Статті в журналах з теми "Multi-Phase granular flow"
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1
Djebbar, R., S. B. Beale, and M. Sayed. "Numerical Study of Two-Phase Granular Flow for Process Equipment." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 122, no. 4 (February 1, 2000): 462–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1310366.
Анотація:
This paper reports on a research program of modeling multi-phase granular flow. Both single-phase granular flow and two-phase liquid/granular flow in a pressure vessel were considered. For the latter case, detailed results based on a viscous/Mohr-Coulomb closure were compared to existing formulations. Idealized test cases indicated that the numerical procedure is sound. Subsequent simulations of two-phase flow using realistic geometries and boundary conditions showed that the pressure distribution in the solid phase is fundamentally different for the Mohr-Coulomb system than for the conventional system. The effect of the angle of internal friction, geometry, and other parameters is discussed. [S0094-9930(00)01204-X]
2
Elmisaoui, Safae, Saad Benjelloun, Radouan Boukharfane, Lhachmi Khamar, Sanae Elmisaoui, and Mohamed Khamar. "In Silico CFD Investigation of the Granulation Hydrodynamics in Rotating Drum: Process Sensitivity to the Operating Parameters and Drag Models." Processes 10, no. 10 (September 26, 2022): 1939. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10101939.
Анотація:
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) have been extensively used to simulate the hydrodynamics of multiphase flows (MPFs) in rotating machinery. In the presence of a granular dense phase, the Kinetic Theory of Granular Flow (KTGF) is usually coupled to Eulerian multi-fluid models to obtain tractable computational fluid models. In the present work, the hydrodynamic behavior of a three dimensional, industrial scale, and rotating drum granulator with gas–solid flows is assessed using the Eulerian–Eulerian approach coupled with the k-ε standard turbulence model. A Eulerian–Eulerian Two-Fluid Model (TFM) is used with the KTGF model for the granular phase. The sensitivities to different operating parameters, including the rotational speed (8, 16, and 24 rpm), inclination degree (3.57∘, 5.57∘, and 7.57∘), and degree of filling (20%, 30%, and 40%) are studied. Moreover, the impact of the drag model on the simulation accuracy is investigated. The flow behavior, regime transitions, and particle distribution are numerically evaluated, while varying the operating conditions and the drag models. The rotational speed and filling degree appear to have greater influences on the granulation effectiveness than on the inclination degree. Three drag models are retained in our analysis. Both the Gidaspow and Wen and Yu models successfully predict the two-phase flow in comparison to the Syamlal and O’Brien model, which seems to underestimate the hydrodynamics of the flow in both its axial and radial distributions (a fill level less than 35%). The methodology followed in the current work lays the first stone for the optimization of the phosphates fertilizer wet-granulation process within an industrial installation.
3
VARSAKELIS, C., and M. V. PAPALEXANDRIS. "Low-Mach-number asymptotics for two-phase flows of granular materials." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 669 (January 12, 2011): 472–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112010005173.
Анотація:
In this paper, we generalize the concept of low-Mach-number approximation to multi-phase flows and apply it to the two-phase flow model of Papalexandris (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 517, 2004, p. 103) for granular materials. In our approach, the governing system of equations is first non-dimensionalized with values that correspond to a reference thermodynamic state of the phase with the smaller speed of sound. By doing so, the Mach number based on this reference state emerges as a perturbation parameter of the equations in hand. Subsequently, we expand each variable in power series of this parameter and apply singular perturbation techniques to derive the low-Mach-number equations. As expected, the resulting equations are considerably simpler than the unperturbed compressible equations. Our methodology is quite general and can be directly applied for the systematic reduction of continuum models for granular materials and for many different types of multi-phase flows. The structure of the low-Mach-number equations for two special cases of particular interest, namely, constant-density flows and the equilibrium limit is also discussed and analysed. The paper concludes with some proposals for experimental validation of the equations.
4
Kumar Gopaliya, Manoj, and D. R. Kaushal. "Modeling of sand-water slurry flow through horizontal pipe using CFD." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 64, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 261–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/johh-2016-0027.
Анотація:
Abstract The paper presents three-dimensional CFD analysis of two-phase (sand-water) slurry flows through 263 mm diameter pipe in horizontal orientation for mixture velocity range of 3.5-4.7 m/s and efflux concentration range of 9.95-34% with three particle sizes viz. 0.165 mm, 0.29 mm and 0.55 mm with density 2650 kg/m3. RNG k-ε turbulence closure equations with Eulerian multi-phase model is used to simulate various slurry flows. The simulated values of local solid concentration are compared with the experimental data and are found to be in good agreement for all particle sizes. Effects of particle size on various slurry flow parameters such as pressure drop, solid phase velocity distribution, friction factor, granular pressure, turbulent viscosity, turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation have been analyzed.
5
Long, Xin Feng, Yi Liu, and Bo Lou. "Simulation of Gas-Solid Flow Characteristics in Three-Dimensional Rotational Spouted-Fluidized Bed." Applied Mechanics and Materials 496-500 (January 2014): 913–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.496-500.913.
