Готові списки джерел за темами / Multi axis toolpaths

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Multi axis toolpaths"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 14 липня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Multi axis toolpaths"

Kubalak, Joseph R., Alfred L. Wicks, and Christopher B. Williams. "Exploring multi-axis material extrusion additive manufacturing for improving mechanical properties of printed parts." Rapid Prototyping Journal 25, no. 2 (March 4, 2019): 356–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-02-2018-0035.

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Purpose Material extrusion (ME) suffers from anisotropic mechanical properties that stem from the three degree of freedom (DoF) toolpaths used for deposition. The formation of each layer is restricted to the XY-plane, which produces poorly bonded layer interfaces along the build direction. Multi-axis ME affords the opportunity to change the layering and deposition directions locally throughout a part, which could improve a part’s overall mechanical performance. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effects of changing the layering and deposition directions on the tensile mechanical properties of parts printed via multi-axis ME. Design/methodology/approach A multi-axis toolpath generation algorithm is presented and implemented on a 6-DoF robotic arm ME system to fabricate tensile specimens at different global orientations. Specifically, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) tensile specimens are printed at various inclination angles using the multi-axis technique; the resulting tensile strengths of the multi-axis specimens are compared to similarly oriented specimens printed using a traditional 3-DoF method. Findings The multi-axis specimens had similar performances regardless of orientation and were equivalent to the 3-DoF specimens printed in the XYZ orientation (i.e. flat on the bed with roads aligned to the loading condition). This similarity is attributed to those sets of specimens having the same degree of road alignment. Practical implications Parts with out-of-plane loads currently require design compromises (e.g. additional material in critical areas). Multi-axis deposition strategies could enable local changes in layering and deposition directions to more optimally orient roads in critical areas of the part. Originality/value Though multi-axis ME systems have been demonstrated in literature, no prior work has been done to determine the effects of the deposition angle on the resulting mechanical properties. This work demonstrates that identical mechanical properties can be obtained irrespective of the build direction through multi-axis deposition. For ABS, the yield tensile strength of vertically oriented tensile bars was improved by 153 per cent using multi-axis deposition as compared to geometrically similar samples fabricated via 3-DoF deposition.

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Stejskal, Michal, Petr Vavruska, Pavel Zeman, and Jan Lomicka. "Optimization of Tool Axis Orientations in Multi-Axis Toolpaths to Increase Surface Quality and Productivity." Procedia CIRP 101 (2021): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2021.03.124.

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Hashemian, Ali, Pengbo Bo, and Michael Bartoň. "Reparameterization of Ruled Surfaces: Toward Generating Smooth Jerk-minimized Toolpaths for Multi-axis Flank CNC Milling." Computer-Aided Design 127 (October 2020): 102868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2020.102868.

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Avdeev, Artem, Andrey Shvets, Ilya Gushchin, Ivan Torubarov, Aleksey Drobotov, Aleksey Makarov, Aleksander Plotnikov, and Yuri Serdobintsev. "Strength Increasing Additive Manufacturing Fused Filament Fabrication Technology, Based on Spiral Toolpath Material Deposition." Machines 7, no. 3 (September 5, 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines7030057.

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The paper provides an overview of ways to increase the strength of polymer products obtained by fused filament fabrication (FFF) technology. An algorithm for calculating the spiral toolpaths for the material deposition using multi-axis printing is proposed. The design of the five-axis device for spiral-shaped deposition of the material is shown. The description of the proposed printing method is given. The results of comparative three-point bend and compression tests are presented. The standard samples obtained in the usual way by FFF technology, as well as samples with 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 reinforcing layers obtained by spiral deposition of the material were investigated. The description of the tests is given, the dependences of the strength of the products on the number of reinforcing layers are obtained. Conclusions about the influence of the layer deposition method on the strength of the products are formulated.

