Дисертації з теми "Multicultural education Australia"

The overarching theme of this doctoral portfolio is the issue of intercultural education. Linked to this are several sub-themes: teacher excellence and professional development; curriculum development and the acquisition of values and attitudes. These themes have been developed through studies of Asia and global education in the Australian context. One major outcome of this research is the development of a hybrid theoretical model, based on two pre-existing models, for examining curriculum in schools, as it is expressed in artefacts such as scope and sequence documents, as well as through practice and discourse by teachers and students. The research also generated a continuum to measure the effectiveness and extent of curricular change. The combination of these two artefacts provides an instrument for examining and mapping the progress and processes of curricular change with regard to fields such as studies of Asia. The model and other findings from this series of studies also pave the way for further examining the processes and outcomes of curricular change.
Doctor of Education (D.Ed.)

The increase in Indigenous participation in university courses in recent years has not been matched by an increase in graduation. In the mainstream university population, student success has been linked to approaches to learning, which are linked to conceptions of learning. This study investigates what conceptions of learning Indigenous students identify at the beginning of their university career. Thirty six students completed a 'Reflections on Learning Inventory' developed by Meyer (1995). Nine of these students were interviewed in depth about what they thought learning was and how they would go about it. The interview analysis for each of the nine students was compared with their individual inventory profile. It was anticipated that the use of such complementary methods would increase the validity of the findings, but this was not the case. The participants identified a range of conceptions comparable with those identified by mainstream students, but with a greater emphasis on understanding. However, the descriptions of how learning happens were undeveloped and not likely to result in the kind of learning described. The findings will be useful in making curricula decisions in an Indigenous university preparation course that encourage students to adopt successful strategies for learning. In addition, it will also be useful information for the participants themselves as they become reflective learners.

This research project examines how transitional multiculturalism, cultural hybridity and transformative-repair are practiced by a professional artist-researcher and novice artists. Transitional multiculturalism and cultural hybridity are examined through a series of artworks by a Vietnamese-born artist-researcher. This series of artwork, which reflects 35 years of creating art in both Vietnamese and Australia, demonstrate a personal engagement with issues of cultural diversity, upbringing, and related aesthetic studies. The intention of this exhibition is to chart the characteristics of the artist's expression, which is culturally hybridised. This part of the study aims to identify those artistic conventions associated with specific visual traditions that have been incorporated into the artist-researcher's paintings. The main influences identified originate from both Eastern arts traditions (Viet nam, Japan and China) and Western visual arts traditions. This study also aims to identify how to use artistic conventions associated with the expression of one's culture und ancestry, which may continue to improving one's knowledge in different traditions and history across diverse aesthetic systems of hybridity. Information and understandings gained from the first part of this research will provide insigns, which will have relevance to secondary school visual arts learning areas. The transformative-repair model of multiculturalism is examined through a visual arts project conducted by secondary school students. More specifically this part of the study aims to identify principles, approaches and content for transformative repair, experiences of two students of culturally diverse hack grounds (African and Vietnamese) who are currently engaged in this culturally diverse Australian society.

This study was designed to identify the spiritual needs of multicultural Australians with a health problem, in order to understand the educational implications for health care professionals. The rationale for the research was supported by the Australian Council for Health Service (1997) requirement that health care professionals meet the spiritual needs of their patients and clients'. At the commencement of this study, no research had been published on what these spiritual needs might be. To discover what health care professionals needed to be taught in order to meet the spiritual needs of their patients, I required a suitable group of patients. Then, after identify their spiritual needs, I wanted to explore ways in which these needs could be met. For this to occur, I also needed to identify factors that would fulfill patients' spiritual needs or prevent them from being met. This research proceeded in two stages. The first involved collecting data from all spiritual groups in Western Australia. The second involved the recruitment and interviewing a small number of ex-patients to gain their perspective of health care related spirituality and needs. To gain data about the various spiritual groups in Western Australia, I wrote to all organisations and associations, asking for information and reference material. This data was analysed using HyperResearch (1995), and themes common to all spiritual groups were developed. The inter-relationship between these themes provided the framework for an emergent model of spirituality.For the second part of the research which involved a case study of health care patients, a qualitative methodology was used. This approach enabled me to explore the phenomenon of spirituality from the perspective of eight participants, which involved identifying their spiritual needs, the care they desired, and the rite of passage they underwent when receiving health care. The qualitative methodology enabled me to explore the subject from a sensitive holistic perspective, and to protect the integrity of the participants. I wanted to know what patients understood about their spirituality and how spiritual care could be implemented not only in clinical practice but also into health care education programs. The participants' detailed subjective experience was especially important, because I wanted to know how they identified their spiritual needs, how they had requested their needs be met by health care professionals, and the extent to which health care professionals had reacted to those cues. I formulated an 'interpretive phenomenology research' design based on the philosophical writings of Heidegger and Bakhtin. Heidegger argued that people gain knowledge of a subject from their own subjective experience, and of the person being in their world (simultaneous past, present and future thoughts). Bakhtin stated that to bring about social change, the researcher needed to understand the social context of the people's language including their culture, politics, government-provided amenities (such as education and health care), employment and social interaction, both within and outside their communities in which they live. The eight participants were interviewed a number of times in order to explore the phenomenon of spirituality beyond the notions already published in the literature (i.e. from multicultural Australian's perspective).They told of hospital or health care experiences that included: health care for childbirth, mental and psychiatric illnesses (depression, manic-depression, and anxiety), immunology (lymphoma), stroke, detoxification of alcohol, arthritis, coronary occlusion, hypertension, and peritonitis; surgical procedured/s such as repair of hernia, bowel obstruction, eye surgery, orchiopexy (removal of testes from inguinal canal into the scrotal sac), caesarian birth, appendectomy, and oophorectomy (removal of ovaries); treatments such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and physiotherapy; and hospital experiences in both large and small public and private acute hospitals, private and public mental health/psychiatric hospitals, intensive care and coronary care units. These situations demonstrate the diversity of contexts which people want their spiritual needs met. The study revealed that it is not only dying patients who have spiritual need; spiritual needs exist in widespread ordinary conditions and across a wide range of health care services. The eight participants - Ann, Athika, Garry, Red, Rosie, Scarlet, Sophie, and Tom (pseudonyms) - were drawn from many of the multicultural groups resident in Western Australia including Aboriginal, Chinese, English, European, Indian, and Irish peoples. Their spiritualities encompassed Judeo-Christian, Buddhist, Hindu, Pagan Romany, Society of Friends (Quaker), Humanist, Socialist, and Communist values and beliefs. The results of the research give insight into the eight participants' perspectives on being a person, their understanding of spirituality, perceived spiritual needs, their desired levels of spiritual care, and the rite of passage they experienced when undergoing health care treatment in hospital.The participants' spiritual needs comprised of four categories: 'mutual trust', 'hope', 'peace' and 'love'. The levels of spiritual care spoke of desiring were: 'acknowledgement', 'empathy', and 'valuing'. Recommendations are given for health care professionals to provide spiritual care for the eight participants, and implications are considered for the spiritual education of future health care professionals in order to sensitise them to the wide range of healthcare related spiritual needs they might encounter in local multicultural communities. It is recognised that the scope of the implications is contingent on further research establishing the incidence of health-care related spiritual needs among the broader population of multi-cultural Western Australians. The richness and depth of the data and the very sensitive nature of the material that came from the eight people who shared their experiences with me has rendered this thesis an important document. The nature of the various incidents and situations they shared with me, I believe, demonstrated their preparedness to tell their story so that health care can be improved. On many occasions, I felt honoured that they had sufficient trust in me to enable them to report such deep and personal suffering. For example, Rosie told me of her mental torment and of not knowing if she was alive or dead; of how she burnt her legs to try to feel pain in order to see if she was alive. It was stories such as this that gave me the passion to write this thesis well in order to do justice to all people who want spirituality included in health care treatment.

