Дисертації з теми "Multi-languages"

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1994.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 107-109).
by Satyan R. Coorg.
Ph.D.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007.
Dr. Magnus Egerstedt, Committee Chair ; Dr. Erik Verriest, Committee Member ; Dr. Yorai Wardi, Committee Member ; Dr. Aaron Lanterman, Committee Member ; Dr. Tucker Balch, Committee Member.

The goal of this thesis is to overview the different multi-core programming models and technologies. Nowadays multi-core systems are more and more popular. Personal computers usually are based on multi-core technology since some years ago so it is needed some technologies for implementing it. In this thesis, we have studied several models and technologies of multi-core programming. We have also studied and presented a comparison of the models and technologies. Furthermore, we have shown the installation and configuration instructions for the two main technologies (OpenMP and MPI).

When developing domain-specific modeling languages (DSMLs), software engineers have to make a number of important design decisions on the DSML itself, or on the software-development process that is applied to develop the DSML. Thus, making well-informed design decisions is a critical factor in developing DSMLs. To support this decision-making process, the model-driven development community has started to collect established design practices in terms of patterns, guidelines, story-telling, and procedural models. However, most of these documentation practices do not capture the details necessary to reuse the rationale behind these decisions in other DSML projects. In this paper, we report on a three-year research effort to compile and to empirically validate a catalog of structured decision descriptions (decision records) for UML-based DSMLs. This catalog is based on design decisions extracted from 90 DSML projects. These projects were identified - among others - via an extensive systematic literature review (SLR) for the years 2005 - 2012. Based on more than 8,000 candidate publications, we finally selected 84 publications for extracting design-decision data. The extracted data were evaluated quantitatively using a frequent-item-set analysis to obtain characteristic combinations of design decisions and qualitatively to document recurring documentation issues for UML-based DSMLs. We revised the collected decision records based on this evidence and made the decision-record catalog for developing UML-based DSMLs publicly available. Furthermore, our study offers insights into UML usage (e.g. diagram types) and into the adoption of UML extension techniques (e.g. metamodel extensions, profiles).

Adaptive software becomes more and more important as computing is increasingly context-dependent. Runtime adaptability can be achieved by dynamically selecting and applying context-specific code. Role-oriented programming has been proposed as a paradigm to enable runtime adaptive software by design. Roles change the objects’ behavior at runtime, thus adapting the software to a given context. The cost of adaptivity is however a high runtime overhead stemming from executing compositions of behavior-modifying code. It has been shown that the overhead can be reduced by optimizing dispatch plans at runtime when contexts do not change, but no method exists to reduce the overhead in cases with high context variability. This paper presents a novel approach to implement polymorphic role dispatch, taking advantage of run-time information to effectively guard abstractions and enable reuse even in the presence of variable contexts. The concept of polymorphic inline caches is extended to role invocations. We evaluate the implementation with a benchmark for role-oriented programming languages achieving a geometric mean speedup of 4.0× (3.8× up to 4.5×) with static contexts, and close to no overhead in the case of varying contexts over the current implementation of contextual roles in Object Teams

In this dissertation, we emphasize productiveness not just undecidability since pro- ductiveness implies constructive incompleteness. Analogues of Rice?s Theorem for different classes of languages are investigated, refined and generalized. In particular, several sufficient but general conditions are presented for predicates to be as hard as some widely discussed predicates such as ?= ?? and ?= {0,1}??. These conditions provide several general methods for proving complexity/productiveness results and apply to a large number of simple and natural predicates. As the first step in apply- ing these general methods, we investigate the complexity/productiveness of the pred- icates ?= ??, ?= {0,1}?? and other predicates that can be useful sources of many- one reductions for different classes of languages. Then we use very efficient many- one reductions of these basic source predicates to prove many new non-polynomial complexity lower bounds and productiveness results. Moreover, we study the com- plexity/productiveness of predicates for easily recognizable subsets of instances with important semantic properties. Because of the efficiency of our reductions, intuitively these reductions can preserve many levels of complexity. We apply our general methods to pattern languages [1] and multi-pattern lan- guages [2]. Interrelations between multi-pattern languages (or pattern languages) and standard classes of languages such as context-free languages and regular languages are studied. A way to study the descriptional complexity of standard language descriptors (for examples, context-free grammars and regular expressions) and multi-patterns is illustrated. We apply our general methods to several generalizations of regular ex- pressions. A productiveness result for the predicate ?= {0,1}?? is established for synchronized regular expressions [3]. Because of this, many new productiveness re- sults for synchronized regular expressions follow easily. We also apply our general methods to several classes of Lindenmayer systems [4] and of cellular automata [5]. A way of studying the complexity/productiveness of the 0Lness problem is developed and many new results follow from it. For real time one-way cellular automata, we observe that the predicates ?= ?? and ?= {0,1}?? are both productive. Because vi of this, many more general results are presented. For two-way cellular automata, we prove a strong meta-theorem and give a complete characterization for testing containment of any fixed two-way cellular automaton language. Finally, we generalize our methods and apply them to the theory of functions of real variables. In rings, the equivalence to identically 0 function problem which is an analogue of ?= ?? is studied. We show that the equivalence to identically 0 function problem for some classes of elementary functions is productive for different domains including open and closed bounded intervals of real numbers. Two initial results for real fields are also presented.

Multi-core processors are now ubiquitous and are widely seen as the most viable means of delivering performance with increasing transistor densities. However, this potential can only be realised if the application programs are suitably parallel. Applications can either be written in parallel from scratch or converted from existing sequential programs. Regardless of how applications are parallelised, the code must be efficiently mapped onto the underlying platform to fully exploit the hardware’s potential. This thesis addresses the problem of finding the best mappings of data and streaming parallelism—two types of parallelism that exist in broad and important domains such as scientific, signal processing and media applications. Despite significant progress having been made over the past few decades, state-of-the-art mapping approaches still largely rely upon hand-crafted, architecture-specific heuristics. Developing a heuristic by hand, however, often requiresmonths of development time. Asmulticore designs become increasingly diverse and complex, manually tuning a heuristic for a wide range of architectures is no longer feasible. What are needed are innovative techniques that can automatically scale with advances in multi-core technologies. In this thesis two distinct areas of computer science, namely parallel compiler design and machine learning, are brought together to develop new compiler-based mapping techniques. Using machine learning, it is possible to automatically build highquality mapping schemes, which adapt to evolving architectures, with little human involvement. First, two techniques are proposed to find the best mapping of data parallelism. The first technique predicts whether parallel execution of a data parallel candidate is profitable on the underlying architecture. On a typical multi-core platform, it achieves almost the same (and sometimes a better) level of performance when compared to the manually parallelised code developed by independent experts. For a profitable candidate, the second technique predicts how many threads should be used to execute the candidate across different program inputs. The second technique achieves, on average, over 96% of the maximum available performance on two different multi-core platforms. Next, a new approach is developed for partitioning stream applications. This approach predicts the ideal partitioning structure for a given stream application. Based on the prediction, a compiler can rapidly search the program space (without executing any code) to generate a good partition. It achieves, on average, a 1.90x speedup over the already tuned partitioning scheme of a state-of-the-art streaming compiler.

У публікації представлено результати дослідження шляхів формування мультикультурної компетентності майбутніх фахівців туризму на практичних заняттях з іноземних мов у вищому навчальному закладі; розглянуто складові мультикультурної компетентності та описано деякі підходи до формування мультикультурності з практичного досвіду автора.

This thesis, written in the Spanish language, merges historical documents, literature, and interviews in the form of a creative story that explores the Puerto Rican identity through the lens of one family. Cuca, the main character, is an allegory of the island’s current and historical state of “in-betweenness”. As a former Spanish colony, then U.S. territory, and now a U.S. commonwealth, the island has incorporated elements from each imperial regime, though never fully being a part of any. The story begins in 2008 and centers first on Cuca, and then her granddaughter who struggles to understand her own identity as both an American and a Puerto Rican. The story then goes back in time to 1930, the year in which the Puerto Rican government legalized divorce. After Cuca’s mother divorces her Spanish father, and then marries an American, Cuca comes to have two paternal figures much like Puerto Rican has had: one Spanish and one American. Taking place between 1930 and 1942, the story focuses on the island’s evolving identity between the Great Depression years and the beginning of Operation Bootstrap, the latter which sought to modernize the island and to increase tourism. The thesis raises the complexities of being Puerto Rican, but also more generally the complexities of all those who feel caught between cultures and identities.

This work includes brief overview of the theory behind two-dimentional languages which was the main theme examined in previous work. Based upon this theory there are next chapters introducing a new concept of three-dimentional and multi-dimentional languages. For each type of language there is a definition of corresponding type of strings and string operations. Finally, for each type of language there are definitions of developed formal gramatics and automata. Along with theory, in work there is an demonstration of developed program, which provides simulation of introduced multidimensional automata.

