Дисертації: "Mulga"

1

Kingston, Mark B. "Riparian and Upslope Influences on the Regional Avifauna of the Semi-Arid Mulga Lands of South West Queensland." Thesis, Griffith University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367637.

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Riparian areas have been widely recognised by wildlife biologists as a critically important and functionally dominant component of terrestrial landscapes. This viewpoint has its genesis in high concentrations of species and individuals across a wide range of environments and strong interactions between riparian areas and the surrounding landscape. Despite major concerns regarding conservation management in the Australian arid zone, few studies have specifically examined the importance of riparian areas to the terrestrial bird fauna of arid and semi-arid Australia. This research aimed to examine the role of riparian areas in sustaining regional assemblages of terrestrial birds within the Australian arid zone. More specifically I asked: 1. How do riparian and upslope arid zone bird assemblages differ and to what extent are they interrelated? 2. Do these inter-relationships vary temporally with season, rainfall and year? 3. To what extent does surface water influence riparian and upslope bird assemblages? This study was carried out in semi-arid Mulga Lands bioregion of south west Queensland (c. 181000 km2) where bird densities, species richness and composition were compared among 124 sites which were distributed throughout the bioregion and surveyed over two seasons (summer, winter) and two years (1997, 1998). El NiÃ±o-related drought conditions prevailed over both seasons during 1997 but not 1998. Monthly rainfall was not dependent on either season or year. The extent to which the availability of surface water in these areas also influences terrestrial birds was investigated by comparing bird abundance, diversity and species composition at riparian and upslope sites, with and without permanent water. Upslope sites with permanent water were modelled using artesian bore drains. Overall bird densities were twice as high in riparian areas as upslope habitats but about 20% more species were found in upslope habitats. The estimation of species richness in circumstances where there are major differences in abundance emerged as an important issue for riparian-upslope comparisons. Riparian areas were also characterised by higher levels of species dominance and similarity in species composition than upslope areas. Riparian-preferring species accounted for 68% of total bird abundance and many were common in the surrounding landscape. Similarly, many upslope-preferring species were common in riparian areas. The number of species shared between riparian and upslope areas was maximised at riparian sites with permanent water, implying that these areas were of near-universal advantage. These results suggested that riparian habitats of the Mulga Lands exert a fundamental influence on the entire terrestrial avifauna and are therefore important centres of avian biodiversity. Despite high levels of climatic variation but only slight seasonal differences in mean rainfall and plant growth response, I observed a strong summer increase in species richness (overall and among many functional groups) but not in overall abundance. Fewer individuals and species were observed during the drought conditions of 1997. About half of the species (21 of 41) that could be individually categorised showed seasonal or inter-annual differences in occurrence, suggesting extensive inter-bioregional movements. Riparian usage was generally higher during periods of low monthly rainfall, but it was complicated by riparian interactions. Insectivores that forage mainly in the upper stratum, and seed-eaters such as pigeons, parrots and cockatoos, made greater use of riparian areas as rainfall declined, whereas the number of low-feeding insectivore species increased in riparian areas with increasing rainfall. Overall riparian usage was also higher during drought, but not necessarily summer. Species composition was strongly influenced by season, year and rainfall, and there were strong species composition linkages between riparian and upslope bird communities. These results support the proposition that riparian areas have an important if not crucial role in sustaining bird populations, not only during prolonged drought as refuge habitat, but also over much smaller time scales. Birds also responded strongly to the presence of surface water. The relative strength of the effects of riparian status and water availability were similar for most species and functional groups, although where differences were detected all favoured the effect of riparian status. Most species and functional groups showed specialised preferences for specific combinations of riparian status and water availability rather than generalised responses to either or both. Most displayed a dominant preference for riparian or upslope habitats and preferentially sought to meet their need for water within these areas. Because of the specialised responses, the presence of permanent water could only partially explain differences in bird assemblages between riparian and upslope sites. A significant role for higher productivity and/or structural complexity in riparian areas was suggested by strong associations between riparian status and vegetation structure that were only weakly related to the presence of surface water. Small insectivorous passerines, many of which are already uncommon or declining in other bioregions, appear most vulnerable to the planned closure of bore drains. This study suggests that, as far as the Mulga Land birds are concerned, the bird communities of riparian and upslope components of the landscape are functionally interrelated. This is despite strong structural and floristic differences in habitat, and the fact that many bird species show distinct preferences for one habitat or the other. Almost all terrestrial species were found in both the riparian and upslope habitats, although their use appeared to be strongly related to spatial and temporal variations in resource availability. As most birds are capable fliers, and changes in relative abundance were rapid, these patterns are likely to more strongly reflect movement between habitats (and in some cases, bioregions), than differences in recruitment and mortality. In fluctuating and unpredictable environments the ability to move between habitats may be an important adaptive strategy to dampen spatial and temporal variations in resources and facilitate species persistence. The overall picture is one of a shared and responsive avifauna. As many of the specific responses observed in this study appeared to be a predictable outcome of spatial variations in productive potential and temporal variations in resource availability, a conceptual model was proposed to explain spatio-temporal variations in terrestrial bird community organization in the Australian arid zone. The model establishes a graphical response domain, defined by a spatial axis that represents long-term cumulative outcomes of prevailing spatial and temporal productive processes (e.g. spatial variation in nutrient status, soil moisture and vegetation biomass) and a temporal axis that represents short-term availability of productive resources (e.g. rainfall). Within this domain, individual response surfaces were proposed to predict relative site-based differences in overall bird abundance, dominance, species richness, and inter-habitat movement. In addition to responses at average levels of resource availability, the response domain was also used to consider how birds might vary their use of the landscape under two extremes of environmental variability, drought and production pulses after extensive rainfall. The model may also predict assemblage differences in other biomes.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Australian Environmental Studies
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2

Davies, Muriel. "Mulga (Acacia Aneura F. Muell. Ex Benth.) death adjacent to haul roads in the north-eastern Goldfields, Western Australia." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2010. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1876.

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This thesis examines the death of mulga (Acacia aneura) adjacent to a mine haul road in the north-eastern Goldfields of Western Australia. The death of trees along roadsides in the arid and semi-arid regions of Australia is often referred to as a ‘road shadow effect’ and is thought to occur because of sheetflow blockage. As sheetflow redistributes water across the land surface (rather than into channels) any impediment to flow is likely to have consequences for vegetation downslope of the impediment. The study was important as many mining companies in semi-arid Western Australia have reported tree deaths along their mine haul roadsides and the problem has also been identified across other areas of Western Australia including grazing land and road verges. The haul roads at many mines are watered to suppress dust and the water is often hypersaline. This study compared vegetation and soil parameters at sites up and downslope of both the haul (treated) and control roads to ascertain whether factors additional to sheetflow contributed to roadside tree deaths. At each site, a series of adjoining quadrats was established perpendicular to the road. The data collected at each site was analysed on a quadrat by quadrat basis to establish trends with increasing distance from the road edge. Where possible analysis techniques which could test for differences between control and treated sites or upslope and downslope sites and the interaction between sites were used as this would address the aims of the study. If data were normally distributed either two-way Analysis of Variance or t-tests were carried out and where data were not normally distributed the non-parametric Mann Whitney Utest was performed. The significant differences noted in several vegetation parameters between up and downslope sides of both the control and treated roads provided a good argument for road presence leading to road shadow effect. These differences included a greater proportion of dead and recently dead trees and a greater reduction in canopy fullness for living trees on the downslope sides of the roads. The presence of roads and the associated interruption in sheetflow water movement have contributed to the decline and eventually death of some mulga trees. However, the downslope side of the treated road often showed much greater differences for the parameters measured when compared with the control road. The results show that there was an interactive effect between salt water treatment and roadside and a strong to modest positive relationship between soil salt levels and tree health in close proximity to roadsides. At the haul road, the addition of hypersaline water as a dust suppressant exacerbated the decline and death of mulga trees downslope as well as having an influence on the trees upslope. Road location in the landscape strongly influences the type of interactions between roads and pathways of water movement. The roads monitored for this study mostly acted as a barrier to sheet water flow which resulted in a drought situation for mulga located on the downslope roadside and lead to their eventual decline or death. Road designs incorporating culverts or under road drainage systems are widely suggested for areas of mulga dependent on sheetflow however, their effectiveness requires further study. On occasion the haul road also acted as a source of water which had been contaminated with excess salts that accumulated during road watering for dust suppression. This resulted in an alteration of the surface soil salinity along the haul roadside and further exacerbated the effect of the altered hydrological regime. While dust suppression on mine haul roads is essential for a variety of reasons a product other than hypersaline water is highly recommended.

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3

Cowley, Robyn Anne. "The effect of changing water distribution from linear to point source on vegetation and soil following piping of an artesian bore in a semi-arid mulga paddock /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16636.pdf.

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4

Griepentrog, Martin Raddatz Klaus Meyer Katharina E. "Mulva /." Mainz : von Zabern, 2008. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=016661015&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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5

Kokko, T. (Tiia). "”Mulla meni varmaan pointti ohi nyt kokonaan?”:mulla-konstruktion semanttista tarkastelua." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2019. http://jultika.oulu.fi/Record/nbnfioulu-201904091446.