This study was designed to identify the spiritual needs of multicultural Australians with a health problem, in order to understand the educational implications for health care professionals. The rationale for the research was supported by the Australian Council for Health Service (1997) requirement that health care professionals meet the spiritual needs of their patients and clients'. At the commencement of this study, no research had been published on what these spiritual needs might be. To discover what health care professionals needed to be taught in order to meet the spiritual needs of their patients, I required a suitable group of patients. Then, after identify their spiritual needs, I wanted to explore ways in which these needs could be met. For this to occur, I also needed to identify factors that would fulfill patients' spiritual needs or prevent them from being met. This research proceeded in two stages. The first involved collecting data from all spiritual groups in Western Australia. The second involved the recruitment and interviewing a small number of ex-patients to gain their perspective of health care related spirituality and needs. To gain data about the various spiritual groups in Western Australia, I wrote to all organisations and associations, asking for information and reference material. This data was analysed using HyperResearch (1995), and themes common to all spiritual groups were developed. The inter-relationship between these themes provided the framework for an emergent model of spirituality.
For the second part of the research which involved a case study of health care patients, a qualitative methodology was used. This approach enabled me to explore the phenomenon of spirituality from the perspective of eight participants, which involved identifying their spiritual needs, the care they desired, and the rite of passage they underwent when receiving health care. The qualitative methodology enabled me to explore the subject from a sensitive holistic perspective, and to protect the integrity of the participants. I wanted to know what patients understood about their spirituality and how spiritual care could be implemented not only in clinical practice but also into health care education programs. The participants' detailed subjective experience was especially important, because I wanted to know how they identified their spiritual needs, how they had requested their needs be met by health care professionals, and the extent to which health care professionals had reacted to those cues. I formulated an 'interpretive phenomenology research' design based on the philosophical writings of Heidegger and Bakhtin. Heidegger argued that people gain knowledge of a subject from their own subjective experience, and of the person being in their world (simultaneous past, present and future thoughts). Bakhtin stated that to bring about social change, the researcher needed to understand the social context of the people's language including their culture, politics, government-provided amenities (such as education and health care), employment and social interaction, both within and outside their communities in which they live. The eight participants were interviewed a number of times in order to explore the phenomenon of spirituality beyond the notions already published in the literature (i.e. from multicultural Australian's perspective).
They told of hospital or health care experiences that included: health care for childbirth, mental and psychiatric illnesses (depression, manic-depression, and anxiety), immunology (lymphoma), stroke, detoxification of alcohol, arthritis, coronary occlusion, hypertension, and peritonitis; surgical procedured/s such as repair of hernia, bowel obstruction, eye surgery, orchiopexy (removal of testes from inguinal canal into the scrotal sac), caesarian birth, appendectomy, and oophorectomy (removal of ovaries); treatments such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and physiotherapy; and hospital experiences in both large and small public and private acute hospitals, private and public mental health/psychiatric hospitals, intensive care and coronary care units. These situations demonstrate the diversity of contexts which people want their spiritual needs met. The study revealed that it is not only dying patients who have spiritual need; spiritual needs exist in widespread ordinary conditions and across a wide range of health care services. The eight participants - Ann, Athika, Garry, Red, Rosie, Scarlet, Sophie, and Tom (pseudonyms) - were drawn from many of the multicultural groups resident in Western Australia including Aboriginal, Chinese, English, European, Indian, and Irish peoples. Their spiritualities encompassed Judeo-Christian, Buddhist, Hindu, Pagan Romany, Society of Friends (Quaker), Humanist, Socialist, and Communist values and beliefs. The results of the research give insight into the eight participants' perspectives on being a person, their understanding of spirituality, perceived spiritual needs, their desired levels of spiritual care, and the rite of passage they experienced when undergoing health care treatment in hospital.
The participants' spiritual needs comprised of four categories: 'mutual trust', 'hope', 'peace' and 'love'. The levels of spiritual care spoke of desiring were: 'acknowledgement', 'empathy', and 'valuing'. Recommendations are given for health care professionals to provide spiritual care for the eight participants, and implications are considered for the spiritual education of future health care professionals in order to sensitise them to the wide range of healthcare related spiritual needs they might encounter in local multicultural communities. It is recognised that the scope of the implications is contingent on further research establishing the incidence of health-care related spiritual needs among the broader population of multi-cultural Western Australians. The richness and depth of the data and the very sensitive nature of the material that came from the eight people who shared their experiences with me has rendered this thesis an important document. The nature of the various incidents and situations they shared with me, I believe, demonstrated their preparedness to tell their story so that health care can be improved. On many occasions, I felt honoured that they had sufficient trust in me to enable them to report such deep and personal suffering. For example, Rosie told me of her mental torment and of not knowing if she was alive or dead; of how she burnt her legs to try to feel pain in order to see if she was alive. It was stories such as this that gave me the passion to write this thesis well in order to do justice to all people who want spirituality included in health care treatment.

