Дисертації з теми "Multidisciplinary products"

MULTIDESCIPLINARY design optimization (MDO) has developed in theory andpractice during the last three decades with the aim of optimizing complexproducts as well as cutting costs and product development time. Despite thisdevelopment, the implementation of such a method in industry is still a challenge andmany complex products suffer time and cost overruns. Employing higher fidelity models (HFMs) in conceptual design, one of the early and most important phases in the design process, can play an important role in increasing the knowledge base regarding the concept under evaluation. However, design space in the presence of HFMs could significantly be expanded. MDO has proven to be an important tool for searching the design space and finding optimal solutions. This leads to a reduction in the number of design iterations later in the design process, with wiser and more robust decisions made early in the design process to rely on. In complex products, different systems from a multitude of engineering disciplines have to work tightly together. This stresses the importance of evolving various domain experts in the design process to improve the design from diverse engineering perspectives. Involving more engineers in the design process early on raises the challenges of collaboration, known to be an important barrier to MDO implementation in industry. Another barrier is the unavailability and lack of MDO experts in industry; those who understand the MDO process and know the implementation tasks involved. In an endeavor to address the mentioned implementation challenges, a novel collaborative multidisciplinary design optimization (CMDO) framework is defined in order to be applied in the conceptual design phase. CMDO provides a platform where many engineers team up to increase the likelihood of more accurate decisions being taken early on. The structured way to define the engineering responsibilities and tasks involved in MDO helps to facilitate the implementation process. It will be further elaborated that educating active engineers with MDO knowledge is an expensive and time-consuming process for industries. Therefore, a guideline for CMDO implementation in conceptual design is proposed in this thesis that can be easily followed by design engineers with limited prior knowledge in MDO. The performance of the framework is evaluated in a number of case studies, including applications such as aircraft design and the design of a tidal water power plant, and by engineers in  industry and student groups in academia.

Dans un contexte général de transition vers l'ère du numérique et de la connectivité ubiquitaire, ces travaux visent à proposer une démarche pour accompagner les entreprises dans l'évolution de leur développement en lien avec l'évolution conjointe de leurs produits vers des produits multidisciplinaires. Cette évolution est envisagée par la modification des « concepts et techniques » (formulation qui regroupe les approches, processus, méthodes et outils) qui peuvent être agencés pour former ce qui a été nommé dans ces travaux une « structure de développement », conceptualisée par un modèle en quatre niveaux. La proposition de notre démarche comprend deux volets. Le premier, dénommé « littérature scientifique », établit les cartographies du développement des produits mécatroniques, des systèmes cyber-physiques et des produits intelligents, avant de synthétiser l'ensemble en une cartographie du développement de produits multidisciplinaires. Le second volet, dénommé « pratiques industrielles », documente la manière dont dix entreprises développent leurs produits multidisciplinaires. L'analyse des écarts entre ces deux volets mène à la proposition d'une démarche pour l'élaboration d'une structure de développement adaptée à chaque entreprise. L'élaboration de la structure de développement proposée s'appuie sur l'association entre les défis rencontré en lien avec le développement des produits multidisciplinaires et les concepts et techniques regroupés dans les cartographies de la littérature scientifique. Cette démarche a été appliquée chez un fabricant d'équipement agricole afin d'accompagner son évolution vers des produits multidisciplinaires
In the overall context of transition towards the digital era and ubiquitous connectivity, our research focuses on providing guidelines to support companies in the evolution of their development in association with the joint evolution of their products towards multidisciplinary products. This evolution is considered through the modification of the "concepts and techniques" (a formulation that encompasses the approaches, processes, methods and tools) which can be organized to constitute what has been termed in this work a "development structure", conceptualized by a four-level model. The guidelines' proposal includes two facets. The first one, named "scientific literature", establishes the cartographies of the development of mechatronic products, cyber-physical systems and smart products, before synthesizing them into a multidisciplinary product development cartography. The second one, named "industrial practices", documents the way in which 10 companies organize their multidisciplinary product developments. On the strength of the analysis of the gaps in between these two facets, guidelines are proposed for the elaboration of a company-specific development structure. The elaboration of the proposed development structure is based on the association between the challenges related to the development of multidisciplinary products encountered by the company and the concepts and techniques depicted in the scientific literature cartographies. These guidelines were applied at an agricultural equipment manufacturer to support its evolution towards multidisciplinary products

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, Technology, Management, and Policy Program, February 2001.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 197-216).
This investigation, conducted under the auspices of the Lean Aerospace Initiative (LAI), studied how engineers from different specialties interpret and communicate about technical design problems while working on product development teams. Data was collected on 98 cases via interviews with engineers at LAI member companies. For approximately one-third of the cases, two engineers with different backgrounds were interviewed, allowing comparisons to be made between their descriptions of the problems under study. For the remaining cases, one interview was conducted per case. The most important finding of this study was that engineers from different specialties do interpret the same problem differently. Specifically, two engineers were likely to evaluate the benefits or drawbacks of a potential solution using different sets of criteria. Thus, some design disputes were the result not of mutually exclusive needs but of a failure to recognize the different ways in which engineers were evaluating solutions to the problem. Furthermore, data collected during this study illustrated that in some cases these differences were the result of engineers addressing related, but unique problems. Therefore, a solution to one engineer's problem often created a new problem for another engineer on the team.
(cont.) A second conclusion of this study was that how design tools were used had a greater impact on a team's problem solving abilities than what tool was used. In this context, design tools included objects such as real or "virtual" prototypes as well as processes like simulations and tests. The results of this investigation suggested that such tools offered their greatest benefits when they were used in a participatory fashion in which a large fraction of a team shared in their use. Additionally, the more elements of a problem's context that were captured in a design tool, the greater its utility. Under such conditions, team members were able to create a shared evaluation system to judge potential solutions to the problem they were confronting, thereby facilitating problem resolution. Based on these results, the traditional model of engineering communication derived from the information processing framework requires modification. The information processing model assumes that individuals have a shared understanding of meaning when they communicate. This study, however, suggests that such shared understandings do not exist in advance, but are instead ...
by Joshua I. Bernstein.
Ph.D.

Being able to efficiently and effectively provide custom products has been identified as a competitive advantage for manufacturing organizations. Product configuration has been shown to be an effective way of achieving this through a modularization, product platform and product family development approach. A core assumption behind product configuration is that the module variants and their constraints can be explicitly defined as product knowledge in terms of geometry and configuration rules. This is not always the case, however. Many companies require extensive engineering to develop each module variant and cannot afford to do so in order to meet potential customer requirements within a predictable future. Instead, they try to implicitly define the module variants in terms of the process for how they can be realized. In this way they can realize module variants on demand efficiently and effectively when the customer requirements are better defined, and the development can be justified by the increased probability of profiting from the outcome. Design automation, in its broadest definition, deals with computerized engineering support by effectively and efficiently utilizing pre-planned reusable assets to progress the design process. There have been several successful implementations reported in the literature, but a widespread use is yet to be seen. It deals with the explicit definition of engineering process knowledge, which results in a collection of methods and models that can come in the form of computer scripts, parametric CADmodels, template spreadsheets, etc. These methods and models are developed using various computer tools and maintained within the different disciplines involved, such as geometric modeling, simulation, or manufacturing, and are dependent on each other through the product model. To be able to implement, utilize, and manage design automation systems in or across multiple disciplines, it is important to first understand how the disciplinary methods and models are dependent on each other through the product model and then how these relations should be constructed to support the users without negatively affecting other aspects, such as modeling flexibility, minimum documentation, and software tool independence. To support the successful implementation and management of design automation systems the work presented here has focused on understanding how some digital product model constituents are, can, and, to some extent, should be extended to concretize relations between methods and models from different tools and disciplines. It has been carried out by interviewing Swedish industrial companies, performing technical reviews, performing literature reviews, and developing prototypes, which has resulted in an increased understanding and the consequent development of a conceptual framework that highlights aspects relating to the choice of extension techniques.

