therefore, equalizing the inequalities in many countries directly affects the developed minorities. The methodology used for the development of this study it is a literature review. The research is exploratory and descriptive type, characterized as qualitative.
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Zubane, Patrick Sphephelo. "A historical analysis of South Africa’s post-1994 multilateral drive in selected international multilateral organisations." Thesis, University of Zululand, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10530/1524.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A thesis submitted to the Faculty Arts in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts (Development Studies) in the Department of Anthropology and Development Studies at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2017.In 1994, South Africa became a more inclusive democratic state when Nelson Mandela became the first black president. This era marked a new course for a new democratic South Africa. The post-apartheid political dispensation has ushered in a prestigious opportunity for a newly democratic South Africa to reconnect with the other states in different multilateral institutions. The proliferation of Multilateralism as a strategy for states including South Africa has its merit and demerits. In this regard, South Africa has connected and reconnected with different multilateral institutions both regionally and globally. The following are some of the multilateral institutions that the country has connected and reconnected with in the aftermath of 1994. These institutions include the United Nations (UN), the African Union (AU), the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Brazil, Russia, India and South Africa bloc (BRICS). In connection with these relations that the country has made thus far, there have been little studies that account and juxtapose the implications and significance of these relations for South Africa. In this regard, this study attempts to do an appraisal/assessment of the reliance, significance and implications for South Africa association to these multilateral organisations. The following questions were asked in the study: How has the international objectives of South Africa fared in her interactions with the UN (Agencies); How has South Africa’s regional economic interactions via the SADC and BRICS developed since 1994; To what extent has South Africa contributed to African Union since 1994 and has its membership impacted on the country’s other multilateral drives? In order to answer the aforementioned questions, a qualitative desktop based research methodology was employed using thematic and historical analysis of secondary data. Based on the extensive literature review and thematic analysis, the study found that as much as South Africa’s multilateralism promises great advantages than disadvantages, these relations requires caution as they are critical to the future of the economy of South Africa.
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Sarfare, Manoj Dnyandeo. "Reservoir studies of new multilateral well architecture." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/483.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Hydrocarbon recovery from conventional reservoirs is decreasing and the need to produce oil cheaply from mature, marginal and unconventional reservoirs poses a big challenge to the industry today. Multilateral well technology can provide innovative solutions to these problems and prove to be the most likely tool to propel the industry in the next century. In this research we propose a new multilateral well architecture for more efficient and effective field drainage. We study the architecture from a reservoir engineering point of view and analyze the effect of various design parameters such as branch density and penetration extent of laterals on the performance of the proposed architecture for homogeneous reservoirs. We also analyze the performance in case of anisotropic reservoirs. The numerical simulation results show that the multilateral wells usually help improve the overall cumulative production from a reservoir as compared to conventional wells. Also, they provide the added benefit of faster field drainage and present a more attractive return on investment. In this thesis we also present the results for a representative field case analysis. The rapidly changing Solution GOR contributed to making the oil viscous, which reduced the problem to optimize the mother bore location. In addition to these numerical studies we perform analytic studies to develop quick estimates of the theoretical limits of Productivity Index of the proposed architecture. We use known results from the literature to test their validity to estimate the upper and lower bounds on productivity. The results show that current tools to determine the lower limit is insufficient to predict performance.
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Vestlund, Paula. "Förhållandet mellan WTO och multilaterala miljökonventioner." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-350169.
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Jeßberger, Christoph. "Environmental Economics and Multilateral Environmental Agreements." Diss., lmu, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-126257.
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Huang, Yingliang. "Reservations to multilateral human rights treaties." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27374.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Reservations to multilateral human rights treaties have become an important issue since the case of the Genocide Convention in 1951. Although the compatibility principle upheld by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) was codified in the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (Vienna Convention), the current reservations mechanism is problematic and detrimental to human rights treaty-making.
I will argue that the logical relation between the two standards comprising the compatibility principle has been lost under the Vienna Convention and it should be reintroduced by a competent body.
For this purpose, I will analyze the characteristics of human rights treaties, clarify the permissibility of making reservations, go through the origin and development of the compatibility principle, and identify the problem of the current reservations mechanism, namely that the determination of the compatibility of reservations is left to individual States. The solution I will propose is that the ICJ should be conferred the competence to objectively determine the compatibility of reservations.
Key words. the compatibility principle; the objective determination of compatibility
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Hadida, Jonathan. "Prospects for multilateral cooperation in taxation." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101818.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Globalization has placed a considerable strain on the current international tax structure predicated upon bilateral tax treaties. Multilateral cooperation may allow nation states to overcome many of globalization's effects.The two prospects for multilateral cooperation are the creation of an international tax organization and a multilateral tax treaty to replace the current bilateral tax treaty network. Whereas there is currently no organization responsible for the surveillance of the international tax system, such an organization is within the realm of possibility. The perfect home for such an organization would be the OECD given its large expertise and history in taxation. However for political reasons it is difficult to foresee such scenario in the near future.
