Статті в журналах: "Multidrug nanoparticles"

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& MAHMOOD, HAMID. "THE SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF GOLD NANOPARTICLE LOADED WITH CEFTAZIDIUM ANTIBIOTIC AGAINST MULTIDRUG ERSISTANCE PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 52, no. 4 (August 22, 2021): 828–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v52i4.1391.

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This study was aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of gold nanoparticles that was synthesized by biological method using Aloe Vera extract. The Surface morphology of the synthesized gold nanoparticles was confirmed by Atomic force microscope (AFM) while the nature of functional groups present in gold nanoparticles was determined by FT-IR analysis. The antibacterial activity of gold nanoparticle was tested against multidrug resistance (MDR)pseudomonas aeruginosa, the results showed a significant effect against MDR isolates. Gold nanoparticle was loaded with ceftazidium antibiotic in order to improve the antibacterial activity and drug delivery efficiency. The synergistic effects of biosynthesize gold loaded with ceftazidium antibiotic at different concentration against MDR bacteria were also investigated. The result showed that ceftazidium-loaded nanoparticles have superior effectiveness compared to native ceftazidium against pseudomonas aeruginosa.

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Huq, Md Amdadul, Md Ashrafudoulla, Md Anowar Khasru Parvez, Sri Renukadevi Balusamy, Md Mizanur Rahman, Ji Hyung Kim, and Shahina Akter. "Chitosan-Coated Polymeric Silver and Gold Nanoparticles: Biosynthesis, Characterization and Potential Antibacterial Applications: A Review." Polymers 14, no. 23 (December 4, 2022): 5302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14235302.

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Biosynthesized metal nanoparticles, especially silver and gold nanoparticles, and their conjugates with biopolymers have immense potential in various fields of science due to their enormous applications, including biomedical applications. Polymeric nanoparticles are particles of small sizes from 1 nm to 1000 nm. Among different polymeric nanoparticles, chitosan-coated silver and gold nanoparticles have gained significant interest from researchers due to their various biomedical applications, such as anti-cancer, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-inflammatory technologies, as well as targeted drug delivery, etc. Multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria have become a serious threat to public health day by day. Novel, effective, and safe antibacterial agents are required to control these multidrug-resistant pathogenic microorganisms. Chitosan-coated silver and gold nanoparticles could be effective and safe agents for controlling these pathogens. It is proven that both chitosan and silver or gold nanoparticles have strong antibacterial activity. By the conjugation of biopolymer chitosan with silver or gold nanoparticles, the stability and antibacterial efficacy against multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria will be increased significantly, as well as their toxicity in humans being decreased. In recent years, chitosan-coated silver and gold nanoparticles have been increasingly investigated due to their potential applications in nanomedicine. This review discusses the biologically facile, rapid, and ecofriendly synthesis of chitosan-coated silver and gold nanoparticles; their characterization; and potential antibacterial applications against multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria.

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Shair Mohammad, Imran, Birendra Chaurasiya, Xuan Yang, Chuchu Lin, Hehui Rong, and Wei He. "Homotype-Targeted Biogenic Nanoparticles to Kill Multidrug-Resistant Cancer Cells." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 10 (October 9, 2020): 950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12100950.

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“Off-targeting” and receptor density expressed at the target sites always compromise the efficacy of the nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems. In this study, we isolated different cell membranes and constructed cell membrane-cloaked biogenic nanoparticles for co-delivery of antitumor paclitaxel (PTX) and multidrug resistance (MDR)-modulator disulfiram (DSF). Consequently, MDR cancer cell membrane (A549/T)-coated hybrid nanoparticles (A549/T CM-HNPs) selectively recognized the source cells and increased the uptake by ninefold via the homotypic binding mechanism. Moreover, the A549/T CM-HNPs sensitized MDR cells to PTX by suppressing P-glycoprotein (P-gp) activity by 3.2-fold and induced effective apoptosis (70%) in homologous A549/T cells. Cell-membrane coating based on the “homotypic binding” is promising in terms of promoting the accumulation of chemotherapeutics in MDR cells and killing them.

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Abd. Alaameri, Sally K., Huda S. A. Al-Hayanni, and Labeeb A. K. Al-Zubaidi. "Antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties of biosynthesized Silver nanoparticles using Sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) extracts against some pathogenic bacteria." Sumer 3 8, CSS 3 (October 15, 2023): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/css/2023.08.03.53.

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Multidrug-resistant bacteria have contributed to a rise in morbidity and death from microbial infections, making it more difficult to treat illnesses caused by resistant pathogenic bacteria. There is a growing interest in using nanoparticles as biomaterials around the globe. Nanoparticles might become a crucial, feasible therapeutic alternative for treating infections resistant to several drugs. Currently, they are recognized as feasible alternatives or additions to conventional antimicrobials. Nanotechnology focuses on developing eco-friendly methods for producing nanoparticles. The current work aims to generate a quick, ecologically friendly approach for synthesizing silver nanoparticles utilizing aqueous and alcohol sumac plant extracts. These silver nanoparticles appear synthesized and capped by sumac extract bioactive components. FTIR, XRD, SEM, AAS, EDX, AFM, and UV-Vis spectroscopy were used to determine the nanoparticle structure, shape, and optical properties. Within 15 minutes, the AgNPs had formed. The aqueous and alcoholic sumac extracts resulted in silver nanoparticles with an average particle size of 43.82 nm and 39.55 nm, respectively. Against the multi-drug-resistant clinical isolates, silver nanoparticles from both extracts had good antibacterial activity (Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecalis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Also, these nanoparticles had an inhibitory effect on the productivity of the biofilm virulence factor. For this study with highly significant differences (P≤0.01). Keywords: Silver nanoparticles, Green synthesis, Rhus coriaria L., Sumac, antibacterial activity, antibiofilm activity; multidrug-resistant bacteria.

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Roszczenko, Piotr, Olga Klaudia Szewczyk, Robert Czarnomysy, Krzysztof Bielawski, and Anna Bielawska. "Biosynthesized Gold, Silver, Palladium, Platinum, Copper, and Other Transition Metal Nanoparticles." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 11 (October 25, 2022): 2286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112286.

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Nanomedicine is a potential provider of novel therapeutic and diagnostic routes of treatment. Considering the development of multidrug resistance in pathogenic bacteria and the commonness of cancer, novel approaches are being sought for the safe and efficient synthesis of new nanoparticles, which have multifaceted applications in medicine. Unfortunately, the chemical synthesis of nanoparticles raises justified environmental concerns. A significant problem in their widespread use is also the toxicity of compounds that maintain nanoparticle stability, which significantly limits their clinical use. An opportunity for their more extensive application is the utilization of plants, fungi, and bacteria for nanoparticle biosynthesis. Extracts from natural sources can reduce metal ions in nanoparticles and stabilize them with non-toxic extract components.

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Shrivastava, A., RK Singh, PK Tyagi, and D. Gore. "Synthesis of Zinc Oxide, Titanium Dioxide and Magnesium Dioxide Nanoparticles and Their Prospective in Pharmaceutical and Biotechnological Applications." Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences 2, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 011–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37871/jbres1180.