The complexity of technical systems has increased significantly in order to address evolving customer needs and environmental concerns. From a product development process viewpoint, the pervasive nature of multi-disciplinary systems (i.e. mechanical, electrical, electronic, control, software) has brought some important integration challenges to overcome conventional disciplinary boundaries imposed by discipline specific approaches. This research focuses on functional reasoning, aiming to develop a structured framework based on the System State Flow Diagram (SSFD) for function modelling of complex multidisciplinary systems on a practical and straightforward basis. The framework is developed at two stages. 1) The development of a prototype for the SSFD framework. The proposed SSFD framework are tested and validated through application to selected desktop case studies. 2) Further development and extension of the SSFD framework for the analysis of complex multidisciplinary systems with multiple operation modes and functional requirements. The developed framework is validated on real world case studies collaborated with industrial partners. The main conclusion of this research is that the SSFD framework offers a rigorous and coherent function modelling methodology for the analysis of complex multidisciplinary systems. Further advantages of the SSFD framework is that 1) the effectiveness of the Failure Mode Avoidance (FMA) process can be enhanced by integrating the SSFD framework with relevant tools of the FMA process, and 2) the integration of the SSFD with the SysML systems engineering diagrams is doable, which can promote the take-up of the approach in industry.

A framework is proposed that combines separately developed multidisciplinary optimization, multi-objective optimization, and joint probability assessment methods together but in a decoupled way, to solve joint probabilistic constraint, multi-objective, multidisciplinary optimization problems that are representative of realistic conceptual design problems of design alternative generation and selection. The intent here is to find the Weak Pareto Frontier (WPF) solutions that include additional compromised solutions besides the ones identified by a conventional Pareto frontier. This framework starts with constructing fast and accurate surrogate models of different disciplinary analyses. A new hybrid method is formed that consists of the second order Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and the Support Vector Regression (SVR) method. The three parameters needed by SVR to be pre-specified are automatically selected using a modified information criterion based on model fitting error, predicting error, and model complexity information. The model predicting error is estimated inexpensively with a new method called Random Cross Validation. This modified information criterion is also used to select the best surrogate model for a given problem out of the RSM, SVR, and the hybrid methods. A new neighborhood search method based on Monte Carlo simulation is proposed to find valid designs that satisfy the deterministic constraints and are consistent for the coupling variables featured in a multidisciplinary design problem, and at the same time decouple the three loops required by the multidisciplinary, multi-objective, and probabilistic features. Two schemes have been developed. One scheme finds the WPF by finding a large enough number of valid design solutions such that some WPF solutions are included in those valid solutions. Another scheme finds the WPF by directly finding the WPF of each consistent design zone. Then the probabilities of the PCs are estimated, and the WPF and corresponding design solutions are found. Various examples demonstrate the feasibility of this framework.

En esta tesis se propone un modelo ampliado del Diseño Axiomático para diseño de productos con equipos multidisciplinares. El Diseño Axiomático fue escogido después de hacer un análisis comparativo entre las teorías clásicas del diseño tomando como referencia el modelo de proyecto de Gómez-Senent. El Diseño Axiomático es una teoría basada en la interacción de dominios a diferencia de otras teorías las cuales son basadas en fases. Existen cuatro dominios definidos: el del cliente, el funcional, el físico y el de proceso. Algunas de las dificultades de la teoría del Diseño Axiomático son: la orientación exclusivamente funcional y la ausencia de equipos multidisciplinares durante todo el proceso de diseño. Esta tesis propone un proceso de trabajo multidisciplinar con el Diseño Axiomático, incluyendo requerimientos subjetivos de producto como elementos de diseño intencional y utiliza una métrica del nivel de cumplimiento para el segundo axioma que está asociado con el contenido de información. La tesis plantea inicialmente un modelo de colaboración entre la Universidad, el Estado, el Usuario y la Empresa: tanto la consolidada como la pequeña de base tecnológica. El punto de convergencia, en el diseño de producto para los actores, es la Necesidad Social asociada con el usuario. Este punto de encuentro permite una amplia perspectiva de análisis diferente a la tradicional del mercado. En el modelo propuesto de diseño de producto se involucran en forma sinérgica el Diseño Axiomático, la Teoría de Soluciones Inventivas TRIZ, la lógica fuzzy y la técnica de análisis multicriterio AHP. También, se provee un análisis del desempeño de equipos multidisciplinares en la fase creativa del diseño y se sugiere algunas características de composición de este tipo de equipos de diseño.
Aguilar Zambrano, JA. (2010). Ampliación del Modelo de Diseño Axiomático para el Desarrollo de Productos con Equipos Multidisciplinares [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/6901
Palancia

The mass production of aircrafts has been mainly led by the objective of both maximizing technological performances and minimizing the manufacturing costs. Within also the constraints of safety and security rules defined by certification organisms, the traditional innovation management has consisted above all in implementing a "technology-push" approach. New developed aircrafts have been then mostly driven by Research and Technology projects outputs. Nevertheless, current market competitiveness and complexity lead to change this approach. The needs of aeronautical customers evolve, change and become diversified, which raise multiple specific profiles to be taken into account as early as possible in today's development programs. In order to ensure high value and differentiation perception by all the stakeholders, the innovation policy has to shift from mass production to mass customization, and to integrate both "market-read" and 'technology-push" approaches in the preliminary phase of innovation. The goal of this PhD thesis is to provide the aircraft program managers with a methodological support, named Concept-to-Value, to steer by value the so called Fuzzy Front End of Innovation stage in the literature. At the bridge between the Product Planning and Conceptual Design research works, our contribution improves the existing methodologies on the Business and Engineering domains integration. Concept-to-Value brings a more agile and integrated collaboration of multidisciplinary players: a common language and value model represent their innovation Knowledge, Problems and Solutions. Finally, a convergence process is also defined to conduct the preliminary phase and to deliver high value aircraft concepts.

A presente pesquisa trata da compreensão e caracterização do papel do design dentro de uma empresa de desenvolvimento de produtos digitais por meio do ponto de vista de membros das equipes de projetos e seus gestores. Uma das principais motivações para a condução do estudo provém do fato de que poucas pesquisas do tipo foram realizadas em âmbito regional e direcionadas a projetos digitais, a fim de explorar o tema. Pretende-se com a pesquisa, fornecer subsídios para um melhor aproveitamento dos benefícios do uso do design e das habilidades dos designers. A investigação foi conduzida, a partir de um estudo de caso realizado na empresa onde a pesquisadora atua também como designer e fundamentada sob uma perspectiva temporal dos papéis do design e do entendimento sobre o funcionamento de equipes multidisciplinares no processo de desenvolvimento de produtos digitais. Foram selecionados dois instrumentos de fundamentação teórica para análise dos resultados, a Design Ladder e a Taxonomia dos Papéis do Design. Por fim, apresenta-se uma discussão sobre a percepção do design pelos membros da equipe e concluiu-se que o nível de maturidade em design detectado no objeto de estudo encontra-se no segundo nível da Design Ladder: design como provedor de diferencial estético, embora seja percebido através dos discursos o desejo pelo terceiro nível, que trata o design como processo.
This research deals with the understanding and characterization of the role of design in a digital product development company and through the point of view of members of the project teams and their managers. One of the main motivation for conducting this study is due to the fact that little research has been conducted at the regional level and oriented for digital products, in order to explore the topic, and also with the aim of providing subsidies to better exploit the benefits of the use of design and designers skills. The investigation was conducted from a case study in the company where the researcher works as a designer too and based on a temporal perspective of the roles of design and understanding of the functioning of multidisciplinary teams in the digital product development process. Two instruments were selected from the theoretical background in order to analyze the results: the Design Ladder and the Taxonomy of Roles Design. Lastly, a discussion is presented on the perception of design and was concluded that the ripeness level of design are in the second level of Design Ladder: design as esthetics, although it is perceived by the team speech a desire for reach the third level who treats design as a process.

Market globalization and mass customization requirements are forcing companies towards automation of their product development processes. Many task-specific software solutions provide localized automation. Coordinating these local solutions to automate higher-level processes requires significant software maintenance costs due to the incompatibility of the software tools and the dynamic nature of the product development environment. Current automation methods do not provide the required level of flexibility to operate in this dynamic environment. An autonomic product development process automation strategy is proposed in order to provide a flexible, standardized approach to product development process automation and to significantly reduce the software maintenance costs associated with traditional automation methods. Key elements of the strategy include a formal approach to decompose product development processes into services, a method to describe functional and quality attributes of services, a process modeling algorithm to configure processes composed of services, a method to evaluate process utility based on quality metrics and user preferences, and an implementation that allows a user to instantiate the optimal process. Because the framework allows a user to rapidly reconfigure and select optimal processes as new services are introduced or as requirements change, the framework should reduce burdensome software maintenance costs associated with traditional automation methods and provide a more flexible approach.

