Статті в журналах: "Multifunctional Inorganic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Diagnostics"

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Miranda, Margarida S., Ana F. Almeida, Manuela E. Gomes, and Márcia T. Rodrigues. "Magnetic Micellar Nanovehicles: Prospects of Multifunctional Hybrid Systems for Precision Theranostics." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 19 (October 4, 2022): 11793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911793.

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Hybrid nanoarchitectures such as magnetic polymeric micelles (MPMs) are among the most promising nanotechnology-enabled materials for biomedical applications combining the benefits of polymeric micelles and magnetic nanoparticles within a single bioinstructive system. MPMs are formed by the self-assembly of polymer amphiphiles above the critical micelle concentration, generating a colloidal structure with a hydrophobic core and a hydrophilic shell incorporating magnetic particles (MNPs) in one of the segments. MPMs have been investigated most prominently as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as heat generators in hyperthermia treatments, and as magnetic-susceptible nanocarriers for the delivery and release of therapeutic agents. The versatility of MPMs constitutes a powerful route to ultrasensitive, precise, and multifunctional diagnostic and therapeutic vehicles for the treatment of a wide range of pathologies. Although MPMs have been significantly explored for MRI and cancer therapy, MPMs are multipurpose functional units, widening their applicability into less expected fields of research such as bioengineering and regenerative medicine. Herein, we aim to review published reports of the last five years about MPMs concerning their structure and fabrication methods as well as their current and foreseen expectations for advanced biomedical applications.

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Reichel, Victoria E., Jasmin Matuszak, Klaas Bente, Tobias Heil, Alexander Kraupner, Silvio Dutz, Iwona Cicha, and Damien Faivre. "Magnetite-Arginine Nanoparticles as a Multifunctional Biomedical Tool." Nanomaterials 10, no. 10 (October 13, 2020): 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10102014.

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Iron oxide nanoparticles are a promising platform for biomedical applications, both in terms of diagnostics and therapeutics. In addition, arginine-rich polypeptides are known to penetrate across cell membranes. Here, we thus introduce a system based on magnetite nanoparticles and the polypeptide poly-l-arginine (polyR-Fe3O4). We show that the hybrid nanoparticles exhibit a low cytotoxicity that is comparable to Resovist®, a commercially available drug. PolyR-Fe3O4 particles perform very well in diagnostic applications, such as magnetic particle imaging (1.7 and 1.35 higher signal respectively for the 3rd and 11th harmonic when compared to Resovist®), or as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (R2/R1 ratio of 17 as compared to 11 at 0.94 T for Resovist®). Moreover, these novel particles can also be used for therapeutic purposes such as hyperthermia, achieving a specific heating power ratio of 208 W/g as compared to 83 W/g for Feridex®, another commercially available product. Therefore, we envision such materials to play a role in the future theranostic applications, where the arginine ability to deliver cargo into the cell can be coupled to the magnetite imaging properties and cancer fighting activity.

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Wang, Hui, Jing Shen, Yingyu Li, Zengyan Wei, Guixin Cao, Zheng Gai, Kunlun Hong, Probal Banerjee, and Shuiqin Zhou. "Magnetic iron oxide–fluorescent carbon dots integrated nanoparticles for dual-modal imaging, near-infrared light-responsive drug carrier and photothermal therapy." Biomater. Sci. 2, no. 6 (2014): 915–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3bm60297d.

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Tran, Hung-Vu, Nhat M. Ngo, Riddhiman Medhi, Pannaree Srinoi, Tingting Liu, Supparesk Rittikulsittichai, and T. Randall Lee. "Multifunctional Iron Oxide Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications: A Review." Materials 15, no. 2 (January 10, 2022): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15020503.

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Due to their good magnetic properties, excellent biocompatibility, and low price, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are the most commonly used magnetic nanomaterials and have been extensively explored in biomedical applications. Although magnetic IONPs can be used for a variety of applications in biomedicine, most practical applications require IONP-based platforms that can perform several tasks in parallel. Thus, appropriate engineering and integration of magnetic IONPs with different classes of organic and inorganic materials can produce multifunctional nanoplatforms that can perform several functions simultaneously, allowing their application in a broad spectrum of biomedical fields. This review article summarizes the fabrication of current composite nanoplatforms based on integration of magnetic IONPs with organic dyes, biomolecules (e.g., lipids, DNAs, aptamers, and antibodies), quantum dots, noble metal NPs, and stimuli-responsive polymers. We also highlight the recent technological advances achieved from such integrated multifunctional platforms and their potential use in biomedical applications, including dual-mode imaging for biomolecule detection, targeted drug delivery, photodynamic therapy, chemotherapy, and magnetic hyperthermia therapy.

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Orbay, Sinem, Ozgur Kocaturk, Rana Sanyal, and Amitav Sanyal. "Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Coated Inorganic Nanoparticles: Fabrication and Biomedical Applications." Micromachines 13, no. 9 (September 3, 2022): 1464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13091464.

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Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) continue to gain increasing attention as functional materials due to their unique characteristics such as higher stability, simple preparation, robustness, better binding capacity, and low cost. In particular, MIP-coated inorganic nanoparticles have emerged as a promising platform for various biomedical applications ranging from drug delivery to bioimaging. The integration of MIPs with inorganic nanomaterials such as silica (SiO2), iron oxide (Fe3O4), gold (Au), silver (Ag), and quantum dots (QDs) combines several attributes from both components to yield highly multifunctional materials. These materials with a multicomponent hierarchical structure composed of an inorganic core and an imprinted polymer shell exhibit enhanced properties and new functionalities. This review aims to provide a general overview of key recent advances in the fabrication of MIPs-coated inorganic nanoparticles and highlight their biomedical applications, including drug delivery, biosensor, bioimaging, and bioseparation.

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Kumar, Hemant, Pramod Kumar, Vishal Singh, Shwetank Shashi Pandey, and Balaram Pani. "Synthesis and surface modification of biocompatible mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) and its biomedical applications: a review." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 27, no. 2 (January 15, 2023): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/2702rjce1350146.

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This review gives a broad introduction to nanotechnology, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) and synthesis techniques, along with their applications. Recent advances in morphological control and surface functionalization of MSNs have improved their biocompatibility and a strong emphasis on the physicochemical characteristics of MSNs, resulting in a step forward in traditional intervention techniques. This review highlights recent improvements in silica-assisted drug delivery systems including MSN-based sustained drug delivery systems and MSN-based controlled, targeted drug delivery systems. Silica nanoparticles can be used to blend different materials, mix different functions and be a cornerstone for a multifunctional nanomedicine podium for multimodal imaging and diagnostics therapy.

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Vallabani, Naga Veera Srikanth, Sanjay Singh, and Ajay Singh Karakoti. "Magnetic Nanoparticles: Current Trends and Future Aspects in Diagnostics and Nanomedicine." Current Drug Metabolism 20, no. 6 (July 17, 2019): 457–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389200220666181122124458.

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Background: Biomedical applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) are creating a major impact on disease diagnosis and nanomedicine or a combined platform called theranostics. A significant progress has been made to engineer novel and hybrid MNPs for their multifunctional modalities such as imaging, biosensors, chemotherapeutic or photothermal and antimicrobial agents. MNPs are successfully applied in biomedical applications due to their unique and tunable properties such as superparamagnetism, stability, and biocompatibility. Approval of ferumoxytol (feraheme) for MRI and the fact that several Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) are currently undergoing clinical trials have paved a path for future MNPs formulations. Intensive research is being carried out in designing and developing novel nanohybrids for multiple applications in nanomedicine. Objective: The objective of the present review is to summarize recent developments of MNPs in imaging modalities like MRI, CT, PET and PA, biosensors and nanomedicine including their role in targeting and drug delivery. Relevant theory and examples of the use of MNPs in these applications have been cited and discussed to create a thorough understanding of the developments in this field. Conclusion: MNPs have found widespread use as contrast agents in imaging modalities, as tools for bio-sensing, and as therapeutic and theranostics agents. Multiple formulations of MNPs are in clinical testing and may be accepted in clinical settings in near future.

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Nakamura, Michihiro. "Biomedical applications of organosilica nanoparticles toward theranostics." Nanotechnology Reviews 1, no. 6 (December 1, 2012): 469–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2012-0005.