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SUGITA, Naohiko, Fumiaki GENMA, Takayuki OSA, Yoshikazu NAKAJIMA, Takeharu KATO, and Mamoru MITSUISHI. "Toolpath Determination for Multi-axis Medical Machine Tool." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 74, no. 743 (2008): 1907–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.74.1907.

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NAWATA, Wataru, Naohiko SUGITA, Yoshikazu NAKAJIMA, Takeharu KATO, Kazuo FUJIWARA, Nobuhiro ABE, Toshifumi OZAKI, Masahiko SUZUKI, and Mamoru MITSUISHI. "3366 Toolpath Generator for Multi-axis Medical Machine Tool to Optimize Cutting Tool Posture and Position before Skin Incision." Proceedings of International Conference on Leading Edge Manufacturing in 21st century : LEM21 2011.6 (2011): _3366–1_—_3366–4_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmelem.2011.6._3366-1_.

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Nakano, Taiga, Naohiko Sugita, Takeharu Kato, Kazuo Fujiwara, Nobuhiro Abe, Toshifumi Ozaki, Masahiko Suzuki, and Mamoru Mitsuishi. "Interference Free Tool Path Generation in Multi-Axis Milling Machine for Orthopedic Surgery." International Journal of Automation Technology 3, no. 5 (September 5, 2009): 514–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2009.p0514.

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Tool interference causes serious damage to surrounding soft tissue in minimally invasive orthopedic surgery with a milling robot. The objective of this study is to avoid the collision of cutting tool with complicated shapes, and a novel approach of interference-free toolpath generation in a short intraoperative time is proposed. In order to resolve this issue, we propose the following two methods: intraoperative modeling of soft tissues as an interference area and interference-free toolpath generation based on the model. A model is constructed to represent the opening area and the internal tissues by using a 3-dimensional optical position sensor to measure them. Based on the constructed model, interference-free toolpath is immediately determined by the preliminary definition of evacuating direction. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated with artificial models on the system that the authors have developed so far. A tool contact force against the model was measured by a force sensor mounted on the cutting tool. The result revealed that the tool interference was greatly reduced by implementing the proposed method.

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Lee, Jeng Nan, Chih Wen Luo, and Hung Shyong Chen. "Interference-Free Multi-Axis NC Machining of Cylindrical Cam Using Enveloping Element." Key Engineering Materials 419-420 (October 2009): 333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.419-420.333.

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To obtain the flexibility of choice of cutting tool and to compensate the wear of the cutting tool, this paper presents an interference-free toolpath generating method for multi-axis machining of a cylindrical cam. The notion of the proposed method is that the cutting tool is confined within the meshing element and the motion of the cutting tool follows the meshing element so that collision problem can be avoided. Based on the envelope theory, homogeneous coordinate transformation and differential geometry, the cutter location for multi-axis NC machining using cylindrical-end mill is derived and the cutting path sequences with the minimum lead in and lead out are planned. The cutting simulations with solid model are performed to verify the proposed toolpath generation method. It is also verified through the trial cut with model material on a five-axis machine tool.

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Lee, Jeng Nan, Rong Shean Lee, and Kuan Yu Chang. "Geometric Modeling and Multi-Axis NC Machining for Custom-Made Femoral Stem." Advanced Materials Research 264-265 (June 2011): 1619–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.264-265.1619.

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In this paper, a design system combining clinical experience and engineering knowledge was developed for the manufacture of custom-made femoral stem. The medical image of the hip obtained according to the patient X-rays. The geometric parameters for femoral stem were established based on the canal flare index. The necessary constrains based on surgical experience were integrated into the CAD system. The rapid prototyped model was built as the reference for review. Through the application of CAM software, the interference-free toolpath and the cutter location for multi-axis NC machining are generated. In order to establish the interface between the design and the manufacture of femoral stem, the postprocessor for multi-axis machine tool is developed. The cutting simulations with solid model are performed to verify the generated toolpath. It is also verified through the trial-cut with model material on a five-axis machine tool.