Face à un environnement concurrentiel de plus en plus ardu et la montée en force de la réglementation environnementale dans certains secteurs industriels, la supply chain traditionnelle du fabricant d'origine (OEM) devient graduellement insuffisante pour assurer la survie de la firme. En effet, dans certains secteurs industriels, tels que ceux des photocopieurs et des ordinateurs, les firmes ne peuvent plus se contenter d'une unique chaîne de création de valeur. Ces firmes ont mis en place, ou essayent de mettre en place, une seconde chaîne de création de valeur, qui est la reverse supply chain. Cette innovation organisationnelle est fondée principalement sur la création de valeur par le remanufacturing des produits en fin de vie. Bien que les avantages d'une reverse supply chain à des fins de remanufacturing soient démontrés par la recherche académique et des expériences industrielles, le nombre des entreprises, qui sont arrivées à faire émerger une reverse supply chain viable, reste très limité.Cette thèse s'est déroulée dans le cadre d'un projet de recherche multidisciplinaire visant à élaborer une méthodologie d'aide à la conception des systèmes de remanufacturing, à partir d'une recherche intervention chez un industriel intéressé par le remanufacturing de ses produits en fin de vie.Outre notre contribution dans l'élaboration de cette méthodologie, nous avons profité de ce contexte afin d'explorer les facteurs stratégiques qui conditionnent l'émergence d'une reverse supply chain
As competitiveness increases and environmental legislation toughens, companies can no longer solely rely on traditional supply chain OEM to remain competitive. Indeed for some companies such as copy machine or computer manufacturers, a unique value creation chain is no longer sufficient. These companies have created, or are trying to create, a second valuecreation chain, the reverse supply chain. This organizational innovation is mainly based on creating value through remanufacturing of end of the life products. The benefits of a reverse supply chain clearly emerge in academia and industrial test studies. Yet the number of companies that have been able to create and sustain a viable reverse supply chain is rather limited.This dissertation has been conducted under a multidisciplinary research project. The goal of the project was to create a methodology to facilitate the development of remanufacturing systems based on an intervention research conducted with a company seeking to promote the remanufacturing of its end of life products. This intervention also allowed us, beside to ourcontribution to the development of the remanufacturing methodology, to look into the strategic factors which influence the emergence of a reverse supply chain

The competitive capacity within a certain sector, is the determining factor in determining whether a company has the potential to continue in the market or not. In this sense, the agricultural machinery sector, seeking to remain competitive, seeks best practices for the organization and management of its product development processes. These well-defined and managed processes can help sustain a company's competitiveness. The Product Development Process is approached in this work taking into account its multidisciplinarity, considering the importance of the participation of several functional areas for the management and the efficient performance of the process. Thus, the objective of this dissertation is to identify and evaluate the cooperation of the functional areas in agricultural machinery development processes. To obtain the objective, a detailed study was carried out on the industrial segment of agricultural machinery, especially in the methodologies used for the development of its products, in order to know the intervening factors of these processes in a broad and detailed manner. We selected the Reference Model for the Agricultural Machinery Development Process as a starting point, where the functional areas described in this model were used to analyze two other models of the product development process large multinational companies, agricultural machinery manufacturers. In order to identify the cooperation of the functional areas throughout the phases and activities of the studied models, structures were developed in the form of electronic spreadsheets that sought to intersect the activities and areas of each model, making it possible to identify the level of participation of the functional areas in each phase the process. With the study of the phases and activities of the models, it was observed that it is necessary the cooperation of specific knowledge from certain functional areas for the development of agricultural machinery, making these activities be performed by several functional areas, giving agility to the process and thus collaborating to meet deadlines, so that the costs of manufacturing comply with the estimate in the project and so that the quality of the final product is as expected.
A capacidade competitiva, dentro de um determinado setor, é o fator determinante para definir se uma empresa tem potencial para continuar no mercado ou não. Neste sentido, o setor de máquinas agrícolas, buscando se manter competitivo, procura por melhores práticas para a organização e o gerenciamento de seus processos de desenvolvimento de produtos. Estes processos quando bem definidos e gerenciados, podem ajudar a sustentar a competitividade de uma empresa. O Processo de Desenvolvimento de Produto é abordado neste trabalho levando em consideração sua multidisciplinaridade, visto a importância da participação de várias áreas funcionais para o gerenciamento e o desempenho eficiente do processo. Assim, o objetivo desta dissertação é identificar e avaliar a cooperação das áreas funcionais em processos de desenvolvimento de máquinas agrícolas. Para auferir o objetivo realizou-se o estudo aprofundado sobre o segmento industrial de máquinas agrícolas, sobretudo nas metodologias utilizadas para o desenvolvimento de seus produtos, com a finalidade de conhecer os fatores intervenientes destes processos de forma ampla e detalhada. Foi selecionado para este trabalho o Modelo de Referência para o Processo de Desenvolvimento de Máquinas Agrícolas como ponto de partida, onde foram utilizadas as áreas funcionais descritas neste modelo para analisar outros dois modelos de processo de desenvolvimento de produto de empresas multinacionais de grande porte, fabricantes de máquinas agrícolas. Para identificar a cooperação das áreas funcionais, ao longo das fases e atividades dos modelos estudados, foram elaboradas estruturas em forma de planilhas eletrônicas visando interseccionar as atividades e as áreas de cada modelo, possibilitando identificar o nível de participação das áreas funcionais em cada fase do processo. Com o estudo das fases e atividades dos modelos, observou-se que é necessária a cooperação de conhecimentos específicos oriundos de determinadas áreas funcionais para o desenvolvimento de máquinas agrícolas, fazendo com que estas atividades sejam desempenhadas por várias áreas funcionais, dando agilidade para o processo e colaborando assim para o cumprimento de prazos, para que os custos de fabricação obedeçam ao estimado no projeto e para que a qualidade do produto final seja a esperada.

As exigências do cenário mercadológico requerem adaptações nos modelos de trabalho das empresas que visam sobrevivência no longo prazo por meio da satisfação das necessidades de clientes. Nesse contexto, o processo de desenvolvimento de produtos (PDP) é um processo crítico e de crescente importância. Sua alta relevância estratégica para as organizações, devido especialmente às rápidas mudanças nos ambientes de negócios, tem conduzido à necessidade da utilização de equipes multidisciplinares no processo, objetivando maximizar o valor agregado por meio dos conhecimentos específicos dos profissionais envolvidos. Nesse sentido, o conhecimento de mercado, preponderantemente possuído pelas equipes de vendas, é subsídio essencial para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos aderentes ao potencial de mercado. Portanto, a transferência de conhecimento entre os times de maneira colaborativa é fator crítico de sucesso. Assim, o presente trabalho propõe um método que auxilia a diagnosticar a efetividade de transferência de conhecimentos para o trabalho colaborativo entre os setores de desenvolvimento de produto e vendas. O método proposto apoia a identificação dos fluxos de conhecimento entre estas áreas, os tipos de conhecimento compartilhados e ferramentas utilizadas. O trabalho é desenvolvido por meio de uma pesquisa-ação realizada em uma organização do setor de comunicação e mídia.
Current market demands require adaptations in companies’ work models aiming for long-term survival through customer needs satisfaction. In this context, new product development (NPD) is a critical process with increasing importance. The high strategic relevance of the NPD process in organizations, mainly due to the rapid changing environments, led to the need of adopting multidisciplinary teams to maximize the added value through the specific knowledge of the professionals involved. In this sense, market knowledge, which is mostly possessed by sales teams, is an essential subsidy for the development of new products that are adherent to the market potential. Therefore, knowledge transfer between teams working in a collaborative approach is a critical factor of success. Thus, this work proposes a method that assists to diagnose the effectiveness of knowledge transfer for the collaborative work between NPD and sales departments. The proposed method helps to identify knowledge flows between these areas, the types of knowledge to be shared and tools used. This is developed by means of an action research in an organization of the communication and media sector.