A more likely prospect is the creation of a series of multilateral tax treaties for economic regions. This is due to the fact that a multilateral tax treaty, as demonstrated by the Nordic Tax Convention, can be most successful within a group of nations that share close cooperation and highly integrated economies such as members of the EU or NAFTA already tied together through trade agreements.
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Lamp, Nicolas. "Lawmaking in the multilateral trading system." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/796/.
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The thesis provides an analysis of multilateral trade lawmaking in the GATT and the WTO from the late 1940s to the current Doha Round negotiations. It investigates the discourses, practices, techniques, and legal concepts that have come to define what it means to make trade law. These elements are essential to multilateral trade lawmaking insofar as they provide trade negotiators with a way to frame their arguments and to go about negotiating, and with the tools to construct trade policy disciplines and to record them in legal form. On the other hand, they are also limiting, in that they endorse certain ways of going about trade lawmaking as normal, and delimit what negotiators and their audiences perceive as reasonable, legitimate, and realistic arguments in the lawmaking process. The aim of the thesis is to destabilise these elements of trade lawmaking by revealing their contingent and often contested origins, and by showing how they foreclose alternative conceptions of the objectives, means, and possibilities of trade lawmaking. While the dissertation does not provide a full-fledged normative critique of the elements of lawmaking, it attempts to elucidate the discursive, practical, technical, and legal underpinnings of trade lawmaking that any such reform effort will, of necessity, confront.
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Bartolini, David. "Essays on externalities and multilateral bargaining." Thesis, University of Essex, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.435556.
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Shirzadi, Nazanin. "Credit risk modeling for multilateral lenders." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2015. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6592/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Financial crashes, bubbles, panic in the banking industry, currency crises and even sovereign defaults continue to occur periodically. Therefore, when international or multilateral lenders contemplate on lending credit to customers who are located in different countries, they require a meticulous method of analyzing every aspect to select the best customers, amongst numerous credit proposals from different countries. Moreover, while lending to selected customers, multilateral lenders need to take into account and consider the risk premium in their pricing methodology. Even after having selected sound customers, one should not neglect adequate loan loss provisions in order to safeguard themselves against unexpected changes in financial situations of customers. This may result in credit default. Although several credit scoring methodologies exist for calculating the risk of individuals and corporate customers, most of these methodologies are based on default history and there appears to be a lack of an appropriate methodology when faced with minimal credit default history. Usually, financial institutions and very large corporations are characterized by nil or a very low default history. Following this introduction, this dissertation aims to contribute towards these aspects in the form of three self-contained essays. The first chapter is concerned with determining the main factors, which affect the financial health of financial institutions. More specifically, this is undertaken by employing the two-way panel model and data from financial institutions in several Asian countries. The study attempts to determine bank specific and macro level factors affecting the financial soundness of these financial institutions. In the second chapter by following a similar approach of analysis, this study attempts to detect the main determinants of financial health for very large corporations. These corporations are another group of customers for multilateral lenders. In this case, data from very large corporations in Eastern European countries, which are characterized by their in-transition economies, are employed. Considering the dissertation's findings that are supportive of existing literature, the third chapter addresses the design of two credit scoring/rating models employing fuzzy logic methodology and based upon results from previous chapters. The scoring/rating results of the two models are then analyzed in comparison with the Capital Intelligence rating agency and stock exchange market performance results to assess robustness. This proves the relative robustness of our designed models. Overall, this thesis not only combines and investigates topical issues; moreover, it does so employing various techniques with the intention to contribute on the methodological level. The study is concluded by highlighting policy implications by providing direction for future research.
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Hall, Ryan. "Multilateral agreements in the space sector." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0015062.
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Gorney, Anne Ley. "Implementing a multilateral transitive price index." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3037012.
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Duarte, Luiza Franco. "O papel do BIRD e BID nas reformas educacionais no Brasil e no Paraguai na década de 1990." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2016. http://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/3693.