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Tiivistelmä. Tutkin pro gradu -tutkielmassani puhekielen MULLA-konstruktiota. MULLA-konstruktioksi olen nimennyt lauserakenteen, jossa esiintyy puhekielinen adessiivimuotoinen yksikön ensimmäisen persoonan pronomini mulla (mull tai mul) jossain muussa kuin varsinaisessa omistuslauseessa. Tarkastelen konstruktion toteutumia suhteessa yleiskieleen, ja esitän niille funktionaalisia vastineita. Vertailen funktionaalisten vastakappaleiden merkitystä ja käyttöä. Aineistoni kattaa 300 MULLA-konstruktion toteutumaa, jotka olen kerännyt Korp-korpuksen Suomi24-internetkeskusteluaineistojen osakorpuksesta. Työni teoreettisen viitekehyksen muodostavat kognitiivinen semantiikka ja konstruktiokielioppi. Työni tarkoituksena on ollut selvittää, millaisia asiaintiloja MULLA-konstruktiolla kuvataan sekä millaisia habitiivisia ja lokatiivisia ominaisuuksia niihin liittyy. Tutkimustulosteni mukaan MULLA-konstruktiota esiintyy genetiivin, partitiivin, ablatiivin ja allatiivin funktiossa. Kieliopillisista sijoista genetiivin funktiossa se vastaa muun muassa substantiivin etumääritettä ja nesessiivirakenteen subjektia. Partitiivin funktiossa sitä esiintyy erityisesti tunnekausatiivilauseissa. Semanttisista sijoista mulla-adessiivi vastaa niin erosijaista ablatiivia kuin tulosijaista allatiivia, jolloin merkitysero painottuu etenkin sijojen suuntaisuuteen. Mulla-adessiivi onkin ablatiivin funktiossa etenkin monissa menettämistä ilmaisevissa rakenteissa. Allatiivin funktiossa puhuja on yleensä tapahtuman kokija. Mulla-adessiivi kuvaa usein ihmisen fysikaalisia ominaisuuksia, kuten loukkaantumista tai toimenpidettä sekä ablatiivin että allatiivin funktiossa. Kiinnostavaa on ollut havaita, että MULLA-konstruktio ilmaisee sijafunktion lisäksi ’kohdalla’-olemista, eli se viittaa puhujan omaan kokemukseen asiasta. Lisäksi konstruktio yhdistyy eritoten omistusrakenteen ekspansiivisuuteen. MULLA-konstruktiolla on sekä habitiivista että lokatiivista käyttöä. Lokatiivitapauksia yhdistää muun muassa se, etteivät lauseen tapahtumat ole puhujan itsensä aiheuttamia. Konkreettisesti lokatiivi tarkoittaa puhujan kotia ja abstraktimmin puhujan omaa tilaa. Lokatiiveja on selvästi enemmän kuin habitiiveja, joten MULLA-konstruktio on osoittanut puhujan ennen kaikkea paikaksi.

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6

Valle, Carla Maria Krieger de. "S?mula vinculante." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2009. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/4078.

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A proposta do presente trabalho ? analisar, atrav?s de pesquisa doutrin?ria, o instituto da s?mula vinculante. Comp?e-se de seis cap?tulos, entre estes a Introdu??o. O cap?tulo primeiro aponta as bases cient?ficas para o ideal de uniformiza??o da jurisprud?ncia, contribuindo para tal a capacidade do ser humano de sentir e interpretar fatos e leis que guardam estreita rela??o com dados biogr?ficos do int?rprete. A base constitucional tamb?m foi devidamente analisada porquanto uma das vertentes da igualdade material ? a realiza??o da isonomia na aplica??o das normas. O cap?tulo segundo trata da natureza jur?dica do precedente judicial e aborda a fun??o criativa ou apenas declarativa dos precedentes. Neste cap?tulo ? feita uma an?lise da evolu??o hist?rica da uniformiza??o da jurisprud?ncia demonstrando que o ideal de tornar a jurisprud?ncia um s? corpo vem desde o Brasil imperial. Faz parte do cap?tulo terceiro a classifica??o dos precedentes judiciais em rela??o a sua obrigatoriedade. Os fatores que determinam o grau de persuas?o tamb?m foram abordados assim como os fundamentos para o efeito vinculativo. O cap?tulo quarto contemplou o estudo da organiza??o judici?ria inglesa e americana e a aplica??o dos precedentes nesse sistema jur?dico. A s?mula ordin?ria, uniformiza??o de jurisprud?ncia e s?mula impeditiva de recursos comp?s a an?lise feita no cap?tulo quinto. Seguiu-se no cap?tulo sexto pesquisa sobre os precedentes obrigat?rios no direito brasileiro, entre os quais a s?mula vinculante e tudo que com o instituto se relaciona. Importante ressaltar a pesquisa sobre a possibilidade de reclama??o em caso de descumprimento haja vista a necess?ria exist?ncia de instituto que objetive coibir a desobedi?ncia ? s?mula vinculante.

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7

Marzagão, Newton Coca Bastos. "A multa (astreintes) na tutela específica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2137/tde-12022014-110131/.

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Ancorados no princípio nemo ad factum praecise cogi potest e limitados pela completa ineficácia das ferramentas processuais disponibilizadas, nossos Tribunais vinham ofertando à parte prejudicada com o descumprimento de uma obrigação de fazer, não fazer ou entregar coisa apenas o equivalente pecuniário da prestação inadimplida. A percepção de que a via indenizatória nem sempre repararia de forma integral os danos experimentados e a conscientização de que o uso de meio coercitivo indireto para o desempenho da obrigação anteriormente assumida não caracterizaria ofensa à liberdade individual (entre tantos outros fatores) fizeram com que esse quadro começasse a ser contestado. Atendendo a reivindicação da doutrina, o legislador empreendeu uma série de reformas no Código de Processo Civil, quebrando o paradigma: a tutela específica passou a ocupar o lugar de primazia que vinha sendo indevidamente ocupado pelo sucedâneo indenizatório. O presente estudo se dedica a examinar a principal ferramenta processual utilizada para a obtenção da tutela específica em juízo: as astreintes. São analisados, neste trabalho, os antecedentes históricos da tutela específica e dos meios de coerção nos sistemas romano e lusitano e no próprio direito pátrio bem como os institutos assemelhados à multa coercitiva brasileira no direito francês e anglo-saxão. Com base nessa retrospectiva histórica e tendo em conta os institutos do direito comparado, o estudo define a natureza, função e campo de incidência das astreintes. Após, abordam-se temas polêmicos em torno da aplicabilidade da multa coercitiva: possibilidade de cumulação com outras formas de coerções/sanções, periodicidade e valor inicial, termo a quo e ad quem, existência ou não de limitação legal ou principiológica para o montante final, a possibilidade da alteração de seu valor e a questão do enriquecimento sem causa do credor. Por fim, é tratada a execução da multa coercitiva. Tudo para demonstrar que, a despeito da falta de regramento detalhado e das várias divergências doutrinárias e jurisprudenciais que daí advém, as astreintes se mostram como a mais efetiva ferramenta para a obtenção da tutela específica em juízo - tendência do processo civil contemporâneo.
Based on the principle of nemo ad factum praecise cogi potest and restrained by the total inefficacy of the available procedural tools, our Courts have been granting to the party affected by an obligation of specific performance only the pecuniary equivalent of the defaulted service provision. Such scenario started to be challenged upon the perception that the indemnity path would not always fully repair the damages suffered and in view of the awareness that the use of an indirect coercive means for the previously undertaken obligation to be fulfilled would not qualify as offense to the individual freedom (among many other factors). In response to the doctrine\'s claims, the lawmaker made a number of amendments to the Code of Civil Procedure, overturning the paradigm: the specific relief was given the primacy that had been unduly given to the indemnity substitute. This paper examines the main procedural tool used to obtain the specific relief in court: the daily fines. This paper analyzes the historical precedents of the specific relief and the coercive means in the Roman and Portuguese system and in Brazilian law, as well as the institutions similar to the Brazilian coercive fine in the French and Anglo-Saxon laws. Based on such historical review and considering the institutions in comparative law, the study defines the nature, function and coverage of the daily fines. It further addresses controversial issues revolving around the applicability of the coercive fine: possibility of accumulation with other types of coercion / sanctions, periodicity and initial value, term a quo and ad quem, existence or not of limitation for the final amount, arising from law or principle, possibility of changing its value and the issue of creditor\'s enrichment without cause. Finally, this paper addresses the execution of the coercive fine. The aim is to show that, in spite of the fact that there is not a detailed ruling and that several doctrine and jurisprudence controversies arise from it, the daily fines are the most effective tool to obtain the specific relief in court - a trend in contemporaneous civil procedure.

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Andrade, Eduardo de. "A multa qualificada na legislação tributária federal." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2133/tde-16092016-115553/.