Many misconceptions about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders stem from Australia’s period of colonisation in the 18th and 19th centuries when Indigenous people were believed to be inferior by European settlers. It is disturbing that after 200 years these negative ideas still exist and are often perpetuated through the mass media. Even though schools are well positioned to challenge these colonial values; unfortunately there are many factors which affect the depth and quality of teaching Aboriginal content, such as culture, history and contemporary issues. The government has aimed to disperse the inconsistencies associated with teaching Aboriginal perspectives by implementing a new Australian Curriculum with prescribed Aboriginal content. However, these changes will only have an impact if teachers are equipped and motivated to implement them. Therefore, understanding what influences teachers’ choice of content and approach to teaching Aboriginal Studies was a key aspect of this study. To explore these influences, non-Aboriginal teachers were interviewed at both government and independent schools. A desktop audit analysing the courses at Western Australian universities placed the participants’ responses into context of the pre-service and in-service learning available. An audit of the Australian Curriculum explored the expectations placed on teachers and the depth to which Aboriginal perspectives can be taught or avoided in secondary schools. This study identified four key issues that affected the teaching of Aboriginal curriculum content by non-Aboriginal teachers. These factors are: time management, school culture, teacher interest and preconceived ideas of both teachers and students. These issues must be addressed in order to improve the quality teaching of Aboriginal perspectives by standardising in-service learning and pre-service learning. Furthermore, improving cultural competency and acknowledging Aboriginal culture is critical at every school, regardless of the number of Aboriginal students. This study also revealed that the presence of an Aboriginal and Islander Education Officer could have a big impact in providing support, information and an Aboriginal presence at the school. Without these changes it will be difficult to disperse colonial values and challenge negative stereotypes

This research explores the experiences and insights of ten Middle Eastern Gulf women as they cross international borders to study in Australian universities. The literature indicates that international students in Australia establish their identity within the context of their overseas existence. This is particularly important as Muslims may feel they are being placed in a precarious situation due to, more often than not, terrorism being linked to Islam. Also, when Muslim women wear Islamic or traditional attire, the general public tends to look upon them with curiosity. With this in mind, the complex and changed contexts faced by ten Middle Eastern Gulf female post-graduate students are investigated using qualitative research methods. Utilising a grounded theory approach to interpret data and identify themes from two online questionnaires and personal interviews, individual portraits are created to illuminate their experiences. The research findings reveal new knowledge indicating that education is a structured mechanism for the participants, resulting in the creation of a new hybrid self as a key instrument for survival. This enables them to better understand cultural contexts and barriers arising from class, tradition, religion and learning. The participants indicate that a two-way agreement between educators and learners is paramount to a smooth transition into the Australian education system and a positive return to their home communities.

Over the past decade, Australian tertiary institutions have seen a dramatic increase in the enrolment of overseas students. There is a concern that students’ academic success relies heavily on their mastery of academic writing. How to improve international English as an Additional Language (EAL) students’ proficiency has been a cause of significant concern and debate among scholars and education specialists. Scholars in the field of Second Language Acquisition (SLA) have paid some attention to the role that lexical chunks can play in increasing second language (L2) learners’ writing success. Underpinning the current study is the concept of lexical chunks and lexical pedagogy. This thesis reports on a multi-case study of nine Chinese-speaking tertiary students who were studying in different tertiary institutions in Australia at the time of the research. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of focused instruction on lexical chunks on students’ writing proficiency. This study used both quantitative and qualitative data to investigate the efficacy of lexical pedagogy on writing proficiency. Quantitative data involved questionnaires, pre- and post-tests and writing samples, collected before and after focused instruction. These data were supplemented by follow-up interviews with the individual student participants. The findings highlighted three major issues. First, a relationship between knowledge of lexical chunks and improved proficiency in International English Language Testing System (IELTS) writing tasks was evident but not universal for all nine students. Another major finding was the effects of focused instruction on lexical chunks in Chinese-speaking tertiary students’ academic writing. These are presented in accordance with the following aspects of lexical awareness: cohesion and coherence, accuracy and variety and sentence production, as well as other “byproducts” of focused instruction. However, the effects varied from student to student, thus requiring further longitudinal empirical studies. Finally, the lexical transfer from writing to other modes of communication was examined from the students’ perspectives. Even though some of the students perceived a transfer from writing to other modes, their writing performance did not show exactly how much transfer actually occurred. The study found that discipline-specific writing, being different from IELTS writing tasks, is more complex, involves much more than lexical knowledge and comprises multiple factors and skills. The thesis outlines the pedagogical implications for both teaching methodology and curriculum design for language instructors and discipline lecturers. The research also offers insights into the complexity of EAL writing and lends support for more eclectic and comprehensive programs for teaching academic writing to EAL students.