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The use of nanoparticles for the therapeutic purpose is gaining pronounced importance. In the last two decades, a number of nanomedicines received regulatory approval and several showed promises through clinical trials. In this content, it is important to synthesize nanoparticles from various sources and to check its efficiency, especially its antibacterial activity. In today’s scenario number nanomedicines are proving useful to control multidrug resistance and since the mechanism of action of nanoparticles is totally different from the small molecules like antibiotics it obviates the chances of drug resistance. In this review, we discussed three metal-based nanoparticles prepared from various reducing sources namely Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle (ZnO NPs), Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle (TiO2 NPs) and Magnesium Dioxide Nanoparticle (MnO2 NPs). The focus also made towards the safety assessment of the several nanoparticles. In addition, the exact interaction of the nanoparticles with the bacterial cell surface and the resultant changes also been highlighted. The review put forward the sources, method, and antibacterial success of these nanoparticles so that future nanomedicines could be put forward.

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Zaineb, Tayyaba, Bushra Uzair, Waleed Y. Rizg, Waleed S. Alharbi, Hala M. Alkhalidi, Khaled M. Hosny, Barkat Ali Khan, Asma Bano, Mohammed Alissa, and Nazia Jamil. "Synthesis and Characterization of Calcium Alginate-Based Microspheres Entrapped with TiO2 Nanoparticles and Cinnamon Essential Oil Targeting Clinical Staphylococcus aureus." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 12 (December 9, 2022): 2764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14122764.

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It is important to create new generations of materials that can destroy multidrug-resistant bacterial strains, which are a serious public health concern. This study focused on the biosynthesis of an essential oil entrapped in titanium dioxide (TiO2) calcium alginate-based microspheres. In this research, calcium alginate-based microspheres with entrapped TiO2 nanoparticles and cinnamon essential oil (CI-TiO2-MSs) were synthesized, using an aqueous extract of Nigella sativa seeds for TiO2 nanoparticle preparation, and the ionotropic gelation method for microsphere preparation. The microspheres obtained were spherical, uniformly sized, microporous, and rough surfaced, and they were fully loaded with cinnamon essential oil and TiO2 nanoparticles. The synthesized microspheres were analyzed for antibacterial activity against the clinical multidrug-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus. Disc diffusion and flow cytometry analysis revealed strong antibacterial activity by CI-TiO2-MSs. The synthesized CI-TiO2-MSs were characterized by the SEM/EDX, X-ray diffraction, and FTIR techniques. Results showed that the TiO2 nanoparticles were spherical and 99 to 150 nm in size, whereas the CI-TiO2-MSs were spherical and rough surfaced. Apoptosis analysis and SEM micrography revealed that the CI-TiO2-MSs had strong bactericidal activity against S. aureus. The in vitro antibacterial experiments proved that the encapsulated CI-TiO2-MSs had strong potential for use as a prolonged controlled release system against multidrug-resistant clinical S. aureus.

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Abdelhamid, Mohamed A. A., Mi-Ran Ki, Amer Ali Abd Abd El-Hafeez, Ryeo Gang Son, and Seung Pil Pack. "Tailored Functionalized Protein Nanocarriers for Cancer Therapy: Recent Developments and Prospects." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15010168.

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Recently, the potential use of nanoparticles for the targeted delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic agents has garnered increased interest. Several nanoparticle drug delivery systems have been developed for cancer treatment. Typically, protein-based nanocarriers offer several advantages, including biodegradability and biocompatibility. Using genetic engineering or chemical conjugation approaches, well-known naturally occurring protein nanoparticles can be further prepared, engineered, and functionalized in their self-assembly to meet the demands of clinical production efficiency. Accordingly, promising protein nanoparticles have been developed with outstanding tumor-targeting capabilities, ultimately overcoming multidrug resistance issues, in vivo delivery barriers, and mimicking the tumor microenvironment. Bioinspired by natural nanoparticles, advanced computational techniques have been harnessed for the programmable design of highly homogenous protein nanoparticles, which could open new routes for the rational design of vaccines and drug formulations. The current review aims to present several significant advancements made in protein nanoparticle technology, and their use in cancer therapy. Additionally, tailored construction methods and therapeutic applications of engineered protein-based nanoparticles are discussed.

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Ahmed, Faraidun A., Khadijakhalil M. Barzani, and Payman A. Hamasaeed. "Antibacterial and Wound Healing Assessment of Silver Nanoparticles against Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella variicola." Cihan University-Erbil Scientific Journal 8, no. 2 (August 20, 2024): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/cuesj.v8n2y2024.pp49-55.

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The increase in antimicrobial resistance and the absence of novel antibiotic development cause problems in controlling infections for wound healing. Antibacterial properties of nanomaterials have emerged as a potentially effective approach in the pursuit of superior alternatives, nevertheless, the toxicity associated with higher concentrations has emerged as a significant obstacle. According to this study, green nanoparticle synthesis is demonstrated to be both economical and biocompatible on account of the bioactive compounds present. In the present work, silver nanoparticles prepared by using Pistacia khinjuk gum, then, nanoparticle-based cream was prepared and compared with Fusidin and Vaseline creams via assessment in vitro antibacterial and in vivo wound healing activity on Wistar albino rats infected with multi drug resistant Gram negative bacteria which was newly recorded in Iraq, namely Klebsiella variicola. The findings revealed that the application of nanoparticle cream resulted in more rapid and effective wound healing (11 days), demonstrating a significant synergistic effect in comparison to Fusidin (16 days), Vaseline (20 days), and the untreated control group rats (32 days). The results indicated that green nanoparticles proved to be a significant strategy in the fight against multidrug resistant bacteria, without any toxicity concerns.

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Chidambaram, Moorthi, R. Manavalan, and K. Kathiresan. "Nanotherapeutics to Overcome Conventional Cancer Chemotherapy Limitations." Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences 14, no. 1 (February 16, 2011): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18433/j30c7d.

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Cancer is one of the major causes of death worldwide and chemotherapy is a major therapeutic approach for the treatment which may be used alone or combined with other forms of therapy. However, conventional chemotherapy suffers lack of aqueous solubility, lack of selectivity and multidrug resistance. Nanotherapeutics is rapidly progressing aimed to solve several limitations of conventional drug delivery systems. Nonspecific target of cancer chemotherapy leads to damage rapidly proliferating normal cells and can be significantly reduced through folate and transferrin mediated nanotherapeutics which are aimed to target cancerous cells. Multidrug resistance is challenge in cancer chemotherapy which can be significantly reversed by solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, nanoparticulated chemosensitizer, nanoparticluated poloxamer and magnetic nanoparticles. Hydrophobic nature of chemotherapeutics leads to poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability which can be overcome by nanocrystals, albumin based nanoparticles, liposomal formulation, polymeric micelles, cyclodextrin and chitosan based nanoparticles. This review focuses the role of nanotherapeutics to overcome lack of selectivity, multidrug resistance and lack of aqueous solubility of conventional cancer chemotherapy.

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Bobai, M., L. Danjuma, and N. M. Sani. "In vitro antibacterial activity of biologically synthesised silver nanoparticles using Terminalia avicenoides extracts against multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains." Journal of Phytopharmacology 11, no. 2 (April 10, 2022): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2022.11203.

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Antimicrobial resistance is currently one of the risen concerns to global healthcare in the 21st century. The search for new phytochemicals that could be developed as drugs for treatment of infectious diseases consequently increased with medicinal plants extracts derived nanoparticles receiving greater attention. This study was carried out to determine invitro antimicrobial activity of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles using Terminalia avicenoides extracts against multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from wound infections. Isolation and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus was carried out using standard phenotypic and genotypic methods. Antimicrobial activity of selected antibiotics, Terminalia avicenoides extracts and biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles against multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus was carried out using standard procedures. The results of the susceptibility profile showed Staphylococcus aureus isolates resistant to 8.18% to 100% conventional antibiotics used, but 100% sensitive to imipenem. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, cardiac glycoside, phenols, saponins and terpenoids. The antimicrobial activity of the biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles against multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus ranged from 28.25±1.90–30.65±2.21 mm and showed significant difference (p<0.05). Comparative analysis of Terminalia avicenoides extracts and their respective biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles activity showed significant difference (p<0.05) with antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles having larger zones of growth inhibition (29.60±2.83mm) compared to that of extracts (19.88±13.09mm). Remarkably, Terminalia avicenoides extracts derived silver nanoparticles exhibit higher inhibitory effects against the multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains, hence, can further be study and develop for wound infections therapy.