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Throughout the 1990s, several Latin American countries underwent deep economic-political reforms linked to loans and financing from the World Bank Group for the dissemination of the Neoliberal Project. In March 1990, the World Conference on Education for All (UNESCO, 1990) expresses the convergence of the function and conception of school education along the lines defined by the Washington Consensus, 1989. It marks a historic moment of rooting of the form of organization and management of the education before the process of economic, political, social and cultural restructuring, in construction with the accomplishment of the Reformation of the Latin American States, keeping the proportions as the peculiarities of each country and also of the level of effectiveness of the prescription of the Washington Consensus, put into practice. In this way, the present bibliographic and documentary research sought to present the realities and conjunctures of Brazil and Paraguay through the educational legislation produced in the 1990s, based on BIRD and BID recommendations to support the process of penetration of the neoliberal project in these countries. The BIRD or BID loans for school education had their objectives directed to the political orientations of the governments for the maintenance of the economic order and the deepening of the internationalization and concentration of capital for the financial sector. Due to the large financial disbursements of these organizations, with the demand for guarantees from counterparts of countries and / or federated borrowers, there was a significant increase in external debts, in the form of legal-political organization of the states, and in the ideological spread of neoliberalism, which were presented in the said loans for projects in various sectors of the economy and the social area, particularly those for school education. This research generally involves an understanding of the role of Multilateral International Organizations in the formulation and implementation of educational policies guided by the Neoliberal Project; specifically, the identification in the Brazilian and Paraguayan context of the influence of IBRD and IDB through technical and financial advice. It is necessary to emphasize that the loans of these Financial Agencies for the mentioned countries was not limited to the technical advice, but mainly it permeated an ideological and political character of the capitalism in its new model of expression. The implications of these agreements were on the organizational mode and the direction of educational policies. It did not have an eminently economic character, but it covered the social, political and ideological aspects. Therefore, the characteristics of the neoliberal reforms in Latin America, in terms of educational policies, highlighting Brazil and Paraguay were the expansion of schooling time, through the stipulation of obligatory years, establishes a minimum of workload and school days through of a school calendar. Another aspect is the redistribution of functions and responsibility between the levels of the systems, besides the specializations and rationalization of human resources.
Ao longo dos anos 1990, diversos países da América Latina passaram por profundas reformas econômico-políticas vinculadas aos empréstimos e financiamentos do Grupo do Banco Mundial para difusão do Projeto Neoliberal. A realização, em março de 1990 da Conferência Mundial de Educação para Todos (UNESCO, 1990) expressa a convergência da função e da concepção de educação escolar com as linhas definidas pelo Consenso de Washington, em 1989. Assinala um momento histórico de enraizamento da forma de organização e gerenciamento da educação diante do processo de reestruturação econômica, política, social e cultural, em construção com a efetivação da Reforma dos Estados Latinoamericanos, guardadas as proporções quanto as particularidades de cada país e também do nível de efetivação das receitas do Consenso de Washington, colocadas em prática. Desse modo, o presente trabalho buscou apresentar as realidades e conjunturas de Brasil e Paraguai por meio das legislações educacionais produzidas nos anos 1990 a partir da recomendações do BIRD e BID para respaldar o processo da penetração do projeto neoliberal nesses países da América Latina. Os empréstimos realizados pelo BIRD ou BID para a educação escolar tinham seus objetivos direcionados para os encaminhamentos políticos dos governos para a manutenção da ordem econômica e o aprofundamento da internacionalização e concentração de capital para o setor financeiro. Em razão dos grandes desembolsos financeiros destes Organismos, com a exigência das garantias das contrapartidas dos países e/ou estados federados tomadores de empréstimos, houve aumento expressivo das dívidas externas, da forma de organização jurídico-política dos Estados e de uma disseminação ideológica do neoliberalismo, que foram veiculadas nos referidos empréstimos para projetos em vários setores da economia e da área social, particularmente os para a educação escolar. Esta pesquisa envolve, de modo geral, a compreensão acerca do papel dos Organismos Internacionais Multilaterais na formulação e implementação de políticas educacionais orientadas pelo Projeto Neoliberal e; especificamente, a identificação no contexto brasileiro e paraguaio sobre a influência do BIRD e BID por meio do assessoramento técnico-financeiro. É necessário ressaltar, os empréstimos dessas Agências Financeiras para os referidos países não encontrou-se limitado ao assessoramento técnico, mas sobretudo permeou um caráter ideológico e político do capitalismo em seu novo modelo de expressão. As implicações destes acordos incidiram no modo organizacional e no direcionamento das políticas educacionais. Não possuiu um caráter eminentemente econômico, mas abrangeu os aspectos sociais, políticos e ideológicos. Portanto, as características das reformas neoliberais na América Latina, quanto às políticas educativas, em destaque para o Brasil e Paraguai foram a expansão do tempo de escolarização, por meio da estipulação de anos obrigatórios, estabelece um mínino de carga horária e dias letivos por meio de um calendário escolar. Outro aspecto reserva-se à redistribuição de funções e responsabilidade entre os níveis dos sistemas, além das especializações e racionalização dos recursos humanos.
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Tate, Samuel L. "Toward multilateral cooperative security in Northeast Asia." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1994. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA292011.