Smart Clothing, the convergent future of the electronics and clothing industries, struggles to reach its true potential and enter the mass market because of 1) imbalanced contributions from the electronics and clothing sectors, 2) the lack of an integrated approach to optimise the input from the different areas, and 3) the unclear direction of the products. There is a need for an NPD process that balances all contributions and addresses new values based on user requirements. Moreover, a strategic approach, that challenges the development teams to go beyond their existing creative boundary and reconciles their differences, is required. According to the research, Smart Clothes should take the design approach of functional clothing and focus on the area of sportswear, personal healthcare and physical monitoring, as they fit the users’ lifestyle and requirements. Since social acceptance is an important factor, Smart Clothes must also have a good design and whilst, at the same time, perform all the basic functions that ordinary garments do. They should allow the user to personalise the styles and functions according to the benefits, with respect to product lifecycle and disassembly. A conceptual model of the NPD process was developed and tested with experts in this field. The proposed model provides the basis for a computer software to plan and manage product development teams and activities at the front-end of the NPD process. It offers several advantages: 1. Combining the NPD models and those of collaborative development 2. Providing a holistic view of Smart Clothing development 3. Clarifying of the roles of all participants within the collaborative development teams 4. Describing the responsibilities and expected contributions of all participants 5. Explaining working relationships and overlapping roles and responsibilities 6. Offering the directions for the creative boundary extension

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O presente estudo tem como objetivo central analisar o processo de trabalho dos assistentes sociais na saúde hospitalar, conhecendo suas demandas, demandantes e identificando o produto final nesse espaço de trabalho sócio-ocupacional. Para obtenção do produto esperado, foi realizada a revisão de literatura acerca da crise da sociedade do trabalho, perpassando na profissão do serviço social como classe trabalhadora assalariada, chegando à Política Nacional de Saúde do Brasil e a participação da atuação do serviço social nesta. Como estratégia metodológica, adotou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa que foi realizada em uma “Entidade Beneficente Sem Fins Lucrativos” na Saúde Hospitalar. Foi utilizada a abordagem quanti-qualitativo de pesquisa, tendo como instrumentos de coletas de dados o questionário com perguntas fechadas e abertas (apêndice A), com a apresentação e assinatura do TCLE (apêndice B). Como resultado final, consegui identificar o perfil das assistentes sociais que atuam nesse espaço sócio-ocupacional, suas demandas e produto final do seu trabalho.
The present study has as main objective to analyze the process of work of social workers in hospital health, knowing their demands, plaintiffs and identifying the end product in this space of social and occupational work. To obtain the expected product, was held to review the literature about the crisis work, coursing through society in social service profession as salaried working class, arriving to Brazil's National Health Policy and the participation of social service on this one. As methodological strategy, a qualitative research that was carried out in a "not-for-profit Charitable Entity" in health. Was used qualitative quantitative approach of research, having as data collection instruments the questionnaire with closed and open questions (Appendix A), with the presentation and signature of the FICS (Appendix B). As a final result, I managed to identify the profile of social workers who work in this socio-occupational space, your demands and the final product of its work.

Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the Master of Technology: Quality in the Faculty of Engineering At the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012
New Product Development (NPD) is a complicated process that determines success or failure of any company engaging in product development processes. Over the past years, due to the current highly competitive market environment, poor management skills, lack of innovation and customer concern, many companies are struggling to develop new products while simultaneously maintaining high quality of each of these new products. Various studies described that quality management is critical to prolong the life cycle of new products. Thus, this study focused on the key success factors of NPD and integrated quality management strategies into NPD process. This study was conducted at a local plastic packaging and load securing company in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. A combination of both qualitative and quantitative research approaches was conducted. Both management (n1=5) the staff members (n2=24) who are involved in the NPD process were selected as samples. A semi-structured questionnaire and several interviews (in-depth and focused group) were utilised for data collection. A statistical programme (SPSS V20) was employed to generate descriptive statistical results and test the reliability of all the variables. The study results identified that the key quality determinants of the NPD process were are NPD reviews, verifications and validations. In addition, for the NPD process to be successful, the company should focus on the development of the NPD strategy, availability of skills and resources including NPD competence, product quality, empowered multidisciplinary teams and effective risk management. Based on the research findings, this study recommends that the company should have more focuses on the areas of customer dissatisfaction, product quality, and prototype planning in their NPD processes.

Der Titel unseres Beitrages hätte auch lauten können: Digitale Revolution – was nun? Die Digitalisierung lässt Alles überall und jederzeit stattfinden, beschleunigt Arbeitsprozesse dramatisch, intensiviert die Kommunikation („always on“), verändert Konsum- und Freizeitverhalten und verändert die ehemals linear in Einzeldisziplinen denkbare Welt in ein komplexes, nichtlineares und disruptives System mit sehr unterschiedlichen Akteuren. Die analoge Welt besteht weiterhin, Bytes liefern weder Stoff noch Energie, sondern verbrauchen Kilojoules. Wissen um Prozesse ist Macht. Antwortsysteme auf die geschilderte Anforderungsstruktur müssen ebenfalls schnell, komplex und multidisziplinär sein. Was aber ermöglicht die dafür erforderliche schnelle und verlässliche Kommunikation? Ein Teil einer Antwort ist technisch, darauf gehen wir hier nicht ein. Ein anderer Teil hat viel damit zu tun, wie wir denken und uns in Gruppen verhalten und welche Kommunikationskultur wir nutzen. Erzählungen darüber, wer wir sind, welchen Regeln wir folgen und welche Ziele wir haben stellen den wahrscheinlich wichtigsten Mechanismus unserer Entwicklung dar und sind in Form von Modellen (Stachowiak 1973) Kern jeder Disziplin. Beispielhaft sei die Hooksche Feder als Modell für linear elastisches Werkstoffverhalten genannt; das abstraktere Modell der Elastizität ist in beinahe jedem Fach vertreten. Bei der nachträglichen Auswertung mehrerer designgetriebener Forschungsvorhaben ist zu beobachten, dass Szenarien als komplexe deskriptive und präskriptive Modellsysteme die wesentliche kulturell verankerte Kommunikationsbasis zur Zusammenarbeit in multidisziplinären Teams darstellen. Warum das so ist und wie Szenarien von multi- oder transdisziplinären Teams genutzt werden können, beschreiben wir im Folgenden.