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El Semary, Nermin A., and Esam M. Bakir. "Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Pathogens and Public Health: The Antimicrobial Effect of Cyanobacterial-Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles." Antibiotics 11, no. 8 (July 26, 2022): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11081003.

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Background: Cyanobacteria are considered as green nano-factories. Manipulation of the size of biogenic silver nanoparticles is needed to produce particles that suit the different applications such as the use as antibacterial agents. The present study attempts to manipulate the size of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles produced by cyanobacteria and to test the different-sized nanoparticles against pathogenic clinical bacteria. Methods: Cyanothece-like. coccoid unicellular cyanobacterium was tested for its ability to biosynthesize nanosilver particles of different sizes. A stock solution of silver nitrate was prepared from which three different concentrations were added to cyanobacterial culture. UV-visible spectroscopy and FTIR were conducted to characterize the silver nanoparticles produced in the cell free filtrate. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) was performed to determine the size of the nanoparticles produced at each concentration. The antimicrobial bioassays were conducted on broad host methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Streptococcus sp., was conducted to detect the nanoparticle size that was most efficient as an antimicrobial agent. Results. The UV-Visible spectra showed excellent congruence of the plasmon peak characteristic of nanosilver at 450 nm for all three different concentrations, varying peak heights were recorded according to the concentration used. The FTIR of the three solutions revealed the absence of characteristic functional groups in the solution. All three concentrations showed spectra at 1636 and 2050–2290 nm indicating uniformity of composition. Moreover, DLS analysis revealed that the silver nanoparticles produced with lowest concentration of precursor AgNO3 had smallest size followed by those resulting from the higher precursor concentration. The nanoparticles resulting from highest concentration of precursor AgNO3 were the biggest in size and tending to agglomerate when their size was above 100 nm. The three types of differently-sized silver nanoparticles were used against two bacterial pathogenic strains with broad host range; MRSA-(Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and Streptococcus sp. The three types of nanoparticles showed antimicrobial effects with the smallest nanoparticles being the most efficient in inhibiting bacterial growth. Discussion: Nanosilver particles biosynthesized by Cyanothece-like cyanobacterium can serve as antibacterial agent against pathogens including multi-drug resistant strains. The most appropriate nanoparticle size for efficient antimicrobial activity had to be identified. Hence, size-manipulation experiment was conducted to find the most effective size of nanosilver particles. This size manipulation was achieved by controlling the amount of starting precursor. Excessive precursor material resulted in the agglomeration of the silver nanoparticles to a size greater than 100 nm. Thereby decreasing their ability to penetrate into the inner vicinity of microbial cells and consequently decreasing their antibacterial potency. Conclusion: Antibacterial nanosilver particles can be biosynthesized and their size manipulated by green synthesis. The use of biogenic nanosilver particles as small as possible is recommended to obtain effective antibacterial agents.

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Shaikh, Ahson Jabbar, Nargis Aman, and Muhammad Arfat Yameen. "A new methodology for simultaneous comparison and optimization between nanoparticles and their drug conjugates against various multidrug-resistant bacterial strains." Asian Biomedicine 13, no. 4 (March 31, 2020): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/abm-2019-0054.

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AbstractBackgroundMultidrug-resistant bacteria are becoming more hazardous day by day for human health all over the world, and the scientific community is trying hard to resolve this issue by various approaches. One of the very common approaches is to bind drugs to nanoparticles and study enhanced antibacterial properties.ObjectiveTo compare simultaneously different types of nanoparticles, their concentration, bacterial strains and their incubation time intervals for each of the selected drug combination.MethodsWe have selected the most commonly used gold and silver nanoparticles and few examples from fluoroquinolone antibiotics to make their conjugates and study their efficacy against multidrug-resistant E. coli and S. aureus strains simultaneously, at different incubation time intervals and different concentration of nanoparticles.ResultsGold nanoparticle hybrids do not show any significant effect. Silver nanoparticle hybrids show far better results, even at extremely low concentrations.ConclusionsThis unique and simple approach allows us to know the exact time intervals and concentration required for each nanoparticle combination to control the growth for any specific strain. This approach can be extended to any set of nanoparticles, drugs and bacterial strains for comparative purposes.

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Dormont, Flavio, Romain Brusini, Catherine Cailleau, Franceline Reynaud, Arnaud Peramo, Amandine Gendron, Julie Mougin, Françoise Gaudin, Mariana Varna, and Patrick Couvreur. "Squalene-based multidrug nanoparticles for improved mitigation of uncontrolled inflammation in rodents." Science Advances 6, no. 23 (April 27, 2020): eaaz5466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz5466.

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Uncontrolled inflammatory processes are at the root of numerous pathologies. Most recently, studies on confirmed COVID-19 cases have suggested that mortality might be due to virally induced hyperinflammation. Uncontrolled pro-inflammatory states are often driven by continuous positive feedback loops between pro-inflammatory signaling and oxidative stress, which cannot be resolved in a targeted manner. Here, we report on the development of multidrug nanoparticles for the mitigation of uncontrolled inflammation. The nanoparticles are made by conjugating squalene, a natural lipid, to adenosine, an endogenous immunomodulator, and then encapsulating α-tocopherol, as antioxidant. This resulted in high drug loading, biocompatible, multidrug nanoparticles. By exploiting the endothelial dysfunction at sites of acute inflammation, these multidrug nanoparticles delivered the therapeutic agents in a targeted manner, conferring survival advantage to treated animals in models of endotoxemia. Selectively delivering adenosine and antioxidants together could serve as a novel therapeutic approach for safe treatment of acute paradoxal inflammation.

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Khan, Muhammad Muzamil, and Vladimir P. Torchilin. "Recent Trends in Nanomedicine-Based Strategies to Overcome Multidrug Resistance in Tumors." Cancers 14, no. 17 (August 26, 2022): 4123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14174123.

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Cancer is the leading cause of economic and health burden worldwide. The commonly used approaches for the treatment of cancer are chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery. Chemotherapy frequently results in undesirable side effects, and cancer cells may develop resistance. Combating drug resistance is a challenging task in cancer treatment. Drug resistance may be intrinsic or acquired and can be due to genetic factors, growth factors, the increased efflux of drugs, DNA repair, and the metabolism of xenobiotics. The strategies used to combat drug resistance include the nanomedicine-based targeted delivery of drugs and genes using different nanocarriers such as gold nanoparticles, peptide-modified nanoparticles, as well as biomimetic and responsive nanoparticles that help to deliver payload at targeted tumor sites and overcome resistance. Gene therapy in combination with chemotherapy aids in this respect. siRNA and miRNA alone or in combination with chemotherapy improve therapeutic response in tumor cells. Some natural substances, such as curcumin, quercetin, tocotrienol, parthenolide, naringin, and cyclosporin-A are also helpful in combating the drug resistance of cancer cells. This manuscript summarizes the mechanism of drug resistance and nanoparticle-based strategies used to combat it.