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Jia, Hongqiao. "New multilateral well architecture in heterogeneous reservoirs." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/357.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Multilateral well technology has been widely used in the world oil fields. There still has technical limitation of these kinds of well structure. This thesis presents a new multilateral well architecture which is more flexible and economical. The performance of new multilateral well in heterogeneous reservoirs is studied, and that is compared with vertical well architecture also. In order to study the productivity of new multilateral wells, we use a numerical simulation method to set up heterogeneous reservoir models. The three reservoir models included anisotropic permeability, shale multi-layer, and flow units. Under a pseudo-steady-state, the productivities of horizontal laterals and deviated laterals are calculated and compared. We find that new multilateral well architecture has good performance in heterogeneous reservoir. The heterogeneous properties of reservoirs influence the productivity of horizontal laterals more than deviated laterals. The shale multi-layer and flow units that dominate the fluid flow in reservoirs are important for reservoir characterization.
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Cox, Benjamin Paul. "New models for multilateral mode semiconductor lasers." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433743.
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32
Horn, Frank. "Reservations and interpretative declarations to multilateral treaties." Amsterdam ; New York : New York, N.Y., U.S.A. : North-Holland ; Sole distributors for the U.S.A. and Canada, Elsevier Science Pub. Co, 1988. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/17385940.html.
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Tshibangu, Ghislain Mwamba. "Caracterização do uso da avaliação ambiental estratégica por agências multilaterais de desenvolvimento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18139/tde-26032015-151121/.
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A Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica (AAE) tem se destacado como um instrumento que auxilia no processo de tomada de decisões de Política, Planos e Programas, com aplicações que se distribuem por vários setores. Nos países desenvolvidos, os sistemas de Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica dispõem dos elementos essenciais para a integração do instrumento aos processos de tomada de decisões estratégicas, ao contrário dos países em desenvolvimento. Nesses países, as Agências Multilaterais de Desenvolvimento (AMD) despontam como grandes responsáveis pela disseminação da aplicação da AAE, o que remete à necessidade de sua adaptação aos diferentes contextos verificados. Neste sentido, a presente dissertação de Mestrado é voltada para a caracterização e análise da utilização da AAE pelas AMDs no contexto dos acordos multilaterais de financiamento estabelecidos com países em desenvolvimento. Para tanto, foram identificados o perfil geral de aplicação das AAES pelas AMDs selecionadas (Banco Mundial, Banco Africano de Desenvolvimento, Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento, Banco Asiático de Desenvolvimento), bem como as diretrizes operacionais estabelecidas pelas agências para o uso do instrumento, tendo sido cotejadas diante de princípios de boas práticas para a aplicação da AAE. De modo complementar, para seis casos selecionados, foram aplicados procedimentos voltados à identificação dos aspectos estratégicos relacionados aos objetos submetidos à avaliação, bem como o alinhamento entre os Termos de Referência e as Avaliações Ambientais. Finalmente, foram aplicados critérios para revisão da qualidade dos relatórios das AAEs selecionadas. Os resultados obtidos indicam que as AMDs analisadas têm contribuído para a disseminação da AAE nos países em desenvolvimento, tendo solicitado 214 estudos em 59 países até o ano de 2014. Contudo, a abordagem empregada pelas AMDs - derivadas basicamente a partir das diretrizes operacionais estabelecidas em 1999 pelo Banco Mundial - apresenta diferenças importantes com as boas práticas internacionais no que diz respeito à avaliação de alternativas estratégicas e participação pública, além de serem aplicadas a objetos com baixo enfoque estratégico. Os resultados obtidos a partir da revisão de qualidade dos relatórios analisados mostram-se coerentes e alinhados com o contexto de aplicação das AAEs, apresentando baixa qualidade em termos da descrição da baseline, estabelecimento de alternativas e participação pública.Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) has been highilighted as an instrument that assist the process of Policy, Plan and Program decision making, with applications distributed in various sectors. In developed countries, the SEA systems have the essential elements which promote the integration of this instrument to strategic decision making processes, as opposed to developing countries. In these countries, the Multilateral Development Agencies (MDA) emerge as responsible for the widespread of SEA application, which lead to the need to adapt this tool to different contexts. In this sense, this Master\'s thesis is focused on the characterization and analysis of the use of SEA by MDAs in the context of multilateral financing agreements established with developing countries. Thus, the general profile of SEA applications required by MDAs (World Bank, African Development Bank, Inter-American Development Bank and Asian Development Bank) and the SEA operating guidelines established by these agencies have been identified, and faced to principles of SEA good practice. Moreover, to six selected cases, procedures were applied aimed at identifying the strategic aspects related to the objects undergoing assessment as well as the alignment between the Terms of Reference and Environmental Assessments. Finally, criteria to review the quality of reports were applied to the selected SEAs. The results indicate that MDAs analyzed have contributed to the spread of the SEA in developing countries, requiring 214 studies in 59 countries by 2014. However, the approach used by MDAs - basically derived from the operational guidelines established by the World Bank in 1999 - has important differences compared to international best practice with regard to the evaluation of strategic alternatives and public participation, beside being applied to objects with low strategic focus. The results from the reports quality review are conherent and aligned to the SEAs context application, showing low quality in the baseline description, alternatives establishment and public participation.