The reasons why non-English speaking background (NESB) shopfloor employees participate in workplace language and literacy classes and the factors that affect their motivation to participate are relative unknowns. This study investigates NESB shopfloor employees' motivation to participate in a Communication Skills Development Program (CSDP) course and the factors that affected their motivation. An inductive analysis of findings revealed that all of the employees participated in one of the CSDP courses for a variety of pre-determined life-specific reasons. These reasons are represented by three main categories of goals (i.e., 'Self-improvement through language and literacy development', 'Work', 'Outside work'). Of these goals, all of the employees reported 'Self-improvement through language and literacy development' as the underlying reason why they participated in one of the CSDP courses. Further, each employee reported a language/literacy practice that is peculiar to all of his/her goals and most sub-goals. An extended analysis of the employees' motivation to participate identified the employees as being 'transactional-', 'vocational-', 'fellowship-', 'social camaraderie-' and/or 'self-satisfaction- oriented' learners. Findings also revealed that a variety of 'personal', 'course-related' and 'context-related' factors either positively or adversely affected the employees' motivation to participate. A qualitative case study design was implemented. Data was collected through interviews, observations, field notes and the review of artifacts. Data was inductively analysed by classifying patterns of relationships into categories that represent the employees' motivation to participate and factors that affected their motivation. ii This study's findings have implications for theory and practice. At a theoretical level, these findings add to the existing theoretical understanding of why English as second language adults participate in workplace language and literacy classes and the factors that affect their motivation. At a practice level, these findings illustrate the need for Food Products management and program teachers to have an understanding of the reasons 'why' NESB shopfloor employees participate in workplace language and literacy classes and the factors that affect their motivation. For with such an understanding, first, Food Products management will be able to implement organisational practices that positively affect the employees' motivation to participate in future CSDP classes. Second, teachers will be able to assist the employees to set realistic goals, and design and implement course content that assists the employees to attain these goals.. For it is when employees attain their goals that they will form and hold positive perceptions of the course in which they participate.

Remedial EngIish education has long focused on the development of students reading and writing skills, but research suggests that greater emphasis may need to be placed on affective factors such as self-esteem, motivation, attitude and perception. The influence of such 'non-cognitive' factors on any adolescent student's literacy development is often underestimated. For students experiencing difficulties in literacy, the interaction between perceived ability of degree of success in literacy and the affective factors often impact negatively on self-esteem, attitude and motivation. The relationship between self-esteem, attitude, perception, motivation and literacy needs to be explored, especially when dealing with students with literacy difficulties. This study examines the perceptions of lower secondary school students who had been placed in a remedial English program. It examined not only their perceptions of the program, but also their self-concept as readers, the value they place on reading and their motivation to read. The research differs from much of the earlier research by focusing on student perceptions, attitudes, expectations and recommendations rather than on teacher evaluation• or the effectiveness of remedial programs. The case study research was conducted on 24 boys from Years Eight to Ten in an Australian Catholic secondary school. The boys had been the placed in a 'Focus English Program' designed to improve the literacy competencies of students who had difficulties with reading and writing. The case study grew out of the researcher’s concern over the negative effect that placement in the program was having on students in terms of self-esteem, attitude, motivation and achievement. The negative effect on student achievement was noticeable particular for those who had been in the program for .an extended period of time. A comparison was needed of the perceptions and attitudes of Year Ten boys, who had been in the program for more than two years, with the perceptions of Year Eight and Year Nine students, who had been in the program for less than two years and who bad also taken part in a Self-Esteem Development Program. The research involved two phases. In the first phase of the study two surveys were administered and in the second phase a focus group interview was conducted. The first survey was the Motivation to Read Profile (Gambrell, et al, 1996) which yielded scores on two measures: Value of Reading and Self-Concept as a Reader. The second was a researcher-designed Perceptions Survey in which participants were asked to express their views about the Focus English Program. This survey examined student attitudes towards reading benefits and disadvantages of the Focus English Program, peer influences and recommendations for change. The second phase of the study involved the random selections of two students from each of the year groups participating in the study. These students then took part in a focus group which discussed the advantages and disadvantages of the Focus English Program, academic achievement parental attitudes and the issues students faced as a result of placement in the program. Results indicated that participants had strong opinions regarding the Focus English Program. All participants identified a number of advantages and disadvantages and aspects they believed were in need of change. The responses indicated that the Year Ten students were negatively affected by the program as they provided a number of strongly negative opinions, while the Year Eight and Nine students provided more balanced perspectives and identified a number benefits and disadvantages. Overall, the findings revealed the Year Ten group was extremely negative in terms of perceptions of themselves as learners and of the Focus English Program. Conversely, the Year Eight and Nine students were more positive and displayed a greater awareness of their difficulties and reasons for their placement in the Focus English Program. The findings suggest the Self-Esteem Development Program played a positive role in the achievement and attitude of students; and that students may become more negative if kept in a remedial program for a number of years. The findings also highlighted a need to re-examine curriculum and in particular the type of curriculum presented to remedial students. Participants indicated the need for more visual elements to be integrated into the curriculum as well as more choice in the types of materials assigned. The study highlights the importance of student perceptions and the influential role self-esteem, attitude and motivation play in learning. It argues that the Self-Esteem Development Program should be continued. It suggests that it would be improved by the introduction of a more consistent behaviour management program and that motivation would be improved by the provision of more computers for student use, more reading materials based on students’ interests, increased use of films and videos in the classroom, and more class excursions. It also recommends more targeted in-service programs for teachers dealing with Focus classes.