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AbstractNanoparticles for biomedical applications have several advantages as multifunctional agents. Among various types of nanoparticles for biomedical applications, silica nanoparticles have characteristic positioning due to their inherent property. The recent development of silica nanoparticles is creating a new trend in nanomedicine. A novel type of silica nanoparticle, organosilica nanoparticle, is both structurally and functionally different from the common (inorgano)silica nanoparticle. The organosilica nanoparticles are inherent organic-inorganic hybrid nanomaterials. The interior and exterior functionalities of organosilica nanoparticles are useful for their multifunctionalization. Biomedical applications of organosilica nanoparticles are leading to a wide range of nanomedical fields such as basic biomedical investigations and clinical applications. Multifunctionalizations peculiar to organosilica nanoparticles enable the creation of novel imaging systems and therapeutic applications. In this review, I will introduce differences between (inorgano)silica nanoparticles and organosilica nanoparticles, and then focus on biomedical applications of organosilica nanoparticles toward theranostics.

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Walimbe, Ketaki G., Pranjali P. Dhawal, and Shruti A. Kakodkar. "Anticancer Potential of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles: A Review." European Journal of Biology and Biotechnology 3, no. 2 (April 5, 2022): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejbio.2022.3.2.338.

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The field of nanotechnology has emerged as a promising course of study branching out into various biomedical fields such as therapeutics, imaging, and diagnostics. Metallic nanoparticles, specifically silver, are an important area of study due to their multifunctionality and diverse morphological characteristics. Amongst the various methods of synthesis of these multifunctional nanoparticles such as physical methods and chemical, green synthesis is the most suitable method due to its eco-friendly nature, cost-effectiveness, and ease of production. This article summarizes the broad spectrum of applications of green silver nanoparticles in the fields of cancer theranostics, imaging and diagnosis, and drug delivery. Bimetallic nanoparticles with silver as one of its major constituents are also explored to get a clear insight into the numerous prospective developments in the respective field.

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Nirwan, Viraj P., Tomasz Kowalczyk, Julia Bar, Matej Buzgo, Eva Filová, and Amir Fahmi. "Advances in Electrospun Hybrid Nanofibers for Biomedical Applications." Nanomaterials 12, no. 11 (May 27, 2022): 1829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12111829.

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Electrospun hybrid nanofibers, based on functional agents immobilized in polymeric matrix, possess a unique combination of collective properties. These are beneficial for a wide range of applications, which include theranostics, filtration, catalysis, and tissue engineering, among others. The combination of functional agents in a nanofiber matrix offer accessibility to multifunctional nanocompartments with significantly improved mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties, along with better biocompatibility and biodegradability. This review summarizes recent work performed for the fabrication, characterization, and optimization of different hybrid nanofibers containing varieties of functional agents, such as laser ablated inorganic nanoparticles (NPs), which include, for instance, gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and titanium nitride nanoparticles (TiNPs), perovskites, drugs, growth factors, and smart, inorganic polymers. Biocompatible and biodegradable polymers such as chitosan, cellulose, and polycaprolactone are very promising macromolecules as a nanofiber matrix for immobilizing such functional agents. The assimilation of such polymeric matrices with functional agents that possess wide varieties of characteristics require a modified approach towards electrospinning techniques such as coelectrospinning and template spinning. Additional focus within this review is devoted to the state of the art for the implementations of these approaches as viable options for the achievement of multifunctional hybrid nanofibers. Finally, recent advances and challenges, in particular, mass fabrication and prospects of hybrid nanofibers for tissue engineering and biomedical applications have been summarized.

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Yang, Guang, Yue Lu, Hunter N. Bomba, and Zhen Gu. "Cysteine-rich Proteins for Drug Delivery and Diagnosis." Current Medicinal Chemistry 26, no. 8 (May 16, 2019): 1377–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867324666170920163156.

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An emerging focus in nanomedicine is the exploration of multifunctional nanocomposite materials that integrate stimuli-responsive, therapeutic, and/or diagnostic functions. In this effort, cysteine-rich proteins have drawn considerable attention as a versatile platform due to their good biodegradability, biocompatibility, and ease of chemical modification. This review surveys cysteine-rich protein-based biomedical materials, including protein-metal nanohybrids, gold nanoparticle-protein agglomerates, protein-based nanoparticles, and hydrogels, with an emphasis on their preparation methods, especially those based on the cysteine residue-related reactions. Their applications in tumor-targeted drug delivery and diagnostics are highlighted.

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Singh, Dilpreet, Russel Tonjam, Tanu Chaudhary, Tanuja Bhatia, Karan Razdan, Balak Das Kurmi, Prashant Tiwari, and Sakshi Gupta. "A Short Appraisal on Gold Nanoparticles: Recent Advances and Applications." Current Nanomedicine 11, no. 3 (September 2021): 168–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2468187312666211220122455.

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: Owing to their unique characteristics and diverse surface activities, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been widely used in various fields of biology. The ease with which AuNPs can be functionalized makes it a useful platform for nanobiological assemblies containing oligonucleotides, antibodies, and proteins. AuNPs bioconjugates have also emerged as an interesting candidate for the development of novel biomaterials for the study of biological systems. AuNPs' flexibility has made them valuable in a variety of biomedical applications. The binding of analytes to AuNPs can change the physicochemical features of AuNPs, such as surface plasmon resonance, conductivity, and redox activity, resulting in observable signals in diagnostics. AuNPs can also be used as a therapeutic platform because of their large surface area, which allows for a dense presentation of multifunctional moieties (e.g., drugs and targeting agents). We present a brief summary of green synthesis, characteristics, and applications of gold nanoparticles in this paper, as well as their translational potential.

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Drozdov, Andrey S., Kristina S. Komarova, Elizaveta N. Mochalova, Elena N. Komedchikova, Victoria O. Shipunova, and Maxim P. Nikitin. "Fluorescent Magnetic Nanoparticles for Bioimaging through Biomimetic Surface Modification." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010134.

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Nanostructured materials and systems find various applications in biomedical fields. Hybrid organo–inorganic nanomaterials are intensively studied in a wide range of areas, from visualization to drug delivery or tissue engineering. One of the recent trends in material science is biomimetic approaches toward the synthesis or modification of functional nanosystems. Here, we describe an approach toward multifunctional nanomaterials through the biomimetic polymerization of dopamine derivatives. Magnetite nanoparticles were modified with a combination of dopamine conjugates to give multifunctional magneto-fluorescent nanocomposites in one synthetic step. The obtained material showed excellent biocompatibility at concentrations up to 200 μg/mL and an in vivo biodistribution profile typical for nanosized formulations. The synthesized systems were conjugated with antibodies against HER2 to improve their selectivity toward HER2-positive cancer cells. The produced material can be used for dual magneto-optical in vivo studies or targeted drug delivery. The applied synthetic strategy can be used for the creation of various multifunctional hybrid nanomaterials in mild conditions.

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Woźniak, Marcin, Agata Płoska, Anna Siekierzycka, Lawrence W. Dobrucki, Leszek Kalinowski, and Iwona T. Dobrucki. "Molecular Imaging and Nanotechnology—Emerging Tools in Diagnostics and Therapy." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 5 (February 28, 2022): 2658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052658.

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Personalized medicine is emerging as a new goal in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. This approach aims to establish differences between patients suffering from the same disease, which allows to choose the most effective treatment. Molecular imaging (MI) enables advanced insight into molecule interactions and disease pathology, improving the process of diagnosis and therapy and, for that reason, plays a crucial role in personalized medicine. Nanoparticles are widely used in MI techniques due to their size, high surface area to volume ratio, and multifunctional properties. After conjugation to specific ligands and drugs, nanoparticles can transport therapeutic compounds directly to their area of action and therefore may be used in theranostics—the simultaneous implementation of treatment and diagnostics. This review summarizes different MI techniques, including optical imaging, ultrasound imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear imaging, and computed tomography imaging with theranostics nanoparticles. Furthermore, it explores the potential use of constructs that enables multimodal imaging and track diseases in real time.

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Esther Nimshi, R., J. Judith Vijaya, B. Al-Najar, L. Hazeem, M. Bououdina, L. John Kennedy, K. Kombaiah, and S. Bellucci. "Multifunctional Core-Shell NiFe2O4 Shield with TiO2/rGO Nanostructures for Biomedical and Environmental Applications." Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications 2022 (May 30, 2022): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4805490.