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Questo lavoro ha avuto come obbiettivo lo studio della multa qualificata prevista dalla legislazione tributaria federale e così pure le ipotesi in cui essa si applica. Il primo capitolo prende in esame le sanzioni. Si compie uno studio storico dell´evoluzione delle pene nel diritto penale, al quale segue un approccio sul concetto di pena e delle sue finalità, anche in una esposizione caratterizzata da riferimenti storici. In seguito sono trattate le sanzioni civili, mettendo in evidenza le differenze tra queste e le sanzioni penali. Infine lo studio esplora le sanzioni amministrative, soffermandosi sul concetto di sanzione amministrativa, e le fattispecie applicate. Nel secolo capitolo viene fatto uno studio delle sanzioni tributarie ponendo l´accento su quelle applicate nel diritto tributario federale. Si analizzano, quindi, la sanzione esecutiva, la sanzione per mora nell´adempimento, come anche quelle che penalizzano condotte tipiche del diritto tributario, come l´inadempimento della prestazione tributaria principale e le circostanze che aggravano questa situazione (multa aggravata). Nel terzo capitolo viene fatta preliminarmente una introduzione sul concetto di illecito, con un succinto approccio sugli illeciti civili, penali, amministrativi e tributari. Si passa quindi a trattare dell´elemento soggettivo dell´infrazione tributaria qualificata, con enfasi sullo studio del dolo, cercando di mostrare le differenze tra questa figura, la simulazione e la frode. Si fa quindi uno studio comparativo tra il dolo penale e quello civile. Le circostanze caratterizzanti l´infrazione qualificata sono esaminate nel quarto capitolo. La simulazione è studiata sotto il prisma del diritto civile e tributário. Quando si tratta della frode, si approfondisce il concetto di frode penale e di frode civile, includendosi quello di frode alla legge; poi si esplorano, nello sviluppo dello studio, i concetti di elusione e evasione, il concetto di negozio giuridico indiretto, l´abuso del diritto, l´abuso di forma, l´abuso della personalità giuridica, e come questi istituti concorrano a configurare, nella legislazione tributaria federale, l´infrazione qualificata come frode. Nel quinto capitolo è analizzata la multa qualificata nel suo aspetto quantitativo e nelle peculiarità que caratterizzano il rapporto giuridico di natura obbligatoria che questa penalità rivela, offrendo una visione integrata della norma giuridica che la contiene.
O objetivo este trabalho foi o estudo da multa qualificada prevista na legislação tributária federal bem como as hipóteses para sua aplicação. O primeiro capítulo aborda as sanções. É feito um estudo histórico da evolução das penas no direito penal, ao que se segue uma abordagem sobre o conceito de pena e de suas finalidades, também numa exposição pautada por ilustrações históricas. Posteriormente, são abordadas as sanções civis, ressaltando-se as diferenças entre elas e as sanções penais. Ao final, são estudadas as sanções administrativas, havendo estudo do conceito de sanção administrativa, e espécies tipicamente aplicadas. No segundo capítulo é feito um estudo das sanções tributárias com ênfase naquelas aplicadas no direito tributário federal. Analisam-se, então, a sanção executiva, a sanção por mora no adimplemento, bem como as que penalizam condutas típicas do direito tributário, como a inadimplência na prestação da obrigação tributária principal e as circunstâncias que agravam esta situação (multa agravada). No terceiro capítulo é preliminarmente feita uma introdução ao conceito de ilícito, sendo feita sucinta abordagem dos ilícitos civis, penais, administrativos e tributários. Passa-se, então a cuidar-se do elemento subjetivo da infração tributária qualificada, com ênfase no estudo do dolo, procurando-se apresentar as diferenças entre esta figura, a simulação e a fraude. É feito, ainda, um estudo comparativo do dolo penal e do dolo civil. As circunstâncias qualificativas da infração qualificada são apreciadas no quarto capítulo. A simulação é estudada sob o prisma do direito civil e tributário. Ao tratar da fraude, é feito estudo da fraude penal e da fraude civil, bem como de suas espécies mais conhecidas, incluindo-se a fraude à lei, abordando-se no transcorrer do texto os conceitos de elisão e evasão, o conceito de negócio jurídico indireto, abuso de direito, abuso de forma, abuso de personalidade jurídica e como tais institutos concorrem na configuração da infração qualificada por fraude na legislação tributária federal. No quinto capítulo é analisada a multa qualificada na sua configuração quantitativa e nas peculiaridades que marcam a relação jurídica obrigacional que esta penalidade revela, apresentando-se uma visão integrada da norma jurídica que a contém.

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9

Piñeyrúa, Pilar. "Aproximación semio-discursiva a la murga uruguaya." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales, 2002. http://bdigital.uncu.edu.ar/2810.

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La tesis estudia la murga uruguaya (género del carnaval) como un objeto semiótico o productor de significaciones sociales. Sus objetivos han sido: – Realizar una descripción semiótica de la murga como expresión cultural, como espacio de comunicación y como formación discursiva, atendiendo a sus específicas formas de producción, circulación y reconocimiento. – Establecer la presencia y circulación de diferentes discursos sociales en la representación murguera y delimitar la existencia de un "discurso carnavalero-murguero" específico, en tanto que formación discursiva con características propias. – Establecer algunos elementos de transformación histórica de este género en la cultura popular, especialmente durante los últimos 30 años.
Fil: Piñeyrúa, Pilar. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales.

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10

Koca, Feray. "Urban Growth And Conservation Problematic In Mugla, Karabaglar." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12604706/index.pdf.

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Karabaglar is a rural area where agricultural community lives and which locates in the vicinity of Mugla town. It was registered as third grade natural site that must be preserved according to its rural character, natural and cultural assets and rural life. Property pattern consisting of private ownerships (yurts), specific road network that emerges from irims and kesiks, traditional houses, variety of vegetation, abundant water, self-sufficient agricultural production, and traditional life style are the main features that create and shape Karabaglar. Kesiks, irims, kabaliks, and yurts are the major man-made components, which are unique to Karabaglar, and these characteristics conform to the natural landscape structure. Urban growth, interventions due to misuse of lands, new housing demands of urban residents in Karabaglar resulted in urban pressure on the area. This situation puts forth the conservation necessity of Karabaglar. This research analyzes the speculative housing development in Karabaglar, identifies the type of interventions and their physical, social, economic and environmental effects on Karabaglar
in addition, develops proposals for sustainability of the traditional pattern of Karabaglar.

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Toussi, Seyyed Khalil Alaghebandi Hosseini. "Ethical and political thought in Mulla Sadra's philosophy." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.445439.

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12

Menini, Jefferson Santos. "Multa diária: técnica processual para efetivação da tutela específica." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2007. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/7524.

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The present study investigates the technique of the civil procedural code concerning the accomplishment of the specific judicial sentence, which aims at solving the crises of unfulfilment in the obligations of doing, not-doing and delivering, through the influence of the debtor in the fulfilment of these obligations: the daily fine. What motivates this study is the perplexity that arises from the exaggerated figures imposed by the sentences using that mandatory measure, especially towards those not part in the process, but as third parties responsible for the fulfilment of the sentence. The analysis of this topic is based on different procedures: (i) analysis of the historical evolution of that technique with special emphasis on the latest procedural and legislative modifications; (ii) examination concerning the existence or non-existence of a similar mechanism in foreign law systems; (iii) identification of the nature and attributes of the specific judicial sentence; (iv) consideration about the guiding parameters for the fulfilment of the sentence; (v) observation of the main characteristics of that sentence, such as its determining elements, the persons subject to it, its mandatory quality and the beneficiaries of the credit generated by its incidence. Furthermore, the study comprises due to its close relation to the theme the innovation in the procedural civil code that broadens the field of incidence of the mandatory technique by instituting a sanction aiming at the spontaneous fulfilment of an obligation of paying a specific amount based on a sentence. The data analysed confirm that the daily money sanction represents an adequate and necessary technique for the fulfilment of the result-aimed judicial civil procedure, mainly at the accomplishment of the specific sentence. However, its use must be based on the principle of proportionality so as to prevent the plaintiff from obtaining illicit profit and to allow access to a fair system of judicature. Although not given much attention by doctrine and jurisprudence alike, the incidence of the daily fine towards the third party stands as nonapplicable, since it lacks legal basis. Nevertheless, the authority of the judicial sanction is plainly acknowledgeable, for it must be observed by all parties in the process. The solution, then, lies in the use of the fine in cases of acts that are offensive to the jurisdiction
O trabalho investiga a técnica prevista no sistema processual civil para efetivação da tutela específica, a qual visa à resolução das crises de inadimplência verificadas no âmbito dos deveres de fazer, não-fazer e entregar coisa mediante a influência do devedor ao cumprimento das referidas obrigações: a multa diária. O estudo decorre da perplexidade gerada a partir do exagero da cifra resultante da imposição dessa medida coercitiva, sobretudo em face daquele que não integra a relação jurídica processual como parte, mas na qualidade de terceiro, responsável pelo cumprimento da ordem judicial. A análise do tema fundamenta-se em diferentes procedimentos: (i) exame da evolução histórica do instituto com ênfase nas modificações legislativoprocessuais dos últimos anos; (ii) verificação da existência ou da ausência de mecanismo semelhante no direito estrangeiro; (iii) identificação da natureza jurídica e dos atributos da tutela específica; (iv) consideração dos parâmetros norteadores para efetivação da tutela específica; (v) observação das principais características da sanção pecuniária, tais como: natureza jurídica, elementos determinantes da fixação, pessoas sujeitas, exigibilidade e destinatário do crédito derivado da incidência. Contempla, ainda, pela pertinência do assunto, a inovação no ordenamento jurídico-processual, que amplia o campo de aplicação da técnica coercitiva, ao instituir a multa tendente ao cumprimento espontâneo de obrigação de pagar quantia certa fundada em sentença. Os dados analisados confirmam que a multa diária representa técnica adequada e necessária à consecução do processo civil de resultados, notadamente na efetivação da tutela específica, sendo certo, entretanto, que o seu manejo deve sustentar-se no princípio da proporcionalidade a fim de evitar o enriquecimento ilícito do credor e promover o acesso à ordem jurídica justa. Embora pouco explorada pela doutrina e jurisprudência, a incidência da multa diária em face do terceiro revela-se inaplicável, porquanto carecedora de base normativa. Apesar dessa constatação, fica mantido o reconhecimento quanto à autoridade dos provimentos jurisdicionais, os quais devem ser observados por todos aqueles que participam do processo. A solução, portanto, reside na aplicação da multa por ato atentatório ao exercício da jurisdição

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Foschi, Margherita. ""Multa renascentur". Antico e moderno tra qualificazione e riqualificazione." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/5586/.

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La tesi riporta esperienze progettuali, con approfondimenti sul risparmio energetico e la sostenibilità ambientale, legate alla riqualificazione del patrimonio costruito, allo scopo di aumentare le caratteristiche prestazioinali e diminuire il loro impatto sull'ambiente.

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14

Esquivel, Guerra Alejandro. "“ILEGALIDAD DE LAS REGLAS DE CARÁCTER GENERAL FRENTE AL ARTÍCULO 364 DEL CÓDIGO FINANCIERO DEL ESTADO DE MÉXICO Y MUNICIPIOS”." Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/67197.