Анотація:
In order to study the gas-solid flow characteristics in a rotational spouted-fluidized bed dryer, the eulerian multi-phase model was applied in three-dimensional numerical simulation of a rotational spouted-fluidized bed to analyze the effect of different velocity ratios between bottom and tangential wind on gas and particle velocity distribution characteristics, and the change rule of gas-solid flow state with the time at the velocity ratio of 30 m·s-1/30 m·s-1 was derived. The results show that the increase of tangential wind velocity is propitious to enhance the gas flow rate in the region near the wall and make the gas-solid phase mix sufficiently as well as augment of the contact area of gas and particle phase, and decrease of the gas flow dead zones and the adhesion of viscous materials to cylinder wall. However, the negative pressure formed by the entrainment effect of tangential wind goes against the development of gas flow along the axial direction reducing the penetration effect of axial wind to the granular layer.
6
Rahaman, Fardausur, Abd Alhamid Rafea Sarhan, and Jamal Naser. "Numerical Analysis of Multi-Particulate Flow Behaviour in CFB Riser Coupled with a Kinetic Theory." Fluids 8, no. 9 (September 21, 2023): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids8090257.
Анотація:
In this work, a three-dimensional CFD model for the gas–solid flow of two different particle sizes in a CFB riser coupled with a kinetic theory (KT) has been developed. The properties of the solid phases are calculated using the proposed multi-particle kinetic theory. The CFD model is implemented in the commercial CFD software CFX4.4. In the current model, one gas phase and two solid phases are used. However, the model is generalised for one carrier phase and N number of solid phases to enable a realistic particle size distribution in the system. The momentum, volume fraction and granular temperature equations are solved for each individual solid phase and implemented into the CFD model through user-defined functions (UDFs). The k-ε turbulence model is used in simulating the circulating fluidised bed model. For verification, simulation results obtained with the new KT model were compared with experimental data, and then the model was used for further analysis. It was found that the proposed multi-particle model can be used to calculate the properties of gas–solid systems with particles of different sizes and/or densities, removing the assumptions of previous models that required all the particles to be of an equal mass, size and density.
7
Huang, Jun, Guang Yin, Muk Chen Ong, Dag Myrhaug, and Xu Jia. "Numerical Investigation of Scour Beneath Pipelines Subjected to an Oscillatory Flow Condition." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 10 (October 9, 2021): 1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9101102.
Анотація:
The present study carries out two-dimensional numerical simulations to investigate scour beneath a single pipeline and piggyback pipelines subjected to an oscillatory flow condition at a Keulegan–Carpenter (KC) number of 11 using SedFoam (an open-source, multi-dimensional Eulerian two-phase solver for sediment transport based on OpenFOAM). The turbulence flow is resolved using the two-phase modified k−ω 2006 model. The particle stresses due to the binary collisions and enduring contacts among the sediments are modeled using the rheology model of granular flow. The present numerical model is validated for the scour beneath a single pipeline, and the simulated sediment profiles are compared with published experimental data and numerical simulation results. The scour process beneath three different piggyback pipelines under the same flow condition are also considered, and the scour development and surrounding flow patterns are discussed in detail. Typical steady-streaming structures around the pipeline due to the oscillatory flow condition are captured. The scour depth during the initial development of the scour process for the piggyback pipeline with the small pipeline placed above the large one is the largest among all the investigated configurations. The phase-averaged flow fields show that the flow patterns are influenced by the additional small pipeline.
8
Lee, Cheng-Hsien, and Zhenhua Huang. "Effects of grain size on subaerial granular landslides and resulting impulse waves: experiment and multi-phase flow simulation." Landslides 19, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 137–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10346-021-01760-z.
9
Xing, Xuelian, Chao Zhang, Bin Jiang, Yongli Sun, Luhong Zhang, and Cedric Briens. "Effect of a Baffle on Bubble Distribution in a Bubbling Fluidized Bed." Processes 9, no. 7 (June 30, 2021): 1150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9071150.
Анотація:
In this study, the multi-phase Eulerian–Eulerian two-fluid method (TFM) coupled with the kinetic theory of granular flow (KTGF) was used to investigate the hydrodynamics of particle flows (Geldart Group B) in a lab-scale bubbling fluidized bed. The goal was to improve the bubble flow behavior inside the fluidized bed to improve the distribution of an injected liquid, by increasing the flow of bubbles entering the spray jet cavity and, thus, reduce the formation of wet agglomerates. The effects of a baffle on both the injection level and the whole fluidized bed were studied. Different baffle geometries were also investigated. Adding a fluxtube to a baffle can improve the bubble flows and a long fluxtube works best at redirecting gas bubbles. Baffles tend to smooth out variations in the gas distribution caused by the non-uniform inlet gas distribution. A gas pocket appears under all the baffles.
10
Benavides-Morán, Aldo Germán, and Santiago Lain. "Improving Solid-Phase Fluidization Prediction in Circulating Fluidized Bed Risers: Drag Model Sensitivity and Turbulence Modeling." Mathematics 12, no. 12 (June 14, 2024): 1852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math12121852.