Recently, multi-priced timed automata have received much attention for real-time systems. These automata extend priced timed automata by featuring several price parameters. This permits to compute objectives like the optimal ratio between rewards and costs. Arising from the model of timed automata, the multi-weighted setting has also attracted much notice for classical nondeterministic automata. The present thesis develops multi-weighted MSO-logics on finite, infinite and timed words which are expressively equivalent to multi-weighted automata, and studies decision problems for them. In addition, a Nivat-like theorem for weighted timed automata is proved; this theorem establishes a connection between quantitative and qualitative behaviors of timed automata. Moreover, a logical characterization of timed pushdown automata is given.

Multi-stage programming is a valuable technique for improving the performance of computer programs through run-time optimization. Current implementations of multi-stage programming do not support run-time type introspection, which is a significant feature of modern object-oriented platforms such as Java and C#. This is unfortunate because many programs that use type introspection in these languages could be improved with multi-staging programming. The aim of this research is to investigate the interaction between multi-stage programming and object-oriented type introspection. This is done by the invention of a new programming language that is a multi-stage extension to C#. The language is capable of expressing traditional multi-stage programs as well as a new style of multi-stage programs that incorporate type introspection, most notably polytypic algorithms such as object serialization. A compiler for the language is implemented and freely available. The language is significant because it is the first object-oriented, multi-stage language; the first attempt to combine type introspection with multi-stage programming; and the first exploration of polytypic programming in a multi-stage context.

Multi-stage programming is a valuable technique for improving the performance of computer programs through run-time optimization. Current implementations of multi-stage programming do not support run-time type introspection, which is a significant feature of modern object-oriented platforms such as Java and C#. This is unfortunate because many programs that use type introspection in these languages could be improved with multi-staging programming. The aim of this research is to investigate the interaction between multi-stage programming and object-oriented type introspection. This is done by the invention of a new programming language that is a multi-stage extension to C#. The language is capable of expressing traditional multi-stage programs as well as a new style of multi-stage programs that incorporate type introspection, most notably polytypic algorithms such as object serialization. A compiler for the language is implemented and freely available. The language is significant because it is the first object-oriented, multi-stage language; the first attempt to combine type introspection with multi-stage programming; and the first exploration of polytypic programming in a multi-stage context.

The main goal of this thesis is the creation o f the tool agent-oriented programming tool AJA. AJA is the acronym for Adaptable Java Agents. AJA consists o f two programming languages:- A higher-level language used for the description of the main agent parts. This language is called HADL, which is the acronym for Higher Agent Definition Language.- A lower-level language used for the programming o f the agent parts defined in HADL. This language is called Java+. It is actually Java enriched with the constructs for accessing higher-level agent parts defined in HADL.A translator from AJA to Java is implemented in the practical part o f the thesis. AJA agents have the following features: - Agent communicates with other agents using a construct called negotiation. The messages sent can be encrypted or digitally signed in order to ensure the security of the system. - Agent possesses adaptable  parameters and neural nets that adapt themselves when the environment changes.- Agent has reflexes, which are the reactive component o f the agent architecture.- Agent can perform its actions parallel. Actions execution is synchronized.- Agent is accessible via Internet, because it acts as a simple HTTP server. People can use this way to communicate with an agent.- Agent has Java Swing based graphical user interface. Its owner uses this interface to communicate with the agent.- Because o f the fact that Java-i- language extends Java, it is possible to use all useful Java features in the implementation o f AJA agents (e.g. JDBC for the database access). The thesis also presents an original approach of integrating artificial intelligence techniques, such as neural nets, with a programming language. Having the artificial intelligence components as a part of the programming language runtime environment makes their use straightforward. A programmer uses the language constructs that are implemented using the artificial intelligencewithout the need for understanding their background and theory.The thesis contains eight chapters and three appendixes. In the first chapter, an overview of agents and multi-agent systems is given. The second chapter surveys existing agent-oriented programming languages and tools. The third chapter introduces AJA and describes the architecture of AJA agents. The syntax and semantics o f AJA languages HADL and Java+ is described in the fourth chapter. The fifth chapter presents adaptable AJA constructs in more details. To demonstrate and test the created tool, a case-study multi-agent system has been implemented in AJA. There are four personal digital assistant agents in the system. The sixth chapter describes the example agents and positively evaluates the tool. In the seventh chapter the related work and tools are analyzed and compared to AJA. The last chapter concludes the thesis. The first appendix describes the implementation details of the AJA to Java translator. The second appendix is a guide for the installation and usage of the implemented AJA to Java translator. Finally, the thirdappendix describes step by step how to translate, compile, run, and use the example agents. The thesis contains many references, which include almost all the most important and the most actual papers in the field. The reference list can be found at the end o f the thesis.
Glavni doprinos doktorske teze je napravljeni alat za programiranje agenata AJA . AJA - Adaptabilni Java Agenti je jezički alat za programsku implementaciju agenata Sastoji se od dva programska jezika:- Jezik višeg nivoa kojim se opisuju glavne kom ponente agenta. Ovaj jezik se naziva HADL - Higher Agent Definition Language.- Jezik nižeg nivoa koji služi za implementaciju pojedinih komponenti agenta specificiranih HADL jezikom . Ovaj jezik se najava Java+, jer je on zapravo programski jezik Java obogaćen konstrukcijama pomoću kojih je moguće pristupati komponentama agenta, definisanim u jezik u HADL.AJA agent poseduje sledeće osobine:- Sigurna kom unikacija sa drugim A JA agentim a koristeći mehanizam pregovaranja, šifrovanje i digitalno potpisivanje poruka.- Mogućnost adaptiranja na promene u okruženju u kom se nalazi, koristeći neuralne mreže i adaptabilne parametre.- Reaktivnost zasnovana n a kom ponenti zvanoj refleks.- Paralelno izvršavanje akcija agenta u z njihovu internu sinhronizaciju.- D ostupnost agenta preko Interneta. Agent se ponaša kao jednostavan HTTP server. Na ovaj način se drugim osobama omogućuje da komuniciraju sa agentom .- G rafički korisnički interfejs zasnovan n a Java Swing tehnologiji- Pošto se u program iranju agenta koristi Java+, moguće je uposliti sve pogodnosti Jave, kao što su na primer pristup bazama podataka koristeći JDBC , rad sa multimedijalnim sadržajem , itd.U tezi je predstavljen i originalni pristup integrisanja tehnika veštačke inteligencije sa program skim jezikom . U građujući kom ponente veštačke inteligencije u izvršnu okolinu je z ik a čini n jihovo korišćenje veom a jednostavnim . Programer ne mora da bude ekspert iz veštačke inteligencije a da pri tome koristi konstrukcije jezika koje su implementirane pomoću veštačke inteligencije. AJA specifikacija agenta se sastoji od HADL i Java+ delova. U tezi je implementiran prevodioc kojim se A JA specifikacija prevodi u skup klasa programskog jezika Java. Implementiran je i jedan multi-agentski sistem kojim se praktično pokazuje korišćenje i mogućnosti napravljenog alata D oktorska teza sadrži i detaljan pregled oblasti o agentskpj m etodologiji. O n a kruniše višegodišnji rad kandidata i njegovog mentora u ovoj sve značajnijoj oblasti računarstva.Teza sadrži o sam glava i tri dodatka. U prvoj glavi se opisuje oblast agenata i m ulti-agentskih sistem a. Pregled postojećih agentskih program skih jezik a i alata se daje u drugoj glavi. O pis A JA agenata i njihove arhitekture je dat u trećoj glavi teze. Četvrta glava se bavi sintaksom i sem antikom oba A JA jezika: H A D L -a i Jave+. Adaptabilni elem enti A JA agenata se opisuju u petoj glavi. U šestoj glavi je opisan m ulti-agentski sistem koji j e ujed n o i prim er prim ene A JA alata. A JA se sa drugim postojećim agentskim alatim a upoređuje u sedm oj glavi. Osma glava sadrži zaključak. N a kraju se u tri dodatka detaljno opisuju im plem entacija prevodioca A JA -e u Javu, instalacija prevodioca i korišćenje napravljenog m ulti-agentskog sistema respektivno. U doktorskom radu su korišćene i navedene brojne reference kojim a su obuhvaćeni gotovo svi najznačajniji i najaktuelniji radovi iz oblasti multi-agentskih sistema. Lista referenci je navedena na kraju teze.

A qualitative study conducted by semi-structured interviews with youth recreation leaders in a city in Västerbotten’s county in Sweden. The aim is to establish a greater knowledge regarding the youth recreation leader’s experiences of Swedish teenagers’ (17-25) reasons of use of multi-ethnical language among the teenagers, specifically with focus on certain categories as calques, slang words, non-inversion and broad generalization of prepositions. Previous studies from earlier years of the 2000’s have been set in the Southern parts of Sweden as cities as Göteborg, Malmö and Borås – which makes this survey relevant as a way of broadening the knowledge regarding multi-ethnical language among youths in Sweden. The survey was conducted at two youth recreation centres with four youth recreation leaders. The result supports that there are similarities with the slang words and calques used by young people in Southern parts of Sweden as in the Northern – just as some words seem to differ. The common understanding among the participating youth recreation leaders of why the youth recreation centres’ teenagers choose to speak multi-ethnical language is to mark group identity, as a camouflaging pseudo-language to exclude others as adults – or to show more affiliations in relations with closer friends.