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Multifunctional core@shell nanoparticles have been synthesized in this paper through 3 stages: NiFe2O4 nanoparticles by microwave irradiation using Pedalium murex leaf extract as a fuel, core@shell NiFe2O4@TiO2 nanoparticles by sol-gel, and NiFe2O4@TiO2@rGO by sol-gel using preprepared reduced graphene oxide obtained by modified Hummer’s method. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of both cubic NiFe2O4 spinel and tetragonal TiO2 rutile phases, while Raman spectroscopy analysis displays both D and G bands (ID/IG = 1.04) associated with rGO. Morphological observations by HRTEM reveal a core-shell nanostructure formed by NiFe2O4 core as confirmed by SAED with subsequent thin layers of TiO2 and rGO. Magnetic measurements show a ferromagnetic behavior, where the saturation magnetization drops drastically from 45 emu/g for NiFe2O4 to 15 emu/g after TiO2 and rGO nonmagnetic bilayers coating. The as-fabricated multifunctional core@shell nanostructures demonstrate tunable self-heating characteristics: rise of temperature and specific absorption rate in the range of ΔT = 3–10°C and SAR = 3–58 W/g, respectively. This effectiveness is much close to the threshold temperature of hyperthermia (45°C), and the zones of inhibition show the better effective antibacterial activity of NTG against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains besides simultaneous good efficient, stable, and removable sonophotocatalyst toward the TC degradation.

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Li, Xiumei, Wanjia Xu, Yue Xin, Jiawei Yuan, Yuancheng Ji, Shengnan Chu, Junqiu Liu, and Quan Luo. "Supramolecular Polymer Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications." Polymers 13, no. 4 (February 9, 2021): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13040513.

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Polymer nanocomposites, a class of innovative materials formed by polymer matrixes and nanoscaled fillers (e.g., carbon-based nanomaterials, inorganic/semiconductor nanoparticles, metal/metal-oxide nanoparticles, polymeric nanostructures, etc.), display enhanced mechanical, optoelectrical, magnetic, catalytic, and bio-related characteristics, thereby finding a wide range of applications in the biomedical field. In particular, the concept of supramolecular chemistry has been introduced into polymer nanocomposites, which creates myriad “smart” biomedical materials with unique physicochemical properties and dynamic tunable structures in response to diverse external stimuli. This review aims to provide an overview of the chemical composition, morphological structures, biological functionalities, and reinforced performances of supramolecular polymer nanocomposites. Additionally, recent advances in biomedical applications such as therapeutic delivery, bioimaging, and tissue engineering are also discussed, especially their excellent properties leveraged in the development of multifunctional intelligent biomedical materials.

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Li, Xiaotong, Minghong Jian, Yanhong Sun, Qunyan Zhu, and Zhenxin Wang. "The Peptide Functionalized Inorganic Nanoparticles for Cancer-Related Bioanalytical and Biomedical Applications." Molecules 26, no. 11 (May 27, 2021): 3228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113228.

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In order to improve their bioapplications, inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) are usually functionalized with specific biomolecules. Peptides with short amino acid sequences have attracted great attention in the NP functionalization since they are easy to be synthesized on a large scale by the automatic synthesizer and can integrate various functionalities including specific biorecognition and therapeutic function into one sequence. Conjugation of peptides with NPs can generate novel theranostic/drug delivery nanosystems with active tumor targeting ability and efficient nanosensing platforms for sensitive detection of various analytes, such as heavy metallic ions and biomarkers. Massive studies demonstrate that applications of the peptide–NP bioconjugates can help to achieve the precise diagnosis and therapy of diseases. In particular, the peptide–NP bioconjugates show tremendous potential for development of effective anti-tumor nanomedicines. This review provides an overview of the effects of properties of peptide functionalized NPs on precise diagnostics and therapy of cancers through summarizing the recent publications on the applications of peptide–NP bioconjugates for biomarkers (antigens and enzymes) and carcinogens (e.g., heavy metallic ions) detection, drug delivery, and imaging-guided therapy. The current challenges and future prospects of the subject are also discussed.

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Mochizuki, Chihiro, Junna Nakamura, and Michihiro Nakamura. "Development of Non-Porous Silica Nanoparticles towards Cancer Photo-Theranostics." Biomedicines 9, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9010073.

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Nanoparticles have demonstrated several advantages for biomedical applications, including for the development of multifunctional agents as innovative medicine. Silica nanoparticles hold a special position among the various types of functional nanoparticles, due to their unique structural and functional properties. The recent development of silica nanoparticles has led to a new trend in light-based nanomedicines. The application of light provides many advantages for in vivo imaging and therapy of certain diseases, including cancer. Mesoporous and non-porous silica nanoparticles have high potential for light-based nanomedicine. Each silica nanoparticle has a unique structure, which incorporates various functions to utilize optical properties. Such advantages enable silica nanoparticles to perform powerful and advanced optical imaging, from the in vivo level to the nano and micro levels, using not only visible light but also near-infrared light. Furthermore, applications such as photodynamic therapy, in which a lesion site is specifically irradiated with light to treat it, have also been advancing. Silica nanoparticles have shown the potential to play important roles in the integration of light-based diagnostics and therapeutics, termed “photo-theranostics”. Here, we review the recent development and progress of non-porous silica nanoparticles toward cancer “photo-theranostics”.

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Aich, Udayanath. "Recent Advance in Synthesis and Application of Inorganic Glyconanoparticles as Bio-Therapeutics and Diagnostics Agents." Materials Science Forum 754 (April 2013): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.754.1.

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Carbohydrates are attractive molecules for drug discovery because sugars are involved in many intricate human diseases including cancer and infectious diseases. Potential therapeutic and diagnostic benefits of sugar-based drugs, however, are offset by the poor pharmacologic properties of these molecules that include speedy serum clearance, poor cellular uptake, and the relatively high concentrations required for efficacy. To address these issues, carbohydrates are functionalized with nanocarrier as similar to peptides, proteins and DNA. Considering the vast relevance of Inorganic nanoparticles as promising candidates for electronic, optical, magnetic and biomedical applications, several metals linked glyconanoparticles (GNPs) are synthesized and applied for biomedical application. This article will elaborately discuss about the progress in the development of metallic GNPs for various biological applications as drug candidates and detection agents.

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Yadav, Monika, Karishma Niveria, Tapas Sen, Indrajit Roy, and Anita K. Verma. "Targeting nonapoptotic pathways with functionalized nanoparticles for cancer therapy: current and future perspectives." Nanomedicine 16, no. 12 (May 2021): 1049–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2020-0443.

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Apoptotic death evasion is a hallmark of cancer progression. In this context, past decades have witnessed cytotoxic agents targeting apoptosis. However, owing to cellular defects in the apoptotic machinery, tumors develop resistance to apoptosis-based cancer therapies. Hence, targeting nonapoptotic cell-death pathways displays enhanced therapeutic success in apoptosis-defective tumor cells. Exploitation of multifunctional properties of engineered nanoparticles may allow cancer therapeutics to target yet unexplored pathways such as ferroptosis, autophagy and necroptosis. Necroptosis presents a programmed necrotic death initiated by same apoptotic death signals that are caspase independent, whereas autophagy is self-degradative causing vacuolation, and ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form driven by lipid peroxidation. Targeting these tightly regulated nonapoptotic pathways may emerge as a new direction in cancer drug development, diagnostics and novel cancer nanotherapeutics. This review highlights the current challenges along with the advancement in this field of research and finally summarizes the future perspective in terms of their clinical merits.

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Zenze, Mkhuseli, Aliscia Daniels, and Moganavelli Singh. "Dendrimers as Modifiers of Inorganic Nanoparticles for Therapeutic Delivery in Cancer." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 2 (January 24, 2023): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15020398.

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The formulation of nanoscale systems with well-defined sizes and shapes is of great interest in applications such as drug and gene delivery, diagnostics and imaging. Dendrimers are polymers that have attracted interest due to their size, shape, branching length, amine density, and surface functionalities. These unique characteristics of dendrimers set them apart from other polymers, their ability to modify nanoparticles (NPs) for biomedical applications. Dendrimers are spherical with multiple layers over their central core, each representing a generation. Their amphiphilic nature and hollow structure allow for the incorporation of multiple drugs or genes, in addition to enabling easy surface modification with cellular receptor-targeting moieties to ensure site-specific delivery of therapeutics. Dendrimers are employed in chemotherapeutic applications for the delivery of anticancer drugs. There are many inorganic NPs currently being investigated for cancer therapy, each with their own unique biological, chemical, and physical properties. To favor biomedical applications, inorganic NPs require suitable polymers to ensure stability, biodegradability and target specificity. The success of dendrimers is dependent on their unique structure, good bioavailability and stability. In this review, we describe the properties of dendrimers and their use as modifiers of inorganic NPs for enhanced therapeutic delivery. Herein, we review the significant developments in this area from 2015 to 2022. Databases including Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, Science Direct, BioMed Central (BMC), and PubMed were searched for articles using dendrimers, inorganic nanoparticles and cancer as keywords.