Анотація:
This contribution underscores the importance of selecting an appropriate interphase momentum transfer model for accurately predicting the distribution of the solid phase in a full-scale circulating fluidized bed (CFB) riser equipped with a smooth C-type exit. It also explores other critical factors such as domain configuration, grid size, the scope of time averaging, and turbulence modulation. The flow in a cold-CFB riser is simulated using the Eulerian–Eulerian two-fluid model within a commercial CFD package. Particle interactions in the rapid-flow regime are determined utilizing the kinetic theory of granular flow while enduring particle contacts are accounted for by incorporating frictional stresses. The turbulent dynamics of the continuous phase are described using two-equation turbulence models with additional modulation terms. The three-dimensional computational domain replicates an actual CFB riser geometry where experimental measurements are available for particulate phase axial and radial solid concentration. The simulation results reveal that the choice of drag model correlation significantly impacts both axial and radial solid distribution. Notably, the energy-minimization multi-scale drag model accurately depicts the dense solid region at the bottom and core–annular flow structure in the upper part. The solid-phase fluidization is overestimated in the lower riser section when a 2D domain is utilized. Neglecting turbulence modulation terms in the k-ω SST model results in nearly flat solid volume fraction radial profiles in the analyzed upper sections of the riser, resembling those obtained with the k-ϵ model.
11
Zhang, L. M., and Y. Q. Ke. "Combinations of soil materials for granular capillary barriers for minimizing rainfall infiltration and gas emission." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 54, no. 11 (November 2017): 1580–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0334.
Анотація:
This paper presents a coupled air–water flow analysis to evaluate the performance of a three-layer capillary barrier for controlling water infiltration into and gas emission from a waste containment system in a high precipitation environment, and to optimize combinations of local soil layers for barrier construction. A multi-phase flow model is proposed considering the movements of the gas and water phases simultaneously. The governing partial differential equations are solved in COMSOL Multiphysics software. Several combinations of lean clay with sand (CL), clayey sand with gravel (SC), silty sand with gravel (SM), sandy silt (ML), and well-graded gravel with silt (GW–GM) are examined. The rates of percolation water and gas emission are used as indicators to compare the performance of different combinations. A fine-grained surface soil layer reduces both water infiltration and gas emission due to its low desaturation rate and high water-retention capacity. The coarse middle layer plays a critical role, promoting capillary effects and hindering water infiltration during rainfall as well as draining any infiltrated water or percolated gas.
12
Guan, Xiang-Shan, Peng-Nan Sun, Hong-Guan Lyu, Nian-Nian Liu, Yu-Xiang Peng, Xiao-Ting Huang, and Yang Xu. "Research Progress of SPH Simulations for Complex Multiphase Flows in Ocean Engineering." Energies 15, no. 23 (November 28, 2022): 9000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15239000.
Анотація:
Complex multiphase flow problems in ocean engineering have long been challenging topics. Problems such as large deformations at interfaces, multi-media interfaces, and multiple physical processes are difficult to simulate. Mesh-based algorithms could have limitations in dealing with multiphase interface capture and large interface deformations. On the contrary, the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method, as a Lagrangian meshless particle method, has some merit and flexibility in capturing multiphase interfaces and dealing with large boundary deformations. In recent years, with the improvement of SPH theory and numerical models, the SPH method has made significant advances and breakthroughs in terms of theoretical completeness and computational stability, which starts to be widely used in ocean engineering problems, including multiphase flows under atmospheric pressure, high-pressure multiphase flows, phase-change multiphase flows, granular multiphase flows and so on. In this paper, we review the progress of SPH theory and models in multiphase flow simulations, discussing the problems and challenges faced by the method, prospecting to future research works, and aiming to provide a reference for subsequent research.
13
Xu, Mou, Yu-Feng Chen, Jian-Yang Liang, Dong-Chuan Mo, and Shu-Shen Lyu. "Electrodeposition Patterned Copper Foam with Micro/Nanostructures for Reducing Supercooling in Water-Based Cool Storage Phase-Change Materials." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12 (June 19, 2020): 4202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124202.
Анотація:
Copper foam is widely used in industrial catalysis, flow boiling, and latent heat storage systems. It is expected that a multi-level topology copper foam with micro/nanostructures can further enhance performance. In this study, an electrochemically patterned copper foam with micro/nanostructures was fabricated and used to reduce supercooling in water-based cool storage phase-change materials. By controlling the reaction time (e.g., 195 s, 255 s, and 300 s), the pattern on the copper foam skeleton appeared as granular, dendritic, and coral-like structures, respectively. Compared with a blank group with supercooling of 11 °C during the solidification process, the unmodified copper foam (CF#0s) can reduce it to 7.7 °C. Electrodeposition-patterned copper foam with micro/nanostructures can further reduce supercooling. The average supercooling degree for CF#195s, CF#255s, and CF#300s was further reduced to 5.6 °C, 4.8 °C, and 4.6 °C, respectively. Among them, CF#300s reduced the supercooling and delay time by 60%. This occurred because the micro-nanostructure on the skeleton of copper foam provides abundant nucleation sites for the solidification of water, and surface roughness increases the nucleation rate.