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Aghamiri, Shahin, Keyvan Fallah Mehrjardi, Sasan Shabani, Mahsa Keshavarz-Fathi, Saeed Kargar, and Nima Rezaei. "Nanoparticle-siRNA: a potential strategy for ovarian cancer therapy?" Nanomedicine 14, no. 15 (August 2019): 2083–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2018-0379.

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Ovarian cancer is one of the most common causes of mortality throughout the world. Unfortunately, chemotherapy has failed to cure advanced cancers developing multidrug resistance (MDR). Moreover, it has critical side effects because of nonspecific toxicity. Thanks to specific silencing of oncogenes and MDR-associated genes, nano-siRNA drugs can be a great help address the limitations of chemotherapy. Here, we review the current advances in nanoparticle-mediated siRNA delivery strategies such as polymeric- and lipid-based systems, rigid nanoparticles and nanoparticles coupled to specific ligand systems. Nanoparticle-based codelivery of anticancer drugs and siRNA targeting various mechanisms of MDR is a cutting-edge strategy for ovarian cancer therapy, which is completely discussed in this review.

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Nikhil, Vadlamudi, Ayla Sanjay, Mohammad Aftab Khizer, Mohd Asif, Syed Shah MinAllah Alvi, and Chand Pasha. "Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials with Phytochemicals for Treating Multidrug Resistant Bacteria." Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology 27, no. 9 (September 5, 2024): 1152–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2024/v27i91386.

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The Bacteria with Multidrug resistance and Extreme drug resistance are increasing at a rapid rate. Various methods have been employed to combat drug resistant bacteria. Major classes of antibiotics aren’t effective against these bacteria. Alternative methods have been studied in recent years. Nanoparticles are used against multidrug resistant bacteria; The green synthesized nanoparticles are more reliable due to more shelf life and lesser toxicity relative to chemically synthesized nanoparticles. Multi drug resistant E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from sewage samples. Green synthesized nanoparticles from various plants samples have been prepared with Zinc and Copper forming respective oxides with Neem, Nakara, Jatropha, Mango, Clove, Ginger, Cardamom, Cinnamon and Betel against multidrug resistant Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Isolated E. coli was susceptible to Fluoroquinolone and Augmentin whereas S. aureus was susceptible to vancomycin. Green synthesized nanoparticles had more antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus than chemically synthesized nanoparticles and plant extracts. Green synthesized Nakara CuO nano particles had inhibition zone of 31 ±0.6mm and 30 ±0.7mm for E. coli and S. aureus respectively, ZnO nano particles of Nakara had 25 ±0.6mm inhibition zone for E. coli and S. aureus. Green synthesized Jatropha CuO nano particles had inhibition zone of 26 ±0.5 and 26 ±0.4mm for E. coli and S. aureus. ZnO nano particles of Jatropha had 31±0.7mm and 30±0.7mm inhibition zone for E. coli and S. aureus respectively. The Scanning electron microscopy studies revealed 26nm Jatropha ZnO and 25nm Nakara CuO nanoparticles. Nano materials were found to be non-toxic in cell line studies. The present study concludes to study the impact of green synthesized nanoparticles as an alternative to antibiotics to combat multidrug resistant bacteria.

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Nuti, Silvia, Adrián Fernández-Lodeiro, Joana Galhano, Elisabete Oliveira, Maria Paula Duarte, José Luis Capelo-Martínez, Carlos Lodeiro, and Javier Fernández-Lodeiro. "Tailoring Mesoporous Silica-Coated Silver Nanoparticles and Polyurethane-Doped Films for Enhanced Antimicrobial Applications." Nanomaterials 14, no. 5 (March 2, 2024): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14050462.

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The global increase in multidrug-resistant bacteria poses a challenge to public health and requires the development of new antibacterial materials. In this study, we examined the bactericidal properties of mesoporous silica-coated silver nanoparticles, varying the core sizes (ca. 28 nm and 51 nm). We also investigated gold nanoparticles (ca. 26 nm) coated with mesoporous silica as possible inert metal cores. To investigate the modification of antimicrobial activity after the surface charge change, we used silver nanoparticles with a silver core of 28 nm coated with a mesoporous shell (ca. 16 nm) and functionalized with a terminal amine group. Furthermore, we developed a facile method to create mesoporous silica-coated silver nanoparticles (Ag@mSiO2) doped films using polyurethane (IROGRAN®) as a polymer matrix via solution casting. The antibacterial effects of silver nanoparticles with different core sizes were analyzed against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria relevant to the healthcare and food industry. The results demonstrated that gold nanoparticles were inert, while silver nanoparticles exhibited antibacterial effects against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Choleraesuis) and Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus) strains. In particular, the larger Ag@mSiO2 nanoparticles showed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 18 µg/mL in the Salmonella strain. Furthermore, upon terminal amine functionalization, reversing the surface charge to positive values, there was a significant increase in the antibacterial activity of the NPs compared to their negative counterparts. Finally, the antimicrobial properties of the nanoparticle-doped polyurethane films revealed a substantial improvement in antibacterial efficacy. This study provides valuable information on the potential of mesoporous silica-coated silver nanoparticles and their applications in fighting multidrug-resistant bacteria, especially in the healthcare and food industries.

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Hemmati, Jaber, Mehdi Azizi, Babak Asghari, and Mohammad Reza Arabestani. "Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens in Burn Wound, Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Approaches (Conventional Antimicrobials and Nanoparticles)." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2023 (July 22, 2023): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8854311.

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Multidrug-resistant pathogens are one of the common causes of death in burn patients and have a high risk of nosocomial infections, especially pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and cellulitis. The role of prolonged hospitalization and empirical antibiotics administration in developing multidrug-resistant pathogens is undeniable. In the early days of admitting burn patients, Gram-positive bacteria were the dominant isolates with a more sensitive antibiotic pattern. However, the emergence of Gram-negative bacteria that are more resistant later occurs. Trustworthy guideline administration in burn wards is one of the strategies to prevent multidrug-resistant pathogens. Also, a multidisciplinary therapeutic approach is an effective way to avoid antibiotic resistance that involves infectious disease specialists, pharmacists, and burn surgeons. However, the emerging resistance to conventional antimicrobial approaches (such as systemic antibiotic exposure, traditional wound dressing, and topical antibiotic ointments) among burn patients has challenged the treatment of multidrug-resistant infections, and using nanoparticles is a suitable alternative. In this review article, we will discuss different aspects of multidrug-resistant pathogens in burn wounds, emphasizing the full role of these pathogens in burn wounds and discussing the application of nanotechnology in dealing with them. Also, some advances in various types of nanomaterials, including metallic nanoparticles, liposomes, hydrogels, carbon quantum dots, and solid lipid nanoparticles in burn wound healing, will be explained.

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Alnashiri, Hassien M., Fahad M. Aldakheel, Abdulkarim S. Binshaya, Nahed S. Alharthi, and Musthaq Ahmed. "Antimicrobial Analysis of Biosynthesized Lectin-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles." Adsorption Science & Technology 2022 (March 31, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8187260.

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To enhance the bioactivity of molecules through nanoparticles is being tested which has potential use in sustained-release drug delivery systems and to enhance the therapeutic effectiveness of drugs. Our current investigation s is to conjugate lectin to that of a gold nanoparticle (GNP) surface without disturbing the bioactive properties and enhances the antibacterial activity of lectin. Au-lectin nanoparticles were checked for their hemagglutination activity, characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV-visible spectrophotometer. The antibacterial effect of nanoparticle lectin, Au salt nanoparticle, and conjugated Au-lectin was estimated by Kirby-Bauer disc method; MICs were determined by microbroth dilution and compared with ciprofloxacin. These tests were done using known species of bacterial strain of multidrug resistant. The hemagglutination activity of lectin was improved to fourfold after purification. Lectin and Au nanoparticles combined had a significant effect on the inhibition of bacterial growth. No significant differences were observed in the inhibition zone diameters from killed bacteria and its supernatant towards any of the tested organisms. Lectin-conjugated gold particles showed good efficacy as antimicrobial agents and the nanoparticle-killed bacteria to work against the viable population of the same bacterium and/or other bacterial species too.