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Yao, Yuan, Yichi Zhang, Mohamed Aburaia, and Maximilian Lackner. "3D Printing of Objects with Continuous Spatial Paths by a Multi-Axis Robotic FFF Platform." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (May 24, 2021): 4825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11114825.

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Conventional Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) equipment can only deposit materials in a single direction, limiting the strength of printed products. Robotic 3D printing provides more degrees of freedom (DOF) to control the material deposition and has become a trend in additive manufacturing. However, there is little discussion on the strength effect of multi-DOF printing. This paper presents an efficient process framework for multi-axis 3D printing based on the robot to improve the strength. A multi-DOF continuous toolpath planning method is designed to promote the printed part’s strength and surface quality. We generate curve layers along the model surfaces and fill Fermat spiral in the layers. The method makes it possible to take full advantage of the multi-axis robot arm to achieve smooth printing on surfaces with high curvature and avoid the staircase effect and collision in the process. To further improve print quality, a control strategy is provided to synchronize the material extrusion and robot arm movement. Experiments show that the tensile strength increases by 22–167% compared with the conventional flat slicing method for curved-surface parts. The surface quality is improved by eliminating the staircase effect. The continuous toolpath planning also supports continuous fiber-reinforced printing without a cutting device. Finally, we compared with other multi-DOF printing, the application scenarios, and limitations are given.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Multi axis toolpaths"

Authelin, Olivier. "Méthodologie de préparation à la fabrication de composants de grandes dimensions à partir de matériaux polymères thermoplastiques fondus." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ECDN0006.

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Анотація:

La fabrication additive de composants de grandes dimensions à partir de matériaux polymères thermoplastiques fondus connaît depuis les années 2010 un essor important, l’arrivée de matériaux innovants ayant permis de réaliser un bond en avant en termes de propriétés mécaniques intrinsèques. La réalisation de démonstrateurs de grandes dimensions, développés au sein de la littérature scientifique, a mis en lumière la pertinence de ce procédé pour la réalisation d’applications structurelles(équipements sportifs, ponts pédestres) et non structurelles (moules et outillages de grandes dimensions). En effet, lesavantages de ce procédé sont nombreux, comme par exemple la fabrication de composants personnalisés ou la réduction des coûts et des délais d’obtention. Cependant, ressortent de l’analyse de l’état de l’art des verrous scientifiques relatifs à la fabrication de ces démonstrateurs de grandes dimensions :- la façon de procéder, de type « essais - erreurs – corrections », est coûteuse en temps, en ressources et en argent. Il n’existe pas de consensus concernant une méthode générique qui permette de réaliser des composants de grandes dimensions ;- des problématiques concernant la génération des trajectoires de fabrication en vue de respecter un cahier des charges et le choix d’un moyen de fabrication adapté doivent être résolues.Dans le cadre de ce manuscrit est développée une méthodologie de préparation à la fabrication de composants de grandes dimensions réalisés à partir de matériaux polymères thermoplastiques fondus. Elle propose une préparation à la fabrication générique, basée sur un ensemble de règles métier intégrant la prise en compte des problématiques précédemment mentionnées. Les étapes de la méthodologie sont traitées de manière chronologique au sein des chapitres dans lesquels les problématiques spécifiques et les solutions mises en place pour les résoudre sont explicitées. Un axe de recherche consacré au renforcement des composants à partir de matériaux renforcés de fibres continues afin de pallier la problématique d’anisotropie des propriétés mécaniques inhérente aux procédés additifs basés sur l’extrusion de polymères fondus, est notamment développé. Pour finir, la réalisation de démonstrateurs de grandes dimensions permet de mettre en lumière la pertinence des éléments présentés au sein de la méthodologie mais aussi les perspectives pouvant lui être apportées
Large-sized additively manufactured components made of thermoplastic polymer materials has experienced significant growth since the 2010s, the arrival of innovative materials having made possible to achieve a leap forward in terms of intrinsic mechanical properties. Large-scale demonstrators manufacturing, developed within the scientific literature, has highlighted therelevance of this process for the realization of structural (sports equipments, pedestrian bridges) and non-structural (large-dimension molds and tools) applications. Indeed, the advantages of this process are numerous, such as for example personalized components manufacturing or costs and lead times reduction. However, large-scale demonstrators manufacturing scientific obstacles resulting from state-of-the-art analysis emerges:- “trial - error - correction” procedure is costly in time, resources and money. There is no consensus on a generic method that allows large components manufacturing preparation;- issues concerning toolpaths generation in order to comply with specifications and the choice of a suitable manufacturing means must be resolved. Within the framework of this manuscript is developed a preparation methodology for large-sized components manufacturing made from fused thermoplastic polymer materials. It offers preparation for generic manufacturing, based on a set of process specific rules integrating the consideration of the previously mentioned issues. The steps of the methodology are processed chronologically in each chapter of the manuscript in which the specific issues and the solutions put in place to resolve them are explained. A research axis dedicated to components reinforcement from continuous fibers reinforced materials in order to overcome mechanical properties anisotropy, inherent in additive processes based on fused thermoplastic polymer materials is notably developed. Finally, large-scale demonstrators manufacturing makes it possible to highlight the methodology relevance but also the perspectives that can be brought to it