14
Xia, Chang, Cuiying Zhou, Fengxian Zhu, Zhen Liu, and Guangjun Cui. "The Critical Indicator of Red-Bed Soft Rocks in Deterioration Process Induced by Water Basing on Renormalization Group Theory." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (August 28, 2021): 7968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11177968.
Анотація:
The internal damage of red-bed soft rock induced by water is pervasive. The accumulation, growth, and localization of damage is a multi-scale process that can lead to significant strength loss in red-bed soft rock. Yet, research on the critical state of deterioration process considering multi-scale failure is limited due to high degree of system freedom. Renormalization group theory is an effective approach to find critical point of phase transition in a disordered system. To apply renormalization group theory in red-bed soft rocks, this article firstly analyzed their microstructures. Then, the granular unit model and stripy unit model are proposed to describe the self-similar characteristics of red-bed soft rocks. The calculation results based on renormalization group theory are consistent with the experimental results. The critical reductions of strength induced by water are 60% in light-yellow silty mudstone and 80% in grey silty mudstone. In addition, the critical state of damage propagation caused by stress is also studied and the analytical solution is derived. Results show that the renormalization group theory can effectively couple the micro damage and strength deterioration which provides guidance to the engineering.
15
Zhu, Siyu, Chunlin Wu, and Huiming Yin. "Virtual Experiments of Particle Mixing Process with the SPH-DEM Model." Materials 14, no. 9 (April 25, 2021): 2199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092199.
Анотація:
Particle mixing process is critical for the design and quality control of concrete and composite production. This paper develops an algorithm to simulate the high-shear mixing process of a granular flow containing a high proportion of solid particles mixed in a liquid. DEM is employed to simulate solid particle interactions; whereas SPH is implemented to simulate the liquid particles. The two-way coupling force between SPH and DEM particles is used to evaluate the solid-liquid interaction of a multi-phase flow. Using Darcy’s Law, this paper evaluates the coupling force as a function of local mixture porosity. After the model is verified by two benchmark case studies, i.e., a solid particle moving in a liquid and fluid flowing through a porous medium, this method is applied to a high shear mixing problem of two types of solid particles mixed in a viscous liquid by a four-bladed mixer. A homogeneity metric is introduced to characterize the mixing quality of the particulate mixture. The virtual experiments with the present algorithm show that adding more liquid or increasing liquid viscosity slows down the mixing process for a high solid load mix. Although the solid particles can be mixed well eventually, the liquid distribution is not homogeneous, especially when the viscosity of liquid is low. The present SPH-DEM model is versatile and suitable for virtual experiments of particle mixing process with different blades, solid particle densities and sizes, and liquid binders, and thus can expedite the design and development of concrete materials and particulate composites.
16
Kontogiannis, Ioannis, Christoph Kuckein, Sergio Javier González Manrique, Tobias Felipe, Meetu Verma, Horst Balthasar, and Carsten Denker. "The magnetic structure and dynamics of a decaying active region." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 15, S354 (June 2019): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921319009955.
Анотація:
AbstractWe study the evolution of the decaying active region NOAA 12708, from the photosphere up to the corona using high resolution, multi-wavelength GREGOR observations taken on May 9, 2018. We utilize spectropolarimetric scans of the 10830 Å spectral range by the GREGOR Infrared Spectrograph (GRIS), spectral imaging time-series in the Na ID2 spectral line by the GREGOR Fabry-Pérot Interferometer (GFPI) and context imaging in the Ca IIH and blue continuum by the High-resolution Fast Imager (HiFI). Context imaging in the UV/EUV from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) complements our dataset. The region under study contains one pore with a light-bridge, a few micro-pores and extended clusters of magnetic bright points. We study the magnetic structure from the photosphere up to the upper chromosphere through the spectropolarimetric observations in He II and Si I and through the magnetograms provided by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI). The high-resolution photospheric images reveal the complex interaction between granular-scale convective motions and a range of scales of magnetic field concentrations in unprecedented detail. The pore itself shows a strong interaction with the convective motions, which eventually leads to its decay, while, under the influence of the photospheric flow field, micro-pores appear and disappear. Compressible waves are generated, which are guided towards the upper atmosphere along the magnetic field lines of the various magnetic structures within the field-of-view. Modelling of the He i absorption profiles reveals high velocity components, mostly associated with magnetic bright points at the periphery of the active region, many of which correspond to asymmetric Si I Stokes-V profiles revealing a coupling between upper photospheric and upper chromospheric dynamics. Time-series of Na ID2 spectral images reveal episodic high velocity components at the same locations. State-of-the-art multi-wavelength GREGOR observations allow us to track and understand the mechanisms at work during the decay phase of the active region.