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Lipengolts, Alexey A., Yulia A. Finogenova, Vsevolod A. Skribitsky, Kristina E. Shpakova, Adi Anaki, Menachem Motiei, Alevtina S. Semkina, et al. "CT and MRI Imaging of Theranostic Bimodal Fe3O4@Au NanoParticles in Tumor Bearing Mice." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010070.

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Gold-containing nanoparticles are proven to be an effective radiosensitizer in the radiotherapy of tumors. Reliable imaging of nanoparticles in a tumor and surrounding normal tissues is crucial both for diagnostics and for nanoparticle application as radiosensitizers. The Fe3O4 core was introduced into gold nanoparticles to form a core/shell structure suitable for MRI imaging. The aim of this study was to assess the in vivo bimodal CT and MRI enhancement ability of novel core/shell Fe3O4@Au theranostic nanoparticles. Core/shell Fe3O4@Au nanoparticles were synthesized and coated with PEG and glucose. C57Bl/6 mice bearing Ca755 mammary adenocarcinoma tumors received intravenous injections of the nanoparticles. CT and MRI were performed at several timepoints between 5 and 102 min, and on day 17 post-injection. Core/shell Fe3O4@Au nanoparticles provided significant enhancement of the tumor and tumor blood vessels. Nanoparticles also accumulated in the liver and spleen and were retained in these organs for 17 days. Mice did not show any signs of toxicity over the study duration. These results indicate that theranostic bimodal Fe3O4@Au nanoparticles are non-toxic and serve as effective contrast agents both for CT and MRI diagnostics. These nanoparticles have potential for future biomedical applications in cancer diagnostics and beyond.

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Vallet-Regí, María. "Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: Their Projection in Nanomedicine." ISRN Materials Science 2012 (August 16, 2012): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/608548.

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Mesoporous silica nanoparticles are receiving growing attention by the scientific biomedical community. Among the different types of inorganic nanomaterials, mesoporous silica nanoparticles have emerged as promising multifunctional platforms for nanomedicine. Since their introduction in the drug delivery landscape in 2001, mesoporous materials for drug delivery are receiving growing scientific interest for their potential applications in the biotechnology and nanomedicine fields. The ceramic matrix efficiently protects entrapped guest molecules against enzymatic degradation or denaturation induced by pH and temperature as no swelling or porosity changes take place as a response to variations in the surrounding medium. It is possible to load huge amounts of cargo into the mesopore voids and capping the pore entrances with different nanogates. The application of a stimulus provokes the nanocap removal and triggers the departure of the cargo. This strategy permits the design of stimuli-responsive drug delivery nanodevices.

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Al Othman, Zeid A., Mohammad Mezbaul Alam, Mu Naushad, Inamuddin, and Mohd Farhan Khan. "Inorganic Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials Based on Titanium (Ti): Applications in Medicine." Materials Science Forum 754 (April 2013): 21–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.754.21.

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Nanomedicine is a relatively new field of science and technology. By interacting with biomolecules, therefore at nanoscale, nanotechnology opens up a vast field of research and application. Current and potential applications of nanotechnology in medicine range from research involving diagnostic devices, drug delivery vehicles to enhanced gene therapy and tissue engineering procedures. Its advantage over conventional medicine lies on its size. Operating at nanoscale allows to exploit physical properties different from those observed at microscale such as the volume/surface ratio. This allows drugs of nanosize be used in lower concentration and has an earlier onset of therapeutic action. It also provides materials for controlled drug delivery by directing carriers to a specific location. Inorganic nanomedicine is likely to remain one of the most prolific fields of nanomedicine, which refers to the use of inorganic or hybrid (inorganic-inorganic or inorganic-organic) nanomaterials (INMs) and nanoparticles (INPs) to achieve innovative medical advances for body parts implantation, drug and gene discovery and delivery, discovery of biomarkers, and molecular diagnostics. Among the most promising INMs being developed are metal, silica, dendrimers, organic-inorganic hybrids, ceramics (e.g. ZrO2, TiO2, Al2O3, etc.) and bioinorganic hybrids. Metal NP contrast agents enhance magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound results in biomedical applications of in vivo imaging. Hollow and porous INMs have been exploited for drug and gene delivery, diagnostic imaging, and photothermal therapy. Biomolecular inorganic nanohybrids and nanostructured biomaterials have been exploited for targeted imaging and therapy, drug and gene delivery, and regenerative medicine. Potential uses for fluorescent quantum dots (QDs) include cell labeling, biosensing, in vivo imaging, bimodal magnetic-luminescent imaging, and diagnostics. Biocompatible QD conjugates have been used successfully for sentinel lymph node mapping, tumor targeting, tumor angiogenesis imaging, and metastasis cell tracking. This article outlines present developments and future prospects for the use of Ti-based NPs and NMs in experimental in vivo and in vitro studies and in engineering nanodevices and biosensors for clinical and investigative use in diagnosis and therapy in diverse fields of medical sciences, such as oncology, infection control, orthopedics, dentistry, dermatology, genetics, cardiology, ophthalmology, etc. Toxicological considerations of these INPs and INMs are also discussed.

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Gheata, Adrian, Alessandra Spada, Manon Wittwer, Ameni Dhouib, Emilie Molina, Yannick Mugnier, and Sandrine Gerber-Lemaire. "Modulating the Surface Properties of Lithium Niobate Nanoparticles by Multifunctional Coatings Using Water-in-Oil Microemulsions." Nanomaterials 13, no. 3 (January 28, 2023): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13030522.

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Inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as promising tools in biomedical applications, owing to their inherent physicochemical properties and their ease of functionalization. In all potential applications, the surface functionalization strategy is a key step to ensure that NPs are able to overcome the barriers encountered in physiological media, while introducing specific reactive moieties to enable post-functionalization. Silanization appears as a versatile NP-coating strategy, due to the biocompatibility and stability of silica, thus justifying the need for robust and well controlled silanization protocols. Herein, we describe a procedure for the silica coating of harmonic metal oxide NPs (LiNbO3, LNO) using a water-in-oil microemulsion (W/O ME) approach. Through optimized ME conditions, the silanization of LNO NPs was achieved by the condensation of silica precursors (TEOS, APTES derivatives) on the oxide surface, resulting in the formation of coated NPs displaying carboxyl (LNO@COOH) or azide (LNO@N3) reactive moieties. LNO@COOH NPs were further conjugated to an unnatural azido-containing small peptide to obtain silica-coated LNO NPs (LNO@Talys), displaying both azide and carboxyl moieties, which are well suited for biomedical applications due to the orthogonality of their surface functional groups, their colloidal stability in aqueous medium, and their anti-fouling properties.

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Figueiredo, André Q., Carolina F. Rodrigues, Natanael Fernandes, Duarte de Melo-Diogo, Ilídio J. Correia, and André F. Moreira. "Metal-Polymer Nanoconjugates Application in Cancer Imaging and Therapy." Nanomaterials 12, no. 18 (September 13, 2022): 3166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12183166.

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Metallic-based nanoparticles present a unique set of physicochemical properties that support their application in different fields, such as electronics, medical diagnostics, and therapeutics. Particularly, in cancer therapy, the plasmonic resonance, magnetic behavior, X-ray attenuation, and radical oxygen species generation capacity displayed by metallic nanoparticles make them highly promising theragnostic solutions. Nevertheless, metallic-based nanoparticles are often associated with some toxicological issues, lack of colloidal stability, and establishment of off-target interactions. Therefore, researchers have been exploiting the combination of metallic nanoparticles with other materials, inorganic (e.g., silica) and/or organic (e.g., polymers). In terms of biological performance, metal-polymer conjugation can be advantageous for improving biocompatibility, colloidal stability, and tumor specificity. In this review, the application of metallic-polymer nanoconjugates/nanohybrids as a multifunctional all-in-one solution for cancer therapy will be summarized, focusing on the physicochemical properties that make metallic nanomaterials capable of acting as imaging and/or therapeutic agents. Then, an overview of the main advantages of metal-polymer conjugation as well as the most common structural arrangements will be provided. Moreover, the application of metallic-polymer nanoconjugates/nanohybrids made of gold, iron, copper, and other metals in cancer therapy will be discussed, in addition to an outlook of the current solution in clinical trials.

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Zimina, Tatiana M., Nikita O. Sitkov, Kamil G. Gareev, Viacheslav Fedorov, Denis Grouzdev, Veronika Koziaeva, Huile Gao, Stephanie E. Combs, and Maxim Shevtsov. "Biosensors and Drug Delivery in Oncotheranostics Using Inorganic Synthetic and Biogenic Magnetic Nanoparticles." Biosensors 12, no. 10 (September 25, 2022): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12100789.