This study examines the language used by independent distributors in Multi-Level Marketing companies (MLMs) when attempting to recruit new people into the business. Social media posts and messages were read and analysed to identify themes or categories within the data, which each detailed a means used by distributors to recruit new distributors or customers. The findings were then analysed in relation to Steven Hassan's BITE-model of authoritarian control; Robert Cialdini's principles of inlfuence; Roman Jakobson's pragmatic functions; and Roland Barthes thery of cultural. The findings showed that the most frequent tactic used by the distributors was different forms of emotional tactics. The distributors also used signifiers to evoke cultural myths regarding how one should live one's life and how their MLM could help people achieve that lifestyle. Lastly, questions were frequently used in order to prolong communication between distributor and prospective recruit or customer.

Thesis (M.S.)--Worcester Polytechnic Institute.
Keywords: reordering predicates; multi-join operator; sliding windows; window predicates; join algorithm; continuous queries. Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-103).

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Contemporaneous society lives ubiquity to its fullest. However, the ubiquity alone does not reflect the reality of today's society, but when it appropriates the flexible ability of communication in social organizations, integrated to the digital culture, reconfigures a deployed hypermobility, or the ubiquity of networks, thought, information, knowledge, communication. In this sense, the changes mediated by hypermobility and digital literacy of technological ubiquity also resonate intensely in educational action and learning, precisely because these are integrated into this movement as an aesthetic of contemporary times. In this perspective, this research developed under the program of graduate studies in education, art and history of culture, college of education, university mackenzie, nears the approach to aesthetic perception in educational practice of languages the "pedagogy of (multi) literacies" and the ubiquitous learning. To enable these approaches, some essays (rojo, 2009, 2012a, 2012b, 2013; santaella, 2003, 2007, 2013th, 2013b) were fundamental to understand the boundaries of languages, its (multi)literacies, education, in the view the ubiquitous learning and the intense effect on the dimensions of interdisciplinarity, of digital culture. Thus, in a first discussion plan, with the development of the research, there was a need to overcome the basic limit on digital culture studies, which were already experiencing a lot of research to then investigate the implications of these contributions to analyze the aesthetic perception of languages educators. This approach was possible, methodologically, from the principles of qualitative research in lankshear and knobel (2008), based on the concept of aesthetic perception of maffesoli (1999), especially in the expansion of this view held by scherer (2005). According to scherer (2005), the representation that is established in the aesthetic perception is possible by releasing and contemplation in the analysis, which for both authors (maffesoli, 1999; scherer, 2005) becomes significant by constant motion. Thus, this movement, in the research, is reconfigured and by a new reading becomes inherent to the perception that the (multi) literacies provides aesthetic languages in the field of the construction range of meanings. This referral was realized as a result of applying a structured questionnaire with a broad construction of statements and references, which were focused on the provides aesthetic languages in the field of the construction range of meanings. This referral was realized as a result of applying a structured questionnaire with a broad construction of statements and references, which were focused on the main concepts of this study. Methodologically, the composition of the research subjects, was developed voluntarily by art teachers and languages of three campuses that comprise the federal institute of paraná. As data resulting from this qualitative analysis, it became clear that educators have already developed educational practices out over the teaching of languages integrated to new literacies and multiliterates practices. However, they envisioned a need for continuous formation that may develop increasingly an interdisciplinary aesthetic dimension, enabled from the ongoing dialogue with other fields of knowledge. Still, they brought the concern of a pedagogical work focused on the digital culture, placing it open in your daily life for this integration. So, they demonstrated through their perceptions effective proximity of the aesthetic movement of ubiquity in learning, realizing a current importance and recognizing an educational action with (multi)literacies practices in modern
A sociedade contemporânea vive a ubiquidade em sua plenitude. Todavia, a ubiquidade sozinha não reflete a realidade da atual sociedade, mas quando se apropria da flexível habilidade de comunicação nas organizações sociais, integrada à cultura digital, reconfigura uma hipermobilidade desdobrada, ou seja, a ubiquidade das redes, do pensamento, da informação, do conhecimento, da comunicação. Neste sentido, as transformações mediadas pela hipermobilidade e pela ubiquidade tecnológica da cultura digital também repercutem, intensamente, na ação educacional e na aprendizagem, justamente pelo fato destas estarem integradas a esse movimento como uma estética da contemporaneidade. Nesta perspectiva, a presente investigação, desenvolvida no âmbito do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação, Arte e História da Cultura, da Faculdade de Educação da Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, aproxima a abordagem da percepção estética na prática educativa das linguagens à Pedagogia dos (Multi)letramentos e à aprendizagem ubíqua. Para possibilitar estas abordagens, alguns estudos (ROJO, 2009, 2012a, 2012b, 2013; SANTAELLA, 2003, 2007, 2013a, 2013b) foram fundamentais para um entendimento entre as fronteiras das linguagens, seus (multi)letramentos, a educação, na ótica da ubiquidade na aprendizagem e, o intenso efeito nas dimensões da interdisciplinaridade, da cultura digital. Desta forma, num primeiro plano de discussão, com o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, havia a necessidade de ultrapassar o limite de base nos estudos da Cultura Digital, que muitas pesquisas já vinham vivenciando para, então, investigar as implicações destas contribuições para uma análise da percepção estética dos educadores das linguagens. Esse enfoque foi possível, metodologicamente, a partir dos princípios da pesquisa qualitativa de Lankshear e Knobel (2008) e, com base, na concepção de percepção estética de Maffesoli (1999), sobretudo, na ampliação desta concepção realizada por Scherer (2005). Conforme Scherer (2005), a representação que se estabelece na percepção estética é possível pela liberação e contemplação nas análises, que, para ambos os autores (MAFFESOLI, 1999; SCHERER, 2005), torna-se significativo pelo movimento constante. Desse modo, este movimento, na pesquisa, é readequado e, por meio de uma releitura, torna-se inerente à percepção que os (multi)letramentos estéticos propiciam ao campo das linguagens na amplitude da construção de sentidos. Este encaminhamento foi percebido como resultado na aplicação de um questionário estruturado, com uma construção ampla de enunciados e referências, as quais enfocaram as principais concepções deste estudo. Metodologicamente, a composição dos sujeitos da pesquisa, foi desenvolvida de maneira voluntária pelos docentes de Arte e Línguas, de três campi que integram o Instituto Federal do Paraná. Como dados resultantes desta análise qualitativa, ficou claro que os educadores já desenvolvem práticas educativas que vislumbram o ensino das linguagens integrado aos novos letramentos e às práticas multiletradas. Todavia, vislumbraram a necessidade de uma formação continuada para que possam desenvolver, cada vez mais, uma dimensão estética interdisciplinar, possibilitada a partir dos diálogos constantes com outras áreas de conhecimento. Ainda, estes, trouxeram a preocupação de um trabalho pedagógico voltado à cultura digital, colocando-se abertos em seu cotidiano para esta integração. Assim, demonstraram através de suas percepções, uma efetiva proximidade do movimento estético da ubiquidade na aprendizagem, percebendo uma importância atual e reconhecendo uma ação educacional com práticas de (multi)letramentos nos cenários de aprendizagem contemporâneos Learning scenarios.

Teachers with or without special training encounter dyslexic students daily. As such, these teachers need to have tools for these encounters. One hundred seventy-two teachers took part anonymously in an online survey. This paper looks closely at the following: the multi-sensory approach, extra-classroom groups, the impact of motivation and how to motivate students, and the social implications of dyslexia in a classroom situation and what can be done about them. This paper also includes the so-called special stipulations, a part of the Swedish school ordinance that allows a teacher to omit criteria when grading a student under specific circumstances. The survey showed that there is a myriad of different aids being used and that there are many different views on the special stipulations, some positive and some critical. Finally, one of the most important findings shown by the study is that there is a general lack of knowledge about the impact of the opacity of English orthography.
Lärare med eller utan särskild utbildning möter elever med dyslexi dagligen, och behöver därmed verktyg för dessa bemötanden. Etthundrasjuttiotvå lärare deltog anonymt i en online undersökning. Den här uppsatsen tittar närmre på följande: det multi-sensoriska tillvägagångssättet, grupper utanför klassrummet, hur bristen på motivation påverkar elevernas inlärning och hur man kan motivera dem. Även möjliga sociala konsekvenser dyslexi kan ha i en klassrumssituation och vad man kan göra åt dem diskuteras. Till sist ingår även undantagsbestämmelsen, även känd som PYS-paragrafen. Den är en del av den svenska skolförordningen och tillåter en lärare att bortse från enstaka kursmål när det kommer till betygssättning under särskilda omständigheter. Undersökningen visade att det finns ett stort antal hjälpmedel som används, och många olika tankar om undantagsbestämmelsen, en del positiva, andra kritiska. Slutligen så visar min undersökning att det finns en brist på kunskap om den låga transparensen hos den engelska ortografins påverkan.