17
Brammer, Jonathan E., Lubomir Sokol, Yutaka Tagaya, Kerry Rogers, Anjali Mishra, Thomas A. Waldmann, Nazli Azimi та ін. "Blockade of IL-15 Utilizing Bnz-1, a Selective γ-Chain Inhibiting Peptide, Is Safe and Has Clinical Activity in Patients with T-Cell Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia (T-LGLL): Results of a Phase I/II Multi-Center Clinical Trial". Blood 134, Supplement_1 (13 листопада 2019): 2835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-129291.
Анотація:
T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia (T-LGLL) is an incurable, and likely under-diagnosed leukemia characterized by abnormal clonal proliferation of CD8+ memory T-cells. The clonal outgrowth of T-LGLL cells can lead to the development of profound neutropenia and anemia which results in frequent infections, transfusion dependence, and impairment in quality of life and lifespan. There have been few prospective clinical trials in this disease, and no drugs have been FDA approved for its treatment. The primary driver of leukemogenesis in T-LGLL is known to be interleukin-15 (IL-15), a gamma-chain cytokine that induces proliferation of T-LGLL cells. BNZ-1 is a novel pegylated peptide antagonist that inhibits IL-15 by binding to the common γ-chain receptor for cytokines IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21. Studies utilizing BNZ-1 in vitro on T-LGLL cell lines, and ex vivo on clinical patient samples demonstrated significant inhibition of downstream signaling and increased LGLL cell apoptosis (Wang et al., Leukemia 2018). Given these results, we conducted a phase I/II dose escalation study to evaluate the safety, maximum tolerated dose (MTD), and preliminary efficacy of BNZ-1 in T-LGLL (NCT03239393). Patients with T-LGLL were eligible if they had one or more of the following: absolute neutrophil count (ANC) <500 cells/m3, neutropenia with recurrent infections, or symptomatic or transfusion-dependent anemia. Diagnosis of T-LGLL required: >400/mm3 CD3+CD57+ cells or >650 mm3 CD8+ cells, with a clonal T-cell receptor rearrangement. No prior therapy within 30 days or 5 half-lives was permitted. MTD was evaluated using a standard 3+3 design; with a dose escalation strategy using four doses of BNZ-1: 0.5 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg, and 4 mg/kg. BNZ-1 was administered by infusion on Days 1, 8, 15, and 22 of a 4-week cycle. Patients then had the option to enter the 3-month extension period, at the same weekly dose. Efficacy was determined utilizing criteria from the ECOG5998 study in T-LGLL. CR was defined as complete normalization of blood counts. Partial response (PR) in neutropenic patients was determined by 4 weeks or greater response with ANC >500 cells/mm3 if >/=50% improvement from baseline. For transfusion-dependent anemia patients, a >/=50% decrease in monthly transfusions for at least 2 months was required for a PR. For patients with symptomatic anemia, improvement in hemoglobin >/=1 g/dL with improvement in symptoms constituted a PR. Patients with a response were permitted to remain on a long-term extension (LTE). Eighteen patients, at 3 US centers were enrolled on study including: 3 patients at 0.5 mg/kg, 4 at 1 mg/kg, 5 at 2 mg/kg, and 6 at 4 mg/kg. 10 patients were enrolled for neutropenia, 4 for transfusion dependent anemia, 2 for symptomatic anemia, and 2 with anemia and neutropenia. 15 patients (83%) completed all 16 weeks of treatment, 2 patients declined to enter the extension phase, and one patient on the 2 mg/kg dosage was taken off study at 4 weeks due to neutropenia <100 thought secondary to T-LGLL. One patient developed grade 2 hyperbilirubinemia, which was thought possibly due to study drug though was grade 1 at baseline.The MTD was not reached. Four patients attained a PR: 3 patients with transfusion-dependent anemia became transfusion independent, while one patient with neutropenia had significant resolution of her neutropenia (Table). These three patients remain on the LTE, though one patient is under observation. Correlative studies demonstrated apoptosis of T-LGLL cells on flow cytometry utilizing CD3 T-cell gating within 24 hours of the first dosage of BNZ-1 (a representative example is shown in the Figure), confirming in patients that inhibition of IL-15 induces apoptosis of T-LGLL cells. In this Phase I/II clinical trial, IL-15 blockade utilizing BNZ-1 demonstrated increased apoptosis in patients with T-LGLL, with early evidence of clinical response, particularly amongst patients with transfusion-dependent anemia. Remarkably, these patients remained transfusion-independent while on BNZ-1. The MTD was not reached in this cohort of patients, and there were minimal AEs associated with BNZ-1. Further analysis of responding patients is underway to determine the most effective approach utilizing BNZ-1 in this rare disease. Table Disclosures Brammer: Celgene: Research Funding; Seatlle Genetics: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau. Sokol:EUSA: Consultancy. Tagaya:Bioniz: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Bioniz: Research Funding. Rogers:AbbVie: Research Funding; Acerta Pharma: Consultancy; Genentech: Research Funding; Janssen: Research Funding. Waldmann:Bioniz: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Azimi:Bioniz: Employment. Frohna:Bioniz: Employment. Ratnayake:Bioniz: Employment. Loughran:Bioniz: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Keystone Nano: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.