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Olsson, Helena. "Svenskt multilateralt bistånd : Uppfyller FN de svenska biståndsmålen?" Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-779.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
År 2000 presenterades en ekonometrisk analys av världens bistånd i artikeln ”Who Gives Foreign Aid to Whom and Why?”, av Alebrto Alesina och David Dollar. Undersökningens syfte var att försöka hitta de variabler som ligger till grund för länders beslut om att skänka bistånd. Resultatet visade att det oftare ligger strategiska och politiska motiv bakom biståndsgivningen, snarare än en önskan om reducerad fattigdom och ökad tillväxt. Efter denna undersökning konstaterade man från svenskt håll att någon liknande undersökning rörande det svenska biståndet aldrig genomförts. Detta trots att Sverige är en av världens största biståndgivare i relativa mått mätt. Sverige skänker varje år så mycket som 0,7 % av BNI i bistånd, och detta bara till FN. Syftet med denna uppsats är därför att undersöka om FN uppfyller de biståndsmål som Sverige har satt upp.
Genom att försöka hitta variabler som på ett konkret sätt ska mäta de olika biståndsmålen har en ekonometrisk tvärsnittsanalys genomförts. Undersökningen sträcker sig över fem 5-årsperioder, med start 1980. Som beroende variabel har FN:s bistånd per capita använts och som oberoende variabler används BNP per capita, demokrati, rättssäkerhet, jämställdhet, öppenhet, livslängd, barnmortalitet och totalt bistånd. En undersökning av skillnaden i bistånd mellan länder från olika regioner, olika inkomstklasser och med olika skuldsättning har också genomförts.
Resultatet verkar peka på att FN inte uppfyller de svenska biståndsmålen i sin allokering av bistånd till utvecklingsländer. Men det är svårt att dra några säkra slutsatser på grund av att så få av variablernas koefficienter visar signifikanta värden. Fler undersökningar bör göras innan en säker slutsats kan dras.
In year 2000 an econometric analysis of the world’s ODA was presented in the article “Who Gives Foreign Aid to Whom and Why?” by Alberto Alesina and David Dollar. The purpose of the study was to find the variables that lie as ground for countries’ decision to give foreign aid. The result showed that there are more often strategic and political motives behind the donations, rather than a wish of reduced poverty and economic growth. After this study Sweden concluded that a similar study of the Swedish ODA never had been done. This despite the fact that Sweden is one of the world’s most generous donors, relatively spoken. Sweden donates as much as 0.7 % of its GNP each year, and that’s just to the UN. The purpose of this paper is therefore to investigate whether the UN fulfil the Swedish goals of foreign aid.
By trying to find variables that correctly measure the different goals, an econometric cross section analysis has been done. The study is divided into five 5-year periods, starting 1980. As dependent variable the UN’s aid per capita is used and as independent variables GDP per capita, democracy, rule of law, equality, openness, expected lifetime, childrens’ mortality and total aid. A study of the difference in aid between countries from different regions, different income classes and with different levels of debt has also been carried out.
The result implies that the UN does not act in accordance with the Swedish goals of foreign aid, when allocating ODA to developing countries. But it is hard to draw any real conclusions since so few of the coefficients show significant values. More studies should be done before any real conclusion can be made.
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Arcos, Rueda Dulce Maria. "Technical, economic and risk analysis of multilateral wells." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2356.
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Kamkom, Rungtip. "Modeling performance of horizontal, undulating, and multilateral wells." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1591.
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Robineault, Maria Sophia. "The integration of women in multilateral disaster management." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5559.
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Al-Jabry, Khamis Saif Hamood. "Multilateral versus bilateral trade : policy choices in Oman." Thesis, Durham University, 2009. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1350/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
On November 9, 2000, the Sultanate of Oman (Oman) became an official member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and on January 19, 2006 Oman signed a free trade agreement (FTA) with the United States (U.S.). Hence, Oman has pursued two different trading approaches; the WTO multilateral approach based on nondiscrimination and an FTA bilateral approach based on trading preferences with a single partner. This study evaluates the policy choices facing Oman's trade under each approach and investigates which system provides more flexible arrangements for Oman. The evaluation is based on a qualitative methodology, where three research methods are used for collecting data; official documents, semi-structured interviews, and focus groups. The content and codification analyses of the data clearly demonstrate that Oman faces better policy choices under the multilateral WTO approach than with the bilateral FTA approach and that the WTO arrangements are more flexible than those of the FTA.