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CHEN, JHIH-YING, and 陳致穎. "Toolpath Planning of Free-form Surface for Multi-axis Machining." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/69716157439645543933.

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碩士
正修科技大學
機電工程研究所
103
Abstract 　　The market for property and vehicles equipped with different will have many classification methods, and the classification to the engine intake in different ways, were naturally aspirated engine and the turbocharger inlet engine. The free surface is most complex engineering, such as aircraft or vehicle shape surface, as well as the mold surface are free surface. 　　This paper focuses on boosting intake engine gas turbine, conducting research on CAD/CAM and a multi axis machining path planning for impeller. Geometric shape by non-contact optical scanner and three dimensional coordinate measuring instrument to capture the turbine inlet, on Geomagic Studio ® reverse engineering software, the curved surface data repairing and coordinate positioning, the 3D model into the NX software entity reconstruction, and use NX software built in leaf wheel module generates the tool path, via NX the processor generates NC code, by solid cutting simulation software VERICUT simulation validation tool path without interference and collision, processed using five axis machine tool, processing is completed, use Geomagic Qualify to do error analysis, to verify the tolerances allowed range.

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Chen, Chun-Chang, and 陳俊彰. "The Studies on The Toolpath Generation Method for Multi-Axis Machining of Conjugate Helical Surfaces." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/11531508897886383836.

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碩士
正修科技大學
機電工程研究所
92
The geometry of conjugate helical surface with specific cross-section profile is normally generated with form-mill cutter by special multi-axis machine and software. The form of grinding wheel profile is firstly derived and the cutter location of generating method is calculated in this thesis. Owing to the limited choices of cutting tools by the generating method for semi-finish (rough) machining, this thesis presents a new toolpath generating method which combines the advantages of the generating method with sculpturing method for machining of helical milling cutter. The cutter location for semi-finish machining using ball end mill is derived by Euler angle representation. The planning of machining process, based on the mentioned methods, is more flexible. The cutting simulations with solid model were performed to verify the proposed toolpath generation methods.

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Jen, Dai Chung, and 戴重仁. "Multi-axis NC Machining Toolpath Generation for Sculptured Surfa- ce Parts by Using General APT Cutter." Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43013333514949652696.