The International Organization for Migration’s World Migration Report (2020) estimates the number of migrants worldwide to be approximately 272 million. In an era of demographic scarcity and globalisation-driven uncertainties, asylum seeker, migration, and refugee re-settlement programs are now a worldwide phenomenon. Major English-speaking, immigrant-receiving countries such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America (USA) face associated educational, political, and social repercussions. Rumbaut and Ima (1988) introduced the term ‘Generation 1.5’ in relation to a distinct cohort of immigrant youth, English as second language (L2) learners studying in San Diego, California in the USA. This term signifies learners neither part of the first generation in an immigrant-receiving country, nor part of the second generation of children born in that country. North American-based research finds these learners are generally not fully proficient in either their first language or their L2. While typically possessing well-developed basic interpersonal communicative skills, learners are less skilled in terms of the cognitive academic learning proficiency levels that are essential for academic achievement. Additionally, they may lack discrete language skills, the rule-governed areas that include grammar, phonology, and spelling. However, the crucial academic L2 variables relate to immigrants’ age-on-arrival and length of residence in their host countries. In Australian tertiary education, the implications of having increasing numbers of university students meeting this learner profile remains under-researched. This study investigated how six participants meeting the Generation 1.5 learner profile managed their undergraduate studies in a Perth-based, public university in Western Australia over an academic year. This arts-informed study used an interpretivist paradigm, with symbolic interactionism as the theoretical position, and grounded theory (GT) methodology (Strauss & Corbin, 1990). Semi-structured, in-depth interviews and written responses to research questions comprised the major data-generation methods. Data analysis used GT open, axial, and selective coding in conjunction with memo-writing and Resource Journal commentaries. The iterative process of data analysis and literature access that included arts-informed, non-technical, and technical material collectively informed the study findings. As the ‘grounded theory’ driver, ‘wanting-it-all-regardless’ dominated the data findings, within which the core category, the Academic Highway Journey, and the five major categories were identified. These major categories comprised academic, coping, identity, immigration, and learning systems. In using an astronomy metaphor, the core category or newly-discovered planetary force has five major categories or satellite systems orbiting within its sphere of influence. These GT-generated components resulted in developing the Wanting-It-All-Regardless Theory (the Theory). This Theory explained how the research participants, in ‘misframing’ their Academic Highway Journeys, managed the barriers, breakdowns, and breakthroughs experienced along the way. Making an original and important contribution to Australian-based Generation 1.5 learner research, study findings highlighted major pedagogical policy, program, and practice implications. As evidenced in this study, high school is no longer considered the educational ‘finish line’. The participants in this study, either as high school graduates, university preparation courses attendees, or as having limited, formal L2 instruction, were inadequately prepared and supported during their academic journeys. Paradoxically, for these participants, university acceptance and course enrolment were conflated with having the L2 academic resources necessary to succeed educationally. In an increasingly uncertain and unstable globally connected and interconnected world, major immigration-destination countries such as Australia must urgently address the Generation 1.5 learner area as a significant impact of increasing demographic scarcity.

In the past 20 years the number of religious schools present within Australia’s educational marketplace has grown prolifically. In response, concerns have been raised and it has been asserted that the lack of religious diversity within these schools may impede development of the competencies young Australians need in order to engage relationally in pluralistic social settings. Social capital theorists refer to the act of engaging relationally in the midst of social diversity as bridging and the relational networks that form as being a source of bridging social capital. This study sought to understand how the educative environment of religious schools influenced development of the ability to bridge. Three schools from Australia’s Christian school sector participated in this multiple case study. The data collection methods used included semistructured individual interviews with graduates, their parent(s) and an employer or a colleague from the workplace of each graduate. The data derived from these interviews (50 in total) provided insights into the post-school social worlds of the graduates and the influences that had shaped their social and civic development. In addition to these triangulated data, one focus group interview was conducted with educators at each of the participating schools. Careful analysis of the data found that formation of the attributes needed to bridge did not appear to be significantly influenced by the degree of religious diversity present within the student body of the graduates’ schools, but had been shaped by other aspects of their school environment and features associated with their broader social-ecologies. In addition to elucidating this phenomenon, this study also provides insights into a network of Christian schools that have rarely been the subject of educational research and yet are prominent within Australia’s education sector. It also contributes to the rigorous and at times contentious discourse around two issues that confront educational leaders and theorists: 1) The role of schools in the formation of social and civic values; and 2) The tensions associated with the expression of religious freedom in a liberal democracy and the presence of religious schools in the educational marketplace.

This descriptive study investigated the interaction of teachers and learners in ten primary and secondary school languages other than English (LOTE) classes in Western Australia, with the aim of providing a detailed picture of its nature and patterns. Teachers' and learners' perceptions of this interaction were also examined as part of the study, through interviews conducted with them.