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Niño-Martínez, Nereyda, Marco Felipe Salas Orozco, Gabriel-Alejandro Martínez-Castañón, Fernando Torres Méndez, and Facundo Ruiz. "Molecular Mechanisms of Bacterial Resistance to Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 11 (June 8, 2019): 2808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20112808.

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The increase in bacterial resistance to one or several antibiotics has become a global health problem. Recently, nanomaterials have become a tool against multidrug-resistant bacteria. The metal and metal oxide nanoparticles are one of the most studied nanomaterials against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Several in vitro studies report that metal nanoparticles have antimicrobial properties against a broad spectrum of bacterial species. However, until recently, the bacterial resistance mechanisms to the bactericidal action of the nanoparticles had not been investigated. Some of the recently reported resistance mechanisms include electrostatic repulsion, ion efflux pumps, expression of extracellular matrices, and the adaptation of biofilms and mutations. The objective of this review is to summarize the recent findings regarding the mechanisms used by bacteria to counteract the antimicrobial effects of nanoparticles.

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Hayat, Palwasha, Ibrar Khan, Aneela Rehman, Tayyaba Jamil, Azam Hayat, Mujaddad Ur Rehman, Najeeb Ullah, et al. "Myogenesis and Analysis of Antimicrobial Potential of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) against Pathogenic Bacteria." Molecules 28, no. 2 (January 7, 2023): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020637.

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The widespread and indiscriminate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics leads to microbial resistance, which causes major problems in the treatment of infectious diseases. However, advances in nanotechnology have opened up new domains for the synthesis and use of nanoparticles against multidrug-resistant pathogens. The traditional approaches for nanoparticle synthesis are not only expensive, laborious, and hazardous but also have various limitations. Therefore, new biological approaches are being designed to synthesize economical and environmentally friendly nanoparticles with enhanced antimicrobial activity. The current study focuses on the isolation, identification, and screening of metallotolerant fungal strains for the production of silver nanoparticles, using antimicrobial activity analysis and the characterization of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles by X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In total, 11 fungal isolates were isolated and screened for the synthesis of AgNPs, while the Penicillium notatum (K1) strain was found to be the most potent, demonstrating biosynthetic ability. The biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles showed excellent antibacterial activity against the bacteria Escherichia coli (ATCC10536), Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC9144), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC10145), Enterococcus faecalis, and Listeria innocua (ATCC13932). Furthermore, three major diffraction peaks in the XRD characterization, located at the 2θ values of 28.4, 34.8, 38.2, 44, 64, and 77°, confirmed the presence of AgNPs, while elemental composition analysis via EDX and spherical surface topology with a scanning electron microscope indicated that its pure crystalline nature was entirely composed of silver. Thus, the current study indicates the enhanced antibacterial capability of mycologically synthesized AgNPs, which could be used to counter multidrug-resistant pathogens.

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Han, Ning, Yue Liu, Xin Liu, Pengyue Li, Yang Lu, Shouying Du, and Kai Wu. "The Controlled Preparation of a Carrier-Free Nanoparticulate Formulation Composed of Curcumin and Piperine Using High-Gravity Technology." Pharmaceutics 16, no. 6 (June 14, 2024): 808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16060808.

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Carrier-free nanoparticulate formulations are an advantageous platform for the oral administration of insoluble drugs with the expectation of improving their bioavailability. However, the key limitation of exploiting carrier-free nanoparticulate formulations is the controlled preparation of drug nanoparticles on the basis of rational prescription design. In the following study, we used curcumin (Cur) and piperine (Pip) as model water-insoluble drugs and developed a new method for the controlled preparation of carrier-free drug nanoparticles via multidrug co-assembly in a high-gravity environment. Encouraged by the controlled regulation of the nucleation and crystal growth rate of high-gravity technology accomplished by a rotating packed bed, co-amorphous Cur-Pip co-assembled multidrug nanoparticles with a uniform particle size of 130 nm were successfully prepared, exhibiting significantly enhanced dissolution performance and in vitro cytotoxicity. Moreover, the hydrogen bonding interactions between Cur and Pip in nanoparticles provide them with excellent re-dispersibility and storage stability. Moreover, the oral bioavailability of Cur was dramatically enhanced as a result of the smaller particle size of the co-assembled nanoparticles and the effective metabolic inhibitory effect of Pip. The present study provides a controlled approach to preparing a carrier-free nanoparticulate formulation through a multidrug co-assembly process in the high-gravity field to improve the oral bioavailability of insoluble drugs.

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24

Chen, Jiacheng, Xiaojing Chen, Liang Chen, Xiangxiang Luo, Chunyu Zhuang, and Jincai Wu. "Drug resistance reversal and survivin action mechanism of Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles on hepatocellular carcinoma cells." Materials Express 12, no. 9 (September 1, 2022): 1174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/mex.2022.2260.

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We herein studied mechanism of drug resistance reversal and survivin action of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles on hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Fe3O4 was prepared and co-cultured with HepG2/Adriamycin (ADM). Results showed that, A value of liver cancer group was lower than that multidrug resistance group at different time points (P <0.05). The A value of multidrug resistance at different time points was higher than nano group (P <0.05). Compared with liver cancer, multidrug resistance group showed different degrees of resistance to ADM, cisplatin (DDP), 5-FU and Vincristine (VCR), with drug resistance indexes of 32.57, 4.58, 4.16 and 4.73, respectively. After HepG2/ADM cells were treated with Fe3O4 for 48 h, drug-resistant cells sensitivity to 4 drugs was enhanced and IC50 decreased significantly, while reversal times of drug resistance were 3.65, 3.48, 2.67, and 2.58 times, respectively. Moreover, apoptosis rate of hepatoma group (52.31±4.28) was lower than that of multidrug resistance group (74.25±6.81) (P <0.05). The apoptosis rate of multidrug resistance group was higher than that of nano group (22.41±3.14) (P <0.05). Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and survivin gene and protein expressions in HCC group were less than multidrug resistance group (P <0.05). STAT3 and survivin gene and protein expressions in the multidrug resistance group were greater than nano group (P <0.05). In conclusion, Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles may facilitate reversal and apoptosis of liver cancer multidrug resistant cells by inhibiting the expression of survivin.

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Shawuti, Shalima, Chasan Bairam, Ahmet Beyatlı, İshak Afşin Kariper, Isık Neslişah Korkut, Zerrin Aktaş, Mustafa Oral Öncül, and Serap Erdem Kuruca. "Green synthesis and characterization of silver and iron nanoparticles using Nerium oleander extracts and their antibacterial and anticancer activities." Plant Introduction 91-92 (November 28, 2021): 36–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.46341/pi2021010.