Online language learning and teaching is a field that has received a significant amount of research attention. What factors could affect student participation in simpler online learning environments has been investigated by researchers, but there has been limited study of factors affecting participation in complex Multi-User Virtual Environments. By using the typical Multi-User Virtual Environment Second Life, three English courses offered by Swedish universities were examined in this thesis. The courses were video-recorded, and selected parts of the recordings were transcribed. The transcribed recordings were complemented by author(s)’ observation, participants’ reflection, an online questionnaire and an online interview. Participation from the courses was measured both quantitatively and qualitatively. Quantitative methods were used to measure, for example, floor space, number of utterances, turn length, number of turns; the qualitative analysis centered on, for instance, utterance functions, discourse analysis, and Conversational Analysis. The results were published in five papers that focused on different central factors affecting participation in Second Life. In this thesis, the findings from those articles are synthesized. Furthermore, on the basis of the findings, a general model of factors affecting participation is presented and discussed to highlight that different factors interrelate and that some factors are particularly important in terms of affecting participation in Multi-User Virtual Environments. These are students’ technical skills, task design, course design, technical support, and Second Life technology. The complex technology also places critical demands on teachers’ technical skills, teaching strategies, and roles that teachers should play. Finally, this thesis argues that it is important to choose a suitable technology for an English course.

[ES] La tecnología multi-táctil se ha convertido en una de las más emergentes tras experimentar un enorme crecimiento desde sus pasos iniciales en los años ochenta hasta su amplia aceptación y uso en la actualidad. Por una parte, la tecnología multi-táctil se basa en el estilo de interacción de manipulación directa el cual proporciona a los usuarios la ventaja de ver los objetos y las acciones de interés, sustituir comandos escritos por acciones de señalado y, además, permite la realización de acciones rápidas, reversibles e incrementales evitando el uso de instrucciones complejas. Por otra parte, diversos trabajos han evaluado las virtudes derivadas de utilizar conjuntamente la manipulación directa con el toque directo mostrando que es posible evitar los problemas inherentes a otras técnicas de interacción como el ratón y el teclado. Por lo tanto, aprovechando la interacción natural e intuitiva proporcionada por la tecnología multi-táctil, ésta parece una forma ideal para dar soporte a la creación de escenarios educativos dirigidos a niños en edad preescolar. Sin embargo, a pesar de la existencia de diversos estudios que evalúan la idoneidad de utilizar el estilo de interacción de manipulación directa, existe una falta de trabajos abordando el uso dispositivos basados en superficies táctiles con niños de una temprana edad. Asimismo, en la actualidad existe una creciente tendencia a diseñar aplicaciones educativas y lúdicas dirigidas a niños en edad preescolar utilizando dispositivos multi-táctiles como los teléfonos inteligentes o las tabletas. Además, diversos informes señalan que los niños son usuarios frecuentes de este tipo de dispositivos y los utilizan incluso antes de ser capaces de hablar. Sin embargo, a pesar de este crecimiento en el uso de la tecnología multi-táctil y su aparente idoneidad para ser utilizado en el desarrollo de aplicaciones educativas para niños en edad preescolar, no existen unas interacciones universales y estandarizadas para preescolares a la hora de utilizar dispositivos táctiles ya que habitualmente sólo se utilizan dos gestos básicos (básicamente, el toque con un dedo para seleccionar y el arrastre con un dedo para el movimiento). Por lo tanto, existe una clara necesidad de llevar a cabo estudios empíricos para contribuir y avanzar en el diseño de aplicaciones que den un soporte adecuado y encaje con las habilidades de los niños en su temprano desarrollo. Por tanto, esta tesis propone, diseña y evalúa diversas estrategias de usabilidad y comunicabilidad adaptadas a los niños en edad preescolar para establecer la base para el diseño y desarrollo de futuras aplicaciones basadas en dispositivos táctiles dirigidas a preescolares. Estas estrategias llevarán a la adecuada definición de guías de diseño que permitirán a los niños aprovechar al máximo la tecnología multi-táctil, harán posible el desarrollo de nuevas y atractivas aplicaciones y, eventualmente, también podrán ayudar al desarrollo cognitivo y motor de los niños.
[CAT] La tecnologia multi-tàctil s'ha convertit en una de les més emergents després d'experimentar un enorme creixement des dels seus passos inicials als anys vuitanta fins l'actualitat on es àmpliament acceptada i utilitzada. D'una banda, la tecnologia multi-tàctil es basa en l'estil d'interacció de manipulació directa, el qual proporciona als usuaris l'avantatge de veure els objectes i les accions d'interès, substituir comandos escrits per accions d'assenyalament i, a més, permet la realització d'accions, ràpides, reversibles i incrementals evitant l'ús d'instruccions complexes. D'altra banda, diversos treballs han avaluat les virtuts derivades d'utilitzar conjuntament la manipulació directa amb el toc directe mostrant que és possible evitar els problemes inherents a altres tècniques d'interacció com el ratolí i el teclat. Per tant, aprofitant la interacció natural i intuïtiva proporcionada per la tecnologia multi-tàctil, aquesta sembla una forma ideal per donar suport a la creació d'escenaris educatius per a xiquets en edat preescolar. No obstant això, malgrat l'existència de diversos estudis que avaluen la idoneïtat d'utilitzar l'estil d'interacció de manipulació directa, existeix una manca de treballs abordant l'ús de dispositius basats en superfícies tàctils amb xiquets d'edat primerenca. Així mateix, en l'actualitat existeix una creixent tendència a dissenyar aplicacions educatives i lúdiques dirigides a xiquets en edat preescolar utilitzant dispositius tàctils com els telèfons intel¿ligents o les tauletes. A més, diversos informes assenyalen que els xiquets són usuaris freqüents d'aquests tipus de dispositius i els utilitzen fins i tot abans de ser capaços de parlar. Malgrat aquest creixement en l'ús de la tecnologia multi-tàctil i la seua aparent idoneïtat per a ser utilitzada en el desenvolupament d'aplicacions educatives per a xiquets en edat preescolar, no existeixen unes interaccions universals i estandarditzades per a preescolars a l'hora d'utilitzar dispositius tàctils ja que habitualment només s'utilitzen dos gestos bàsics (bàsicament, el toc amb un dit per a seleccionar i l'arrossegament amb un dit per al moviment). Per tant, hi ha una clara necessitat de dur a terme estudis empírics per a contribuir i avançar en el disseny d'aplicacions que donen un suport adequat i s'ajusten amb les habilitats dels xiquets en el seu primerenc desenvolupament. Per tant, la tesi proposa, dissenya i avalua diverses estratègies de usabilitat i comunicabilitat adaptades als xiquets en edat preescolar per tal d'establir la base per al disseny i desenvolupament de futures aplicacions basades en dispositius tàctils dirigides a preescolars. Aquestes estratègies portaran a l'adequada definició de guies de disseny que permetran als xiquets aprofitar al màxim la tecnologia multi-tàctil, faran possible el desenvolupament de noves i atractives aplicacions i, eventualment, podran també ajudar al desenvolupament cognitiu i motor dels xiquets.
[EN] Multi-touch technology has become one of the most emergent technologies and has had an enormous growth since its initial steps in the eighties to be widespread accepted and used in the present. On the one hand, multi-touch technology relies on the direct manipulation interaction style which gives users the advantage to view the objects and actions of interest, replace typed commands by pointing actions and to perform rapid, reversible and incremental actions avoiding using complex instructions. On the other hand, several works have evaluated the virtues when joining direct manipulation with direct-touching showing that it solves the problems inherent in other interaction devices, such as those involving mouse or keyboard. Hence, taking advantage of the intuitive and natural interaction provided by multi-touch technology it seems an ideal way to support educational scenarios targeted to kindergarten children. Although several works have assessed the suitability of using the direct manipulation style with children, there is a lack of works addressing the use of touchscreen devices by this specific type of users. Moreover, there is a growing trend of designing educational and playful applications targeted to kindergarten children based on touchscreen devices such as smartphones and tablets. In addition, several reports point out that children use touchscreen devices even before they are able to speak and they are frequent users of devices such as smartphones and tablets. However, despite this growth in the use of multi-touch technology by children and its apparent suitability to be used to develop applications targeted to young children, there is a lack of standardized and universally accepted interactions for young children when using touchscreen devices since only two basic gestures are commonly used (basically, consisting of only one-finger touch for selection and one-finger drag for movement). Hence, there is a need of carrying out empirical studies to help and advance in the design of applications that adequately support and fit with children's development and skills. Therefore, this thesis proposes, designs and evaluates several usability and communicability strategies tailored to children in their early development stage to establish the design and development of future applications targeted to kindergarten children. These strategies will lead to define appropriate design strategies that enable infants to take full advantage of multi-touch technology, would make it possible to develop attractive new applications and, eventually, could also aid children's cognitive and motor development.
Nácher Soler, VE. (2019). Kindertivity: Usability and Communicability Strategies for Interactive Surfaces and Pre-Kindergarten Children [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/116833
TESIS