Innovation is a difficult, yet vital factor for any given organization. This has led to a new type of organizations; the intermediaries of open innovation. These provide a service offering by creating interchange between seekers with innovation problems, and third party problem solvers. This study focus on the specific case of one innovation intermediary; Demola East Sweden. They connect seekers of like big organizations or private persons, with student solvers from Linköping University. Demola East Sweden has grown quickly since the start in 2012, and now recognizes a need for evaluation. The purpose of this study is to examine the user experience of the Demola East Sweden innovation intermediary project process. This through the perspective of what adds values to it, and what could improve to the experience. The study was conducted as a case study in four phases of planning, mapping, analyzing, and conclusion. The planning phase defined the practical framework of the study, and three main areas of theory were chosen: the service of innovation intermediation, the structures behind innovation management, and the practical implementation of innovation. The mapping phase included observations and interviews for collecting data. As an initial step, insight on the context and operations of Demola East Sweden and the general project process was attained. Four project cases were then chosen to examine further. This included interviews with the seeker, the solvers, and the Demola East Sweden project facilitator of each case. The results were analyzed by answering specified research questions, defined by connecting the three theory areas to the purpose of the study. From this, conclusions for the study then could be drawn.The results generated an overview of the general project process of what happens before, during, and after the project conduct. Before project start, the process is mainly about screening the seekers and their projects ideas, and the solvers applying to participate. The analysis show that this initial screening process is important for assuring quality to the projects, and making sure the user expectations matches the service provided. During the projects the seekers are not involved much. The solvers on the other hand, are parallel to the project work also provided with mandatory events from Demola East Sweden and Linköping University. This e.g. includes pitch events where the solvers present and attain feedback on their projects, and coaching sessions on ethics and project goals. The analysis shows that the mandatory events are critical decision points, and are crucial for detecting problem areas in process. When the final results are presented and delivered to the seekers, they can choose if they want to buy it or not. If they choose not to, then they still own the initial project idea, but solvers own the generated results. The analysis shows that the results rarely go further than to concept solutions or prototypes, but also that these issues do not define the success rate of the projects. This is instead measured from the values attained from the experience of the project process. Regarding the expectations and the actual user experience, a common aspect for participation for both seekers and solvers, is the potential of recruitment. Otherwise, the seekers also expect the opportunity for low risk business investment, where they do not need to put in resources or commitment, but still maintain potential for innovation. For the solvers the expectations is also about attaining experience from real projects, where they at the same time gain course credits from the mandatory project events provided by the university. In general the expectations often match the actual experience. The issues on improvement is instead about e.g. the project process including too many mandatory events, lack of coordination between Demola East Sweden and Linköping University, and maintaining a balance of the important mutual interchange between the seekers and the solvers.
Innovation är en svårhanterad, men samtidigt viktig faktor för alla typer av organisationer. Detta har lett till en ny typ av organisationer; förmedlarna av öppen innovation. Dessa arbetar för att föra samman och skapa utbyte mellan sökare med innovationsproblem, och tredjeparts problemlösare. Denna studie fokuserar på det särskilda fallet av en sådan innovationsförmedlare; Demola East Sweden. De för samman sökare i form av t.ex. större företag eller privatpersoner, med lösare i form av studenter från Linköpings Universitet. Demola East Sweden har snabbt vuxit sedan starten 2012, och ser nu ett behov av utvärdering. Syftet med studien är att undersöka användarupplevelsen av Demola East Sweden’s innovationsförmedlande projektprocess. Detta genom perspektivet av vad som skapar värde i den, och vad som kan förbättra upplevelsen. Studien genomfördes som en fallstudie i fyra faser av planering, kartläggning, analys, och slutsats. I planeringsfasen definierades det praktiska ramverket för studien, och tre teoretiska huvudområden valdes: innovationsförmedling som en tjänst, strukturen bakom innovationshantering, och det praktiska genomförandet av innovation. Kartläggningsfasen inkluderade observationer och intervjuer för datainsamling. I ett första steg skaffades insikt och förståelse för kontexten och verksamheten kring Demola East Sweden och den generella projektprocessen. Fyra projektfall valdes sedan ut för att utforska vidare. Detta inkluderade intervjuer med sökare, lösare, och Demola East Sweden’s projektfacilatorer för varje fall. Resultatet analyserades genom att besvara specificerade frågeställningar, vilka definierats genom att koppla samman de tre teoriområdena med studiens syfte. Från detta kunde sedan slutsatser för studien dras. Resultatet genererade en översikt av den generella projektprocessen och vad som händer före, under, och efter projektens genförande. Innan projektstart handlar processen framförallt om att gallra sökare och deras projektidéer, och lösarna som ansöker för att delta. Analysen visar att denna initiala gallringsprocess är viktig för att försäkra kvalitet till projekten, och för att säkerställa att användarnas förväntningar samstämmer med tjänsten som erbjuds. Under själva projektprocessen är inte sökarna särskilt involverade. Lösarna, å andra sidan, deltar i obligatoriska projektmoment från Demola East Sweden och från Linköpings Universitet. Detta inkluderar t.ex. pitch-tillfällen där lösarna presenterar och får feedback på projekten, och handledningstillfällen kring etik och projektmål. Analysen visar att de obligatoriska momenten är kritiska beslutspunkter, och viktiga för att upptäcka problemområden i projektprocessen. När slutresultatet presenteras och levereras till sökarna, kan dessa välja att köpa det eller inte. Om de väljer att inte göra det, så äger de fortfarande själva projektidén, men lösarna äger det genererade resultatet. Analysen visar att resultaten sällan utvecklas längre än till konceptlösningar eller prototyper, men också att detta inte definierar framgångsgraden för projekten. Detta mäts istället genom värdet som erhålls från upplevelsen av själva projektprocessen. Avseende förväntningar och den verkliga upplevelsen, så är en vanlig anledning för både sökare och lösare att delta den potentiella rekryteringsmöjligheten. I övrigt förväntar sig sökarna möjlighet till lågrisk affärsutveckling, där de inte behöver investera resurser eller förpliktelser, men fortfarande har tillgång till eventuell innovation. För lösarna handlar förväntningarna även om att skaffa erfarenhet från verkliga projekt, där de samtidigt tjänar kurspoäng från Linköpings Universitets obligatoriska projektmoment. Generellt sett möter förväntningarna den verkliga upplevelsen. Faktorerna kring förbättring handlar snarare om t.ex. att projektprocessen innehåller för många obligatoriska moment, bristande koordination i samarbetet mellan Demola East Sweden och Linköpings Universitet, och underhåll av balansen i det viktiga ömsesidiga utbytet mellan sökare och lösare.

Ces travaux portent sur la conception multidisciplinaire de systèmes intégrés. Ces systèmes sont soumis à un nombre d’exigences toujours croissant, entraînant des besoins en termes d’intégration fonctionnelle et spatiale. Ces différents types d’intégration relative au produit sont également la source d’une complexité organisationnelle, provenant à la fois de la multitude d’acteurs réalisant différentes activités d’ingénierie, mais également de la diversité des domaines impliqués, désignée dans ce manuscrit par « intégration multidisciplinaire ». Pour favoriser cette intégration multidisciplinaire, les phases de « conception préliminaire » et de « conception détaillée » ont été identifiées comme déterminantes, notamment car elles se caractérisent par la collaboration de nombreux experts, manipulant un grand nombre de données techniques de définition. Les systèmes conçus lors de conceptions multidisciplinaires restent faiblement intégrés. Cela est en partie dû au cloisonnement entre les disciplines et à un mode d’organisation projet basé sur une planification prédominante, caractérisé notamment par une diffusion de l’information principalement descendante (top-down). Afin d’assurer une meilleure collaboration entre ces différentes disciplines, de permettre des prises de décision éclairées par des indicateurs opérationnels et de pouvoir analyser et mieux comprendre les phénomènes d’intégration des expertises, l’introduction d’une méthode inspirée des principes fondateurs des méthodes agiles est proposée pour la conception collaborative de systèmes intégrés.La contribution de ces travaux s’appuie sur trois concepts complémentaires. Le premier, intitulé Collaborative Actions Framework correspond à un cadre de collaboration opérationnelle autour d’actions. Un des objectifs de ce framework est de faciliter la collaboration des acteurs des projets de conception, quelle que soit leur origine disciplinaire, mais également d’assurer une traçabilité entre les prises de décision et les corrections/modifications apportées sur les données techniques. Cette traçabilité est rendue possible grâce aux liens existants avec le second concept intitulé Workspace. Apportant un nouvel éclairage sur les possibilités offertes par la collaboration autour de ces espaces de collaboration, ce concept offre un certain nombre de possibilités,notamment la mise en commun continue des travaux, l’intégration multidisciplinaire et la validation des modifications. Les échanges de données techniques entre les workspaces, ou le travail simultané sur les mêmes données techniques, s’appuient quant à eux sur la possibilité de pouvoir gérer de façon parallèle différentes versions d’une même donnée technique. Ces possibilités sont proposées par le troisième concept, intitulé branch & merge, qui permet également à différents acteurs de travailler simultanément sur les mêmes données. Enfin, ces trois concepts sont ensuite illustrés par l’intermédiaire d’un démonstrateur composé d’un scénario et d’un prototype informatique. Un produit mécatronique, combinaison synergique et systémique de la mécanique, de l'électronique et de l'informatique temps réel, est utilisé afin d’illustrer les possibilités offertes par nos travaux en termes d'intégration multidisciplinaire lors de la conception collaborative
This work focuses on the multidisciplinary and collaborative design of integrated systems. These systems are subject to an ever increasing number of requirements, leading to the need for more comprehensive functional and spatial integration. These different types of product integration are also at the origin of organizational complexity. This complexity arises not only from the great number of actors performing various engineering activities but also from the diversity of disciplines involved (designated in this manuscript as “multidisciplinary integration”). To encourage this multidisciplinary integration, “preliminary design” and “detailed design” have been identified as the most significant steps, especially since they are characterized by the collaboration of multiple experts handling a large number of product definition’ technical data. Systems that have been designed thanks to multidisciplinary approaches are generally poorly integrated. This is partially due to the compartmentalization of disciplines, as well as to the “project-planned” method, where project planning is predominant and information is mainly spread out “top-down”. To ensure better cooperation between the various disciplines, to enable decision making based on operational indicators and to analyze and understand the multidisciplinary integration processes, a method inspired by the founding principles of agile methods (the agile manifesto) is proposed for the collaborative design of integrated systems. This work is based on three complementary concepts. The first is, the Collaborative Actions Framework, an operational framework for collaboration around actions. One objective of this framework is to improve the collaboration among designers, whatever their disciplinary origin. It also ensures traceability between decision making and corrections/changes made to technical data. This traceability is made possible by the useof the second concept, called Workspace. Even if this term is already well known, we propose a new definition/usage to transform it into collaboration spaces. This concept offers great possibilities, including the continuous delivering/sharing of experts’ contributions, multidisciplinary integration and change validation. The exchange of technical data between workspaces, or simultaneous work on the same data, relies on the ability to manage several parallel versions of the same item into a single datamanagement system. These opportunities are offered by the third concept, called Branch & Merge. Finally, these three concepts are illustrated through a scenario and a computer prototype. A mechatronic product, “the synergistic combination of mechanical and electrical engineering, computer science, and information technology” (Harashima et al., 1996), is used to illustrate the opportunities offered by our work in terms of multidisciplinary integration during collaborative design