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SHARMA, POOJA. "A POLITICAL ECONOMY APPROACH TO MULTILATERAL CONDITIONAL LENDING." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1001951862.
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Livingstone, Kevin D. Carleton University Dissertation Political Science. "Canada in Europe; power, security and multilateral institutions." Ottawa, 1996.
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Hanzawa, Asahiko. "An invisible surrender : the United Nations and the end of the British Empire, 1956-1963." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275779.
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Land, Kristi. "Souveränität und friedliche Streitbeilegung : zur Staatspraxis von Vorbehalten und anderen Mitteln der Einschränkung von Unterwerfung unter internationale Streitschlichtungsinstitutionen /." Frankfurt am Main [u.a.]: Lang, 2000. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/314728775.pdf.
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Triches, Jocemara. "Organizações multilaterais e curso de pedagogia." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/94549.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Educação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação, Florianópolis, 2010Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-25T11:51:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 286934.pdf: 1756298 bytes, checksum: cac53fe616fa2c7bcb810d844aa61102 (MD5)
A pesquisa objetivou investigar a presença de diretrizes oriundas de Organizações Multilaterais (OM) nas políticas de formação docente no Brasil, especialmente na definição das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para o Curso de Pedagogia, efetivadas pela Resolução CNE/CP n. 1/2006. A mudança empenhada no Curso de Pedagogia faz parte de um conjunto maior de reformas do Estado, iniciadas na década de 1990, tendo em vista adaptações às novas demandas da sociedade capitalista neoliberal que exigem profissionais polivalentes e flexíveis para o mercado, para a manutenção do controle da sociedade para que a hegemonia burguesa seja garantida. Nesse processo, a educação, a escola e os professores são vistos como elementos estratégicos, pois sobre eles são colocadas a origem e as soluções dos problemas sociais e econômicos. Para tanto, faz-se necessário reconvertê-los por intermédio de um conjunto de reformas da formação e profissionalização docente. Tais mudanças têm se consolidado mediante a consecução de um consenso em torno de uma "agenda globalmente estruturada para educação", segundo expressão de Dale (2004), na América Latina e Caribe, com papel ativo de Organizações Multilaterais e do Brasil. O recorte temporal cobre o interregno que vai de 1996 a 2008, duas datas marcantes envolvendo o Curso de Pedagogia. Três procedimentos metodológicos foram encaminhados na pesquisa: levantamento e análise da produção acadêmica na área da educação, entre 1996 e 2008, tematizando-se a relação entre formação de professores no Curso e Organizações Multilaterais; levantamento e análise da documentação voltada para a formação de professores oriunda das Organizações, identificando-se as características do professor proposto; cotejamento dos dados coligidos com os recolhidos nas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para o Curso de Pedagogia, principalmente aqueles referentes à docência. Concluímos que na documentação examinada o professor assume um lugar privilegiado, constituindo-se como protagonista da reforma. Evidenciamos que o que não está explicitado é que este sujeito configura-se como um superprofessor - multifuncional, polivalente, responsável, flexível, afeito às tecnologias, inclusivo, tolerante, aprendente ao longo da vida e, acima de tudo, sem crítica às determinações de sua própria condição de professor. Contraditoriamente, ao assumir as características de superprofessor ele é constituído como professor-instrumento, por meio do qual a reforma se realizaria. Concluímos, ademais, que vários elementos das Diretrizes convergem com os propostos por Organizações Multilaterais, como: os conteúdos da formação; a noção de competência profissional; os campos de atuação; a configuração da gestão e da pesquisa e a ênfase na prática, na aprendizagem, nos alunos, na educação para a tolerância e na avaliação. Essa junção corrobora para a constituição do alargamento do conceito de docência e gestão e restrição da formação teórica e do tempo de formação que, por conseqüência, pode levar à desintelectualização dos professores e à desconfiguração do Curso de Pedagogia.