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Анотація:

碩士
國立海洋大學
船舶機械工程學系
82
Five-axis NC machine has been gradually used in modern indu- stry. The application of 3-axis NC machining to sculptured surf- aces is very time-consuming and depends upen an operator'' s spec- ial skills to successfully finish a special surface. However, the use of five-axis NC machine facilitates machining sculptured surface parts, and the cutting accuracy will be easily achieved as well. Therefore, the quality of part surfaces and the effici- ency of cutting are upgraded, and the reduction of cost also gr- eatly increases competitive ability. This reserch, based on NURB surfaces as an input sculptured surface, analyses the relationship between general APT cutter and NURB surfaces to determine the tangent point of the cutter and part surfaces. By using the method we can determine the cutter axis orientation and the location of cutter contace point. The algorithm is also developed based on such a method and C language is used to calculate cutter location data for multi-axis NC machining toolpath generation by using general APT cutter.

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Lung, Wu Chi, and 吳佶龍. "The CAD model reconstruction of turbine blade、Multi-axes machining toolpath simulation and error evaluation." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/13815512350304361970.

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碩士
國立中央大學
機械工程研究所
88
For those objects without original CAD models, the application of reverse engineering technology to reconstruct the CAD model is essentially important for product development. The reconstruction of industrial products usually has two problems, (1) The reconstruction method can’t guarantee the accuracy of CAD model. (2) The function of error evaluation in commerce software is incomplete. This work focused on the development of an integrated approach, combining three—dimensional digitization, and reverse engineering technology, for the construction of complete CAD models.Multi-axes machining is typically used to deal with the problems that involve complex sculptured surfaces which cannot be handled by three-axes machining. However, due to the complexity in path planning for multi-axes machining, the problems related to gouging, interfering, engaging and retracting still exist in current CAD/CAM systems. The objective of the this project is that a reverse manufacturing technology is developed. Such a technology combines three-dimensional measurement, reverse engineering, CAD/CAM and 5-axes NC machining for the reproduction of complex sculptured surfaces. The function of error evaluation in commerce software is incomplete. When the coordinate system of two different component isn’t the same, the error evaluation doesn’t work. This work focused on the development of an integrated approach, combining surface error evaluation, and cross-section error evaluation, for the compare of difference with reproduction and original CAD model.

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Частини книг з теми "Multi axis toolpaths"

Vavruska, P. "Feed-Rate Control along Multi-axis Toolpaths." In Mechatronics 2013, 169–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02294-9_22.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Multi axis toolpaths"

DeWitte, Lisa N., Christopher J. Saldana, Thomas A. Feldhausen, and Thomas R. Kurfess. "Initial Process Planning of a Hybrid Multi-Tasking Platform." In ASME 2020 15th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2020-8403.

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Abstract Applications of hybrid technology are expanding from refurbishment and repair to low quantity, specialty part production, which are staple characteristics in medical implant, energy, and aerospace industry sectors, among others. This expansion has led to the development of the Mazak VC-500A/5X AM HWD, a wire fed laser cladding unit equipped with a standard 5 axis CNC. This unit is capable of building near net geometry of complex medium to large parts within a profitable timeframe, due to its comparatively high rate of deposition to that of a powder fed hybrid system. In this study, deposition and machining capabilities of the VC-500A/5X AM HWD are assessed through the production of three different test geometries by different process plans. Production of these test geometries is supported by an open loop sensor package primarily for monitoring machine health, data collection, and machine operator aid. The viability of extended deposition followed by machining is evaluated against a more cyclical strategy of reoccurring deposition and machining operations. Lastly, common defects in as-built geometries are evaluated and addressed through revisions to original process plans and toolpaths, indicating the need for continued innovation in hybrid manufacturing specific CAM/CAD software, as well as closed loop machine monitoring and quality control.

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Vijay, Yadunund, Naresh D. Sanandiya, Stylianos Dritsas, and Javier G. Fernandez. "Control of Process Settings for Large-Scale Additive Manufacturing With Sustainable Natural Composites." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-85994.