Mito, Susanna K. A.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 211-226).
Abstracts in English and Chinese; appendix also in Japanese.
ABSTRACT (English) --- p.i
ABSTRACT (Chinese) --- p.ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.v
TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.vii
LIST OF TABLES --- p.xix
ACRONYMS --- p.xx
Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1.1 --- Background to this Study --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Purpose of this Study --- p.2
Chapter 1.3 --- Research Questions --- p.3
Chapter 1.4 --- Significance of this Study --- p.4
Chapter 1.5 --- Organization --- p.5
Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- LITERATURE REVIEW
Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.7
Chapter 2.1.1 --- Terminology --- p.7
Chapter 2.1.1.1 --- Study Abroad --- p.7
Chapter 2.1.1.2 --- Program Duration --- p.8
Chapter 2.2 --- Overview of Study Abroad Literature --- p.8
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Product-Orientated Studies of Language and Intercultural Learning --- p.9
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Process-Orientated Studies of Language and Intercultural Learning --- p.11
Chapter 2.3 --- Intercultural Communicative Competence --- p.16
Chapter 2.3.1 --- Byram's (1997) Model of Intercultural Communicative Competence --- p.21
Chapter 2.4 --- Individual Differences and Study Abroad --- p.27
Chapter 2.4.1 --- Attitude --- p.28
Chapter 2.4.2 --- "Motivation, Investment and Language Learning" --- p.31
Chapter 2.4.3 --- Willingness to Communicate (WTC) --- p.33
Chapter 2.4.4 --- Language Anxiety --- p.35
Chapter 2.4.5 --- Self-Efficacy --- p.36
Chapter 2.4.6 --- "Ecology, Linguistic/Cultural Affordances and Agency" --- p.37
Chapter 2.4.7 --- Culture Shock and Adjustment --- p.39
Chapter 2.5 --- Summary --- p.44
Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- STUDY ABROAD PROGRAM OVERVIEW AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.46
Chapter 3.2 --- Part One: Overview of the Micro-term Study Abroad Program --- p.46
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Overview of the Micro-term Study Abroad Program --- p.46
Chapter 3.2.1.1. --- Program Aims --- p.46
Chapter 3.2.1.2 --- Home Institution --- p.47
Chapter 3.2.1.2.1 --- Background --- p.47
Chapter 3.2.1.2.2 --- International Course --- p.47
Chapter 3.2.1.3 --- Host Institution --- p.48
Chapter 3.2.1.3.1 --- Background --- p.48
Chapter 3.2.1.3.2 --- Homestay Family Selection Process --- p.48
Chapter 3.2.1.3.3 --- The Buddy System --- p.49
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Program Components --- p.49
Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Pre-Sojourn --- p.49
Chapter 3.2.2.1.1 --- Pre-Sojourn Preparation --- p.49
Chapter 3.2.2.1.1.1. --- Pre-Sojourn Recruitment --- p.50
Chapter 3.2.2.1.2 --- Orientation Materials --- p.51
Chapter 3.2.2.1.3 --- Orientation Procedures --- p.53
Chapter 3.2.2.1.3.1 --- Cultural Exchange Preparation --- p.53
Chapter 3.2.2.1.3.2 --- Comparative Study --- p.53
Chapter 3.2.2.1.3.3 --- Goal Setting --- p.54
Chapter 3.2.2.1.3.4 --- Linguistic Preparation --- p.54
Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Sojourn --- p.54
Chapter 3.2.2.3 --- Post-Sojourn --- p.55
Chapter 3.3 --- Part Two: Investigation of the Micro-term Study Abroad Program --- p.55
Chapter 3.3.1 --- Research Design --- p.55
Chapter 3.3.2 --- The Researcher --- p.56
Chapter 3.3.3 --- Pilot Study --- p.57
Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- Aims --- p.57
Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- Instrument Testing --- p.57
Chapter 3.3.3.3 --- Data Processing and Analysis --- p.58
Chapter 3.3.3.4 --- Findings --- p.59
Chapter 3.3.3.5 --- Lessons Learned --- p.60
Chapter 3.3.4 --- Main Study --- p.61
Chapter 3.3.4.1 --- Stakeholders --- p.61
Chapter 3.3.4.1.1 --- Home Institution --- p.61
Chapter 3.3.4.1.1.1 --- Ms Mori --- p.61
Chapter 3.3.4.1.1.2 --- Mr Fujimori --- p.62
Chapter 3.3.4.1.1.3 --- Japan Travel Bureau (JTB) --- p.62
Chapter 3.3.4.1.2 --- Host Institution --- p.63
Chapter 3.3.4.1.2.1 --- Ms Ross --- p.63
Chapter 3.3.4.1.2.2 --- Mrs Farmer --- p.63
Chapter 3.3.4.1.2.3 --- Mr Cressing --- p.64
Chapter 3.3.4.1.2.4 --- Mr French --- p.64
Chapter 3.3.4.1.3 --- Host Family Profiles --- p.64
Chapter 3.3.4.2 --- Data Collection --- p.66
Chapter 3.3.4.2.1 --- Questionnaires --- p.67
Chapter 3.3.4.2.2 --- Interviews --- p.70
Chapter 3.3.4.2.3 --- Journals --- p.71
Chapter 3.3.4.2.4 --- Observation and Field Notes --- p.72
Chapter 3.3.4.3 --- Triangulation of Data --- p.73
Chapter 3.3.4.4 --- Time Frame and Data Collection --- p.73
Chapter 3.3.4.5 --- Data Processing and Analysis --- p.75
Chapter 3.3.4.6 --- Participants --- p.76