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Mura, Wellington Aparecido Della. "Detecção de conflitos em contratos multilaterais." Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Centro de Ciências Exatas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação, 2016. http://www.bibliotecadigital.uel.br/document/?code=vtls000208834.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
O conceito de contrato desempenha um papel importante no mundo dos negócios em que relações comerciais entre diferentes partes são ditadas por normas legais. Esse método de negociação tem sido cada vez mais utilizado por meio de transações eletrônicas, devido aos avanços tecnológicos e à globalização. Com isso, algumas dificuldades surgiram para se garantir a confiabilidade entre as partes interessadas na realização das negociações. Uma forma de se garantir propriedades e acordos em contratos eletrônicos é verificação automática e rigorosa com base em formalismos matemáticos. Alguns formalismos, como as lógicas de ôntica e dinâmica, são empregados na representação de contratos eletrônicos. Modelos formais com suporte computacional permitem alcançar resultados mais precisos na verificação desses contratos. Em decorrência de tal êxito, estudos sobre contratos eletrônicos têm sido amplamente abordados na literatura. No entanto, novos desafios surgem nesse contexto, como por exemplo, a detecção de conflitos em contratos multilaterais, porém, poucos trabalhos têm lidado com essa forma contratual. Devido a isso, este trabalho propõe uma forma de representar adequadamente os contratos multilaterais por meio de formalismos e verificar automaticamente propriedades em contratos dessa natureza. Neste sentido, o trabalho apresenta a ferramenta RECALL um verificador automático para detecção de conflitos em contratos multilaterais. Além disso, um estudo de caso real de venda de produtos via Internet, caracterizado por aspectos multilaterais, é modelado e verificado usando a ferramenta RECALL. Com a aplicacão prática no contrato de vendas é possível fornecer uma prova de conceito sobre as funcionalidades da ferramenta desenvolvida.The notion of contracts has played an important role in business where trade relationships between different parties are dictated by legal rules. This concept has been used increasingly by electronic transactions due to technological advances and globalization. Therefore, new challenges have emerged to guarantee the reliability among stakeholders in electronic negotiations. Automatic verification based on formalisms lays the foundations to guarantee properties and agreements on electronic contracts. Some formalisms, such as deontic and dynamic logics, are used to represent electronic contracts. Formal models and computational support allow to attain more precise results on checking electronic contracts. The automatic verification of electronic contracts has arisen as a new challenge especially in the task of detecting conflicts in multi-party contracts. The problem of checking contracts has been largely addressed in the literature, but only few works have dealt with multi-party ones. This work proposes an approach to represent appropriately multi-party contracts by means of suitable formalisms and also to automatically verify properties in contracts of this nature. We present the RECALL tool, an automatic checker for finding conflicts on multi-party contracts. A real world case study characterized by multilateral aspects is also modeled and verified using the RECALL tool. Further, the practical application of our tool in a real world problem provides a proof of concept upon their functionalities.
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Gramlich, Ludwig. "Das Übereinkommen zur Errichtung einer „Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency“ : Grenzüberschreitender Investitionsschutz und Entwicklungszusammenarbeit Hand in Hand?" Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-200801800.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Die jüngste Einrichtung der Weltbankgruppe befasst sich - in Ergänzung zum Internationalen Zentrum für die Beilegung von Investitionsstreitigkeiten (ICSID) - mit dem Schutz grenzüberschreitender (Direkt-)Investitionen durch Garantien gegen Auslandsrisiken. Dabei wirkt sie nicht nur als Abrundung des Schutzes durch bilaterale Investitionsschutzverträge und nationale Investitionsversicherungen, sondern kann auch als Katalysator für eine bessere Kooperation im Nord-Süd-Verhältnis bedeutsam werden.
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Danielsson, Asako. "Does an FTA have an impact on trade flows? : An empirical analysis of the FTA between the EU and South Korea." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Nationalekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-34457.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This bachelor thesis examines if a Free Trade Agreement (FTA hereafter) has a positive effect or not on trade flows. There are many FTAs in the world beside World Trade Organization (WTO hereafter) membership. Many empirical studies have been performed by different methods and most of them show a significant influence on trade flows. In this thesis the impact on the FTA between the European Union (EU hereafter) and South Korea is studied by using the Gravity Model in period between 2007 and 2016. Dummy variables which capture the impact on the implementation of the FTA since 2011 are constructed into the standard trade Gravity equation. In addition, several dummy variables, such as the distance between countries and culture characteristic variables are utilized. The results of two different regression models show that both a positive and a negative impact on the EU’s import from South Korea and a negative impact on South Korea’s import from the EU. Overall, all estimated coefficients used in the models show a significant effect on import trade flows between countries.
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Chindumbo, Bela Julieta Bango. "A importância da diplomacia multilateral para o desenvolvimento de Angola." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/14902.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
O atual contexto internacional requer uma interação mais profunda entre as nações, quer no campo da diplomacia, quer na pesquisa técnico-científica, bem como nas ciências humanas e sociais, o incentivo às trocas permite a superação de diferenças existentes entre o Estados.
O presente trabalho prende-se com a contribuição da diplomacia multilateral angolana no desenvolvimento do país.
O objetivo deste trabalho é o de analisar a importância da diplomacia em geral e de Angola em particular tendo em conta as organizações internacionais.