18
Frohna, Paul, Yutaka Tagaya, Anoshie Ratnayake, Nick Doerr, Asjad Basheer, Laith Al-Mawsawi, Woo Jae Kim, Juan Zapata, Xisorong Wu, and Nazli Azimi. "Results from a First-in-Human Study with Bnz-1: A Novel Peptide Inhibitor of IL-2, IL-9 and IL-15 for the Treatment of T-Cell Malignancies That Safely and Selectively Decreases Regulatory T-Cells, Natural Killer Cells, and CD8+ Central Memory T-Cells." Blood 130, Suppl_1 (December 7, 2017): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v130.suppl_1.695.695.
Анотація:
Abstract Background: The γc-family of cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, IL-21) control major immune responses and lymphocyte development. However, aberrant γc cytokine activity contributes to or pathologically drives human diseases including T-cell malignancies, graft-versus-host disease, and numerous autoimmune diseases (e.g., alopecia areata), where IL-2, IL-9, and IL-15 have been specifically implicated. Importantly, these multi-cytokine diseases are not effectively and safely treated by the currently available anti-cytokine approaches. Methods: BNZ-1 is the first of a novel class of rationally-designed, multi-cytokine inhibitors that selectively inhibits IL-2 and IL-15, and to a lesser degree, IL-9 signaling through the γc receptor, without affecting IL-4, IL-7, or IL-21. Preclinical proof-of-concept has been demonstrated in several animal models of T-cell malignancies (Nata et al., 2015 J Biol Chem), including Large Granular Lymphocyte Leukemia (LGL) and Adult T-cell Leukemia. In this open-label, single-dose, dose-escalation, first-in-human study conducted at a single center in the United States (NCT03046459), 18 healthy adults (n=3/cohort) received a single intravenous dose of 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2 or 6.4 mg/kg infused over ≤5 minutes on Day 1 and were followed for safety and sample collection for 30 days. Results: All subjects completed the study. BNZ-1 was considered well-tolerated with a good safety profile with no serious or severe adverse events (AEs), no dose-limiting toxicities, and no clinically-significant changes on clinical labs (serum biochemistry, hematology, liver enzymes), vital signs or electrocardiograms. Headache was the only AE reported in ≥1 subject (n=3). BNZ-1 exposure was generally dose proportional with an elimination half-life of ~5 days across the range of doses tested, which is consistent with other PEGylated peptides and supports weekly or every other week dosing. The pharmacodynamic activity of BNZ-1 was characterized by flow cytometry of PBMCs obtained on Days 4, 15 and 31 and used to calculate the maximum change from baseline (Emax) for regulatory T-cells (Tregs; IL-2 effect), NK cells (IL-15 effect) and CD8+ central memory T-cells (Tcm; IL-2 & IL-15 effect). For Tregs, a ~50-60% decrease was observed on Day 4 after doses of 0.4 to 1.6mg/kg, while doses of 3.2 and 6.4mg/kg produced an 80-93% decrease from baseline that peaked on Day 15. NK cells were decreased from baseline on Day 4 by 20%, 40% and 60% at 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8mg/kg, respectively, and plateaued at 70 to 80% decrease at doses ≥1.6 mg/kg. Tcm were decreased at Day 4 for the three highest dose cohorts that continued to decline to Day 15 when all doses, except 0.2 mg/kg, showed a mean decrease ranging from 10 to 81% that generally trended with dose. Tregs, NK cells, and Tcm returned to/toward baseline by 30 days post dose. Post-dose counts of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, B-cells, and monocytes were unchanged at all time points studied. Conclusions: These preliminary clinical data suggest that BNZ-1 is a highly-active, selective immunomodulator that safely decreases Tregs, NK cells and Tcm, while leaving the major leukocyte populations unaffected. These data support the planned Phase 1/2 dose-ranging study in LGL and Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma. Disclosures Frohna: Bioniz Therapeutics: Employment. Tagaya: Bioniz Therapeutics: Equity Ownership. Ratnayake: Bioniz Therapeutics: Consultancy. Doerr: Bioniz Therapeutics: Employment. Basheer: Bioniz Therapeutics: Employment. Al-Mawsawi: Bioniz Therapeutics: Employment. Kim: Bioniz Therapeutics: Employment. Azimi: Bioniz Therapeutics: Employment.
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Nussbaum, Julien, Philippe Helluy, Jean-Marc Herard, and Barbara Baschung. "Multi-Dimensional Two-Phase Flow Modeling Applied to Interior Ballistics." Journal of Applied Mechanics 78, no. 5 (August 5, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4004293.