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We present an additive manufacturing system for 3D printing large-scale objects using natural bio-composite materials. The process, affine to the Direct Ink Writing method, achieves build rate of 2.5cm3/s using a precision dispensing unit mounted on an industrial six-axis robot. During deposition the composite is wet and exhibits thixotropy. As it loses moisture it hardens and shrinks anisotropically. This paper highlights work on controlling the process settings to print filaments of desired dimensions while constraining the operating point to a region where tensile strength is maximum while shrinkage is minimum. Response surface models relating the controllable process settings such as Robot Linear Velocity, Material Feed Rate and Nozzle Offset, to the geometric and physical properties of an extruded filament, are obtained through Face-centered Central Composite Designed experiments. Unlike traditional applications of this technique which involve identifying a fixed optimal operating point, we use these models to first uncover the possible dimensions of a filament that can be obtained within operating boundaries of our system. Process setting predictions are then made through multi-objective optimization of the mathematical models. An interesting outcome of our study is the ability to produce filaments of different shrinkage and tensile strength properties, by solely changing process settings. As a follow up, we identify the optimal lateral overlap and inter-layer spacing parameters to define toolpaths to print 3D structures. If unoptimized, the material’s anisotropic shrinkage and non-linear compression characteristics cause severe delamination, cross-sectional tapering and warpage. Lastly, we show the linear scalability of our shrinkage model in 3D space which allows us to suitably compensate toolpaths to significantly improve dimensional accuracy of 3D printed artifacts.

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Cheng, Kevin, and Sheng-Der Tang. "NURBS-Based Multi-Axis Toolpath for High Speed Machining." In ASME 1999 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc99/cie-9111.

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Abstract The NURBS-based toolpath has been considered as an important step forward in computer-aided manufacturing technology for high speed machining applications. Major CNC vendors have found that the NURBS toolpath provides the following benefits over the traditional line string toolpath: more accurate parts, reduced cycle time, improved surface quality, and drastically smaller part programs. This paper presents the technological advancements in the NURBS based toolpath project that Unigraphics Solutions’ CAM group has done since 1996. The NURBS toolpath generator has been implemented to a multi-axis surface milling module. Examples demonstrate the advantages of the NURBS toolpath over the conventional line string toolpath in high speed machining.

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Ruan, Jianzhong, and F. W. Liou. "Automatic Toolpath Generation for Multi-Axis Surface Machining in a Hybrid Manufacturing System." In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/dac-48780.

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In a multi-axis hybrid manufacturing system, it is necessary to utilize a machining process to improve surface accuracy and guarantee overall geometry after the deposition process. Due to the complexity of the multi-axis system, it is necessary to find proper orientations of cutting tools for the CNC machine to finish surface machining. This paper presents an algorithm to find collision-free surface machining toolpath for a given workpiece. The concept of the 2-D visibility map and its properties are discussed. The algorithm to compute the 2-D visibility map is presented. With the help of the 2-D visibility map, an optimal a collision free tool approaching direction can be easily decided. Also the type of the surface machining toolpath for different types of surfaces is decided based on topological information and the machining toolpath (CL data for milling tool). The developed planning scheme has been tested via machine simulations and has shown that it can be effectively applied to cutter-path generation for multi-axis surface machining.

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Elber, Gershon, and Elaine Cohen. "Detection and Prevention of Gouging in Multi Axis Machining of Freeform Surfaces." In ASME 1996 Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-detc/dfm-1295.

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Abstract The detection of gouging and collisions in multi-axis machining is a profoundly difficult problem that prohibits its wide spread practical use. In this paper, we investigate the use of symbolic tools to detect tool gouging in 5-axis machining tool-path of sculptured surfaces. Further, we also present a heuristic approach to eliminate the gouging, whose result is a gouge free 5-axis toolpath.