The main purpose of this study is to observe the L2 acquisition effect of studying abroad during approximately four months in Swedish non-native speakers (NNSs) of Spanish with respect to their use of multi-word structures (MWSs) as compared to native speakers (NSs). In addition, this evolutionary study has a secondary aim which is to see the effect of the activity type on the amount and distribution of the MWSs encountered.    This study shows positive effects of a study abroad period in L2 use and, particularly, regarding MWSs. It has been shown that the amount and variety of the NNSs’ MWSs have increased during their stay in Spain, and that the differences with the NSs in the use of MWSs have diminished or even, in some cases, disappeared. It is notable the improvement in the NNSs’ discourse competence. The study also shows that the type of task affects the results. Thus, the negotiations that contain specialised vocabulary which participants are familiar with, yield a higher token frequency of MWSs among NSs and NNSs than the focus group discussions, more free and spontaneous. The negotiations also yield a higher token frequency of conceptual MWSs, especially noun phrases, because of the specialised vocabulary, more complex and subject to greater nominalisation.The focus group discussions have a higher token frequency of own-management MWSs than the negotiations, which is attributed to a higher communicative pressure. On the other hand, the token frequency of interaction management MWSs is higher among the NSs in the mixed group discussions compared to those with only NSs, as a result of collaborative interaction between the NSs and the NNSs. Individual differences among NNSs have also been observed and five profiles have been distinguished. These differences decrease in general at the end of the stay, which also indicates a positive development. There is a positive development in all profiles, which is reflected in significant changes in the amount and variety of the MWSs, their distribution in categories or in the emergence of more complex types. A direct link has also been observed between communication orientedness, participation in conversation and a positive development.

Advances in Internet-of-Things integrate sensors and actuators in everyday items or even people transforming our society at an accelerated pace. This occurs in areas such as agriculture, logistics, transport, healthcare, and smart cities and has created new ways to interact with and experience entertainment, (serious) games, education, etc. Common to these domains is the challenge to realize and maintain complex relations with any object or individual globally, with the requirement for immediacy in maintaining relations of varying complexity. Existing architectures for maintaining relations on the Internet, e.g., DNS and search engines are insufficient in meeting these challenges. Their deficiencies mandate the research presented in this dissertation enabling the maintenance of dynamic and multi-criteria relationships among entities in real-time in an Internet-of-Things while minimizing the overall cost for maintaining such context-centric relationships. A second challenge is the need to represent nearness in context-centric relationships, since solutions need to build on what is closely related. The dissertation shows that the proximity on relations can be used to bring about the scalability of maintaining relationships across the IoT. It successfully demonstrates the concept and feasibility of self-organizing context-centric overlay networks for maintaining scalable and real-time relationships between endpoints co-located with associated physical entities. This is complemented by an object model for annotating objects and their relationships as derived and defined over the underpinning context interactions. Complementing measures of nearness are added through a non-metric multi-criteria approach to evaluating the notion of context proximity. A query language and an extension to the publish-subscribe approaches achieves distributed support for discovering such relationships; locating entities relative to a defined hyper-sphere of interest. Furthermore, it introduces adaptive algorithms for maintaining such relationships at minimal overall costs. The results demonstrate the feasibility of moving towards context-centric approaches to immersion and that such approaches are realizable over vast and distributed heterogeneous collections of user and their associated context information.

The prevalence of graphs in emerging applications has recently raised a lot of research interests. To acquire interesting information hidden in large graphs, tasks including link prediction, collaborative recommendation, and reputation ranking, all make use of proximities between graph nodes. The discounted hitting time (DHT), which is a random-walk similarity measure for graph node pairs, has shown to be useful in various applications. In this thesis, we examine a novel query, called the multi-way join (or n-way join), over DHT scores. Given a graph and n sets of nodes, the n-way join retrieves a ranked list of n-tuples with the k highest scores, according to some aggregation function of DHT values. By extracting such top-k results, this query enables the analysis and prediction of various complex relationships among n sets of nodes on a large graph. Since an n-way join is expensive to evaluate, we develop the Partial Join algorithm (or PJ). This solution decomposes an n-way join into a number of top-m 2-way joins, and combines their results to construct the answer of the n-way join. Since the process of PJ may necessitate the computation of top-(m + 1) 2-way joins, we study an incremental solution, which saves the trouble of recomputation and allows the results of top-(m+1) 2-way join to be derived quickly from the top-m 2-way join results earlier computed. For better performance, we further examine efficient processing algorithms and pruning techniques for 2-way joins. Through extensive experiments on three real graph datasets, we show that the proposed PJ algorithm accurately evaluates n-way joins, and is four orders of magnitude faster than basic solutions.
published_or_final_version
Computer Science
Master
Master of Philosophy

This research project involved the creation of a viable, interdisciplinary language-learning curriculum for the middle-school child who is experiencing his/ her initial contact with a language other than the native tongue. The course is exploratory in nature, lasting only nine weeks of the school year and was developed from a humanistic point of View, taking into account the special academic, emotional, and social needs of the preadolescent. Course content focuses on the development of students’ listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills and the importance of cultivating awareness and respect for the culture of the world’s peoples who communicate in the foreign language on a daily basis. Although French is the target language, student performance objectives and the enabling activities can easily be adapted to meet the needs of learners in other foreign- language classes.

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To achieve quality and productivity in software development, software reuse is necessary nowadays. One way of doing so is generative reuse, which consists of automatic selecting and grouping software components. Generative software reuse can be done by employing Domain Specific Languages (DSL's). These languages specify a system in a high level of abstraction. This work proposes TOD-LED, a technique based on ontologies for the development of DSL's on Multi-Agent Domain Engineering. This technique guides the specification of DSL's using domain models developed with GRAMO, a technique for Domain Analysis in Multi-Agent Domain Engineering. TOD-LED uses ONTOLED, an ontology that represents the knowledge about the development of DSL's. The specification of a DSL is represented as an instance of ONTOLED. A case study was developed to evaluate TOD-LED. The case study consists of the specification of LESRF, a DSL for the development of systems for dynamic and non structured information access.
Por motivos de qualidade e produtividade, o reuso de software é uma prática necessária no desenvolvimento dos sistemas atuais. Uma das formas do reuso de software é a reutilização gerativa, que consiste em selecionar e agrupar componentes de software de forma automática. A reutilização gerativa pode ser feita com o uso de linguagens específicas de domínio (LED s), que especificam sistemas em alto nível de abstração. Neste trabalho é proposta a TOD-LED, uma técnica baseada em ontologias para o desenvolvimento de LED's na Engenharia de Domínio Multiagente. Esta técnica guia a especificação de LED's a partir de modelos de domínio desenvolvidos com a GRAMO, uma técnica para a análise de domínio na Engenharia de Domínio Multiagente. A TOD-LED utiliza a ONTOLED, uma ontologia que representa o conhecimento acerca do desenvolvimento de LED's. A especificação de uma LED é representada por uma instância da ONTOLED. É também apresentado um estudo de caso para avaliar a técnica proposta. O estudo de caso consiste na especificação da LESRF (Linguagem de Especificação de Sistemas para a Recuperação e Filtragem de informação), uma LED para o desenvolvimento de aplicações para o acesso à informação dinâmica e não estruturada.

This dissertation develops a new model transformation approach that supports engineering model integration, which is essential to support contemporary interdisciplinary system design processes. We extend traditional model transformation, which has been primarily used for software engineering, to enable model-based systems engineering (MBSE) so that the model transformation can handle more general engineering models. We identify two issues that arise when applying the traditional model transformation to general engineering modeling domains. The first is instance data integration: the traditional model transformation theory does not deal with instance data, which is essential for executing engineering models in engineering tools. The second is syntactical inconsistency: various engineering tools represent engineering models in a proprietary syntax. However, the traditional model transformation cannot handle this syntactic diversity. In order to address these two issues, we propose a new multi-layer syntactical model transformation approach. For the instance integration issue, this approach generates model transformation rules for instance data from the result of a model transformation that is developed for user model integration, which is the normal purpose of traditional model transformation. For the syntactical inconsistency issue, we introduce the concept of the complete meta-model for defining how to represent a model syntactically as well as semantically. Our approach addresses the syntactical inconsistency issue by generating necessary complete meta-models using a special type of model transformation.