Engineering design may be viewed as a decision making process that supports design tradeoffs. The designer makes decisions based on information available and engineering judgment. The designer determines the direction in which the design must proceed, the procedures that need to be adopted, and develops a strategy to perform successive decisions. The design is only as good as the decisions made, which is in turn dependent on the information available. Information is time and process dependent. This thesis work focuses on developing a coherent bottom-up framework and methodology to improve information transfer and decision making while designing complex systems. The rotorcraft drive system is used as a test system for this methodology. The traditional serial design approach required the information from one discipline and/or process in order to proceed with the subsequent design phase. The Systems Engineering (SE) implementation of Concurrent Engineering (CE) and Integrated Product and Process Development (IPPD) processes tries to alleviate this problem by allowing design processes to be performed in parallel and collaboratively. The biggest challenge in implementing Concurrent Engineering is the availability of information when dealing with complex systems such as aerospace systems. The information is often incomplete, with large amounts of uncertainties around the requirements, constraints and system objectives. As complexity increases, the design process starts trending back towards a serial design approach. The gap in information can be overcome by either “softening” the requirements to be adaptable to variation in information or to delay the decision. Delayed decisions lead to expensive modifications and longer product design lifecycle. Digitization of IPPD tools for complex system enables the system to be more adaptable to changing requirements. Design can proceed with “soft” information and decisions adapted as information becomes available even at early stages. The advent of modern day computing has made digitization and automation possible and feasible in engineering. Automation has demonstrated superior capability in design cycle efficiency [1]. When a digitized framework is enhanced through automation, design can be made adaptable without the requirement for human interaction. This can increase productivity, and reduce design time and associated cost. An important aspect in making digitization feasible is having the availability of parameterized Computer Aided Design (CAD) geometry [2]. The CAD geometry gives the design a physical form that can interact with other disciplines and geometries. Central common CAD database allows other disciplines to access information and extract requirements; this feature is of immense importance while performing systems syntheses. Through database management using a Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) system, Integrated Product Teams (IPTs) can exchange information between disciplines and develop new designs more efficiently by collaborating more and from far [3]. This thesis focuses on the challenges associated with automation and digitization of design. Making more information available earlier goes jointly with making the design adaptable to new information. Using digitized sizing, synthesis, cost analysis and integration, the drive system design is brought in to early design. With modularity as the objective, information transfer is made streamlined through the use of a software integration suite. Using parametric CAD tools, a novel ‘Fully-Relational Design’ framework is developed where geometry and design are adaptable to related geometry and requirement changes. During conceptual and preliminary design stages, the airframe goes through many stages of modifications and refinement; these changes affect the sub-system requirements and its design optimum. A fully-relational design framework takes this into account to create interfaces between disciplines. A novel aspect of the fully-relational design methodology is to include geometry, spacing and volume requirements in the system design process. Enabling fully-relational design has certain challenges, requiring suitable optimization and analysis automation. Also it is important to ensure that the process does not get overly complicated. So the method is required to possess the capability to intelligently propagate change. There is a need for suitable optimization techniques to approach gear train type design problems, where the design variables are discrete in nature and the values a variables can assume is a result of cascading effects of other variables. A heuristic optimization method is developed to analyze this multimodal problem. Experiments are setup to study constraint dependencies, constraint-handling penalty methods, algorithm tuning factors and innovative techniques to improve the performance of the algorithm. Inclusion of higher fidelity analysis in early design is an important element of this research. Higher fidelity analyses such as nonlinear contact Finite Element Analysis (FEA) are useful in defining true implied stresses and developing rating modification factors. The use of Topology Optimization (TO) using Finite Element Methods (FEM) is proposed here to study excess material removal in the gear web region.

Dans un environnement économique à faible croissance et à forte concurrence, l'avance technologique est importante, mais très souvent ne suffit plus. Pour être compétitif, il convient aussi, de faire le bon produit, c'est-à dire le produit qui correspond aux réels besoins, attentes et caractéristiques des utilisateurs. Par conséquent, l'usage du produit devient une source d'innovation pour les entreprises industrielles. Pour intégrer l'usage d'un produit en conception, nous choisissons d'étudier les phases de convergence multidisciplinaire sur le couple produit/usage car ce sont des phases de collaboration forte entre les acteurs métiers tout au long du processus de conception. Les différentes disciplines, connaissances et pratiques impliquées dans les projets de conception, rendent le transfert des connaissances difficile entre les acteurs métiers durant ces phases. Face à cette problématique, nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement aux Objets Intermédiaires de Conception (OICs) (ex.prototype virtuel, maquette physique, etc.) comme moyen pour faciliter l'échange et la communication entre les acteurs métiers. Notre objectif est d'améliorer la collaboration entre les acteurs à travers l'étude des OICs et une meilleure compréhension des apports de ces objets. Dans nos travaux de thèse, nous indiquons l'intérêt de l'ajout d'interactions dédiées aux acteurs métier à l'OIC pour améliorer la qualité de la collaboration sur le couple produit/usage. Cela a été montré à travers le développement et la validation d'un outil d'annotation et sketching 2D (Virtusketches) en environnement virtuel immersif. Nos résultats montrent des différences significatives entre prototype virtuel (sur une plateforme de réalité virtuelle) et modèle CAO (sur un système CAO) concernant la qualité de collaboration et les objectifs des acteurs métier durant des revues de projets de conception. Nous proposons aussi une approche méthodologique DCDO (Démarche méthodologique de Choix et de Définition des OICs) pour le choix et la définition des OICs. L'une des originalités de cette approche réside dans le fait de considérer tous lesaspects liés à la définition de l'OIC dans le contexte de la convergence sur le couple produit/usage. Cette approche méthodologique a été implémentée et mise en pratique dans un module de revue de projet en environnement PLM(Product Lifecycle Management)
In our economic environment with low growth and high competition, technological advance is important, but often not enough. To be competitive, it is also necessary to propose a product which corresponds to the real needs, expectations and characteristics of users. Therefore, product use becomes a source of innovation by industrial companies. In order to integrate product use in design process, we choose to study the multidisciplinary convergence phases about the product and its related use because they are phases of strong collaboration between design actors. However, different disciplines, knowledge and practices involved in design projects, make the transfer of knowledge between design actors difficult. To this end, we are particularly interested in Intermediary Objects of Design (IOs) (ex. Virtual prototype, physical prototype, etc.) as a means to facilitate the exchange and communication between design actors. Our goal is to improve collaboration between design actors through the study of IOs, a better understanding of theirs contributions and the definition of a methodology that allows designactors to define these objects depending on their own needs and expectations. In this context, we indicate the interest of adding interactions dedicated to design actors through the IOs to improve the quality of collaboration. This has been shown through the developing and validating an annotation and 2D (Virtusketches) sketching tool in immersive virtual environment. Our results also show significant differences between a virtual prototype using (virtual reality platform) and CAD model (using CAD system) concerning the quality of collaboration and the realized objectives in design reviews. We also propose a methodological approach for the choice and the definition of IOs (DCDO). One of the originalities of this approach lies in the fact to consider all aspects related to the definition of the IOs in the context of convergence on the product/use couple. This methodological approach has been implemented and put into practice using an application to prepare project reviews in PLM (Product Lifecycle Management).environment