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Magnetic nanocarriers have attracted attention in translational oncology due to their ability to be employed both for tumor diagnostics and therapy. This review summarizes data on applications of synthetic and biogenic magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in oncological theranostics and related areas. The basics of both types of MNPs including synthesis approaches, structure, and physicochemical properties are discussed. The properties of synthetic MNPs and biogenic MNPs are compared with regard to their antitumor therapeutic efficiency, diagnostic potential, biocompatibility, and cellular toxicity. The comparative analysis demonstrates that both synthetic and biogenic MNPs could be efficiently used for cancer theranostics, including biosensorics and drug delivery. At the same time, reduced toxicity of biogenic particles was noted, which makes them advantageous for in vivo applications, such as drug delivery, or MRI imaging of tumors. Adaptability to surface modification based on natural biochemical processes is also noted, as well as good compatibility with tumor cells and proliferation in them. Advances in the bionanotechnology field should lead to the implementation of MNPs in clinical trials.

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Estelrich, Joan, and M. Antònia Busquets. "Prussian Blue: A Nanozyme with Versatile Catalytic Properties." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11 (June 1, 2021): 5993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115993.

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Nanozymes, nanomaterials with enzyme-like activities, are becoming powerful competitors and potential substitutes for natural enzymes because of their excellent performance. Nanozymes offer better structural stability over their respective natural enzymes. In consequence, nanozymes exhibit promising applications in different fields such as the biomedical sector (in vivo diagnostics/and therapeutics) and the environmental sector (detection and remediation of inorganic and organic pollutants). Prussian blue nanoparticles and their analogues are metal–organic frameworks (MOF) composed of alternating ferric and ferrous irons coordinated with cyanides. Such nanoparticles benefit from excellent biocompatibility and biosafety. Besides other important properties, such as a highly porous structure, Prussian blue nanoparticles show catalytic activities due to the iron atom that acts as metal sites for the catalysis. The different states of oxidation are responsible for the multicatalytic activities of such nanoparticles, namely peroxidase-like, catalase-like, and superoxide dismutase-like activities. Depending on the catalytic performance, these nanoparticles can generate or scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS).

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Popova, Victoriya, Elena Dmitrienko, and Alexey Chubarov. "Magnetic Nanocomposites and Imprinted Polymers for Biomedical Applications of Nucleic Acids." Magnetochemistry 9, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry9010012.

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Magnetic nanocomposites (MNCs) combine the features of magnetic nanoparticles and a second material, which provide distinct physical, chemical, and biological properties. The magnetic core for nanocomposite synthesis is extensively used due to its high saturation magnetization, chemical stability, large surface area, and easy functionalization. Moreover, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have great potential for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic particle imaging (MPI), hyperthermia, and targeted drug and gene delivery by an external magnetic field. Numerous composing units exist, which leads to the outstanding application of composites. This review focuses on nucleic acid-based bioapplications of MNCs with polymeric, organic, inorganic, biomolecules, and bioinspared surface coating. In addition, different forms, such as core–shell, doping, multilayer, yolk–shell, and Janus-shaped hybrids, are discussed, and their unique properties are highlighted. The unique types of nanocomposites as magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (MMIP) properties are presented. This review presents only the synthesis of MNCs using ready-made magnetic cores. These restrictions are associated with many materials, the quantitative and qualitative magnetic core composition, and synthesis procedures. This review aims to discuss the features of nucleic acid-based MNC information available to researchers in this field and guide them through some problems in the area, structure variation, and surface functionalization possibilities. The most recent advancements of MNCs and imprinted polymers in nucleic acid-based therapy, diagnostics, theranostics, magnetic separation, biocatalytic, and biosensing are introduced.

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Mazzaglia, Antonino, Norberto Micali, Luigi Monsù Scolaro, Maria Teresa Sciortino, Salvatore Sortino, and Valentina Villari. "Design of photosensitizer/cyclodextrin nanoassemblies: spectroscopy, intracellular delivery and photodamage." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 14, no. 08 (August 2010): 661–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424610002562.

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The engineering of multifunctional nanoparticles carrying photosensitizer drugs (PS) and exposing binding groups for cellular receptors is of increasing interest in therapeutics and diagnostics applications. Natural and modified cyclodextrins (CDs) offer useful scaffolds to bind PS guests by supramolecular interactions. In particular, amphiphilic β-CDs, which form nanoaggregates of diverse shape and size according to the polarity of substituent groups on the rims, include in their different compartments as CD cavity, hydrophilic and hydrophobic portion, PS with different physicochemical properties. PS embedded in cationic amphiphilic CD nanoassemblies are effective in inducing photodynamic damage in cancer cells. For a carrier/PS system to be used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) or photodynamic diagnosis (PDD), the appropriate combination of the delivery characteristics with the preservation of the photodynamic activity of the PS is strictly required. Homogeneous multilayer films based on cationic amphiphilic β-CD entrapping anionic porphyrins can be constructed to exploit interfacial electrostatic interactions between the two components. The capability of CDs to generate restricted microenvironments for PS which can facilitate photoinduced energy transfer with suitable donor molecules was investigated for potential application in fluorescence diagnosis. Besides, recent findings suggest that PDT could represent a useful tool for properly addressing an alternative approach for killing pathogens and combating infections at a clinical level. Finally, modified CDs can bind gold nanoparticles, yielding hybrid organic/inorganic nanoparticles which were studied in water solution and after casting on solid substrates. These binary assemblies could further encapsulate PS or other conventional drugs, opening new intriguing routes on multimodal therapy.

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Nigro, Alessandra, Michele Pellegrino, Marianna Greco, Alessandra Comandè, Diego Sisci, Luigi Pasqua, Antonella Leggio, and Catia Morelli. "Dealing with Skin and Blood-Brain Barriers: The Unconventional Challenges of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles." Pharmaceutics 10, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics10040250.

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Advances in nanotechnology for drug delivery are fostering significant progress in medicine and diagnostics. The multidisciplinary nature of the nanotechnology field encouraged the development of innovative strategies and materials to treat a wide range of diseases in a highly specific way, which allows reducing the drug dosage and, consequently, improving the patient’s compliance. Due to their good biocompatibility, easy synthesis, and high versatility, inorganic frameworks represent a valid tool to achieve this aim. In this context, Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSNs) are emerging in the biomedical field. For their ordered porosity and high functionalizable surface, achievable with an inexpensive synthesis process and being non-hazardous to biological tissues, MSNs offer ideal solutions to host, protect, and transport drugs to specific target sites. Extensive literature exists on the use of MSNs as targeted vehicles for systemic (chemo) therapy and for imaging/diagnostic purposes. However, the aim of this review is to give an overview of the last updates on the potential applications of the MSNs for Topical Drug Delivery (TDD) and as drug delivery systems into the brain, discussing their performances and advantages in dealing with these intriguing biological barriers.

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Casulli, Taurino, Carrara, and Hayashita. "Integration Methods of Cyclodextrins on Gold and Carbon Electrodes for Electrochemical Sensors." C — Journal of Carbon Research 5, no. 4 (November 27, 2019): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/c5040078.

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Cyclodextrins (CDs) are oligosaccharides composed of six (α), seven (β) or eight (γ) glucose units. Their inner hydrophobic cavity and hydrophilic external surface enable the formation of the “host-guest inclusion complex” with different organic or inorganic molecules showing high molecular selectivity. For these characteristics, CDs have many potential applications in electrochemical sensing. To enable CDs immobilization on the electrode surfaces, different chemical modifications are needed depending of the electrode material, while nanomaterials have been exploited to enhance the sensing signal. The CDs binding onto gold nanoparticles or carbon nanotubes, as an electron-transfer mediator to the electrode surface, is a typical example of it, while also graphene is largely used. The aim of the present review is to give an overview of CDs properties and their applications to electrochemical sensors for medical diagnostics. Different kinds for the functionalization of CDs onto electrode surfaces will be reviewed as well as their performance in presence of nanomaterials. Finally, CDs-based devices for sensing biomedical molecules of biomedical interest will be briefly presented and discussed.

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Ostheller, Maike-Elisa, Abdelrahman M. Abdelgawad, Naveen Kumar Balakrishnan, Ahmed H. Hassanin, Robert Groten, and Gunnar Seide. "Curcumin and Silver Doping Enhance the Spinnability and Antibacterial Activity of Melt-Electrospun Polybutylene Succinate Fibers." Nanomaterials 12, no. 2 (January 17, 2022): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12020283.