Chapter 3.3.4.6.1 --- Selection Criteria for Four Case Participants --- p.76
Chapter 3.3.4.6.2 --- Demographic and Language Background --- p.77
Chapter 3.3.5 --- Validity and Reliability --- p.79
Chapter 3.3.6 --- Ethics --- p.80
Chapter 3.3.7 --- Limitations --- p.81
Chapter 3.3.8 --- Summary --- p.83
Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- STUDENT STORIES:HlROKO AND KENJI
Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.85
Chapter 4.2 --- Hiroko's Journey --- p.85
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Profile & Family Background --- p.85
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Background in English --- p.86
Chapter 4.3 --- Pre-Sojourn --- p.87
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Concerns --- p.87
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Sojourn Aims --- p.87
Chapter 4.4 --- Sojourn --- p.88
Chapter 4.4.1. --- Sabrina & the Host Family --- p.88
Chapter 4.4.2 --- First Impressions --- p.88
Chapter 4.4.3 --- Interaction with her Buddy..............................: --- p.90
Chapter 4.4.4 --- School Recess Time --- p.91
Chapter 4.4.5 --- Stomachaches --- p.91
Chapter 4.4.6 --- Rejecting her Buddy --- p.92
Chapter 4.4.7 --- Outpourings --- p.93
Chapter 4.4.8 --- Different Styles of Mentoring --- p.94
Chapter 4.4.9 --- Growing Calm --- p.95
Chapter 4.4.10 --- A Good Ending --- p.96
Chapter 4.5 --- Immediately Post-Sojourn --- p.96
Chapter 4.6 --- Four Months Post-Sojourn --- p.98
Chapter 4.7 --- Kenji's Journey --- p.100
Chapter 4.7.1 --- Profile & Family Background --- p.100
Chapter 4.7.2 --- Background in English --- p.102
Chapter 4.8 --- Pre-Sojourn --- p.103
Chapter 4.8.1 --- Concerns --- p.103
Chapter 4.8.2 --- Sojourn Aims --- p.103
Chapter 4.9 --- Sojourn --- p.104
Chapter 4.9.1. --- Nancy & the Host Family --- p.104
Chapter 4.9.2 --- Sudden Apprehension --- p.104
Chapter 4.9.3 --- Feeling I11 --- p.106
Chapter 4.9.4 --- Return to School following his Illness --- p.108
Chapter 4.9.5 --- Inability to Connect with his Buddy --- p.108
Chapter 4.9.6 --- Kenji´ةs Need for Company Satisfied --- p.110
Chapter 4.9.7 --- Starting to Feel Part of the Family --- p.111
Chapter 4.9.8 --- Program Participation --- p.112
Chapter 4.9.9 --- Departure from the Australian School --- p.113
Chapter 4.10 --- Immediately Post-Sojourn --- p.114
Chapter 4.11 --- Four Months Post-Sojourn --- p.116
Chapter 4.12 --- Summary --- p.118
Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- STUDENT STORIES: CHIAKI AND YUMI
Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.119
Chapter 5.2 --- Chiaki´ةs Journey --- p.119
Chapter 5.2.1 --- Profile & Family Background --- p.119
Chapter 5.2.2 --- Background in English --- p.120
Chapter 5.3 --- Pre-Sojourn --- p.121
Chapter 5.3.1 --- Concerns --- p.121
Chapter 5.3.2 --- Sojourn Aims --- p.121
Chapter 5.4 --- Sojourn --- p.122
Chapter 5.4.1 --- David & the Host Family --- p.122
Chapter 5.4.2 --- First Impressions --- p.123
Chapter 5.4.3 --- “Enviable´ح --- p.123
Chapter 5.4.4 --- A Full Homestay Program --- p.124
Chapter 5.4.5 --- Easy Communication with her Buddy --- p.125
Chapter 5.4.6 --- Lack of Agency --- p.126
Chapter 5.4.7 --- New Perspectives on Gender Relations --- p.128
Chapter 5.4.8 --- Deepening Buddy Friendship --- p.128
Chapter 5.4.9 --- Departure from the Australian School --- p.129
Chapter 5.5 --- Immediately Post-Sojourn --- p.130
Chapter 5.6 --- Four Months Post-Sojourn --- p.132
Chapter 5.7 --- Yumi´ةs Journey --- p.134
Chapter 5.7.1 --- Profile & Family Background --- p.134
Chapter 5.7.2 --- Background in English --- p.135
Chapter 5.8 --- Pre-Sojourn --- p.136
Chapter 5.8.1 --- Concerns --- p.136
Chapter 5.8.2 --- Sojourn Aims --- p.136
Chapter 5.9 --- Sojourn --- p.137
Chapter 5.9.1 --- Joy & the Host Family --- p.137
Chapter 5.9.2 --- First Impressions --- p.138
Chapter 5.9.3 --- Feeling Rejected by her Hosts --- p.139
Chapter 5.9.4 --- An Ethnocentric Lens --- p.140
Chapter 5.9.5 --- The Role of the Japanese Group --- p.141
Chapter 5.9.6 --- Host family Perspectives --- p.142
Chapter 5.9.7 --- Breakdown and Mediation --- p.143
Chapter 5.9.8 --- Identifying with her Group --- p.144
Chapter 5.9.9 --- Departure from the Australian School --- p.146
Chapter 5.10 --- Immediately Post-Sojourn --- p.146
Chapter 5.11 --- Four Months Post-Sojourn --- p.147
Chapter 5.12 --- Summary --- p.150
Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.152
Chapter 6.2 --- Guiding Question One --- p.152
Chapter 6.2.1 --- Savoir etre --- p.152
Chapter 6.2.2 --- Savoirs --- p.157
Chapter 6.2.3 --- Savoir faire --- p.159
Chapter 6.2.4 --- Savoir apprendre --- p.163
Chapter 6.3 --- Guiding Question Two --- p.166
Chapter 6.3.1 --- Personal Development --- p.166
Chapter 6.3.2 --- Intercultural Development --- p.167