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Medicinal plants can be used as reducing agents in the preparation of metal nanoparticles by green synthesis because of the chemotherapeutic and anti-infectious properties of natural compounds. Therefore, this paper reports the green synthesis of silver and iron nanoparticles from leaf and flower extracts of Nerium oleander and their capacity as anticancer and antimicrobial agents. Nanoparticle manufacturing and structural characterization of silver and iron nanoparticles are reported. The formation of nanoparticles is characterized by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, UV-Vis and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Nanoparticles formation was also investigated the surface charge, particle size, and distribution using zeta sizer analysis by DLS. Green synthesis of silver and iron nanoparticles using N. oleander showed different levels of selective cytotoxicity against K562 (human chronic myeloid leukemia cells) in low concentrations and were not cytotoxic to the HUVEC (human umbilical vein endothelial cells) in the same concentrations. Silver nanoparticles showed antibacterial activity against multidrug pathogens, while iron nanoparticles failed to show such activity. Results of the present research demonstrate the potential use of green synthesized nanoparticles in various biomedicine and pharmaceuticals fields in the future.

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Imran, Mohammad, Saurav Kumar Jha, Nazeer Hasan, Areeba Insaf, Jitendra Shrestha, Jesus Shrestha, Hari Prasad Devkota, et al. "Overcoming Multidrug Resistance of Antibiotics via Nanodelivery Systems." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 3 (March 8, 2022): 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14030586.

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Antibiotic resistance has become a threat to microbial therapies nowadays. The conventional approaches possess several limitations to combat microbial infections. Therefore, to overcome such complications, novel drug delivery systems have gained pharmaceutical scientists’ interest. Significant findings have validated the effectiveness of novel drug delivery systems such as polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, metallic nanoparticles, dendrimers, and lipid-based nanoparticles against severe microbial infections and combating antimicrobial resistance. This review article comprises the specific mechanism of antibiotic resistance development in bacteria. In addition, the manuscript incorporated the advanced nanotechnological approaches with their mechanisms, including interaction with the bacterial cell wall, inhibition of biofilm formations, activation of innate and adaptive host immune response, generation of reactive oxygen species, and induction of intracellular effect to fight against antibiotic resistance. A section of this article demonstrated the findings related to the development of delivery systems. Lastly, the role of microfluidics in fighting antimicrobial resistance has been discussed. Overall, this review article is an amalgamation of various strategies to study the role of novel approaches and their mechanism to fight against the resistance developed to the antimicrobial therapies.

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Hetta, Helal F., Yasmin N. Ramadan, Israa M. S. Al-Kadmy, Noura H. Abd Ellah, Lama Shbibe, and Basem Battah. "Nanotechnology-Based Strategies to Combat Multidrug-Resistant Candida auris Infections." Pathogens 12, no. 8 (August 13, 2023): 1033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12081033.

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An emerging multidrug-resistant pathogenic yeast called Candida auris has a high potential to spread quickly among hospitalized patients and immunodeficient patients causing nosocomial outbreaks. It has the potential to cause pandemic outbreaks in about 45 nations with high mortality rates. Additionally, the fungus has become resistant to decontamination techniques and can survive for weeks in a hospital environment. Nanoparticles might be a good substitute to treat illnesses brought on by this newly discovered pathogen. Nanoparticles have become a trend and hot topic in recent years to combat this fatal fungus. This review gives a general insight into the epidemiology of C. auris and infection. It discusses the current conventional therapy and mechanism of resistance development. Furthermore, it focuses on nanoparticles, their different types, and up-to-date trials to evaluate the promising efficacy of nanoparticles with respect to C. auris.

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Pieretti, Joana Claudio, Milena Trevisan Pelegrino, Ariane Boudier, and Amedea Barozzi Seabra. "Recent progress in the toxicity of nitric oxide-releasing nanomaterials." Materials Advances 2, no. 23 (2021): 7530–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ma00532d.

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Browning, Lauren M., Kerry J. Lee, Pavan K. Cherukuri, Prakash D. Nallathamby, Seth Warren, Jean-Michel Jault, and Xiao-Hong Nancy Xu. "Single nanoparticle plasmonic spectroscopy for study of the efflux function of multidrug ABC membrane transporters of single live cells." RSC Advances 6, no. 43 (2016): 36794–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra05895g.

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Huang, Jianling, Xiuwen Hong, Yunxiang Lv, Yueyue Wang, Kexing Han, Chenghua Zhu, and Lixu Xie. "Armored polymyxin B: a nanosystem for combating multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli." RSC Advances 14, no. 53 (2024): 39700–39707. https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ra07577c.

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Chen, Minghui, Xiaoxu Yu, Qianyu Huo, Qin Yuan, Xue Li, Chen Xu, and Huijing Bao. "Biomedical Potentialities of Silver Nanoparticles for Clinical Multiple Drug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii." Journal of Nanomaterials 2019 (February 4, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3754018.

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Multidrug-resistant A. baumannii is increasingly recognized as a significant problem in hospitals and causes high morbidity and mortality. Here, we studied the antibacterial effects of AgNPs on clinically isolated multiple drug-resistant A. baumannii, and search for the potential antibacterial mechanism. Based on the results from the colony-forming unit (CFU) method, flow cytometry (FC), and a BrdU ELISA, we conclude that AgNPs can simultaneously induce apoptosis and inhibit new DNA synthesis in bacteria in a concentration-dependent manner. This study presents the first discussion of an antibacterial effect by AgNPs in clinically isolated, multidrug-resistant A. Baumannii and provides a new strategy for the use of silver nanoparticles in the multidrug-resistant A. Baumannii clinical problem.

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Li, Wenxi, Yongchun Li, Pengchao Sun, Nan Zhang, Yidan Zhao, Shangshang Qin, and Yongxing Zhao. "Antimicrobial peptide-modified silver nanoparticles for enhancing the antibacterial efficacy." RSC Advances 10, no. 64 (2020): 38746–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra05640e.

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Feng, Wanting, Mingzhu Zong, Li Wan, Xiaojuan Yu, and Weiyong Yu. "pH/redox sequentially responsive nanoparticles with size shrinkage properties achieve deep tumor penetration and reversal of multidrug resistance." Biomaterials Science 8, no. 17 (2020): 4767–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0bm00695e.

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Wang, Jianxi, Ning Li, Lei Cao, Chao Gao, Yan Zhang, Qizhi Shuai, Jinghui Xie, Kui Luo, Jun Yang, and Zhongwei Gu. "DOX-loaded peptide dendritic copolymer nanoparticles for combating multidrug resistance by regulating the lysosomal pathway of apoptosis in breast cancer cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 8, no. 6 (2020): 1157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tb02130b.

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Pawar, Kranti, Ramanlal Kachave, Madhuri Kanawade, and Vinayak Zagre. "A Review on Nanoparticles Drug Delivery System." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, no. 4 (July 15, 2021): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i4.4865.

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The method or process of delivering a pharmaceutical ingredient to create a therapeutic effect in people or animals is referred to as drug delivery. Nasal and pulmonary routes of medication administration are becoming increasingly important in the treatment of human illnesses. These methods, especially for peptide and protein therapies, provide potential alternatives to parenteral drug administration. Several medication delivery methods have been developed for this purpose and are being tested for nasal and pulmonary delivery. Chitosan, Alginate, vanilline oxalate, zinc oxalate, cellulose, polymeric micelles, Gliadin, and phospholipid are examples of these. Multidrug resistance, a key issue in chemotherapy, can be reversed with these nanoparticles. Surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiation are all well-established treatments used in cancer treatment. A nanoparticle has emerged as a potential method for the targeted delivery of medicines used to treat certain illnesses. Keywords: Nasal Drug Delivery, Pulmonary Drug Delivery, Nanoparticles

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Beyth, Nurit, Yael Houri-Haddad, Avi Domb, Wahid Khan, and Ronen Hazan. "Alternative Antimicrobial Approach: Nano-Antimicrobial Materials." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/246012.