Cloud computing represents a fundamental change in the way organizations acquire technological resources (e.g., hardware, development and execution environments, applications); where, instead of buying them, they acquire remote access to them in the form of cloud services supplied through the Internet. Among the main characteristics of cloud computing is the allocation of resources in an agile and elastic way, reserved or released depending on the demand of the users or applications, enabling the payment model based on consumption metrics. The development of cloud applications mostly follows an incremental approach, where the incremental delivery of functionalities to the client changes - or reconfigures - successively the current architecture of the application. Cloud providers have their own standards for both implementation technologies and service management mechanisms, requiring solutions that facilitate: building, integrating and deploying portable services; interoperability between services deployed across different cloud providers; and continuity In the execution of the application while its architecture is reconfigured product of the integration of the successive increments. The principles of the model-driven development approach, the architectural style service-oriented architectures, and the dynamic reconfiguration play an important role in this context. The hypothesis of this doctoral thesis is that model-driven development methods provide cloud service developers with abstraction and automation mechanisms for the systematic application of the principles of model engineering during the design, implementation, and incremental deployment of cloud services, facilitating the dynamic reconfiguration of the service-oriented architecture of cloud applications. The main objective of this doctoral thesis is therefore to define and validate empirically DIARy, a method of dynamic and incremental reconfiguration of service-oriented architectures for cloud applications. This method will allow specifying the architectural integration of the increment with the current cloud application, and with this information to automate the derivation of implementation artifacts that facilitate the integration and dynamic reconfiguration of the service architecture of the cloud application. This dynamic reconfiguration is achieved by running reconfiguration artifacts that not only deploy / un-deploy increment's services and orchestration services between services of the increment with the services of the current cloud application; but also, they change the links between services at runtime. A software infrastructure that supports the activities of the proposed method has also been designed and implemented. The software infrastructure includes the following components: i) a set of DSLs, with their respective graphical editors, that allow to describe aspects related to the architectural integration, implementation and provisioning of increments in cloud environments; ii) transformations that generate platform-specific implementation and provisioning models; (iii) transformations that generate artifacts that implement integration logic and orchestration of services, and scripts of provisioning, deployment, and dynamic reconfiguration for different cloud vendors. This doctoral thesis contributes to the field of service-oriented architectures and in particular to the dynamic reconfiguration of cloud services architectures in an iterative and incremental development context. The main contribution is a well-defined method, based on the principles of model-driven development, which makes it easy to raise the level of abstraction and automate, through transformations, the generation of artifacts that perform the dynamic reconfiguration of cloud applications.
La computación cloud representa un cambio fundamental en la manera en la que las organizaciones adquieren recursos tecnológicos (p. ej., hardware, entornos de desarrollo y ejecución, aplicaciones); en donde, en lugar de comprarlos adquieren acceso remoto a ellos en forma de servicios cloud suministrados a través de Internet. Entre las principales características de la computación cloud está la asignación de recursos de manera ágil y elástica, reservados o liberados dependiendo de la demanda de los usuarios o aplicaciones, posibilitando el modelo de pago basado en métricas de consumo. El desarrollo de aplicaciones cloud sigue mayoritariamente un enfoque incremental, en donde la entrega incremental de funcionalidades al cliente cambia - o reconfigura - sucesivamente la arquitectura actual de la aplicación. Los proveedores cloud tienen sus propios estándares tanto para las tecnologías de implementación como para los mecanismos de gestión de servicios, requiriéndose soluciones que faciliten: la construcción, integración y despliegue de servicios portables; la interoperabilidad entre servicios desplegados en diferentes proveedores cloud; y la continuidad en la ejecución de la aplicación mientras su arquitectura es reconfigurada producto de la integración de los sucesivos incrementos. Los principios del enfoque de desarrollo dirigido por modelos, del estilo arquitectónico de arquitecturas orientadas a servicios y de la reconfiguración dinámica cumplen un papel importante en este contexto. La hipótesis de esta tesis doctoral es que los métodos de desarrollo dirigido por modelos brindan a los desarrolladores de servicios cloud mecanismos de abstracción y automatización para la aplicación sistemática de los principios de la ingeniería de modelos durante el diseño, implementación y despliegue incremental de servicios cloud, facilitando la reconfiguración dinámica de la arquitectura orientada a servicios de las aplicaciones cloud. El objetivo principal de esta tesis doctoral es por tanto definir y validar empíricamente DIARy, un método de reconfiguración dinámica e incremental de arquitecturas orientadas a servicios. Este método permitirá especificar la integración arquitectónica del incremento con la aplicación cloud actual, y con esta información automatizar la derivación de los artefactos de implementación que faciliten la integración y reconfiguración dinámica de la arquitectura de servicios de la aplicación cloud. Esta reconfiguración dinámica se consigue al ejecutar los artefactos de reconfiguración que no solo despliegan/repliegan los servicios del incremento y servicios de orquestación entre los servicios del incremento con los servicios de la aplicación cloud actual; sino también, cambian en tiempo de ejecución los enlaces entre servicios. También se ha diseñado e implementado una infraestructura software que soporta las actividades del método propuesto e incluye los siguientes componentes: i) un conjunto de DSLs, con sus respectivos editores gráficos, que permiten describir aspectos relacionados a la integración arquitectónica, implementación y aprovisionamiento de incrementos en entornos cloud; ii) transformaciones que generan modelos de implementación y aprovisionamiento; iii) transformaciones que generan artefactos que implementan la lógica de integración y orquestación de servicios, y scripts de aprovisionamiento, despliegue y reconfiguración dinámica específicos para distintos proveedores cloud. Esta tesis doctoral contribuye al campo de las arquitecturas orientadas a servicios y en particular a la reconfiguración dinámica de arquitecturas de servicios cloud en contextos de desarrollo iterativo e incremental. El principal aporte es un método bien definido, basado en los principios del desarrollo dirigido por modelos, que facilita elevar el nivel de abstracción y automatizar por medio de transformaciones la generación de artefactos que real
La computació cloud representa un canvi fonamental en la manera en què les organitzacions adquirixen recursos tecnològics (ej., maquinari, entorns de desplegament i execució, aplicacions) ; on, en compte de comprar-los adquirixen accés remot a ells en forma de servicis cloud subministrats a través d'Internet. Entre les principals característiques de la computació cloud els recursos cloud són assignats de manera àgil i elàstica, reservats o alliberats depenent de la demanda dels usuaris o aplicacions, possibilitant el model de pagament basat en mètriques de consum. El desenrotllament d'aplicacions cloud seguix majoritàriament un enfocament incremental, on l'entrega incremental de funcionalitats al client canvia - o reconfigura - successivament l'arquitectura actual de l'aplicació. Els proveïdors cloud tenen els seus propis estàndards tant per a les tecnologies d'implementació com per als mecanismes de gestió de servicis, requerint-se solucions que faciliten: la construcció, integració i desplegament de servicis portables; la interoperabilitat entre servicis desplegats en diferents proveïdors cloud; i la continuïtat en l'execució de l'aplicació mentres la seua arquitectura és reconfigurada producte de la integració dels successius increments. Els principis de l'enfocament de desenrotllament dirigit per models, de l'estil arquitectònic d'arquitectures orientades a servicis i de la reconfiguració dinàmica complixen un paper important en este context. La hipòtesi d'esta tesi doctoral és que els mètodes de desenrotllament dirigit per models brinden als desenvolupadors de servicis cloud mecanismes d'abstracció i automatització per a l'aplicació sistemàtica dels principis de l'enginyeria de models durant el disseny, implementació i desplegament incremental de servicis cloud, facilitant la reconfiguració dinàmica de l'arquitectura orientada a servicis de les aplicacions cloud. L'objectiu principal d'esta tesi doctoral és per tant de definir i validar empí-ricamente DIARy, un mètode de reconfiguració dinàmica i incremental d'arquitectures orientades a servicis per a aplicacions cloud. Este mètode permetrà especificar la integració arquitectònica de l'increment amb l'aplicació cloud actual, i amb esta informació automatitzar la derivació dels artefactes d'implementació que faciliten la integració i reconfiguració dinàmica de l'arquitectura de servicis de l'aplicació cloud. Esta reconfi-guración dinàmica s'aconseguix a l'executar els artefactes de reconfiguració que no sols despleguen/repleguen els servicis de l'increment i servicis d'orquestració entre els servicis de l'increment amb els servicis de l'aplicació cloud actual; sinó també, canvien en temps d'execució els enllaços entre servicis. També s'ha dissenyat i implementat una infraestructura programari que suporta les activitats del mètode proposat i inclou els següents components: i) un conjunt de DSLs, amb els seus respectius editors gràfics, que permeten descriure aspectes relacionats a la integració arquitectònica, implementació i aprovisionament en entorns cloud dels increments; ii) transformacions que generen models d'implementació i aprovisionament específics de la plataforma a partir dels models d'integració d'alt nivell; iii) transformacions que generen artefactes que implementen la lògica d'integració i orquestració de servicis, i scripts d'aprovisionament, desplegament i reconfiguració dinàmica específics per a distints proveïdors cloud. Esta tesi doctoral contribuïx al camp de les arquitectures orientades a servicis i en particular a la reconfiguració dinàmica d'arquitectures de servicis cloud en contextos de desenrotllament iteratiu i incremental. La principal aportació és un mètode ben definit, basat en els principis del desenrotllament dirigit per models, que facilita elevar el nivell d'abstracció i automatitzar per mitjà de transformacions la generació d'artefactes que r
Zuñiga Prieto, MÁ. (2017). Reconfiguración Dinámica e Incremental de Arquitecturas de Servicios Cloud Dirigida por Modelos [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/86288
TESIS

This MSc Thesis is focused on the multimodeling area, especially on the cooperation of the C++ language and the Prolog language. The recent research is established on my semester study, which also dealt with the multimodeling area. During this research a prototype of interconnection library for cooperation of above mentioned programming languages was developed. This prototype of the library was finished within the scope of this thesis and some case-studies were created, too, using also another simulation library - SIMLIB/C++. These case-studies have their focus in the problems of artificial intelligence. The main benefit of this thesis is the confrontation of methods with and without using artificial intelligence.