Chapter 6.3.3 --- Linguistic Development --- p.169
Chapter 6.4 --- Guiding Question Three --- p.170
Chapter 6.4.1 --- The Japanese Home Institution --- p.170
Chapter 6.4.2 --- The Australian Host Institution --- p.173
Chapter 6.5 --- Guiding Question Four --- p.173
Chapter 6.5.1 --- Yumi --- p.173
Chapter 6.5.2 --- Hiroko --- p.175
Chapter 6.5.3 --- Chiaki --- p.175
Chapter 6.5.4 --- Kenji --- p.176
Chapter 6.6 --- Summary of Findings --- p.178
Chapter 6.7 --- Summary --- p.180
Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- CONCLUSION
Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.182
Chapter 7.2 --- Pedagogical Implications --- p.182
Chapter 7.2.1 --- Pre-Sojourn --- p.183
Chapter 7.2.1.1 --- Initial Stages and Procedures --- p.183
Chapter 7.2.1.1.1 --- Needs Analysis --- p.183
Chapter 7.2.1.1.2 --- Program Design --- p.184
Chapter 7.2.1.1.3 --- Advance Planning and Communications --- p.186
Chapter 7.2.1.2 --- Home Institution --- p.186
Chapter 7.2.1.2.1 --- Pre-Sojourn Orientation --- p.187
Chapter 7.2.1.2.2 --- Linguistic Preparation --- p.188
Chapter 7.2.1.2.3 --- Intercultural Learning Preparation --- p.190
Chapter 7.2.1.2.4 --- Intercultural Awareness Building --- p.191
Chapter 7.2.1.2.5 --- Student Goals --- p.191
Chapter 7.2.1.2.6 --- Cultural Exchange Preparation --- p.192
Chapter 7.2.1.2.7 --- Access to Past Sojourners --- p.193
Chapter 7.2.1.3 --- Host Institution --- p.193
Chapter 7.2.1.3.1 --- Selection of Buddies and Peer-matching --- p.193
Chapter 7.2.1.3.2 --- Orientation of Buddies --- p.194
Chapter 7.2.1.3.3 --- Selection of Homestay Families --- p.195
Chapter 7.2.1.3.4 --- Orientation of Homestay Families --- p.196
Chapter 7.2.2 --- Sojourn --- p.198
Chapter 7.2.2.1 --- Arrival Orientation --- p.198
Chapter 7.2.2.2 --- Program Content --- p.198
Chapter 7.2.2.3 --- Mid-Sojourn Debriefing --- p.199
Chapter 7.2.2.4 --- Reflective Learning using Diaries --- p.200
Chapter 7.2.2.5 --- Programmed Cultural Learning --- p.201
Chapter 7.2.2.6 --- Activities with Buddies --- p.202
Chapter 7.22.7 --- Support and Guidance throughout the Sojourn --- p.203
Chapter 7.2.2.8 --- Closure --- p.204
Chapter 7.2.3 --- Post-Sojourn --- p.204
Chapter 7.2.3.1 --- Home Institution --- p.204
Chapter 7.2.3.1.1 --- Reentry Shock --- p.204
Chapter 7.2.3.1.2 --- Sojourner Debriefing --- p.205
Chapter 7.2.3.2 --- Host Institution --- p.205
Chapter 7.2.3.2.1 --- Buddy Debriefing --- p.205
Chapter 7.3 --- Research Implications --- p.206
Chapter 7.3.1 --- Limitations of this Study --- p.206
Chapter 7.3.2 --- Suggestions for Further Study --- p.207
Chapter 7.4 --- Summary --- p.209
REFERENCES --- p.211
APPENDIX A Stakeholder Interviews
Chapter A.1 --- Mr Oda (JTB) --- p.227
Chapter A.2 --- Mr French --- p.228
Chapter A.3 --- Mr Cressing --- p.229
Chapter A.4 --- Mrs Farmer --- p.230
APPENDIX B Pilot Study - Questionnaires (Japanese & English)
Chapter B.1 --- Pre-Study Abroad Language Contact Profile --- p.231
Chapter B.2 --- Pre-Study Abroad Questionnaire - Students --- p.236
Chapter B.3 --- Pre-Study Abroad Questionnaire - Teachers --- p.239
Chapter B.4 --- Pre-Study Abroad Questionnaire - Parents --- p.241
Chapter B.5 --- Adapted SES Survey 1 --- p.243
Chapter B.6 --- Adapted SES Survey 2 --- p.247
APPENDIX C Main Study - Questionnaires (Japanese & English)
Chapter C.1 --- Pre-Study Abroad Language Contact Profile - Students --- p.251
Chapter C.2 --- Pre-Study Abroad Questionnaire for Students --- p.257
Chapter C.3 --- Pre-Study Abroad Questionnaire for Parents --- p.261
Chapter C.4 --- Pre-Study Abroad Questionnaire for Teachers --- p.265
Chapter C.5 --- Adapted SES Survey 1 --- p.268
Chapter C.6 --- Adapted SES Survey 2 --- p.272
Chapter C.7 --- Homestay Family Questionnaire --- p.276
Chapter C.8 --- Post-Study Abroad Language Contact Profile --- p.278
Chapter C.9 --- Post-Study Abroad Questionnaire for Students --- p.282
Chapter C.10 --- Post Study-Abroad Questionnaire for Parents --- p.286
Chapter C.11 --- Post SA Questionnaire for Teachers --- p.289
APPENDIX D Four Month Post-Sojourn Interviews (Semi-structured)
Chapter D.1 --- Group Interview Session --- p.291
Chapter D.2 --- Individual Interview - Hiroko --- p.292
Chapter D.3 --- Individual Interview - Kenji --- p.293
Chapter D.4 --- Individual Interview - Chiaki --- p.294
Chapter D.5 --- Individual Interview - Yumi --- p.295
APPENDIX E Nisshi Diary (Japanese & English) --- p.296
APPENDIX F Consent Form --- p.302

This dissertation has investigated the impact of the acculturation and repatriation processes and the language experiences of French academic sojourners on their perceptions of cultural identity. This dissertation was based on three substantive themes: culture shock, reverse culture shock and cultural identity issues.