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Melt electrospinning is a polymer processing technology for the manufacture of microfibers and nanofibers. Additives are required to reduce the melt viscosity and increase its conductivity in order to minimize the fiber diameter, and can also impart additional beneficial properties. We investigated the preparation of polybutylene succinate (PBS) microfibers incorporating different weight percentages of two multifunctional additives (the organic dye curcumin and inorganic silver nanoparticles) using a single-nozzle laboratory-scale device. We determined the influence of these additives on the polymer melt viscosity, electrical conductivity, degradation profile, thermal behavior, fiber diameter, and antibacterial activity. The formation of a Taylor cone followed by continuous fiber deposition was observed for compounds containing up to 3% (w/w) silver nanoparticles and up to 10% (w/w) curcumin, the latter achieving the minimum average fiber diameter of 12.57 µm. Both additives reduced the viscosity and increased the electrical conductivity of the PBS melt, and also retained their specific antibacterial properties when compounded and spun into fibers. This is the first report describing the effect of curcumin and silver nanoparticles on the properties of PBS fibers manufactured using a single-nozzle melt-electrospinning device. Our results provide the basis to develop environmentally benign antibacterial melt-electrospun PBS fibers for biomedical applications.

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Pertici, Vincent, Guillaume Martrou, Didier Gigmes, and Thomas Trimaille. "Synthetic Polymer-based Electrospun Fibers: Biofunctionalization Strategies and Recent Advances in Tissue Engineering, Drug Delivery and Diagnostics." Current Medicinal Chemistry 25, no. 20 (June 14, 2018): 2385–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666171129133120.

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Background: Over the last decades, synthetic polymer-based electrospun nano/microfibers have emerged as potent materials in crucial biomedical applications such as tissue engineering, drug delivery and diagnostics. This is mainly attributed to versatility and reproducibility of the electrospinning (ES) process, as well as the high surface- to-volume ratio of the generated nanostructures. Appropriate functionalization with dedicated biomolecules (i.e. cell adhesive peptides, therapeutic molecules, bio-probes) is a critical requirement for the performances of such materials in their related application. Methods: We report on the different chemical methodologies for preparing biofunctionalized synthetic polymer fibers, on the basis of two main approaches: biomolecule introduction after ES process (post-ES) and before ES (pre-ES). We then focused on the latest implications of such materials in areas of tissue engineering, drug delivery and diagnostics. Results: This review describes the numerous immobilization strategies (either covalent or non-covalent) developed for designing biofunctionalized fibers, as well as their impact on their properties in dedicated application. The inputs of advanced conjugation tools (“clickable” chemistries, PEG linkers) for biofunctionalization are also highlighted. In the light of the literature, it appears that increasing research efforts are now devoted to multifunctional character and fiber combination with other materials (hydrogels, inorganic particles, microfluidic devices) for improved and tunable performances. Conclusion: Owing to flexibility and robustness of ES process as well as advances in conjugation and polymer/material engineering, high degree of control over biofunctionalization can now be achieved, to fit as best as possible the requirements of the targeted application. The performances reached up to now augur well for the future of such class of materials.

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Macchione, Micaela A., Dariana Aristizábal Bedoya, Eva Rivero-Buceta, Pablo Botella, and Miriam C. Strumia. "Mesoporous Silica and Oligo (Ethylene Glycol) Methacrylates-Based Dual-Responsive Hybrid Nanogels." Nanomaterials 12, no. 21 (October 30, 2022): 3835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12213835.

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Polymeric-inorganic hybrid nanomaterials have emerged as novel multifunctional platforms because they combine the intrinsic characteristics of both materials with unexpected properties that arise from synergistic effects. In this work, hybrid nanogels based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles, oligo (ethylene glycol) methacrylates, and acidic moieties were developed employing ultrasound-assisted free radical precipitation/dispersion polymerization. Chemical structure was characterized by infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance. Hydrodynamic diameters at different temperatures were determined by dynamic light scattering, and cloud point temperatures were determined by turbidimetry. Cell viability in fibroblast (NIH 3T3) and human prostate cancer (LNCaP) cell lines were studied by a standard colorimetric assay. The synthetic approach allows covalent bonding between the organic and inorganic components. The composition of the polymeric structure of hybrid nanogels was optimized to incorporate high percentages of acidic co-monomer, maintaining homogeneous nanosized distribution, achieving appropriate volume phase transition temperature values for biomedical applications, and remarkable pH response. The cytotoxicity assays show that cell viability was above 80% even at the highest nanogel concentration. Finally, we demonstrated the successful cell inhibition when they were treated with camptothecin-loaded hybrid nanogels.

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Leonés, Adrián, Marcela Lieblich, Rosario Benavente, José Luis Gonzalez, and Laura Peponi. "Potential Applications of Magnesium-Based Polymeric Nanocomposites Obtained by Electrospinning Technique." Nanomaterials 10, no. 8 (August 4, 2020): 1524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10081524.

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In the last few decades, the development of new electrospun materials with different morphologies and advanced multifunctional properties are strongly consolidated. There are several reviews that describe the processing, use and characterization of electrospun nanocomposites, however, based on our knowledge, no review on electrospun nanocomposites reinforced with nanoparticles (NPs) based on magnesium, Mg-based NPs, are reported. Therefore, in the present review, we focus attention on the fabrication of these promising electrospun materials and their potential applications. Firstly, the electrospinning technique and its main processing window-parameters are described, as well as some post-processing methods used to obtain Mg-based materials. Then, the applications of Mg-based electrospun nanocomposites in different fields are pointed out, thus taking into account the current trend in developing inorganic-organic nanocomposites to gradually satisfy the challenges that the industry generates. Mg-based electrospun nanocomposites are becoming an attractive field of research for environmental remediation (waste-water cleaning and air filtration) as well as for novel technical textiles. However, the mayor application of Mg-based electrospun materials is in the biomedical field, as pointed out. Therefore, this review aims to clarify the tendency in using electrospinning technique and Mg-based nanoparticles to huge development at industrial level in the near future.

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Wang, Xinying. "Potential Drug Delivery Pathways for Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease." SHS Web of Conferences 144 (2022): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202214401006.

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Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) has been one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders that majorly affect patients older than 65 years old. The treatment of the disease costs over 1% of the global GDP [1], yet not many new drugs have been developed which can effectively treat AD based on its pathological characteristics. The major challenge in treating brain disorders such as AD is the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) which refrains most of the drug molecules from entering the brain. Through reviewing multiple papers from PubMed Central®(PMC), which is an archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature at the U.S. National Institutes of Health’s National Library of Medicine (NIH/NLM), three promising drug delivery pathways have been investigated regarding their capabilities and effectivenesses of transporting drug molecules into the brain, which are inorganic nanoparticles, multifunctional liposomes, and transdermal delivery system. In this paper, brief introductions regarding each delivery pathway were offered, and specific experiment that supported the delivery method was presented. The advantages, as well as drawbacks of each type of delivery pathway, were also discussed in this paper.

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Gessner, Isabel, and Ines Neundorf. "Nanoparticles Modified with Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Conjugation Mechanisms, Physicochemical Properties, and Application in Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 7 (April 6, 2020): 2536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072536.

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Based on their tunable physicochemical properties and the possibility of producing cell-specific platforms through surface modification with functional biomolecules, nanoparticles (NPs) represent highly promising tools for biomedical applications. To improve their potential under physiological conditions and to enhance their cellular uptake, combinations with cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) represent a valuable strategy. CPPs are often cationic peptide sequences that are able to translocate across biological membranes and to carry attached cargos inside cells and have thus been recognized as versatile tools for drug delivery. Nevertheless, the conjugation of CPP to NP surfaces is dependent on many properties from both individual components, and further insight into this complex interplay is needed to allow for the fabrication of highly stable but functional vectors. Since CPPs per se are nonselective and enter nearly all cells likewise, additional decoration of NPs with homing devices, such as tumor-homing peptides, enables the design of multifunctional platforms for the targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs. In this review, we have updated the recent advances in the field of CPP-NPs, focusing on synthesis strategies, elucidating the influence of different physicochemical properties, as well as their application in cancer research.

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Caselli, Lucrezia, Marco Mendozza, Beatrice Muzzi, Alessandra Toti, Costanza Montis, Tommaso Mello, Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli, Carla Ghelardini, Claudio Sangregorio, and Debora Berti. "Lipid Cubic Mesophases Combined with Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: A Hybrid Multifunctional Platform with Tunable Magnetic Properties for Nanomedical Applications." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 17 (August 27, 2021): 9268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179268.