A problemática levantada consiste em saber se a diplomacia multilateral tem sido determinante no desenvolvimento de Angola.
A diplomacia multilateral tem desempenhado um papel muito importante no desenvolvimento de Angola. Por estar afiliada às organizações e instituições internacionais o nosso país tem vindo a conhecer desenvolvimento quase em todos sectores da vida politica, social e económica.
Para alcançar os objetivos delineados no presente trabalho foi necessário a utilização da metodologia que abrange análise histórico-logica, usando os procedimentos e técnicas de investigação teórica e consultas bibliográficas; THE MULTILATERAL DIPLOMACY OF IMPORTANCE FOR ANGOLA DEVELOPMENT
ABSTRACT:
This paper is about the contribution of the Angolan multilateral diplomacy to the country’s development.
The aim of this paper is to study the value of the diplomacy in general and that of the Angolan diplomacy in particular, taking into consideration the sub-regions and the international organizations to which Angola pertain.
The main issue consists in determining whether the multilateral diplomacy is dominant as far as the development of Angola is concerned.
It is stated in this paper that the multilateral diplomacy plays a very important role in the development of Angola. As a member of international organizations and institutions, our country has known development in almost all the areas of the social and economic life.
In order to reach the objectives set for this paper, it was necessary the use of a methodology that included the logical historical analysis through proceedings and theatrical investigation techniques as well as interviews and consultation of written documents.
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Wu, Pei-Ju. "Change and continuity in German foreign policy in East Central Europe, 1990-2002." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288118.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
From the Kaiser Reich to the Berlin Republic, the weight of German foreign policy has shifted from national greatness to international co-operation. As international factors have played the major part in foreign policy making, the distinctive principle of German foreign policy has been mutlilateralism since the end of WWII. The thesis investigates Germany's foreign policy in East Central Europe in the period from 1990 to 2002 to explore whether and to what extent Germany's present foreign policy corresponds to multilateralism and if there has been continuity in German foreign policy since WWII. It employs modified neo-realist foreign policy theory assuming that Germany's post-unification foreign policy behaviour will choose to strengthen international institutions in which it itself participates and join in multilateral actions. The thesis argues that the German government assists in the political and economic reforms of the eastern candidates countries in order to speed up their entry to the EU. The major contribution is to provide information and analysis on Germany's East Central European policy after the demise of communism. The thesis demonstrates that Germany's policy in East Central Europe best fits the modified neo-realist prediction of loss of both influence and autonomy because Germany has chosen to multilateralise its relations with weaker states (i. e. East Central European countries), aiming at dealing with them within a multilateral framework (i. e. EU). The overall conclusion is that with the Berlin Republic there has been some change in German foreign policy, but underlying this is a basic continuity in the multilateralism of German post Second World War political culture.
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Romero, Lugo Analis Alejandra. "Temperature behavior in the build section of multilateral wells." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2614.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Intelligent well completions are increasingly being used in horizontal, multilateral, and
multi-branching wells. Such completions are equipped with permanent sensors to
measure temperature and pressure profiles, which must then be interpreted to determine
the inflow profiles of the various phases produced that are needed to characterize the
well??s performance. Distributed temperature measurements, using fiber optics in
particular, are becoming increasingly more often applied.
The value of an intelligent completion hinges on our capability to extract such inflow
profiles or, at a minimum, to locate the entry locations of undesirable water or gas
entries.
In this research, a model of temperature behavior in multilateral wells was developed.
The model predicts the temperature profiles in the build sections connecting the laterals
to one another or to a main wellbore, thus accounting for the changing well angle
relative to the temperature profile in the earth. In addition, energy balance equations
applied at each junction predict the effects of mixing on the temperature above each
junction.
The multilateral wellbore temperature model was applied to a wide range of cases, in
order to determine the conditions for which intelligent completions would be most
useful. Parameters that were varied for this experiment included fluid thermal properties,
absolute values of temperature and pressure, geothermal gradients, flow rates from each lateral, and the trajectories of each build section. From this parametric study, guidelines
for an optimal application of intelligent well completion are represented.
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Okhomina, Grace Esohe. "The quest for a multilateral agreement on investment (MAI)." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this examination was to identify those evolving trends that are common to multilateral agreements some of which have been entered into by African developing countries, bearing in mind the debates and position of African developing countries. The study also aimed at examining the effects of these regulations on African countries especially with key provisions and the kinds of rights and obligations they confer on investors as well as the host country. As there is a need to create a balance between the interest of the host nation and the investor, the study also aimed at identifying if those evolving common trends can be used to establish a guideline for a standard bilateral investment treaty or on the other hand whether they can be used as a template for a multilateral agreement on investment.