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La realidad económica que prevalece actualmente a nivel nacional, es muy delicada, ya que los ingresos son muy escasos, esto en referencia con los gastos fijos de primera necesidad que tiene una familia, lo anterior, hace que el cumplir con las obligaciones tributarias tengan un impacto mayor en la economía familiar, lo que incide directamente en la capacidad económica y contributiva de los particulares. La condición económica del contribuyente no es ajena para los legisladores, toda vez que existen figuras de excepciones que la ley prevé, como es el caso de la condonación fiscal de las multas impuestas, que en estricto sentido es una forma de liberarse de la carga tributaria, siendo el elemento principal para acceder a dicho beneficio el contar con una condición económica desfavorable. Derivado de lo anterior, es que surge la inquietud de exponer a través de esta tesis profesional la ilegalidad de las Reglas de Carácter General para la Condonación total o parcial de multas vigentes en 2015 frente al artículo 364 del Código Financiero en el Estado de México y Municipios vigente, al establecer como requisito para la procedencia de la condonación que los particulares realicen una inversión sobre el monto de lo condonado para fomentar el crecimiento, consolidación o expansión de sus actividades, lo cual es evidente una carga adicional para el contribuyente, ya que tiene un efecto negativo en la economía del particular, y que aunado a ello, se deja a la discrecionalidad de la autoridad fiscal que resolverá la autorización de la condonación, siendo esta un derecho. Es pertinente señalar; de acuerdo a lo anterior, que una inversión tiene un trasfondo económico y fiscal, que en nada beneficia al contribuyente, si es que no tiene contemplada realizar dicha inversión, y menos aún, siendo que la misma es para cumplir con un requisito para así poder tener acceso a la condonación de multas por parte de la autoridad fiscal estatal.

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Leizaola, Egaña Aitzpea. "Muga : Frontière, identité et territoire au Pays Basque." Paris 10, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA100177.

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Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre d'une anthropologie des frontières. Toute frontière est une construction politique, et par delà sociale, qui est arbitraire, contingente et relationnelle. Elle est la matérialisation d'un processus historique qui, dans le cas de la frontière pyrénéenne s'étend sur plus de 350 ans. Longtemps considérée le paradigme des frontières naturelles, la frontière entre la France et l'Espagne n'échappe point à ces principes. Ce travail met à jour les enjeux et les implications que la frontière mobilise au Pays Basque tant du point de vue de la définition du territoire comme des constructions et négociations identitaires. L'analyse des populations frontalières du milieu rural bascophone a été un outil de premier ordre. Prenant appui sur un travail de terrain multi-situé de longue durée englobant les deux côtés de la frontière, je montre combien l'interaction des populations frontalières au cours du 20e siècle fait preuve d'une grande capacité d'adaptation. La notion de muga, terme polysémique recouvrant en basque aussi bien la limite villageoise que la frontière étatique, s'avère centrale pour comprendre l'écart entre une conception locale où l'idée-force est la notion de rencontre en contraste avec la conception moderne de frontière étatique comme lieu de séparation. Les disputes territoriales locales, de discours sur la contrebande et du tourisme frontalier permettent de comprendre la teneur des enjeux et des échanges à l'échelle locale et la persistance des liens transfrontaliers. Cela met en relief la perméabilité de la frontière pyrénéenne et sa centralité pour les populations qu'elle partage, donnant lieu à une culture frontalière spécifique
Framed in the anthropology of borders, this thesis is an ethnography of the Basque borderland. Every border is a political, yet social, construction, which is arbitrary, contingent and relational. A border results from the materialisation of a historical process, which in the case of the Pyrenean border has expanded over 350 years. Long considered as a paradigm of natural boundaries, the border between France and Spain follows these principles too. This work brings light to the implications at stake in the Basque Country related to the definition of territory and to the processes of construction and negotiation of identities. Drawn from a long term multi-sited ethnography carried out in the Basque speaking rural borderland on both sides of the border, this research shows that all through the 20th century borderlanders have been able to constantly adapt to new circumstances. The notion of muga, a polysemic Basque term meaning both frontiers, village limits boundaries and state borders is central to understand the distinction between two diverging conceptions, the local one focusing on the idea of the border as a meeting point and the state perspective, stressing the idea of the border as a line of separation. The study of local territorial disputes, discourses on smuggling and border tourism point out to the scope and the persistence of exchanges across the border at a local level. Despite the fact of being divided by the border, all these show the permeability of the Pyrenean border and its centrality for borderlanders, which in turn, leads to the creation of a specific border culture

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Prado, Saldarriaga Víctor Roberto. "La pena de multa en el Código Penal de 1991." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/119021.

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Trujillo, Silva Anita Josefina. "Multa óptima para sancionar la extracción no autorizada de aguas subterráneas." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2018. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/151799.

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Tesis (Magíster en derecho público)
Actividad Formativa Equivalente a Tesis (AFET)
Esta actividad formativa tiene por objeto determinar las características de la sanción que debe ser aplicada a la extracción no autorizada de aguas subterráneas, para que cumpla con el objetivo de disuadir la conducta que se desea proscribir. Para tales efectos, se analizará la sanción establecida en el Código de Aguas (en adelante también CA) e invocada por la Dirección General de Aguas (en adelante también DGA) para castigar a quienes extraen aguas subterráneas sin autorización, proceso en que se evidenciará tanto la carencia de efecto disuasivo de la mencionada sanción, como que ésta carencia radica — de forma principal— en que el monto de la multa es sustancialmente inferior al costo de cumplimiento de la medida, es decir, al costo que implica no extraer aguas ilegalmente. Sobre la base del análisis efectuado se elaborará una metodología que permita determinar, para cada caso específico, una multa que considere las variables económicas cuantitativas a las que se ve enfrentado el eventual IV infractor, como los criterios cualitativos que deberá tener en consideración la administración al momento de aplicar la multa, concluyéndose que una sanción pecuniaria sólo podrá disuadir la extracción no autorizada de aguas, si su monto es superior a las utilidades obtenidas por el infractor en la actividad económica en la que utilizó las aguas, proponiéndose una modificación de lege ferenda.

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Pérez, Castañeda Jacqueline Julissa. "La pena de multa: vigencia, desarrollos y nuevas propuestas en el proyecto de reforma del Código Penal 2008-2010." Doctoral thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2015. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/4636.

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La tesis que ahora presentamos como informe final se organiza en función de tres capítulos. El primer capítulo, se ocupa de la globalización de los mercados y la última crisis económica tomando en cuenta sus principales efectos (en Estados Unidos, Europa y América Latina), así como –en ese contexto- de la vigencia de la pena de multa como sustitutivo de las penas cortas privativas de libertad, abordando sus aspectos generales: concepto y naturaleza jurídica, ventajas y desventajas, y distintas clasificaciones de las que es objeto, deteniéndonos en el sistema de los días-multa. En el segundo capítulo, con base en la afirmación de que el sistema escandinavo ha alcanzado en la actualidad una posición predominante en la determinación de la pena pecuniaria, verifica los niveles de asimilación de dicho modelo en el derecho penal contemporáneo. Al respecto, se ha seleccionado los sistemas jurídicos y textos legales de los siguientes países: Suiza (C.P. 1937 con la reforma penal de 2007), España (C.P. 1995 tras la reforma de la LO 5/2010), República Popular China (C.P. 1997), Panamá (C.P. 2007), Puerto Rico (C.P. 2004), Nicaragua (C.P. 2007), además de incluir en la comparación los documentos prelegislativos correspondientes a Ecuador (Anteproyecto de Código Penal 2012), Guatemala (Anteproyecto de Nuevo Código Penal - Parte General 2004) y Brasil (Projeto de Lei Do Senado 2012). Ahora bien, para lograr una revisión comparada de corte integral, de las normas involucradas con la aplicación del sistema de la pena de multa en los países seleccionados, se circunscribe la evaluación a indicadores y variables tales como: sistemas de aplicación de la pena de multa existentes, procedimiento de determinación del número de días-multa, extensión promedio del número de días-multa aplicables, criterios utilizados para la definición de la cuota diaria dineraria, reglas especiales para la definición de la cuota diaria, posibilidades de modificación de la cuota diaria fijada en la sentencia, plazo y modalidad de pago de la multa, casos de conversión por no pago de la multa, y aplicación de la pena de multa como sanción sustitutiva de la pena privativa de libertad. El tercer capítulo, abarca la problemática de la pena de multa durante la vigencia del Código Penal de 1991 y las propuestas de reforma de la pena de multa en el Anteproyecto de Código Penal 2008-2010. Complementariamente, en un breve excursus final, revisamos las normas pertinentes del Decreto Legislativo Nro. 1106 y de las leyes Nros. 30076 y 30077, promulgadas en el bienio 2012-2013 que han planteado la aplicación de consecuencias accesorias que incluyen la multa, para las personas jurídicas vinculadas a hechos punibles. Además, examinamos los aspectos pertinentes del Proyecto de Nuevo Código Penal 2014, del Proyecto de Ley sobre delitos de corrupción 2014 y del Dictamen de Nuevo Código Penal 2014-2015, proyectos legislativos que inciden en la regulación de la pena de multa para sancionar delitos vinculados con la actividad de personas jurídicas. Las conclusiones de la investigación cierran la sistemática interna de la tesis. Cabe destacar, sin embargo, que a lo largo de sus diferentes capítulos se inserta, también, un conjunto de reflexiones sobre las insuficiencias detectadas, sugiriendo las correspondientes alternativas como alcances de lege data y lege ferenda (ver, PROYECTO DE LEY QUE MODIFICA EL CÓDIGO PENAL, EL DECRETO LEGISLATIVO NRO. 1106 Y LA LEY NRO. 30077 SOBRE LA APLICACIÓN DE LA MULTA COMO PENA Y COMO CONSECUENCIA ACCESORIA). Se incorpora a la tesis un anexo que reúne documentación legislativa nacional y extranjera sobre la pena de multa. Y el listado bibliográfico que detalla los libros, monografías y demás textos e informes que han servido de soporte teórico a nuestra investigación.
Tesis