The last decade has seen the transition from single-core processors to multi-cores and many-cores. This move has by and large shifted the responsibility from chip manufacturers to programmers to keep up with ever-increasing expectations on performance. In the single-core era, improvements in hardware capacity could immediately be leveraged by an application: faster machine - faster program. In the age of the multi-cores, this is no longer the case. Programs must be written in specific ways to utilize available parallel hardware resources. Programming language support for concurrent and parallel programming is poor in most popular object-oriented programming languages. Shared memory, threads and locks is the most common concurrency model provided. Threads and locks are hard to understand, error-prone and inflexible; they break encapsulation - the very foundation of the object-oriented approach. This makes it hard to break large complex problems into smaller pieces which can be solved independently and composed to make a whole. Ubiquitous parallelism and object-orientation, seemingly, do not match. Actors, or active objects, have been proposed as a concurrency model better fit for object-oriented programming than threads and locks. Asynchronous message passing between actors each with a logical thread of control preserves encapsulation as objects themselves decide when messages are executed. Unfortunately most implementations of active objects do not prevent sharing of mutable objects across actors. Sharing, whether on purpose or by accident, exposes objects to multiple threads of control, destroying object encapsulation. In this thesis we show techniques for compiler-enforced isolation of active objects, while allowing sharing and zero-copy communication of mutable data in the cases where it is safe to do so. We also show how the same techniques that enforce isolation can be utilized internal to an active object to allow data race-free parallel message processing and data race-free structured parallel computations. This overcomes the coarse-grained nature of active object parallelism without compromising safety.
UPMARC

This multiple ethnographic case studies aims to investigate the critical literacy which emerged and emanated in the Chinese classrooms using drama as pedagogy. Drawing on the perspectives of Critical theories, Bakhtin Mikhail's dialogism, and also the literatures on critical literacy, this study argues that there is disparity of statuses of languages, knowledges, cultures and peoples within the Chinese language classrooms. Considering that indoctrinated teaching, official Chinese language and functional literacy are deeply ingrained within Chinese education, this study explore the efficacy of drama to promote pupils' voices and transform the Chinese language education. Concepts grounded in dialogism such as habitus, anwerability, voice, carnival were applied to constitute a theoretical frame for data analysis. Finally, six Chinese classrooms were selected as cases for in-depth discussion. It was found that there was an absence of dichotomous practice of critical dialogical literacy when drama was used. Instead, shades of grey of criticality and dialogicality were identified within those case study classrooms, showing that the dynamic and intricate power relations between pupils and teachers, as well as the interplay between the official language, culture, knowledge and habitus and those of the unofficial. The results also revealed that the more drama was applied in the classroom, more lively and carnivalesque the classroom was, and hence a higher degree of criticality and dialogicality. It was found that drama allows pupils to participate and create their learning content and environment. In addition to the use of drama, the use of space, the classroom order, the teaching materials, the classroom talk and discussion, the pupils' bodily response all are crucial for giving rise to a dialogic space for drama to take place. All these elements worked as the integral architectonics which affected the emergence and development of pupils' voices.

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The generative approach is one of the most productive ways to promote automatic reuse in software product lines, associated with Domain Engineering techniques and methodologies. The multi-agent paradigm aims to provide solutions to approach the growing complexity of software that should operate in non-predictable environments or exposed to fast changes. To obtain the benefits of automatic reuse in multi-agent system families, we need appropriate methods for the multi-agent paradigm, main study object of Multi-agent Domain Engineering. This work proposes GENMADEM, an ontology-based methodology for generative reuse in Multi-agent Domain Engineering whose main products are ontology-based domain models, Domain Specific Languages (DSLs) and application generators. It also contributes with ONTOGENMADEM, an ontology composed by an ontology and a plug-in to the ontology editor Protégé that supports the application of GENMADEM, aiding the analysis, design and implementation of DSLs. A case study that consists of the development of a DSL and a generator design for the domain of information filtering and retrieval is also presented with the goal of evaluation of the methodology.
A abordagem gerativa é um dos meios mais produtivos para promover o reuso automático em linhas de produção de software, aliado a técnicas e metodologias da Engenharia de Domínio. O paradigma multiagente visa fornecer soluções para abordar a crescente complexidade dos softwares que devem operar em ambientes não predizíveis ou sujeitos a mudanças rápidas. Para obtermos os benefícios do reuso automático em famílias de sistemas multiagente, precisamos de métodos adequados ao paradigma multiagente, que são objetos de estudo da Engenharia de Domínio Multiagente. Este trabalho propõe a GENMADEM, uma metodologia baseada em ontologias para o reuso gerativo na Engenharia de Domínio Multiagente cujos principais produtos são modelos de domínio baseados em ontologias, Linguagens Específicas de Domínio (LEDs) e geradores de aplicação. Ele também contribui com a ONTOGENMADEM, uma ferramenta composta por uma ontologia e um plugin para o editor de ontologias Protégé que suporta a aplicação da GENMADEM, auxiliando na análise, projeto e implementação de LEDS. Um estudo de caso que consiste no desenvolvimento de uma LED e projeto do gerador para o domínio da recuperação e filtragem de informação também é apresentado com o objetivo de avaliar a metodologia.

Le point de départ de cette recherche concerne la question suivante : l’acquisition de la lecture, peut-il être plus ou moins efficace en fonction de la langue dans laquelle il s’effectue? Deux catégories pour classer les langues on été définies dans ce travail. Premièrement, la notion de famille linguistique est à la base d’une description des langues à partir d'une perspective historique et culturelle. Deuxièmement la notion de profondeur orthographique est mobilisée, celle-ci différencie les langues en fonction de la correspondance entre l'orthographe et la phonétique. Ces catégories ont été mises en rapport avec les bases de données PIRLS 2001 et 2006 (étude internationale sur la lecture menée par l'IEA), afin de relier la performance en lecture et la langue dans laquelle les élèves ont répondu au test. Toutefois, il est clair que la langue n'est pas un facteur isolé, car elle fait partie d'un ensemble complexe de déterminants; ainsi, des facteurs liés aux élèves et au milieu scolaire ont également été incorporés dans l'étude. En outre, il a été tenu compte de la multidimensionnalité du processus de lecture, en distinguant dans les analyses les différents domaines mesurés par l’enquête : lecture d'informative, littéraire, et compréhension des processus d'ordre complexe et simple. Pour répondre aux questions de cette recherche nous avons élaboré un modèle statistique hiérarchique capable de rendre compte de la relation entre la compréhension de la lecture, la langue et les facteurs qui y sont associés. En dernière analyse, les facteurs contextuels (individuels et scolaires) se sont révélés être plus importants que la langue elle-même. En outre, les déterminants du niveau en lecture dépendent des systèmes éducatifs observés dans cette enquête
The starting point of this research is the question, may reading acquisition be more or less effective depending on the language in which it is perform? Two categories for classifying the languages have been developed. First the notion of linguistic family is employed to describe the languages from a cultural and historical perspective. Secondly, the notion of orthographic depth is used for differentiating the languages according to the correspondence between orthography and phonetic. These categories have been related to the databases PIRLS 2001 and 2006 (international assessments about reading developed by the IEA), the aim being to connect reading achievement to the language in which students answered the test. However, it is clear that the language is not an isolated factor, but part of a complex structure of determinants of reading. Therefore, factors related to students and schools have also been incorporated to this research. Moreover, the multidimensionality of the reading process has been taken into account by distinguishing in the analysis the different aspects that made the process according to PIRLS: informative reading, literary reading, process comprehension of high and low order. To answer to the questions proposed by this research a hierarchical statistical model (multilevel) was developed, it was able to account for the connection between reading achievement, language and other associated factors. As a result, contextual factors (home and school) were more significant than language. Moreover, determinacy may vary if taking into account educational systems