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Zhang, Han, Tong Liu, Lu Lu, Xiling Yao, Shaoying Li, and Shangqin Yuan. "Multi-axis Toolpath Planning for Extrusion-Based Polymer 3D Printing: Review and Prospective." In 2021 7th International Conference on Control, Automation and Robotics (ICCAR). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccar52225.2021.9463444.

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Zhang, Feiqi, and Terry Faddis. "Closed Boundary Offset From the Medial Axis." In ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-84270.

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Closed boundary orthogonal offset has been a default function in many CAD systems and has applications in manufacturing engineering such as toolpath generation and computer science fields such as image processing. Most current solutions to this function are limited to the single boundary inputs composed of linear segments and circular arcs. This paper describes a novel method to generate the approximate offsets of closed boundaries directly from the associated medial axis. The method accepts both single boundaries and multi-connected boundaries as input. The local and global intersection problems are entirely avoided. An extended discrete medial axis transform construction algorithm for multi-connected boundaries is introduced. The associated tree structure storing the medial axis data is generated along with the medial axis. The discrete characteristic of the medial axis construction method also gives the offset method the advantageous potential to handle B-spline inputs.

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Ruan, Jianzhong, Lie Tang, Todd E. Sparks, Robert G. Landers, and Frank Liou. "Direct 3D Layer Metal Deposition and Toolpath Generation." In ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-50062.

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Multi-axis slicing for solid freeform fabrication (SFF) manufacturing process can yield non-uniform thickness layers, or 3-D layers. Using the traditional parallel layer construction approach to build such a layer leads to a staircase which requires machining or other post processing to form the desired shape. This paper presents a direct 3-D layer deposition approach. This approach uses an empirical model to predict the layer thickness based on experimental data. The toolpath between layers is not parallel; instead, it follows the final shape of the designed geometry and the distance between the toolpath in the adjacent layers varies at different locations. Directly depositing a 3-D layer not only eliminates the staircase effect, but also improves the manufacturing efficiency by shortening the deposition and machining times. A single track deposition experiment has demonstrated these advantages. Thus, it is a beneficial addition to the traditional parallel deposition method.

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Ferry, W., and D. Yip-Hoi. "Cutter-Workpiece Engagement Calculations by Parallel Slicing for Five-Axis Flank Milling of Jet Engine Impellers." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-41434.

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Cutter-workpiece engagement maps, or cutting flute entry/exit locations as a function of height, are a requirement for prediction of cutting-forces on the tool and workpiece in machining operations such as milling. This paper presents a new method of calculating tool-part intersection maps for five-axis flank milling of jet engine impellers with tapered ball-end mills. It is called the parallel slicing method (PSM) and is a semi-discrete solid modeling technique written in C++ using the ACIS B-rep solid modeling environment. Although it is tailored towards five-axis flank milling, it can also be applied to both planar and multi-axis milling processes. The tool swept envelope is generated and intersected with the workpiece to obtain the removal volume. The removal volume is then sliced into a number of parallel planes along a given axis and the intersection curves with the tool and each plane are determined analytically. The swept area between the intersection curves of successive tool moves is calculated by solving for the area enclosed by the tangent lines. This area is removed from the workpiece material, which deletes the material cut between tool moves. Finally, the intersection curves are compared with the planar slices of the updated part, which results in a series of arcs. The end points of these arcs are joined with linear segments to form the engagement polygon which is used to calculate the engagement maps. Using this method, cutter-workpiece engagement maps are generated for a five-axis flank milling toolpath on a prototype integrally bladed rotor (IBR) with a tapered ball-end mill. These maps are compared with those obtained from a benchmark cutter-workpiece engagement calculation method – the Manufacturing Automation Laboratory’s Virtual Machining Interface (MAL-VMI). The MAL-VMI uses an application programming interface (API) in a commercial NC verification software package to obtain cutter-part intersections through a fast, z-buffer technique. Overall, the parallel slicing method appears to obtain more accurate engagement zones than those given by the MAL-VMI, although the calculation time is longer.

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