La normativa comunitaria ha favorito lo sviluppo di sistemi di qualità certificati. Oggi la CE sta guidando il sistema qualità verso un nuovo orizzonte: la valutazione delle prestazioni di sostenibilità di prodotti e organizzazioni, e lo sta facendo attraverso la metodologia dell'Impronta Ambientale (EF). A livello nazionale dal 2009 il Ministero dell'Ambiente sta promuovendo un intenso programma di valutazione delle prestazioni ambientali dei prodotti e di riduzione delle emissioni di gas serra delle imprese italiane. Una delle iniziative di maggior successo è il progetto VIVA "La Sostenibilità della vitivinicoltura in Italia". Con la pubblicazione del decreto Ministeriale n. 56 del marzo 2018 che approva lo schema volontario Made Green in Italy per l'applicazione della metodologia PEF in Italia, e con la pubblicazione del PEFCR per “Still and sparkling wine”. È chiaro che sia a livello nazionale che europeo la direzione intrapresa va verso la metodologia EF dalla Commissione Europea. Supponendo che il protocollo VIVA possa essere influenzato anche dall'evoluzione del metodo EF; sono state valutate le possibili implicazioni legate ad una futura transizione da VIVA alla PEF, effettuando anche uno studio PEF su 27 prodotti certificati VIVA con un confronto di prestazioni tra i prodotti VIVA e i benchmark europei.
EU regulations have favoured the development of certified quality schemes. Today the EC is driving the quality sector towards a new horizon; the evaluation of sustainability performance of product and organizations, and is doing it through the Environmental Footprint Methodology. At national level since 2009 the Italian Ministry for the Environment Land and Sea is promoting an intense programme for the evaluation of products’ environmental performances and for the reduction of Italian companies’ greenhouse gas emissions. One of the most successful initiative is the VIVA “Sustainability and Culture” project addressed to the wine sector. With the release of the IMELS decree n. 56 of march 2018 approving the Made Green in Italy Voluntary Scheme for PEF methodology application in Italy, and with the publication of the PEFCR for still and sparkling wine. Is clear that the direction taken at national and European level goes toward the EF methodology developed by the European Commission Assuming that the VIVA protocol may also be affected by EF evolution; possible implications linked to a future transition from VIVA to PEF were evaluated, also carrying out a PEF assessment of 27 VIVA certified products with a performance confrontation between the VIVA products and the European benchmarks.

La normativa comunitaria ha favorito lo sviluppo di sistemi di qualità certificati. Oggi la CE sta guidando il sistema qualità verso un nuovo orizzonte: la valutazione delle prestazioni di sostenibilità di prodotti e organizzazioni, e lo sta facendo attraverso la metodologia dell'Impronta Ambientale (EF). A livello nazionale dal 2009 il Ministero dell'Ambiente sta promuovendo un intenso programma di valutazione delle prestazioni ambientali dei prodotti e di riduzione delle emissioni di gas serra delle imprese italiane. Una delle iniziative di maggior successo è il progetto VIVA "La Sostenibilità della vitivinicoltura in Italia". Con la pubblicazione del decreto Ministeriale n. 56 del marzo 2018 che approva lo schema volontario Made Green in Italy per l'applicazione della metodologia PEF in Italia, e con la pubblicazione del PEFCR per “Still and sparkling wine”. È chiaro che sia a livello nazionale che europeo la direzione intrapresa va verso la metodologia EF dalla Commissione Europea. Supponendo che il protocollo VIVA possa essere influenzato anche dall'evoluzione del metodo EF; sono state valutate le possibili implicazioni legate ad una futura transizione da VIVA alla PEF, effettuando anche uno studio PEF su 27 prodotti certificati VIVA con un confronto di prestazioni tra i prodotti VIVA e i benchmark europei.
EU regulations have favoured the development of certified quality schemes. Today the EC is driving the quality sector towards a new horizon; the evaluation of sustainability performance of product and organizations, and is doing it through the Environmental Footprint Methodology. At national level since 2009 the Italian Ministry for the Environment Land and Sea is promoting an intense programme for the evaluation of products’ environmental performances and for the reduction of Italian companies’ greenhouse gas emissions. One of the most successful initiative is the VIVA “Sustainability and Culture” project addressed to the wine sector. With the release of the IMELS decree n. 56 of march 2018 approving the Made Green in Italy Voluntary Scheme for PEF methodology application in Italy, and with the publication of the PEFCR for still and sparkling wine. Is clear that the direction taken at national and European level goes toward the EF methodology developed by the European Commission Assuming that the VIVA protocol may also be affected by EF evolution; possible implications linked to a future transition from VIVA to PEF were evaluated, also carrying out a PEF assessment of 27 VIVA certified products with a performance confrontation between the VIVA products and the European benchmarks.

Les systèmes mécatroniques sont caractérisés par la combinaison synergique de la mécanique, de l'électronique et de l'informatique en temps réel. Ils possèdent leur propre cycle de vie et doivent associer des expertises métiers et des technologies très variées, ce qui rend leur conception plus complexe et nécessairement plus intégrée. Afin de mettre en œuvre une approche permettant d’assurer une meilleure intégration fonctionnelle et spatiale des systèmes mécatroniques, et plus particulièrement sur l’axe développement de produit en assurant une meilleure combinaison des expertises métier, deux types de problématiques doivent être surmontés. La première problématique a trait aux données de conception alors que la seconde est relative aux processus. La contribution de nos travaux de thèse s’appuie sur deux concepts complémentaires. Le premier, un modèle d’interfaces multidisciplinaires, est proposé pour répondre à la problématique relative aux données de conception. Ces interfaces s’appuient sur l’architecture du système et précisent quels transferts existent entre les composants conçus par les différentes disciplines. Instanciées dans le modèle de données, les interfaces multidisciplinaires permettent d’échanger et de partager les informations entre les différentes disciplines. Le second concept concerne la méthode de conception basée sur le modèle d’interfaces multidisciplinaires. Cette méthode est définie pour pouvoir établir le processus d’ingénierie et permettre une meilleure intégration des expertises métiers tout au long de la conception des systèmes mécatroniques. Enfin, les deux propositions sont implémentées par l’intermédiaire d’un démonstrateur basé sur 3DEXPERIENCE Platform. Un système de mesure 3D, combinaison synergique de la mécanique, de l'électronique, de l'informatique et l’optique, est utilisé afin de démontrer et de valider les contributions par nos travaux en termes d'intégration multidisciplinaire des expertises métier lors de la conception des systèmes mécatroniques
Mechatronic system is considered as a synergetic combination of mechanical engineering, electronic engineering and computer engineering. Such mechatronic system has its own lifecycle and should integrate different disciplines and various technologies. Therefore the design of mechatronic systems becomes increasing complex. In order to propose an approach to achieve a better functional and spatial integration of mechatronic systems, especially to achieve a higher integration of different disciplines during the design process of mechatronic systems, two kinds of problems must be overcome. The first problem is related to design data of mechatronic systems while the second is related to the design process. The contribution of the thesis is based on two complementary concepts. The first contribution, the multi-disciplinary interface model, is proposed to address the issue of design data. These interfaces are based on the system architecture and specify which transfers exist between components designed by the project teams of different disciplines. Instantiated in the data model, multi-disciplinary interfaces enables a better data exchange and sharing among the engineers of different disciplines. The second concept concerns the design method based on the multi-disciplinary interface model. This method is proposed to establish the process for mechatronic engineering in order to achieve a better multi-disciplinary integration for the design of mechatronic systems. Finally, the two propositions are then implemented in a demonstrator developed based on 3DEXPERIENCE Platform. A 3D measurement system, considered as a synergistic combination of mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, computer engineering and optical engineering, is used to demonstrate and validate the propositions of the thesis in terms of multi-disciplinary integration for the design of mechatronic systems

Green Relationship is a design solution attempting to raise awareness toward the environment and reduce consumerism. Waste generation and pollution have become major concerns of many governments, municipalities, organizations and individuals around the world since they are affecting human wellbeing and the environment. As an MFA student with VCUQatar, I chose to use design to contribute in protecting the environment hoping to make a difference in life. The thesis includes a research and a design component. The research explores the recycling programs and facilities in Qatar, the governmental and private sector actions toward waste generation and collection, as well as precedent solutions applied around the world. Furthermore, it includes a survey on recycling to gather and analyze the community’s feed back in order to come up with a solution that aims to change people’s behavior toward waste generation and to promote green lifestyle. The design component defines the Green Relationship as the personal connection between the individual and the silent partner, “the environment.” It fulfills the basic survival needs, “food and water,” and the one and only independency need, “oxygen.” The elements of the Green Relationship are the projection of the generic relationships elements we know of through the theory of “Humimicing” that I introduce in my thesis. Humimicing is the design theory that mimics human innate attributes and behaviors to develop design concepts to be applied in different industries. Every element of the Green Relationship is visualized through a different design discipline similar to its nature. Therefore, interactive, product and critical designs are the mediums used to represent Green Communication, Care and Ethics respectively through public installation, experimentation and conceptual design definition. The thesis methodology, which is “Make it Personal,” concludes in creating the Green Relationship that aims to change the behavior of individuals and ultimately to reach out to the wider community. Under the maxim, “Green is not just a color; it is a Lifestyle,” the thesis promotes the use of design to inspire people, designers and manufacturers to consume less and generate less waste in order to save natural resources and the environment.