L'évolution continue des architectures des processeurs a été un moteur important de la recherche en compilation. Une tendance dans cette évolution qui existe depuis l'avènement des ordinateurs modernes est le rapport grandissant entre la puissance de calcul disponible (IPS, FLOPS, ...) et la bande-passante correspondante qui est disponible entre les différents niveaux de la hiérarchie mémoire (registres, cache, mémoire vive). En conséquence la réduction du nombre de communications mémoire requis par un code donnée a constitué un sujet de recherche important. Un principe de base en la matière est l'amélioration de la localité temporelle des données: regrouper dans le temps l'ensemble des accès à une donnée précise pour qu'elle ne soit requise que pendant peu de temps et pour qu'elle puisse ensuite être transféré vers de la mémoire lointaine (mémoire vive) sans communications supplémentaires.Une toute autre évolution architecturale a été l'arrivée de l'ère des multicoeurs et au cours des dernières années les premières générations de processeurs manycoeurs. Ces architectures ont considérablement accru la quantité de parallélisme à la disposition des programmes et algorithmes mais ceci est à nouveau limité par la bande-passante disponible pour les communications entres coeurs. Ceci a amené dans le monde de la compilation et des techniques d'optimisation des problèmes qui étaient jusqu'à là uniquement connus en calcul distribué.Dans ce texte nous présentons les premiers travaux sur une nouvelle technique d'optimisation, le pavage généralisé qui a l'avantage d'utiliser un modèle abstrait pour la réutilisation des données et d'être en même temps utilisable dans un grand nombre de contextes. Cette technique trouve son origine dans le pavage de boucles, une techniques déjà bien connue et qui a été utilisée avec succès pour l'amélioration de la localité des données dans les boucles imbriquées que ce soit pour les registres ou pour le cache. Cette nouvelle variante du pavage suit une vision beaucoup plus large et ne se limite pas au cas des boucles imbriquées. Elle se base sur une nouvelle représentation, le graphe d'utilisation mémoire, qui est étroitement lié à un nouveau modèle de besoins en termes de mémoire et de communications et qui s'applique à toute forme de code exécuté itérativement. Le pavage généralisé exprime la localité des données comme un problème d'optimisation pour lequel plusieurs solutions sont proposées. L'abstraction faite par le graphe d'utilisation mémoire permet la résolution du problème d'optimisation dans différents contextes. Pour l'évaluation expérimentale nous montrons comment utiliser cette nouvelle technique dans le cadre des boucles, imbriquées ou non, ainsi que dans le cas des programmes exprimés dans un langage à flot-de-données. En anticipant le fait d'utiliser le pavage généralisé pour la distribution des calculs entre les cœurs d'une architecture manycoeurs nous donnons aussi des éléments de réponse pour modéliser les communications et leurs caractéristiques sur ce genre d'architectures. En guise de point final, et pour montrer l'étendue de l'expressivité du graphe d'utilisation mémoire et le modèle de besoins en mémoire et communications sous-jacent, nous aborderons le sujet du débogage de performances et l'analyse des traces d'exécution. Notre but est de fournir un retour sur le potentiel d'amélioration en termes de localité des données du code évalué. Ce genre de traces peut contenir des informations au sujet des communications mémoire durant l'exécution et a de grandes similitudes avec le problème d'optimisation précédemment étudié. Ceci nous amène à une brève introduction dans le monde de l'algorithmique des graphes dirigés et la mise-au-point de quelques nouvelles heuristiques pour le problème connu de joignabilité mais aussi pour celui bien moins étudié du partitionnement convexe
The continuous evolution of computer architectures has been an important driver of research in code optimization and compiler technologies. A trend in this evolution that can be traced back over decades is the growing ratio between the available computational power (IPS, FLOPS, ...) and the corresponding bandwidth between the various levels of the memory hierarchy (registers, cache, DRAM). As a result the reduction of the amount of memory communications that a given code requires has been an important topic in compiler research. A basic principle for such optimizations is the improvement of temporal data locality: grouping all references to a single data-point as close together as possible so that it is only required for a short duration and can be quickly moved to distant memory (DRAM) without any further memory communications.Yet another architectural evolution has been the advent of the multicore era and in the most recent years the first generation of manycore designs. These architectures have considerably raised the bar of the amount of parallelism that is available to programs and algorithms but this is again limited by the available bandwidth for communications between the cores. This brings some issues thatpreviously were the sole preoccupation of distributed computing to the world of compiling and code optimization techniques.In this document we present a first dive into a new optimization technique which has the promise of offering both a high-level model for data reuses and a large field of potential applications, a technique which we refer to as generalized tiling. It finds its source in the already well-known loop tiling technique which has been applied with success to improve data locality for both register and cache-memory in the case of nested loops. This new "flavor" of tiling has a much broader perspective and is not limited to the case of nested loops. It is build on a new representation, the memory-use graph, which is tightly linked to a new model for both memory usage and communication requirements and which can be used for all forms of iterate code.Generalized tiling expresses data locality as an optimization problem for which multiple solutions are proposed. With the abstraction introduced by the memory-use graph it is possible to solve this optimization problem in different environments. For experimental evaluations we show how this new technique can be applied in the contexts of loops, nested or not, as well as for computer programs expressed within a dataflow language. With the anticipation of using generalized tiling also to distributed computations over the cores of a manycore architecture we also provide some insight into the methods that can be used to model communications and their characteristics on such architectures.As a final point, and in order to show the full expressiveness of the memory-use graph and even more the underlying memory usage and communication model, we turn towards the topic of performance debugging and the analysis of execution traces. Our goal is to provide feedback on the evaluated code and its potential for further improvement of data locality. Such traces may contain information about memory communications during an execution and show strong similarities with the previously studied optimization problem. This brings us to a short introduction to the algorithmics of directed graphs and the formulation of some new heuristics for the well-studied topic of reachability and the much less known problem of convex partitioning

In recent years, some of the research within the field of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) seems to have gone through a re-orientation, shifting focus from form to practice. This has highlighted the dynamic nature of languages and identities performed in interaction, leading to the conceptualization of ‘English as a multi-lingua franca’, which refers to placing emphasis on multilingualism in ELF interactions. While much of ELF research has favored in-person spoken interaction, the increasing presence of electronically mediated intercultural communication (EMIC) in society encourages a consideration of online communication as a setting for ELF usage. Online interactions veer between written and spoken communication, thus providing many ways for speakers to express their linguistic identities and show ownership of the language produced. As such, in this paper a temporary multilingual social configuration was observed with regards to participants’ linguistic behavior. Six participants were asked to engage in discussion throughout one week in an online group chat, with the aim of acquiring further insight into how linguistic identity is performed in relation to language ownership and linguistic innovation by ELF speakers within the context of an online environment. The EMIC data was supported by individual interviews that took place prior to the group discussion, and follow-up interviews after the chat had ended. Through a qualitative thematic analysis, the research questions were discussed in relation to the three main focal issues of the study, i.e., linguistic identity, language ownership and linguistic innovation. The findings are in line with recent research that indicate that ELF is a multilingual practice that is shaped by its speakers, as well as the specific context of the interaction.

L'accroissement régulier de la fréquence des micro-processeurs et des importants gains de puissance qui en avaient résulté ont pris fin en 2005. Les autres techniques matérielles d'amélioration de performance se sont largement essouflées. Les fabricants de micro-processeurs ont donc choisi d'exploiter le nombre croissant de transistors disponibles en plaçant plusieurs cœurs de processeurs sur une même puce. Dans cette thèse, nous préparons l'arrivée de processeurs multi-cœur à grand nombre de cœurs par des recherches dans trois directions. Premièrement, nous améliorons l'environnement de parallélisation CAPSULE (parallélisation conditionnelle) en lui adjoignant des primitives de synchronization de tâches robustes. Nous montrons les gains obtenus par rapport aux approches usuelles en terme de rapidité et de stabilité du temps d'exécution. Deuxièmement, nous adaptons CAPSULE à des machines à mémoire distribuée en présentant un modèle de données qui permet au système de déplacer automatiquement les données en fonction des accès effectués par les programmes. De nouveaux algorithmes répartis et locaux permettent de décider de la création effective des tâches et de leur répartition. Troisièmement, nous développons un nouveau simulateur d'évènements discrets, SiMany, qui peut prendre en charge des centaines à des milliers de cœurs. Il est plus de 100 fois plus rapide que les meilleurs simulateurs flexibles actuels. Après validation, nous montrons que SiMany permet l'exploration d'un plus large champ d'architectures ainsi que l'étude des grandes lignes du comportement des logiciels sur celles-ci.

The purpose of this study was to understand the lived experiences of Jamaican Expatriate Female C-suite executives in the diaspora of working in Multi-national Companies (MNCs). A further question to be answered was the meaning they derived from their experiences. With little research emerging from the Caribbean about this elite class of professionals, the research intended to expose the challenges faced as an outsider in unfamiliar spaces. Research on other groups have exposed limiting factors to women’s progress in MNCs. Critical Race Theory with a brief mention of Critical Human Geography and Intersectionality are lens applied to critique the experiences of the eight participants. This research mined the extant literature that looked at navigating barriers, disrupting stereotypes and gender diversity in international careers. The method of inquiry applied to this research was existential phenomenology and its utility in getting to the essence of the women’s lived experiences highlighted the glass-border phenomenon. In reflecting on the outcome, this research opens the door for scholars and practitioners alike, to critically assess the expatriate literature and to probe further the complex relationship between international business, the movement of black talent across geographic and culturally diverse boundaries and the challenges encountered. The results of this study illuminated several themes from the participants textural descriptions: (1) Moving from Invisible to Visible – Disrupting Bias; (2) Who am I? – Identity, Gender and Heritage; (3) Renegotiating the Rules of Engagement paired with Re-branding the Role and Authority of Women in Business; (4) Male Sponsorship Leads to Acceptance; (5) Improving Skill and Competency Capital for New Roles; (6) Building and Maintaining Bridges – Network Management.