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Despite numerous existing potent antibiotics and other antimicrobial means, bacterial infections are still a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Moreover, the need to develop additional bactericidal means has significantly increased due to the growing concern regarding multidrug-resistant bacterial strains and biofilm associated infections. Consequently, attention has been especially devoted to new and emerging nanoparticle-based materials in the field of antimicrobial chemotherapy. The present review discusses the activities of nanoparticles as an antimicrobial means, their mode of action, nanoparticle effect on drug-resistant bacteria, and the risks attendant on their use as antibacterial agents. Factors contributing to nanoparticle performance in the clinical setting, their unique properties, and mechanism of action as antibacterial agents are discussed in detail.

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Majerník, Martin, Rastislav Jendželovský, Jana Vargová, Zuzana Jendželovská, and Peter Fedoročko. "Multifunctional Nanoplatforms as a Novel Effective Approach in Photodynamic Therapy and Chemotherapy, to Overcome Multidrug Resistance in Cancer." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 5 (May 17, 2022): 1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14051075.

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It is more than sixty years since the era of modern photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer began. Enhanced selectivity for malignant cells with a reduced selectivity for non-malignant cells and good biocompatibility along with the limited occurrence of side effects are considered to be the most significant advantages of PDT in comparison with conventional therapeutic approaches, e.g., chemotherapy. The phenomenon of multidrug resistance, which is associated with drug efflux transporters, was originally identified in relation to the application of chemotherapy. Unfortunately, over the last thirty years, numerous papers have shown that many photosensitizers are the substrates of efflux transporters, significantly restricting the effectiveness of PDT. The concept of a dynamic nanoplatform offers a possible solution to minimize the multidrug resistance effect in cells affected by PDT. Indeed, recent findings have shown that the utilization of nanoparticles could significantly enhance the therapeutic efficacy of PDT. Additionally, multifunctional nanoplatforms could induce the synergistic effect of combined treatment regimens, such as PDT with chemotherapy. Moreover, the surface modifications that are associated with nanoparticle functionalization significantly improve the target potential of PDT or chemo-PDT in multidrug resistant and cancer stem cells.

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Nisha D. Masane, Arti S. Rathod, Vaibhav G. Akhand, Vinayak A. Katekar, and Swati P. Deshmukh. "Nanoparticles based drug delivery system for cancer therapy." GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 22, no. 1 (January 30, 2025): 223–37. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2025.22.1.0014.

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Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems (NDDS) have emerged as a transformative approach in cancer therapy, offering significant advantages over conventional treatments. This review explores the diverse applications of nanoparticles in cancer therapy, highlighting their role in enhancing drug delivery, reducing systemic toxicity, and overcoming challenges such as drug resistance and tumor heterogeneity. Nanoparticles, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, and more recently developed systems like carbon nanotubes, dendrimers, and exosomes, are engineered for targeted drug delivery. These nanoparticles improve the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of anticancer agents, enabling site-specific accumulation through mechanisms such as the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and active targeting via ligands. Additionally, nanoparticles play a critical role in combination therapies, immunotherapy, and overcoming multidrug resistance (MDR) by bypassing efflux pumps and targeting cancer stem cells (CSCs). Emerging innovations in “smart” nanoparticles, capable of responding to environmental triggers like pH or temperature, as well as their integration with RNA-based therapies and artificial intelligence (AI) for personalized treatment, represent the future direction of cancer nanomedicine. Despite the progress, regulatory challenges, safety concerns, and large-scale manufacturing remain key hurdles. This review provides an overview of the current landscape, challenges, and future prospects of NDDS in cancer therapy, emphasizing their potential to improve clinical outcomes and revolutionize cancer treatment.

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Manoharan, Ranjith Kumar, Prakash Gangadaran, Sivasankaran Ayyaru, Byeong-Cheol Ahn, and Young-Ho Ahn. "Self-healing functionalization of sulfonated hafnium oxide and copper oxide nanocomposite for effective biocidal control of multidrug-resistant bacteria." New Journal of Chemistry 45, no. 21 (2021): 9506–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1nj00323b.

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Zeng, Guoqing, Nan Liao, Ning Li, Yi Su, and Jiangshun Song. "Curcumin-loaded nanoparticles reversed radiotherapy-triggered enhancement of MDR1 expression of CNE-2 cells in nasopharyngeal carcinoma." Materials Express 12, no. 7 (July 1, 2022): 948–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/mex.2022.2222.

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This study explored the effect of nanoparticle-encapsulating curcumin on strongly expressed multidrug resistance gene 1 (MDR1) in a human low-differentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line (CNE-2). The curcumin/chitosan-deoxycholic acid nanoparticles were prepared, and cells received different treatments: radiotherapy, empty carrier, curcumin and curcumin-loaded nanoparticles, followed by analysis of cell survival using the clonogenic assay, apoptosis, MDR1 and miR-593 level. Cell survival fractions in the curcumin group and curcumin-loaded nanoparticles group were reduced significantly. Moreover, we observed a reduced cell survival fraction in the curcumin-loaded nanoparticles group (p < 0.05). Remarkably, higher apoptosis rates were observed in cells receiving curcumin or curcumin-loaded nanoparticles treatments compared with radiotherapy. Moreover, the curcumin-loaded nanoparticle treatment enhanced apoptosis (p<0.05). Furthermore, a decreased MDR1 level was denoted in curcumin group and curcumin-loaded nanoparticles group and a further reduced MDR1 expression in nanoparticles group (p < 0.05). A higher miR-593 expression was observed in the curcumin group and curcumin-loaded nanoparticles group with a relative higher level in nanoparticles group (p<0.05). MDR1 expression in inhibitor group was significantly strengthened (p<0.05). Curcumin that is encapsulated in nanoparticles exhibited a stronger radio sensitizing effect. Its combination with radiotherapy can effectively inhibit NPC tumor growth, and suppress MDR1 expression while enhancing miR-593. After retarding the miR-593, the MDR1 expression was intensified. The radio sensitizing effect of curcumin-loaded nanoparticles was regulated by miR-593 but not triggered by MDR1. The curcumin-loaded nanoparticles mediated enhanced expression of miR-593, which in turn inhibited the transcription and translation of MDR1 gene, thereby reducing the radio resistance of NPC and restraining the growth of NPC more effectively.

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Slavin, Yael N., Kristina Ivanova, Javier Hoyo, Ilana Perelshtein, Gethin Owen, Anne Haegert, Yen-Yi Lin, et al. "Novel Lignin-Capped Silver Nanoparticles against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 13, no. 19 (May 4, 2021): 22098–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c16921.

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42

Zhang, Qiu, and Fei Li. "Combating P-glycoprotein-Mediated Multidrug Resistance Using Therapeutic Nanoparticles." Current Pharmaceutical Design 19, no. 37 (September 1, 2013): 6655–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612811319370009.

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43

Hanh, Truong Thi, Nguyen Thi Thu, Nguyen Quoc Hien, Pham Ngoc An, Truong Thi Kieu Loan, and Phan Thi Hoa. "Preparation of silver nanoparticles fabrics against multidrug-resistant bacteria." Radiation Physics and Chemistry 121 (April 2016): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2015.12.024.

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44

Baeza, Alejandro, Eduardo Guisasola, Eduardo Ruiz-Hernández, and María Vallet-Regí. "Magnetically Triggered Multidrug Release by Hybrid Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles." Chemistry of Materials 24, no. 3 (January 27, 2012): 517–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm203000u.