碩士
國立雲林科技大學
工業設計系
102
In response to the tendency of global sharing on works for making products, the trend of enterprise competition has been going from development of products to model of business operation. Taiwanese industry needs to simultaneously care for manufacturing superiority, marketing strategies and creation of value for clients. The current business operation usually attempts to stimulate innovative possibilities through the cooperation among multidisciplinary teams. Instead of on new product development or on customer-oriented consideration, designers now focus on how they operate business for new products in order to sustain the business continuation as its goal. This study was based on the author’s experience in learning industrial design under her background of bio-industrial mechatronics engineering as an example, and it has been found that, during the training process of an interdisciplinary designer at a graduate school, the ways of thinking are different between one with engineering background and another one with design background. By applying participant observation method and in-depth interview method to analyze the experiences of design managers and interdisciplinary industrial designers to verify the leading role of business operation model within the activities of special projects, the interdisciplinary learners may then effectively learn and use design thinking to improve conceptual innovation. In the future, designers with interdisciplinary background may then not only play an important role in leading the direction for research and development but also have the capability of executing practical designs and the related management. Followings are some itemized conclusions: 1. To enhance the level of conceptual innovation– designers need the habit of searching for basic knowledge and issues with active thinking, and this can promote the level of conceptual innovation. 2. To promote design practices in multidisciplinary domain– a multidisciplinary team seeking conceptual innovation with professional sharing of works can have the project under easier control on scheduling and improve the feasibility and completeness of products. 3. Business operation model plays an important role in product development– it is also a multidisciplinary activity. In response to the social trend, economical structure and technological development, designers should learn to utilize business operation model in designing new forms and activities for products as different from its past to meet the goal of innovation for the enterprise.

La désinfection de l’eau de consommation et des piscines induit la formation de sous-produits (SPD) potentiellement nocifs pour la santé, parmi lesquels les trihalométhanes (THM), les acides haloacétiques (HAA) et les chloramines (CAM). La difficulté d’estimer l’exposition humaine à ces SPD empêche de cerner précisément les risques sanitaires possiblement associés (i.e., cancérigènes, reprotoxiques, irritatifs). Nos travaux s’articulent autour d’une méthodologie consistant à intégrer des données d’occurrence environnementales à des modèles toxicocinétiques à base physiologique (TCBP) pour améliorer les mesures de l’exposition aux SPD. Cette approche multidisciplinaire veut prendre en compte de manière aussi appropriée que possible les deux composantes majeures des variations de cette exposition : les variations spatio-temporelles des niveaux de contamination environnementale et l’impact des différences inter- et intra-individuelles sur les niveaux biologiques. Cette thèse, organisée en deux volets qui explorent chacun successivement des aspects environnemental et biologique de la problématique, vise à contribuer au développement de cette stratégie innovante d’estimation de l’exposition et, plus généralement, à des meilleures pratiques en la matière. Le premier volet de la thèse s’intéresse à l’exposition en milieu domestique (i.e., résultant de l’utilisation de l’eau potable au domicile) et est consacré au cas complexe des THM, les plus abondants et volatils des SPD, absorbables par ingestion mais aussi par inhalation et voie percutanée. Les articles I et II, constitutifs de ce volet, documentent spécifiquement la question des variations inter- et intra- journalières de présence des SPD en réseau et de leurs impacts sur les estimateurs de l’exposition biologique. Ils décrivent l’amplitude et la diversité des variations à court terme des niveaux environnementaux, présentent les difficultés à proposer une façon systématique et « épidémiologiquement » pratique de les modéliser et proposent, de manière originale, une évaluation des mésestimations, somme toute modestes, des mesures biologiques de l’exposition résultant de leurs non-prise en compte. Le deuxième volet de la thèse se penche sur l’exposition aux SPD en piscine, d’un intérêt grandissant au niveau international, et se restreint au cas jugé prioritaire des piscines publiques intérieures. Ce volet envisage, pour quantifier l’exposition dans ce contexte particulier, l’extension de l’approche méthodologique préconisée, élaborée originellement pour application dans un contexte domestique : d’abord, à travers une analyse approfondie des variations des niveaux de contamination (eau, air) des SPD en piscine en vue de les modéliser (article III); puis en examinant, dans le cas particulier du chloroforme, le THM le plus abondant, la possibilité d’utiliser la modélisation TCBP pour simuler des expositions en piscine (article IV). Les résultats mettent notamment en évidence la difficulté d’appréhender précisément la contamination environnementale autrement que par un échantillonnage in situ tandis que la modélisation TCBP apparait, sur le plan toxicologique, comme l’outil le plus pertinent à ce jour, notamment au regard des autres approches existantes, mais qu’il convient d’améliorer pour mieux prédire les niveaux d’exposition biologique. Finalement, ces travaux illustrent la pertinence et la nécessité d’une approche multidisciplinaire et intégratrice et suggère, sur cette base, les pistes à explorer en priorité pour mieux évaluer l’exposition aux SPD et, in fine, cerner véritablement les risques sanitaires qui en résultent.
Disinfection of drinking and swimming pool waters disinfection is unavoidable but induces the formation of by-products (DBPs), such as trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs) and chloramines (CAMs), that could be harmful to human health. The still challenging DBP exposure assessment prevent their suspected adverse effects (i.e., cancers, adverse pregnancy outcomes, irritations) to be clearly established. A methodology has been conceptualized which consists of integrating environmental occurrence data with physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) modeling to improve DBP exposure assessment. It was designed to allow both spatial and temporal variations of the environmental contamination and the biological impacts of between- and within- individual differences to be accounted for. This thesis comprised of two parts. Each one investigates successively both environmental and biological aspects. The objective is to contribute to the development of an innovative integrated strategy and to the definition of best practices for DBP exposure assessment. The first part of the thesis, comprising papers I and II, focuses on household exposure (i.e., resulting from drinking water use at home) and on THMs, the most abundant and volatile DBPs that can be absorbed not only by ingestion but also by inhalation and dermal absorption. These two papers investigate particularly the short-term (day-to-day and within-day) variations of THM levels in the drinking water and then their impact on the internal exposure indicators. They described the amplitudes and the diversity of the environmental variations, failed to model them in a systematic and practical way for epidemiological purposes but assessed, for the first time, their impacts on the predicted biological levels which appeared quite low. The second part concerns the exposure to DBPs in swimming pool which is of a growing international interest. Only the allegedly worrying case of public indoor swimming pool was regarded. This section focuses on the feasibility of using the previously mentioned approach, which was first designed for dealing with household exposure, for DBP exposure assessment in swimming pools. First, Paper III investigated the occurrence and spatial and temporal variations of DBPs in both water and air of swimming pools to model them. Focusing on chloroform, the most abundant THM, Paper IV examined the ability and reliability of PBTK modeling to simulate various swimming pool exposure events and predict the resulting biological levels in individuals. The results show, among other things, the difficulty of explaining precisely the environmental contamination and point out the necessity to carry out a minimal in situ sampling to monitor the environmental levels of DBPs. Compared to other approaches, PBTK modeling is a powerful but still to be improved tool for predicting swimming pool exposure. Eventually, these works underline the relevance and the necessity of a multidisciplinary and integrating approach for better estimating exposure to DBPs and therefore health risks. Further issues that should be addressed are recommended.