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Monteiro, Vitor José de Mello. "Da multa no cumprimento de sentença para o pagamento de quantia certa." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2009. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/8781.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:29:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vitor Jose de Mello Monteiro.pdf: 1161137 bytes, checksum: a114fa53183c85890ea7a559597c7a6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-06
The study s main purpose is to analyze the fine included in the Brazilian rules by the law nº 11.232/05 which, in a reasonable period of time, became an object of great controversy in the course of doctrinal and jurisprudential plans and regarding some attainments aspects. The point, therefore, was to sketch one methodology analysis of this new modality of form sanction in order to insert it in the Brazilian s context of procedural law without attacking, however, the jurists principles and guarantees, especially the ones of constitutional level. In addition, the necessity to extract of the institute s maximum possible effectiveness was not forgotten. In consequence, were studied since the most basic requirements so that duty application could have been cogitated until its more specific elements. Of this systemize study, conclusions had emerged on the incidence or not of the related penalty to the situations, until then, little explored by the doctrine and of rare verification in the national courts. It mentioned, also, amongst other peculiar characteristics of this fine, the purpose to confer more authority to the sentences that condemn to the payment of certain amount, in the measure where the debtor will count on a stated period of fifteen days to effect the spontaneous obligation s fulfillment, duly warned about the related penalty s incidence
O presente estudo objetiva analisar a multa do cumprimento de sentença para pagamento de quantia certa inserida no ordenamento jurídico processual brasileiro pela lei n.° 11.232/05 que, em pouco tempo, conseguiu ser objeto de grande controvérsia no plano doutrinário e jurisprudencial a respeito de vários aspectos a ela atinentes. Procurou-se, assim, traçar uma análise metodológica desta nova modalidade de sanção de forma a inseri-la no contexto do direito processual brasileiro sem agredir, contudo, os princípios e garantias dos jurisdicionados, especialmente os de nível constitucional. Não se deixou de lado a necessidade de extrair do instituto o máximo de efetividade possível. Assim, foram estudados desde os requisitos mais básicos para que se possa cogitar a aplicação desta sanção até os seus elementos mais específicos. Deste estudo sistematizado, emergiram conclusões sobre a incidência ou não da referida penalidade a situações, até então, pouco exploradas pela doutrina e de rara verificação nos tribunais nacionais. Ressaltou, também, dentre outras características peculiares desta multa, a finalidade de conferir mais autoridade às decisões judiciais que condenam ao pagamento de quantia certa, na medida em que o devedor contará com um prazo de quinze dias para efetuar o cumprimento espontâneo da obrigação, sob pena de incidência da referida penalidade

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Vassal'lo, Saco Jara. "Comunidades de cianobacterias bentónicas, producción y liberación de microcistinas en el río Muga (NE Península Ibérica)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7662.

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El estudio de las comunidades de cianobacterias en la cuenca del río Muga permite profundizar en la búsqueda de factores que favorezcan o inhiban la acumulación intracelular de microcistinas y su liberación al medio externo en condiciones oligotróficas o con leves signos de eutrofia, al tiempo que permiten aportar nuevos conocimientos que ayuden a mejorar el entendimiento de los mecanismos y procesos que participan en la dinámica de las comunidades de cianobacterias bentónicas y las microcistinas asociadas en ecosistemas fluviales mediterráneos. Se ha realizado un estudio de la estructura y variabilidad de las comunidades de cianobacterias durante un ciclo anual completo mediante muestreos mensuales y muestreos con menor periodicidad durante un segundo ciclo posterior. Dichos muestreos han permitido observar diferentes patrones espacio-temporales a lo largo de todo el período de estudio en los 4 puntos de muestreo seleccionados en la cuenca del río Muga. Estos 4 tramos incluyen 1 punto regulado:aguas abajo del embalse de Boadella, y 3 sin regular:2 cabeceras y un punto aguas abajo de la población de Albanyà. Se han identificado un total de 34 especies de cianobacterias bentónicas en las 4 zonas estudiadas, predominando siempre especies de aguas limpias o poco alteradas. Dos especies, Rivularia biasolettiana (zonas más limpias y expuestas) y Phormidium retzii (sonas esciáfilas o con alta velocidad de corriente), resultan dominantes en gran parte de ellas. Se han reconocido un total de 6 microcistinas acumuladas intracelularmente en la comunidad bentónica de cianobacterias, identificando 3 de ellas: MC-RR, MC-LR y MC-YR. La concentración de microcistinas intracelulares ha disminuído a lo largo del eje principal del río Muga, determinada por diferentes factores físicos, químicos y biológicos. A nivel general, la acumulación total de microcistinas intracelulares ha estado asociada a un aumento de la temperatura del agua, un descenso en la diversidad de la comunidad de cianobacterias y pequeños incrementos de la concentración de fósforo disuelto en el agua. En cuanto a la liberación de microcistinas, ha estado vinculada a distintas perturbaciones soportadas por la comunidad cianobacteriana, tanto asociadas a factores físicos naturales como antrópicos.
The study of cyanobacteria communities in the Muga River basin enables further search for factors that promote or inhibit the intracellular accumulation of microcystins and their external release in oligotrophic or sligthly eutrophic conditions. At the same time, it provides new knowlodge to improve the understanding of the mechanisms and proccesses involved in the community dynamics of benthic cyanobacteria and associated microcystins in Mediterranean River ecosystems. A two-year study of the structure and variability of cyanobacterial communities was carried out: monthly sampling during the first annual cycle and lower frequency sampling during the second cycle. This allows observing the different spatial-temporal patterns over the study period in the 4 selected sampling points in the Muga River basin. These 4 points comprise 1 regulated point downstream of the Boadella reservoir, and 3 unregulated points, namely 2 headers and a thrid one downstream of Albanyà village. A total of 34 species of benthic cyanobacteria were identified in the 4 studied areas. The predominant species were linked to clear waters or slightly altered areas. 2 species were dominant in most of them: Rivularia biasolettiana (in cleaner and exposed areas) and Phormidium retzii (in unexposed areas or with high flow velocity).In the benthic community of cyanobacteria, a total of 6 intracellular microcystins were detected. 3 of them were identified: MC-RR, MC-LR and MC-YR. The accumulation of intracellular microcystins decrease along the stream as determined by different physical, chemical and biological factors. At a general level, the total accumulation of intracellular microcystins was associated with an increase in water temperature, a decrease of benthic cyanobacterial diversity and small increases in the concentration of dissolved phosphorus in the water. On the other hand, microcystins release was linked to the effects of different physical disturbances on the cyanobacterial community, wether of natural or anthropical origin.

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Dogru, Evrim. "Issues Of Sustainable Development In Local And Global Context: The Case Of Mugla." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608013/index.pdf.

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The sustainable development concept has entered the urban planning agenda of Turkey mainly after Habitat II Conference held in Istanbul in 1996. Turkey is trying to adopt the experiences of developed countries to improve the planning system including the sustainable development criteria. In this study, planning experience of Mugla is selected as a case study to criticize and evaluate on the changing planning process of cities in Turkey in terms of sustainable development criteria, which requires new approaches that are integrative and participative between local and global context. In the case of Mugla, the urban form has shaped according to the development areas declared in the plans as additional districts to the traditional city since 1930s
that is, the result was not sustainable in the long run because of some environmental, socio-economic and political values. In the thesis, the problems of the case related to planning experience through sustainable development objectives are stated and solutions are proposed for a sustainable city.

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Valle, Malqui Lucero Belén del. "La multa en el procedimiento administrativo sancionador en las contrataciones con el Estado." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/8558.

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En la Exposición de Motivos de la Ley N° 30225 se señaló que la justificación de la incorporación de la multa como sanción contra los proveedores que incurran en algunas de las infracciones señaladas en la Ley, recae en la necesidad de asegurar el efecto disuasivo de la sanción administrativa respecto de determinados proveedores, puesto que el volumen de contratos con el Estado que tenían los sancionados era reducido respecto de la cantidad total de operaciones que realizaban. En el presente trabajo tratará de dar alcances para sostener si es eficiente o no la imposición de multas en el nuevo sistema de sanciones que aplica el Tribunal de Contrataciones del Estado.
Trabajo académico

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Pérez, Castañeda Jacqueline Julissa. "La Pena de multa en el derecho penal peruano : desarrollos normativos y jurisprudencia." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2005. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/2124.

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Анотація:

La tesis que ahora presentamos como informe final de nuestras indagaciones se organiza en función de dos partes. La primera, se ocupa del análisis dogmático y político criminal de la pena de multa en el derecho comparado y nacional. En ella se aborda el estudio de los aspectos generales de la pena de multa (evolución, concepto, naturaleza jurídica, ventajas, desventajas y clasificaciones) y de la función sustitutiva que se le asigna en el contexto de la privación de libertad de corta duración. También se presenta de modo específico la problemática y características del sistema de días-multa; y, en un capítulo aparte, se explica el sistema de días-multa en el derecho penal peruano (evolución, procedimiento de determinación del número de días-multa, extensión del promedio del número aplicable, criterios utilizados para la definición de la cuota diaria, reglas especiales, plazo y modalidades de pago de la multa, medidas alternativas aplicables a la multa, cómputo de la detención, prescripción, rehabilitación, cobranza de las multas impuestas en el Poder Judicial, entre otros).
Tesis

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Santos, Eucléia Gonçalves. ""Em cima da mula, debaixo de Deus, na frente do inferno"." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/27988.

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CROSET, PIERRE JEAN. "En remontant la muga karnali (essai sur la musique des spheres)." Paris 8, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA080575.