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Hybrid materials composed of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) and lipid self-assemblies possess considerable applicative potential in the biomedical field, specifically, for drug/nutrient delivery. Recently, we showed that SPIONs-doped lipid cubic liquid crystals undergo a cubic-to-hexagonal phase transition under the action of temperature or of an alternating magnetic field (AMF). This transition triggers the release of drugs embedded in the lipid scaffold or in the water channels. In this contribution, we address this phenomenon in depth, to fully elucidate the structural details and optimize the design of hybrid multifunctional carriers for drug delivery. Combining small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) with a magnetic characterization, we find that, in bulk lipid cubic phases, the cubic-to-hexagonal transition determines the magnetic response of SPIONs. We then extend the investigation from bulk liquid-crystalline phases to colloidal dispersions, i.e., to lipid/SPIONs nanoparticles with cubic internal structure (“magnetocubosomes”). Through Synchrotron SAXS, we monitor the structural response of magnetocubosomes while exposed to an AMF: the magnetic energy, converted into heat by SPIONs, activates the cubic-to-hexagonal transition, and can thus be used as a remote stimulus to spike drug release “on-demand”. In addition, we show that the AMF-induced phase transition in magnetocubosomes steers the realignment of SPIONs into linear string assemblies and connect this effect with the change in their magnetic properties, observed at the bulk level. Finally, we assess the internalization ability and cytotoxicity of magnetocubosomes in vitro on HT29 adenocarcinoma cancer cells, in order to test the applicability of these smart carriers in drug delivery applications.

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Zhou, Qing, Li Zhang, and Hong Wu. "Nanomaterials for cancer therapies." Nanotechnology Reviews 6, no. 5 (October 26, 2017): 473–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2016-0102.

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AbstractCancer is one of the most deadly diseases in the world. In recent years, nanotechnology, as a unique technology, has been comprehensively applied in the therapy of cancer through diagnosis, imaging and theranostics. Additionally, with the emergence of advanced biomaterials which are capable of being applied in biomedical, research in cancer nanotechnology has made significant progress. Particularly, nanomaterials with dimensions below several hundred nanometers are intensively studied among these advanced biomaterials. In past decades, a number of organic and inorganic nanomaterials have emerged as novel tools for cancer diagnostics and therapeutics due to their unique characteristics, like their solubilization effect, drug protection, passive/active tumor targeting, controlled release of drugs which result in enhanced anticancer efficacy while reducing the side effects. In this review, we first provide a brief description of the key properties of nanomaterials, such as nanoparticle (NP) size, surface properties and tumor targeting. The major goal of this review is to summarize the achievements that have been made in the development of the application of nanomaterials for cancer therapies, along with a short description of their general characteristics and preparation of various kinds of nanoparticles.

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Perini, Giordano, Valentina Palmieri, Gabriele Ciasca, Marco De Spirito, and Massimiliano Papi. "Unravelling the Potential of Graphene Quantum Dots in Biomedicine and Neuroscience." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 10 (May 25, 2020): 3712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21103712.

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Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconducting nanoparticles that have been gaining ground in various applications, including the biomedical field, thanks to their unique optical properties. Recently, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have earned attention in biomedicine and nanomedicine, thanks to their higher biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity compared to other QDs. GQDs share the optical properties of QD and have proven ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). For this reason, GQDs are now being employed to deepen our knowledge in neuroscience diagnostics and therapeutics. Their size and surface chemistry that ease the loading of chemotherapeutic drugs, makes them ideal drug delivery systems through the bloodstream, across the BBB, up to the brain. GQDs-based neuroimaging techniques and theranostic applications, such as photothermal and photodynamic therapy alone or in combination with chemotherapy, have been designed. In this review, optical properties and biocompatibility of GQDs will be described. Then, the ability of GQDs to overtake the BBB and reach the brain will be discussed. At last, applications of GQDs in bioimaging, photophysical therapies and drug delivery to the central nervous system will be considered, unraveling their potential in the neuroscientific field.

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Tripathi, Jayati, B. Vasu, Rama Subba Reddy Gorla, Ali J. Chamkha, P. V. S. N. Murthy, and O. Anwar Bég. "Blood Flow Mediated Hybrid Nanoparticles in Human Arterial System: Recent Research, Development and Applications." Journal of Nanofluids 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jon.2021.1769.

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Blood flow dynamics contributes an elemental part in the formation and expansion of cardiovascular diseases in human body. Computational simulation of blood flow in the human arterial system has been widely used in recent decades for better understanding the symptomatic spectrum of various diseases, in order to improve already existing or develop new therapeutic techniques. The characteristics of the blood flow in an artery can be changed significantly by arterial diseases, such as aneurysms and stenoses. The progress of atherosclerosis or stenosis in a blood vessel is quite common which may be caused due to the addition of lipids in the arterial wall. Nanofluid is a colloidal mixture of nanometer sized (which ranges from 10–100 m) metallic and non-metallic particles in conventional fluid (such as water, oil). The delivery of nanoparticles is an interesting and growing field in the development of diagnostics and remedies for blood flow complications. An enhancement of nano-drug delivery performance in biological systems, nanoparticles properties such as size, shape and surface characteristics can be regulated. Nanoparticle offers remarkably advantages over the traditional drug delivery in terms of high specificity, high stability, high drug carrying capacity, ability for controlled release. Highly dependency has been found for their behavior under blood flow while checking for their ability to target and penetrate tissues from the blood. In the field of nano-medicine, organic (including polymeric micelles and vesicles, liposomes) and inorganic (gold and mesoporous silica, copper) nanoparticles have been broadly studied as particular carriers because as drug delivery systems they delivered a surprising achievement as a result of their biocompatibility with tissue and cells, their subcellular size, decreased toxicity and sustained release properties. For the extension of nanofluids research, the researchers have also tried to use hybrid nanofluid recently, which is synthesized by suspending dissimilar nanoparticles either in mixture or composite form. The main idea behind using the hybrid nanofluid is to further improve the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics. Nanoparticles are helpful as drug carriers to minimize the effects of resistance impedance to blood flow or coagulation factors due to stenosis. Discussed various robust approaches have been employed for the nanoparticle transport through blood in arterial system. The main objective of the paper is to provide a comprehensive review of computational simulations of blood flow containing hybrid-nanoparticles as drug carriers in the arterial system of the human body. The recent developments and analysis of convective flow of particle-fluid suspension models for the axi-symmetric arterial bodies in hemodynamics are summarized. Detailed existing mathematical models for simulating blood flow with nanoparticles in stenotic regions are reviewed. The review focuses on selected numerical simulations of physiological convective flows under various stenosis approximations and computation of the temperature, velocity, resistance impedance to flow, wall shear stress and the pressure gradient with the corresponding boundary conditions. The current review also highlights that the drug carrier nanoparticles are efficient mechanisms for reducing hemodynamics of stenosis and could be helpful for other biomedical applications. The review considers flows through various stenoses and the significances of numerical fluid mechanics in clinical medicine. The review examines nano-drug delivery systems, nanoparticles and describes recent computational simulations of nano-pharmacodynamics.

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43

Koch, Claudia, Fabian J. Eber, Carlos Azucena, Alexander Förste, Stefan Walheim, Thomas Schimmel, Alexander M. Bittner, et al. "Novel roles for well-known players: from tobacco mosaic virus pests to enzymatically active assemblies." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 7 (April 25, 2016): 613–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.7.54.

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The rod-shaped nanoparticles of the widespread plant pathogentobacco mosaic virus(TMV) have been a matter of intense debates and cutting-edge research for more than a hundred years. During the late 19th century, their behavior in filtration tests applied to the agent causing the 'plant mosaic disease' eventually led to the discrimination of viruses from bacteria. Thereafter, they promoted the development of biophysical cornerstone techniques such as electron microscopy and ultracentrifugation. Since the 1950s, the robust, helically arranged nucleoprotein complexes consisting of a single RNA and more than 2100 identical coat protein subunits have enabled molecular studies which have pioneered the understanding of viral replication and self-assembly, and elucidated major aspects of virus–host interplay, which can lead to agronomically relevant diseases. However, during the last decades, TMV has acquired a new reputation as a well-defined high-yield nanotemplate with multivalent protein surfaces, allowing for an ordered high-density presentation of multiple active molecules or synthetic compounds. Amino acid side chains exposed on the viral coat may be tailored genetically or biochemically to meet the demands for selective conjugation reactions, or to directly engineer novel functionality on TMV-derived nanosticks. The natural TMV size (length: 300 nm) in combination with functional ligands such as peptides, enzymes, dyes, drugs or inorganic materials is advantageous for applications ranging from biomedical imaging and therapy approaches over surface enlargement of battery electrodes to the immobilization of enzymes. TMV building blocks are also amenable to external control of in vitro assembly and re-organization into technically expedient new shapes or arrays, which bears a unique potential for the development of 'smart' functional 3D structures. Among those, materials designed for enzyme-based biodetection layouts, which are routinely applied, e.g., for monitoring blood sugar concentrations, might profit particularly from the presence of TMV rods: Their surfaces were recently shown to stabilize enzymatic activities upon repeated consecutive uses and over several weeks. This review gives the reader a ride through strikingly diverse achievements obtained with TMV-based particles, compares them to the progress with related viruses, and focuses on latest results revealing special advantages for enzyme-based biosensing formats, which might be of high interest for diagnostics employing 'systems-on-a-chip'.