Анотація:
Complex phenomena occur in a combustion chamber during a ballistic cycle. From the ignition of the black powder in the primer to the exit of the projectile through the muzzle, two-phase gas-powder mix undertakes various transfers in different forms. A detailed comprehension of these effects is fundamental to predict the behavior of the whole system, considering performances and safety. Although the ignition of the powder bed is three-dimensional due to the primer’s geometry, simulations generally only deal with one- or two-dimensional problem. In this study, we propose a method to simulate the two-phase flows in 1, 2 or 3 dimensions with the same system of partial differential equations. A one-pressure, conditionally hyperbolic model [1] was used and solved by a nonconservative finite volume scheme associated to a fractional step method, where each step is hyperbolic. We extend our study to a two-pressure, unconditionally hyperbolic model [2] in which a relaxation technique was applied in order to recover the one-pressure model by using the granular stress. The second goal of this study is also to propose an improved ignition model of the powder grains, by taking into account simplified chemical kinetics for decomposition reactions in the two phases. Here we consider a 0th-order solid decomposition and an unimolecular, 2nd-order gas reaction. Validation of the algorithm on several test cases is presented.
20
Jafari Nodoushan, Ehsan, Mohanna Tajnesaie та Ahmad Shakibaeinia. "Two‐ and three‐dimensional multiphase mesh‐free particle modeling of transitional landslide with μ(I) rheology". International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 12 лютого 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.5274.
Анотація:
AbstractLandslides, which are the sources of most catastrophic natural disasters, can be subaerial (dry), submerged (underwater), or semi‐submerged (transitional). Semi‐submerged or transitional landslides occur when a subaerial landslide enters water and turns to submerged condition. Predicting the behavior of such a highly dynamic multi‐phase granular flow system is challenging, mainly due to the water entry effects, such as wave impact and partial saturation (and resulted cohesion). The mesh‐free particle methods, such as the moving particle semi‐implicit (MPS) method, have proven their capabilities for the simulation of the highly dynamic multiphase systems. This study develops and evaluates a numerical model, based on the MPS particle method in combination with the μ(I) rheological model, to simulate the morphodynamic of the granular mass in semi‐submerged landslides in two and three dimensions. An algorithm is developed to consider partial saturation (and resulting cohesion) during the water entry. Comparing the numerical results with the experimental measurements shows the ability of the proposed model to accurately reproduce the morphological evolution of the granular mass, especially at the moment of water entry.
21
Lee, Cheng-Hsien, and Zhenhua Huang. "Multi-phase flow simulation of impulsive waves generated by a sub-aerial granular landslide on an erodible slope." Landslides, September 5, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01527-y.
22
Liu, Qi, and J. Carlos Santamarina. "Fluid-Driven Instabilities in Granular Media: From Viscous Fingering and Dissolution Wormholes to Desiccation Cracks and Ice Lenses." Frontiers in Mechanical Engineering 8 (July 8, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmech.2022.861554.
Анотація:
Single and multi-phase fluids fill the pore space in sediments; phases may include gases (air, CH4, CO2, H2, and NH3), liquids (aqueous solutions or organic compounds), and even ice and hydrates. Fluids can experience instabilities within the pore space or trigger instabilities in the granular skeleton. Then, we divided fluid-driven instabilities in granular media into two categories. Fluid instabilities at constant fabric take place within the pore space without affecting the granular skeleton; these can result from hysteresis in contact angle and interfacial tension (aggravated in particle-laden flow), fluid compressibility, changes in pore geometry along the flow direction, and contrasting viscosity among immiscible fluids. More intricate fluid instabilities with fabric changes take place when fluids affect the granular skeleton, thus the evolving local effective stress field. We considered several cases: 1) open-mode discontinuities driven by drag forces, i.e., hydraulic fracture; 2) grain-displacive invasion of immiscible fluids, such as desiccation cracks, ice and hydrate lenses, gas and oil-driven openings, and capillary collapse; 3) hydro-chemo-mechanically coupled instabilities triggered by mineral dissolution during the injection of reactive fluids, from wormholes to shear band formation; and 4) instabilities associated with particle transport (backward piping erosion), thermal changes (thermo-hydraulic fractures), and changes in electrical interparticle interaction (osmotic-hydraulic fractures and contractive openings). In all cases, we seek to identify the pore and particle-scale positive feedback mechanisms that amplify initial perturbations and to identify the governing dimensionless ratios that define the stable and unstable domains. A [N/m] Contact line adhesion
23
Li, Jiaxing, and Xin Chen. "A multi-dimensional two-phase mixture model for intense sediment transport in sheet flow and around pipeline." Physics of Fluids, September 16, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0120776.
Анотація:
A two-phase mixture model is developed to simulate intense sediment transport covering bed-load layer and suspended load layer. The proposed model maintains high accuracy as an Eulerian two-phase model but requires low computational cost. The proposed model applies an analytical formula for relative velocity between phases. The dense granular flow rheology is employed to close particle stress economically. The closure of Reynolds stress considers turbulence damping and small-scale fluctuation of fluid-particle interaction and particle collision. A damping function is adopted in eddy viscosity for extra turbulence damping from inter-particle interaction. The optimal exponent of damping function refers to sediment shape and size. The sediment diffusion includes turbulence diffusion and shear-induced self-diffusion originating from dense sediment. The proposed model is validated by several sets of sheet flow cases (Shields number Θ=0.44 ~2.20 and particle Reynolds number Re s=1.6 ~603.0) and shows a wide applicable range and good accuracy. The small-scale fluctuation and shear-induced self-diffusion improve the computation in lower sheet flow layer where volumetric sediment concentration is larger than 0.2. Furthermore, the proposed model shows reasonable applicability on the multi-dimensional pipeline scour development. The scour profiles are well predicted and the Brier Skill Score BSS=0.809. However, the proposed model does not perform the wake characteristic around the pipeline sufficiently, and slight scour difference exists between the simulation and experiment.