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La these comprend deux parties. Dans la premiere, l'auteur retranscrit le journal du voyage qui l'a conduit de l'inde a l'himalaya par la vallee de la riviere muga karnali, au cours duquel il s'est mis en devoir d'approfondir ses connaissances et sa conception de la musique et des traditions orientales, de facon a renouveler les tenants et aboutissants d'un processus creatif limite jusqu'alors aux poncifs de l'orientalisme europeen habituel. Dans la seconde partie, qui s'articule autour de sept rubriques d'ordre plus technique ("annexes"), le compositeur p. J. Croset explique comment il a ete amene a inventer ses propres sons, en reference a des decouvertes acoustiques precises, mais sans se sentir lie a la litherie asiatique comme telle ; donc, en construisant de nouveazux instruments, comme la lyre harmonique ou les tambours d'eau. Il a soigneusement veille a respecter l'esprit des musiques ethniques qu'il rencontrait, et notamment le symbolisme par lequel chaque sonorite s'insere dans un lieu, dans un temps, dansune occasion et un contexte specifiques, qui en garantissent l'impact aupres d'une communaute donnee, certes, mais en faisant appel a des realites psychologiques ou neuro-physiologiques universelles, quoique negligees ordinairement par les musiciens occidentaux. Le spectre des hauteurs et le spectre des couleurs, par exemple, sont susceptibles d'interpenetrer ; encore faiblement exploitees en europe, les nouvelles possibilites instrumentales sont appelees a des developpements considerables, qui conduiront sans nul doute a des revisions spectaculaire au niveau des moyens, mais egalement des fins de la musique a venir ; celle-ci, telle qu'elle se laisse cerner, sera spirituelle
The thesis falls into two parts. The first is devoted to a diary, which deals with a journey in nepal, going back from india to the himalayas "rowing upstream the muga karnali" (a nepalian river). The second part explores, in seven parts ("annexes") how ethnomusicological inquiries by a composer can influence his own aesthetics and techniques. During his journey in nepal, the author began seriously to study the character and traditions of the musical cultures of the east as well as all the inherent qualities of the material itself, not all of which are perceptible or definable according to established western concepts. In musical terms, mr. Croset has combined the use of just intonation with microtones played on asian instruments and explored the potentials rather than merely borrowing the procedures of asian music, so that he built several new instruments of his own and developed new technical resources such as the correlation of pitches to the color spectrum, a device related to the belief, almost universal except in modern europe, incorporating musical tones to the landscapes, cardinal points, seasons, substances and also human emotions. The underlying thrust in mr. Croset's music is the integration of musicwith other categories of art and thought. The resources most likely to be crucial to the future music of the west may very well be the byproducts of attempts to interpenetrate music not only with musical traditions, but with spirituality

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Erkin, Eda. "Integration Of Gis Techniques With Tourism Planning A Case Study: Bodrum Peninsula, Mugla, Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12611691/index.pdf.

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Tourism is an important economic activity in our country as it is all around the world. It is also defined as an industry which is related to other economical sectors. Therefore, governments need to manage, develop and market the tourism facilities so that tourism industry can help economical growth effectively. Tourism planning means to manage large amount of data. Therefore, it is desirable to integrate Geographic Information Systems and also Remote Sensing to planning. The aim of the thesis is to define how to increase the contributions of GIS for site selection purposes for new tourism types. The case study is chosen as Bodrum Peninsula that is the hearth of Turkey in tourism sector. The fast and unplanned tourism development is causing some problems in nature, transportation, social and technical infrastructure of Bodrum. Summer houses, hotels, holiday villages are built up increasingly, so a huge difference occurs between winter (97.000) and summer (1.500.000) populations, which produce one of the reasons for problems. In this study, new tourism types, which are camping, caravanning, grass-skiing, site-parachuting and biking activities, are suggested in Bodrum Peninsula. Site selection process for these types is performed according to the requirements defined by the Youth and Sport Association. Slope, aspect, and proximity analyses are performed in order to find the suitable areas for each tourism type. Then, analytical hierarchy process technique is used to give weight to each criterion to emphasize their effects. Finally, site selection results are compared with the environmental plan.

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Timur, Baris Ali. "A Study On Values, Problems And Potentials Of The Traditional Dwellings In Karabaglar-mugla." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614240/index.pdf.

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Karabaglar district of Mugla, which was registered as a conservation site in 1977, is a low density traditional settlement which has had a family scale agricultural production background. Most of the families, living in the town center, used to migrate to their houses and their farms in that fertile district from the spring till the autumn in order to prepare their needs of foods for the winters as the production of family scale agriculture and animal husbandry. Today the district is located next to Mugla University campus in Kö
tekli district in the south and neighbors the axis relating university to the city center in the west. The land values in Karabaglar are very high because the area has always been a prestige zone for the citizens of Mugla because of its cultural and traditional background and the natural beauty. Unfortunately these characteristics lead either to rapid and unconscious restoration interventions or to the total abandoning of the traditional buildings to collapse in order to use the land in future. Therefore
Karabaglar is in danger of losing its traditional, urban, architectural and natural characteristics. This study seeks to fulfill the already made urban-scaled conservation studies with the architectural-scaled data. It aims to determine the values, problems and potentials of the traditional dwellings in Karabaglar-Mugla.

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Rocha, Val?ria Maria Lacerda. "Repercuss?o geral e s?mula vinculante: os efeitos no controle difuso." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2011. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/13921.

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Brazil since its first republican constitution has adopted systems of laws control. The review activity was given to three state powers or functions state, Executive, Legislative and Judiciary. However, it appears that in the country along the constitutional history, has stood considerably the jurisdictional control of the most important control. Initially, back in 1891, Brazil adopted the jurisdictional control of diffuse from U.S, whose role in monitoring of standards is delivered to all organs of the judiciary, which may face a case, put on trial, ascertain whether or not the possibility of applying a law, removing its impact in case of unconstitutionality. In 1969, entered in the second legal model of judicial review, the concentrated control of constitutionality, whose inspiration comes from the positivist theory of Hans Kelsen, and was adopted by the Austrian Constitution of 1920. According to the abstract control the supervision of law is given to a Court or Constitutional Court, responsible for the analysis of the legal constitutionality independent of its application to a specific case. In Brazil the role of concentrated control was handed over exclusively to the Supreme Court, which serves as the Constitutional Court, which accumulates that function with other constitutionally provided jurisdiction. Throughout this period, from 1891 until today, Brazil has maintained a dual system of judicial control of legal constitutionality, where they coexist and harmonize the diffuse control exercised by any organ of the Judiciary, and concentrated control of competence the Supreme Court. However, one must recognize that with the advent of the Federal Constitution of 1988, the concentrated control has emerged on the national stage due to two important factors: the expansion of the legal capacity to sue and the inclusion of other ways control, besides the already known Direct Claim of Unconstitutionality. This concentrated control and projection of the Supreme Court s attempt to become a true constitutional court, led to a relative weakening of diffuse control even when performed by the Brazilian Constitutional Court. In order to become a true constitutional court, all decisions handed down by the Supreme in the exercise of constitutional jurisdiction should have the same weight and the same measure, or at least bring improvement to similar effects, once is the responsible for the final word when it comes to constitutional interpretation. Thus, the writs of certiorari and stare decisis were responsible for profound changes in the diffuse control, allowing the Supreme Court can strengthen its decisions even in the diffuse control. These two institutions have substantially changed the legal status of diffuse control, allowing an extension of the effects of decisions handed down by the Supreme Court, so that you can no longer be said that the effects of this control to restrict the disputing parties in the process
O Brasil desde a sua primeira constitui??o republicana tem adotado sistemas de controle de constitucionalidade das normas. Verifica-se que esta tarefa de fiscaliza??o normativa foi entregue aos tr?s poderes ou fun??es estatais, Executivo, Legislativo e Judici?rio. Entretanto, verifica-se que no pa?s, ao longo da hist?ria constitucional, tem se destacado consideravelmente o controle jurisdicional de constitucionalidade das leis. Inicialmente, j? em 1891, foi adotado o controle jurisdicional difuso ou concreto, de origem norte-americana, cuja fun??o de fiscaliza??o das normas foi entregue a todos os ?rg?os do Poder Judici?rio, os quais poder?o diante de um caso concreto, posto a julgamento, verificarem ou n?o a possibilidade de aplica??o de uma norma, afastando sua incid?ncia em caso de inconstitucionalidade. Em 1969, entrou definitivamente no ordenamento jur?dico o segundo modelo de fiscaliza??o jurisdicional, o controle de constitucionalidade concentrado ou abstrato, cuja inspira??o adv?m da teoria positivista de Hans Kelsen, e foi adotado pela Constitui??o Austr?aca de 1920. Segundo o controle abstrato a fiscaliza??o ? entregue a um Tribunal ou Corte Constitucional respons?vel pela an?lise da norma em tese, independente de sua aplica??o a um caso espec?fico. No Brasil a fun??o do controle concentrado foi entregue com exclusividade ao Supremo Tribunal Federal, que exerce a fun??o de Tribunal Constitucional, que acumula referida fun??o com outras compet?ncias jurisdicionais constitucionalmente previstas. Durante todo esse per?odo, de 1891 at? os dias atuais, o Brasil tem mantido um sistema misto de controle jurisdicional de constitucionalidade das normas, onde convivem e se harmonizam o controle difuso, exercido por qualquer ?rg?o do Poder Judici?rio, e o controle concentrado, de compet?ncia do Supremo Tribunal Federal. Por?m, for?oso ? reconhecer, que com o advento da carta de 1988, o controle concentrado ganhou proje??o e destaque no cen?rio nacional, por dois importantes fatores: a amplia??o do rol de legitimados ativos e a inclus?o de outros mecanismos de controle, al?m da j? conhecida A??o Direta de Inconstitucionalidade. Esta proje??o do controle concentrado e a tentativa do Supremo Tribunal de se tornar uma verdadeira corte constitucional, levaram a um relativo enfraquecimento do controle difuso mesmo quando realizado pelo Tribunal Constitucional brasileiro. Ocorre que para se tornar uma verdadeira corte constitucional, todas as decis?es prolatadas pelo Supremo no exerc?cio da jurisdi??o constitucional devem ter o mesmo peso e a mesma medida, ou pelo menos surtirem efeitos an?logos, haja vista ser o respons?vel pela ?ltima palavra em se tratando de interpreta??o constitucional. Desta forma, a repercuss?o geral e a s?mula vinculante foram respons?veis por profundas transforma??es no controle difuso, permitindo que o Supremo Tribunal Federal possa fortalecer suas decis?es mesmo em sede de controle concreto. Estes dois institutos modificaram substancialmente a natureza jur?dica do controle difuso, permitindo um alargamento dos efeitos das decis?es prolatadas pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal, de modo que j? n?o se poder? mais afirmar que os efeitos deste controle se restrinjam as partes litigantes do processo

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Bomtempo, Luiz Gon??alves. "Cumula????o das multas de of??cio por inadimpl??ncia da antecipa????o e do recolhimento do IRPJ e da CSLL." Universidade Cat??lica de Bras??lia, 2016. https://bdtd.ucb.br:8443/jspui/handle/tede/2092.