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45

Rai, M. K., S. D. Deshmukh, A. P. Ingle, and A. K. Gade. "Silver nanoparticles: the powerful nanoweapon against multidrug-resistant bacteria." Journal of Applied Microbiology 112, no. 5 (March 28, 2012): 841–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05253.x.

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46

Lara, Humberto H., Nilda V. Ayala-Núñez, Liliana del Carmen Ixtepan Turrent, and Cristina Rodríguez Padilla. "Bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles against multidrug-resistant bacteria." World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 26, no. 4 (October 22, 2009): 615–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11274-009-0211-3.

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47

Doudi, Monir, Marziyeh Karami, and Nour Amirmozafari. "Bacterial effect of silver nanoparticles against multidrug-resistant bacteria." Clinical Biochemistry 44, no. 13 (September 2011): S223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2011.08.984.

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Pancholi, Rashmi. "Different Aspects of Nano-material and Biodegradable Polymers for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment: A Review." INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING & APPLIED SCIENCES 10, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.55083/irjeas.2022.v10i04006.

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Cancer, one of the most prevalent causes of death and disease, has a convoluted pathophysiology. Chemotherapy, immunotherapy and radiation therapy are examples of traditional cancer treatments. However, lack of selectivity, restrictions such cytotoxicity, and Drug resistance is a significant barrier to successful cancer treatment. With the development of nanotechnology, the study of cancer treatment has undergone a revolution. For treatment of cancer Nanoparticles can be used because of their special advantages, less toxicity, more good stability, stronger permeability, and exact placement. There are several varieties of nanoparticles. The innovative nanoparticle based drug delivery system makes advantage of characteristics of the tumour and its surroundings. Nanoparticles overcomes the disadvantages of conventional treatment of cancer in addition to avoiding multiple drug resistance. As additional multidrug resistance mechanisms are found and examined, nanoparticle research is also being pursued actively. The therapy includes consequences of Nano formulation have provided fresh perspectives on cancer treatment. The biggest chunk of studies, however, is restricted to in vivo and in vitro experiments, and the number of authorized Nano drugs has not increased significantly over time. This study covers a wide range of nanoparticle kinds, targeting strategies, and authorized Nanotherapy includes use in the cancer treatment. We also provide a summary of the pros, disadvantages, and present state of clinical translation.

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Foglizzo, Valentina, and Serena Marchiò. "Nanoparticles as Physically- and Biochemically-Tuned Drug Formulations for Cancers Therapy." Cancers 14, no. 10 (May 17, 2022): 2473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14102473.

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Malignant tumors originate from a combination of genetic alterations, which induce activation of oncogenes and inactivation of oncosuppressor genes, ultimately resulting in uncontrolled growth and neoplastic transformation. Chemotherapy prevents the abnormal proliferation of cancer cells, but it also affects the entire cellular network in the human body with heavy side effects. For this reason, the ultimate aim of cancer therapy remains to selectively kill cancer cells while sparing their normal counterparts. Nanoparticle formulations have the potential to achieve this aim by providing optimized drug delivery to a pathological site with minimal accumulation in healthy tissues. In this review, we will first describe the characteristics of recently developed nanoparticles and how their physical properties and targeting functionalization are exploited depending on their therapeutic payload, route of delivery, and tumor type. Second, we will analyze how nanoparticles can overcome multidrug resistance based on their ability to combine different therapies and targeting moieties within a single formulation. Finally, we will discuss how the implementation of these strategies has led to the generation of nanoparticle-based cancer vaccines as cutting-edge instruments for cancer immunotherapy.

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Lv, Xianmei, Qiusheng Guo, and Liming Xu. "Study on the Chemotherapeutic Effect and Mechanism of Doxorubicin Hydrochloride on Drug-Resistant Gastric Cancer Cell Lines Using Metal-Organic Framework Fluorescent Nanoparticles as Carriers." Journal of Nanomaterials 2020 (December 17, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6681749.

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Objective. To prepare a polyethylene glycol- (PEG-) modified rare earth metal-organic framework material drug delivery system, obtain DOX@Eu (BTC) fluorescent nanoparticles after loading doxorubicin (DOX), and explore the effect of DOX@Eu (BTC) fluorescent nanoparticles on the chemotherapy sensitivity of gastric cancer multidrug-resistant cells SGC7901/ADR. Methods. The rare earth metal-organic framework fluorescent nanoparticles EU (BTC) were prepared by the solvent method and modified with PEG, and DOX@Eu (BTC) fluorescent nanoparticles were obtained after loading DOX. The particle size distribution of the prepared nanoparticles was analyzed by TEM, the adsorption performance of the prepared nanoparticles was evaluated by BET, the effective drug loading of DOX in the nanoparticles was determined by TGA analysis, and the pH response release performance was evaluated by in vitro release experiments. The MTT method was used to test the toxicity of EU (BTC) to GES-1 and SGC7901/ADR cells and detect the proliferation of SGC7901/ADR cells in each group. A fluorescence confocal microscope was used to observe the positioning of DOX@Eu (BTC) in SGC7901/ADR cells. The expression level of miR-185 in each group of cells was detected by RT-qPCR. The Annexin V-FITC/PI method was used to determine the apoptosis rate of cells in each group. The expression of MRS2 and related drug resistance proteins in each group of cells was detected by Western blotting (WB). The dual-luciferase reporter gene experiment was used to verify the targeting relationship between miR-185 and MRS2. Results. Most of the prepared EU (BTC) fluorescent nanoparticles have a particle size between 50 and 200 nm and have good adsorption capacity. The effective drug loading of DOX is 29%, and it has pH-responsive release performance and can be used in acidic environments. DOX was immobilized in EU (BTC) fluorescent nanoparticles, and DOX@Eu (BTC) fluorescent nanoparticles were present in the cytoplasm or cell membrane of SGC7901/ADR cells. Compared with DOX, DOX@Eu (BTC) fluorescent nanoparticles have stronger cytotoxicity to SGC7901/ADR cells, which also effectively inhibited the expression of multidrug resistance proteins in cells. The expression level of miR-185 in SGC7901/ADR cells decreased, but the expression level of MRS2 protein in SGC7901/ADR cells increased. miR-185 and MRS2 proteins are closely related to the multidrug resistance of SGC7901/ADR cells, and MRS2 is the downstream target gene of miR-185. After the treating of SGC7901/ADR cells with DOX@Eu (BTC) fluorescent nanoparticles, the expression of miR-185 in the cells increased significantly, while the expression of MRS2 protein decreased significantly, and the magnitude of the change was more obvious than that of DOX treatment. Overexpression of miR-185 (miR-mimics) or inhibition of MRS2 (si-MRS2) enhanced the inhibitory effect of DOX@Eu (BTC) fluorescent nanoparticles on the proliferation of SGC7901/ADR cells, which significantly increased the induction of apoptosis by DOX@Eu (BTC) fluorescent nanoparticles, and simultaneous enhanced the inhibitory effect on the expression level of multidrug resistance protein. However, overexpression of miR-185 and MRS2 (pc-MRS2+miR-mimics) at the same time did not affect the chemotherapy sensitivity of SGC7901/ADR cells to DOX@Eu (BTC) fluorescent nanoparticles. However, simultaneous transfection of miR-185 mimics and pc-MRS2 did not affect the chemotherapy sensitivity of SGC7901/ADR cells to DOX@Eu (BTC) fluorescent nanoparticles. Conclusion. DOX@Eu (BTC) fluorescent nanoparticles can effectively enhance the chemotherapy sensitivity of SGC7901/ADR cells to DOX, which may be achieved by upregulating the expression of miR-185 in SGC7901/ADR cells and then inhibiting the expression of MRS2 protein.

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