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44

Meng, Yanan, Xia Niu, and Guiling Li. "Liposome Nanoparticles as a Novel Drug Delivery System for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications." Current Drug Delivery 19 (March 24, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567201819666220324093821.

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Abstract: Liposome nanoparticles (LNPs) as a promising platform in drug delivery, combine the advantages of both liposomes and inorganic/organic nanoparticles into a single system. Both liposomes and nanoparticles have demonstrated the optimized drug efficacy in clinic. LNPs are proven to be a multifunctional system and thus utilized in various research applications (e.g., spatiotemporal control of drug release, hyperthermia, photothermal therapy, and biological imaging). The type of nanoparticles involved in LNPs largely affects the features of LNPs. Besides, diverse nanoparticlesenable liposomes to overcome the defects such as poor stability, few functions and rapid elimination from blood circulation. In this review, multiple nanoparticles materials and further prepared LNPs as well as their structure, physicochemical properties, manipulation and the latest applications in biomedical field are introduced. Future directions in advancing of LNPs are also discussed in the end.

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45

Natarajan, Subramanian, Kannan Harini, Gnana Prakash Gajula, Bruno Sarmento, Maria Teresa Neves-Petersen, and Viruthachalam Thiagarajan. "Multifunctional magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: diverse synthetic approaches, surface modifications, cytotoxicity towards biomedical and industrial applications." BMC Materials 1, no. 1 (November 19, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s42833-019-0002-6.

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AbstractMagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONPs) play a major role in the emerging fields of nanotechnology to facilitate rapid advancements in biomedical and industrial platforms. The superparamagnetic properties of MIONPs and their environment friendly synthetic methods with well-defined particle size have become indispensable to obtain their full potential in a variety of applications ranging from cellular to diverse areas of biomedical science. Thus, the broadened scope and need for MIONPs in their demanding fields of applications required to be highlighted for a comprehensive understanding of their state-of-the-art. Many synthetic methods, however, do not entirely abolish their undesired cytotoxic effects caused by free radical production and high iron dosage. In addition, the agglomeration of MIONPs has also been a major problem. To alleviate these issues, suitable surface modification strategies adaptive to MIONPs has been suggested not only for the effective cytotoxicity control but also to minimize their agglomeration. The surface modification using inorganic and organic polymeric materials would represent an efficient strategy to utilize the diagnostic and therapeutic potentials of MIONPs in various human diseases including cancer. This review article elaborates the structural and magnetic properties of MIONPs, specifically magnetite, maghemite and hematite, followed by the important synthetic methods that can be exploited for biomedical approaches. The in vivo cytotoxic effects and the possible surface modifications employed to eliminate the cytotoxicity thereby enhancing the nanoparticle efficacy are also critically discussed. The roles and applications of surface modified MIONPs in medical and industrial platforms have been described for the benefits of global well-being.

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46

"Nanomaterials: An overview with respect to biological applications." Journal of Applied and Emerging Sciences, December 18, 2020, 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.36785/buitems.jaes.401.

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Nanotechnology embraces the research and technological advancement in a novel category of materials at the macromolecular, molecu-lar and atomic level that is rapidly attaining considerable recognition worldwide. It involves the study of devices and structures rang-ing from 1- to 100- nanometers in length scale known as nanomaterials that take up specific novel properties. Due to their unique small size, enhanced solubility, surface tailor ability, multi-functionality, shape dependent inherent physicochemical properties, many new biological advances in various fields are opened including medicine, biology, engineering and electronics. The ability of nano-material to interact with elaborate biological functions in innovative ways permits cross-disciplinary researchers the chance to plan and develop multifunctional nanoparticles that can target, diagnose, and treat diseases such as cancer. Nanomaterials have vital role in diagnostics, detection to therapeutic and treatment level. Hybrid nanomaterials exhibit higher efficiency as they are the combination of organic and inorganic nanomaterials and their both therapeutics and diagnostics functions can be directed in a single dose. They are specialized form having specific properties and give incredible biomedical, therapeutics and treatment applications. However, there might be health implications associated with it. This review article aims to present an overview of nanomaterials and discuss their bio-logical applications in different areas.

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47

Verma, Jyoti, Sumit Lal, and Cornelis J. F. Van Noorden. "Inorganic nanoparticles for the theranostics of cancer." European Journal of Nanomedicine 7, no. 4 (January 1, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ejnm-2015-0024.

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AbstractTheranostics are a multifunctional approach using nanoparticles for combined diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. The hybrid nanoparticles that are applied for these purposes are composed of an inorganic core and an organic shell. The inorganic core acts as a contrast enhancer and the organic shell acts as a drug releaser. Hybrid nanoparticles can be conjugated with targeting moieties and systematically administered to patients to direct the nanoparticles to specific cells such as cancer cells. Theranostics have the potential to significantly improve early stage cancer diagnostics and patient survival. This review discusses preclinical and clinical advances in applications of inorganic nanoparticles for the theranostics of cancer.

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Kim, Kyeong Rok, Ae Sol Lee, Su Min Kim, Hye Ryoung Heo, and Chang Sup Kim. "Virus-like nanoparticles as a theranostic platform for cancer." Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 10 (January 12, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.1106767.

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Virus-like nanoparticles (VLPs) are natural polymer-based nanomaterials that mimic viral structures through the hierarchical assembly of viral coat proteins, while lacking viral genomes. VLPs have received enormous attention in a wide range of nanotechnology-based medical diagnostics and therapies, including cancer therapy, imaging, and theranostics. VLPs are biocompatible and biodegradable and have a uniform structure and controllable assembly. They can encapsulate a wide range of therapeutic and diagnostic agents, and can be genetically or chemically modified. These properties have led to sophisticated multifunctional theranostic platforms. This article reviews the current progress in developing and applying engineered VLPs for molecular imaging, drug delivery, and multifunctional theranostics in cancer research.

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Fornara, Andrea, Alberto Recalenda, Jian Qin, Abhilash Sugunan, Fei Ye, Sophie Laurent, Robert N. Muller, et al. "Polymeric/Inorganic Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Simultaneous Drug Delivery and Visualization." MRS Proceedings 1257 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-1257-o04-03.

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AbstractNanoparticles consisting of different biocompatible materials are attracting a lot of interest in the biomedical area as useful tools for drug delivery, photo-therapy and contrast enhancement agents in MRI, fluorescence and confocal microscopy. This work mainly focuses on the synthesis of polymeric/inorganic multifunctional nanoparticles (PIMN) based on biocompatible di-block copolymer poly(L,L-lactide-co-ethylene glycol) (PLLA-PEG) via an emulsion-evaporation method. Besides containing a hydrophobic drug (Indomethacin), these polymeric nanoparticles incorporate different visualization agents such as superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) and fluorescent Quantum Dots (QDs) that are used as contrast agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and fluorescence microscopy together. Gold Nanorods are also incorporated in such nanostructures to allow simultaneous visualization and photodynamic therapy. MRI studies are performed with different loading of SPION into PIMN, showing an enhancement in T2 contrast superior to commercial contrast agents. Core-shell QDs absorption and emission spectra are recorded before and after their loading into PIMN. With these polymeric/inorganic multifunctional nanoparticles, both MRI visualization and confocal fluorescence microscopy studies can be performed. Gold nanorods are also synthesized and incorporated into PIMN without changing their longitudinal absorption peak usable for lased excitation and phototherapy. In-vitro cytotoxicity studies have also been performed to confirm the low cytotoxicity of PIMN for further in-vivo studies.

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Kajner, Gyula, Albert Kéri, Ádám Bélteki, Sándor Valkai, Andras Der, Zsolt Geretovszky, and Gábor Galbács. "Multifunctional microfluidic chips for the single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis of inorganic nanoparticles." Lab on a Chip, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2lc00377e.

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This study aimed at exploiting the so far unexploited potential of carrying out on-line sample pretreatment steps on microfluidic chips for single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICP-MS) measurements,...

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