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The present paper intends to deal with the tributary fines based on the article 44 from the act No. 9.430, year 1996 in case of offense to the legal statements that determine payment of Corporate Income Taxes and the Social Contribution on Net Profit as monthly advancement entered, added to the fine for noncompliance of those taxes. As introduction, relevant aspects of the Sanctioning Tax Law, its torts and sanctions will be discussed. We will see a topic concerning with the principles adopted in the Sanctioning Tax. The distinction between the tax criminal law and the criminal tax law will be made as well as the discrimination of the tributary crimes and their sanctions, and also the identification of their species and classifications. We will analyze some specificities that characterize the crimes against the tributary order. In the study of the administrative sanctions related to the taxation, we will discuss the tax fine and its various aspects. Besides that, we will weight on tax liability, both objective and subjective, on tributary torts, furthermore the aspects which involve the main and the ancillary obligations, just as the substantial and formal tax law violation. We will analyze the modifications imposed by the presidential act named Medida Provis??ria No. 351/2007, which has given a new redaction of the article 44 from the law No. 9.430, year 1996 and above all, the changes in the jurisprudence of the CARF that stands for Conselho Administrativo de Recursos Fiscais, the Federal Administrative Tax Appeals Council in Brazil. The structure of the Federal Tax Office and the CARF and the way that they are governed will be presented. We are going to analyze the theses that have been thriving on the judgements of the Federal Court and in the CARF in order to preclude colletion of both fines, Isolated and proportional, in the same fiscal period.
No presente estudo, tratar-se-?? das multas tribut??rias previstas no art. 44 da Lei n?? 9.430, de 1996, em raz??o das infra????es cometidas por falta de pagamento das antecipa????es mensais lan??adas, cumulativamente, com a multa por descumprimento da obriga????o principal, relativas ao Imposto de Renda das Pessoas Jur??dicas e da Contribui????o Social sobre o Lucro L??quido. De forma introdut??ria, ser??o abordados aspectos relevantes do direito sancionador tribut??rio, de seus il??citos e san????es. Veremos um t??pico a respeito dos princ??pios adotados no Direito Tribut??rio Sancionador. Ser?? feita a distin????o entre o direito penal tribut??rio e direito tribut??rio penal, bem como a discrimina????o dos crimes tribut??rios e suas san????es, e tamb??m a identifica????o das suas esp??cies e classifica????es. Analisaremos algumas especificidades dos crimes contra a ordem tribut??ria. No estudo das san????es administrativas relacionadas ?? atividade tribut??ria, abordaremos a multa fiscal nos seus v??rios aspectos. Al??m disso, trataremos das responsabilidades objetiva e subjetiva nos il??citos tribut??rios, dos aspectos que envolvem as obriga????es principal e acess??ria, assim como das infra????es fiscal substancial e fiscal formal. Analisaremos as modifica????es impostas pela Medida Provis??ria n?? 351/2007, que deu nova reda????o ao art. 44 da Lei n?? 9.430, de 1996, e, sobretudo, as mudan??as da jurisprud??ncia produzida pelo Conselho Administrativo de Recursos Fiscais. Ser?? apresentada a estrutura das Delegacias da Receita Federal de Julgamentos (DRJ), bem como do Conselho Administrativo de Recursos Fiscais (CARF) e como s??o regidos. Analisaremos as teses que t??m prosperado nos julgamentos da Justi??a Federal e do CARF no sentido de impossibilitar a cobran??a das duas multas isolada e proporcional num mesmo exerc??cio financeiro.

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Chouitem, Dorothée. "La Murga au sein du carnaval uruguayen : contribution à une lecture des années 1969-1989." Lille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL30053.

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Arrivées au pouvoir à la faveur du coup d'Etat du 27 juin 1973, les Forces Armées uruguayennes qui occupaient les devants de la scène politique depuis septembre 1971, date à laquelle elles furent chargées de la lutte antisubversive, ne firent que durcir des mesures en vigueur depuis 1968 et ce afin d'obtenir un contrôle hégémonique des organes du pouvoir. Interdiction des partis politiques et des syndicats, censure, répression, emprisonnements, tortures et disparitions semèrent la désolation. S'appuyant sur les recherches menées notamment par Milita Alfaro sur les origines du carnaval en Uruguay, la thèse contextualise l'espace public en dictature comme lieu réservé à la diffusion de la doxa où toute parole jugée dissidente se voit muselée. Le propos principal de cette thèse, basée sur une abondante recherche de terrain et des matériaux d'archives jusqu'ici inédits, est d'interroger et d'interpréter une nouvelle configuration d'action "politisée" qui prit place dans l'espace festif du tablado pourtant sous étroite surveillance. Au sein du genre murga, connu pour ses fonctions de divertissement populaire, la production de certaines de ces troupes allaient emprunter un chemin différent en détournant la fonction première de ces festivités. Le travail se propose de commenter et d'analyser comment le teatro de los tablados allait ainsi offrir un autre canal à une certaine forme de contestation, tout en limitant les risques encourrus
The Uruguayan miitary forces, on the power since the 27th June 1973 coup d'Etat, had taken the political lead after September 1971 when they took over the anti subversive fight, which they did by toughening the policies existing since 1968 whith views of gaining a hegemonic control of the organs of power. Measures like the prohibition of political parties and unions as well as censure, imprisonment, torture and disappearances sowed desolation in the country. Based on the researches on the origins of the carnival in Uruguay, particularly on Milita Alfaro's, this thesis focuses on the public space during the dictatorship as a place confined to the diffusion of the doxa where every word thought to be dissident would be muzzled. The main purpose of this thesis, which is based on an ample research field and so far unpublished files, is to interrogate and to interpret this new configuration of politised action that took place in the festive venue of the tablado despite of being under thorough scrutiny. Within the murga's genre and its main capacity of amusement, some murga troupes were to take a different course eccentric to this festivities' primary function. This work intends to offer a commentary and an analysis on how the teatro de los tablados would open a channel for contested expressions limiting the incurred risks

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ALEJO, RAMIREZ EDISA 677229, and RAMIREZ EDISA ALEJO. "Propuesta de fomento de desarrollo comunitario sustentable: Localidad Pate Mula de los Cedros." Tesis de maestría, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/98683.

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Documento escrito, requisito parcial para obtener el Grado de Maestro/a en Agroindustria Rural, Desarrollo Territorial y turismo Agroalimentario.
El presente trabajo tiene el objetivo de plantear una propuesta de desarrollo comunitario, que contribuya a la solución de rezago social y económico de la comunidad en cuestión, mediante el enfoque de Desarrollo Comunitario Sustentable (DCS).La metodología consiste en un diagnóstico de actividades económicas potenciales que sean la base del desarrollo de esta comunidad originaria. Se emplea el método de Análisis y Desarrollo de Mercados (AyDM) de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU). La metodología apoya el desarrollo de la capacidad emprendedora y ayuda a las personas a mejorar sus medios de vida, dado que considera no solo la sostenibilidad ambiental, sino también aspectos sociales, tecnológicos, legales y comerciales (ONU, 2013). Se hacen adecuaciones de aplicación de la metodología para no solo enfocarse en los recursos forestales de la comunidad, sino también en los recursos locales naturales y humanos. El resultado de la aplicación del AyDM muestra que las personas de la comunidad están interesadas y dispuestas a participar en actividades económicas, diferentes a las que se practican actualmente, algunas de estas actividades promueven el rescate de saberes tradicionales.
CONACYT - Becas Nacionales

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Alvarez-Perez, Sara. "Traverser la muga : enjeux géopolitiques et stratégies d'internationalisation d'Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (1959-1979)." Thesis, Nantes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NANT2052.