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Sadri Mofakham, Atefeh, and Mojtaba Rasteh. "CFD simulation of gas–solid fluidized bed hydrodynamics; prediction accuracy study." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering, September 8, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2022-0071.
Анотація:
Abstract The present study aims at increasing the prediction accuracy of simulating gas–solid fluidized bed hydrodynamics. Two simulation packages, Fluent and MFIX, were used to predict the pressure drop, voidage, and solid-phase velocities by solving mass, momentum, and energy balance equations. A 2D multi-fluid Eulerian model with the kinetic theory of granular flow (KTGF) was applied to simulate the process by considering two different drag models. The same comparative criterion of average absolute relative deviation (AARD%) was considered to compare the present simulation with the previous works. Compared to the prior works, the minimum decrease in error (AARD% of 5.91%) was 3.17% related to the estimation of the time-averaged voidage by applying the Gidaspow model, while the maximum reduction in error (ARRD% of 5.88%) was 17.35% attributed to the prediction of pressure drop by employing the Syamlal-O’Brien model, both in Fluent software. However, MFIX software was the best CFD tool in predicting time-averaged voidage by AARD% values less than 9% under all conditions. Furthermore, similar patterns in contours were observed for solid-phase volume fraction and gas/solid phase velocities in both simulation tools, which are compatible with results from the literature without any significant difference.
25
Fokin, Mikhail I., Viktor V. Nikitin, and Anton A. Duchkov. "A hybrid machine-learning approach for analysis of methane hydrate formation dynamics in porous media with synchrotron CT imaging." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 30, no. 5 (July 19, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577523005635.
Анотація:
Fast multi-phase processes in methane hydrate bearing samples pose a challenge for quantitative micro-computed tomography study and experiment steering due to complex tomographic data analysis involving time-consuming segmentation procedures. This is because of the sample's multi-scale structure, which changes over time, low contrast between solid and fluid materials, and the large amount of data acquired during dynamic processes. Here, a hybrid approach is proposed for the automatic segmentation of tomographic data from time-resolved imaging of methane gas-hydrate formation in sandy granular media, which includes a deep-learning 3D U-Net model. To prepare a training dataset for the 3D U-Net, a technique to automate data labeling based on sample-specific information about the mineral matrix immobility and occasional fluid movement in pores is proposed. Automatic segmentation allowed for studying properties of the hydrate growth in pores, as well as dynamic processes such as incremental flow and redistribution of pore brine. Results of the quantitative analysis showed that for typical gas-hydrate stability parameters (100 bar methane pressure, 7°C temperature) the rate of formation is slow (less than 1% per hour), after which the surface area of contact between brine and gas increases, resulting in faster formation (2.5% per hour). Hydrate growth reaches the saturation point after 11 h of the experiment. Finally, the efficacy of the proposed segmentation scheme in on-the-fly automatic data analysis and experiment steering with zooming to regions of interest is demonstrated.
26
Ren, Diandong, Rong Fu, David Karoly, Lance Leslie, Jianli Chen, and Clark Wilson. "A new ice sheet model validated by remote sensing of the Greenland ice sheet." Open Geosciences 2, no. 4 (January 1, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10085-010-0012-9.
Анотація:
AbstractAccurate prediction of future sea level rise requires models that accurately reproduce and explain the recent observed dramatic ice sheet behaviours. This study presents a new multi-phase, multiple-rheology, scalable and extensible geofluid model of the Greenland ice sheet that shows the credential of successfully reproducing the mass loss rate derived from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), and the microwave remote sensed surface melt area over the past decade. Model simulated early 21st century surface ice flow compares satisfactorily with InSAR measurements. Accurate simulation of the three metrics simultaneously cannot be explained by fortunate model tuning and give us confidence in using this modelling system for projection of the future fate of Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS). Based on this fully adaptable three dimensional, thermo-mechanically coupled prognostic ice model, we examined the flow sensitivity to granular basal sliding, and further identified that this leads to a positive feedback contributing to enhanced mass loss in a future warming climate. The rheological properties of ice depend sensitively on its temperature, thus we further verified modelâŹs temperature solver against in situ observations. Driven by the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis atmospheric parameters, the ice model simulated GrIS mass loss rate compares favourably with that derived from the GRACE measurements, or about −147 km3/yr over the 2002–2008 period. Increase of the summer maximum melt area extent (SME) is indicative of expansion of the ablation zone. The modeled SME from year 1979 to 2006 compares well with the cross-polarized gradient ratio method (XPGR) observed melt area in terms of annual variabilities. A high correlation of 0.88 is found between the two time series. In the 30-year model simulation series, the surface melt exhibited large inter-annual and decadal variability, years 2002, 2005 and 2007 being three significant recent melt episodes.