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Ce travail de thèse porte sur l’influence du contexte géopolitique sur la naissance et l’évolution idéologique et stratégique de l’organisation terroriste Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA). Notre étude a pour but d’analyser la façon dont le contexte géopolitique influe sur les stratégies de légitimation conçues par ETA afin de se bâtir une place tant au sein des organisations politiques basques qu’au niveau de l’opinion publique internationale, notamment en France. Le contexte de la guerre froide, marqué par l’apparition des processus de décolonisation et par la naissance d’organisations révolutionnaires prônant la lutte armée, établit les bases sur lesquelles ETA construit son arsenal médiatique. Nous mesurerons la portée des stratégies communicationnelles développées par l’organisation afin de mener à bien ses objectifs. L’étude de sources documentaires variées, notamment les rapports de la police française ou les recours présentés par les militants d’ETA devant la Commission des Recours des Réfugiés (CRR) contre le rejet de l’octroi du statut de réfugié politique en France, révèle que les autorités françaises portèrent une attention particulière à l’organisation ETA au niveau administratif et policier, alors qu’au niveau diplomatique la France pratiqua un attentisme fortement critiqué par les autorités franquistes. Les comptes rendus des contacts maintenus entre ETA et le Parti communiste d’Espagne (PCE) ont également constitué une source d’intérêt, d’autant plus que, sous le franquisme, la collaboration entre les groupes de l’opposition était indispensable à la réussite de leurs ambitions politiques respectives. L’un des objectifs essentiels de ce travail consiste à analyser comment le projet d’ETA  l’indépendance d’Euskal Herria, considérée comme une colonie occupée par l’Espagne et par la France  est en lien direct avec les circonstances géopolitiques de la guerre froide, marquées par l’apparition de diverses armées de libération nationale dans les territoires colonisés. La répression de la police franquiste et la mobilisation de l’appareil médiatique du régime face aux premières actions violentes d’ETA  essentiellement la dégradation matérielle de symboles urbains de la dictature  entraînèrent non seulement le surdimensionnement de ces actes de vandalisme, mais aussi le passage de la plupart des militants de l’organisation de l’autre côté de la muga  la frontière, en langue basque , favorisant la création de réseaux de soutien avec des groupes autonomistes basques français. Le déclin progressif de la dictature en Espagne modifia graduellement les stratégies d’internationalisation menées par l’organisation, de sorte qu’après la mort de Francisco Franco et le début de la Transition à la démocratie, ETA fit valoir le capital symbolique obtenu pendant la dictature afin d’accaparer l’attention politico-médiatique et ainsi légitimer sa persistance dans la lutte
This doctoral thesis is about the influence of the geopolitical context in the origins of the terrorist organisation Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA), as well as its ideological and strategical evolution. The goal of our research is to analyse how the geopolitical context influences the legitimation strategies conceived by ETA in order to fight for its own place not only among the political organisations in the Basque Country, but also in public opinion at the international level, particularly in France. The Cold War context, marked by the rise of decolonisation processes and by the emergence of revolutionary organisations that supported the armed struggle, gave rise to the conditions in which the ETA set up its own media-based propaganda. We will gauge the impact of the communicative strategies developed by the organisation in order to attain its objectives. The study of documentary sources of various kinds reveal that the French authorities showed a particular interest in ETA at both administrative and police levels. These sources include the records of the French police and the administrative appeals submitted by ETA activists before the Refugee Appeals Committee, against the withdrawal of the political refugee status in France. Meanwhile, at a diplomatic level, France adopted a wait-andsee approach, harshly criticised by the Francoist authorities. The minutes of the contacts held by ETA and the Spanish Communist Party (PCE) have represented a source of valuable information, particularly because, under Franco, collaboration among the opposition groups was indispensable for the success of their respective political ambitions. One of the main goals of this work is to analyse how the ETA project − the independence of the Basque Country, which is considered to be a colony occupied by Spain and by France − is directly related to the geopolitical circumstances of the Cold War, marked by the rise of different national liberation forces in the colonised territories. Franco’s police repression and the rallying of the regime’s media apparatus against ETA’s first violent actions − essentially, the material degradation of the dictatorship`s urban symbols − caused not only an oversizing of these acts of vandalism, but also the crossing of most of the ETA activists to the other side of the muga. Once on the other side of the Pyrenean border − the muga, in Basque language − ETA’s activists were able to foster the establishment of support networks with the French-Basque autonomist groups. The progressive decline of the dictatorship in Spain gradually modified the internationalisation strategies developed by the organisation, so that after Francisco Franco’s death and the beginning of the Transition to democracy, ETA asserted its symbolic capital accumulated during the dictatorship. In this way, it monopolised media-political attention and hence legitimised its persistence in the struggle

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Machado, C??ssio. "Correla????o entre pena pecuni??ria e valora????o econ??mica dos recursos naturais degradados na perspectiva da an??lise econ??mica do Direito." Universidade Cat??lica de Bras??lia, 2016. https://bdtd.ucb.br:8443/jspui/handle/tede/2255.

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The aim of this study is to verify the correlation between the economic monetary penalty attributed to environmental crimes agents and their damage, based on the economic analysis of law. The study takes an interdisciplinary approach, in that it seeks to demonstrate the close relationship between law and economics to identify the economic and social impacts of environmental crimes and for their valuation degraded property. To support the work, the environment was characterized as well legal, listing up the penalties charged to agents of crimes against him; described is the social function of the sentence and its value to the law; They were listed basic principles of Traditional Theory of Criminal Law and Economic Theory of Crimes and Punishments and analyzed briefly fines charged against environmental crimes agents, with regard to the said correlation. The research was guided by questions such as: how are valued monetized degraded natural resources for penalty purposes for environmental crimes? Environmental crimes, the penalty has maintained its sense of "sensitive and powerful means to quell the despotic spirit that returned to plunge society into chaos"? "As the rules (or feathers) can affect behavior and how they can be modified to generate more beneficial behavior for society?" The conclusion was that there is a positive correlation between the monetary penalty attributed to environmental crimes agents and their damage done.
O objetivo deste trabalho ?? verificar a correla????o entre a pena pecuni??ria imputada a agentes de crimes ambientais e o respectivo dano causado, com base na an??lise econ??mica do Direito. O estudo tem uma abordagem interdisciplinar, na medida em que procura demonstrar a estreita rela????o entre Direito e Economia na identifica????o dos impactos econ??micos e sociais de crimes ambientais e para valora????o de bens degradados. Para subsidiar o trabalho, caracterizou-se o meio ambiente como bem jur??dico, elencando-se as san????es imputadas a agentes de crimes contra ele; descreveu-se a fun????o social da pena e seu valor para o Direito; foram enumerados princ??pios b??sicos da Teoria Tradicional do Direito Penal e da Teoria Econ??mica dos Crimes e das Penas e analisadas, brevemente, multas imputadas a agentes de crimes ambientais, no que diz respeito ?? correla????o citada. A pesquisa foi norteada por quest??es como: de que forma s??o valorados pecuniariamente bens naturais degradadas para fins de san????o penal por crimes ambientais? Em crimes ambientais, a pena tem mantido seu sentido de ???meio sens??vel e poderoso para sufocar o esp??rito desp??tico que voltou a mergulhar a sociedade em um caos???? ???Como as normas (ou as penas) podem afetar comportamentos e como elas podem ser modificadas para gerar comportamentos mais ben??ficos para a sociedade???? A conclus??o foi de que n??o h?? uma correla????o positiva entre a pena pecuni??ria imputada a agentes de crimes ambientais e o respectivo dano causado.

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34

Vieira, Carolina Sena. "Limites constitucionais na eleição da base de cálculo da multa por descumprimento de deveres instrumentais tributários." Florianópolis, SC, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/96255.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Jurídicas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito
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A legislação tributária pode impor ao sujeito passivo tanto a obrigação de efetuar o pagamento de tributo quanto outros deveres de cooperar com a administração e fiscalização tributária, chamados de deveres instrumentais ou deveres formais. Como qualquer comando normativo, a determinação de cumprimento dos deveres instrumentais pode ser infringida, o que dá azo à imposição de sanções por esta violação. Estas sanções são, usualmente, a retenção e apreensão de mercadorias ou bens, o perdimento de bens, a interdição de estabelecimento, a negativa de autorização para impressão de documentos fiscais, penas privativas de liberdade e as multas. Ao elaborar a lei que prevê estas últimas, o legislador adota três grandezas para quantificá-las: valores fixos (expressos em moeda corrente ou em unidades monetárias), valor do imposto devido ou valor da operação realizada pelo sujeito passivo. Todavia, há limitações constitucionais que são comumente apontadas como delimitantes da estipulação do valor da multa: o princípio da vedação de instituição de tributo com efeito de confisco, o princípio da capacidade contributiva, a proporcionalidade (e seus desdobramentos proporcionalidade em sentido estrito, necessidade e adequação) e a razoabilidade. Destas, apenas a proporcionalidade e a previsão genérica de confisco podem servir de limitação ao legislador na escolha da base de cálculo. E com amparo nestas limitações, as multas cuja base de cálculo é o valor do tributo ou o valor da operação podem até ser consideradas adequadas (na medida que atingem seus fins) mas não obedecem à necessidade, já que não observam a necessária correlação que deve haver entre o ilícito e a sanção. Deste modo, deve optar o legislador pela multa em valores fixos.
Tax laws may impose to the taxable person both the obligation to pay taxes as other duties to cooperate with the tax administration and tax supervision, called instrumental duties or formal duties. As any legal command, the determination of accomplishment with the instrumental duties can be infringed, which enables the imposition of sanctions for this violation.. These sanctions are, usually, retention and seizure of goods or assets, confiscation of the goods, the disqualification from the pursuit of commercial activities, the denial of authorization for fiscal document printing, deprivation of liberty and fines (penuniary penalties). When the legislator elaborates the law that provides the isolated fines, adopts three measures to quantify them: fixed values (expressed in local currency or in monetary units), the amount of tax due or the value of the operation. However, there are constitutional limitations that are commonly identified as delimiters of the choice of the amount of the fine: the principle that forbids tax institution with the effect of confiscation, the principle of ability to pay, the proportionality (and its unfoldings proportionality in strict sense, necessity and adequacy) and the reasonableness. Of these, only the proportionality and the generic prediction of confiscation may apply as a limit to the legislator's choice of the basis of calculation. Supported in these limitations, the fines whose basis of calculation is the amount of tax or operation value may even be deemed appropriate (they reach their ends) but do not observe the necessity, as they do not observe the required correlation between the violation and the sanction. In this way, the legislator must choose fines based in fixed values.

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35

Feijó, Arthur Nogueira. "Direito civil punitivo: do dano moral punitivo à idealização de uma causa geral de multa civil." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2015. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/23307.

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FEIJÓ. Arthur Nogueira. Direito civil punitivo: do dano moral punitivo à idealização de uma causa geral de multa civil. 2015. 180 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Direito) - Faculdade de Direito, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito, Fortaleza, 2015.
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The purpose of this paper is to critically examine, through a civil and a constitutional law point of view, the punitive aspect intoned in Brazilian civil liability. In this sense, initially, a survey of basics of Law General Theory is done, emphasizing the sanction institute, to join the study of civil responsibility functions. Then, directs the study for the compensation by moral damage, which is justified because on it is found the jurisprudential cradle where born, on home land, the idea of punitive damages, culminating with a critical view on the compatibility of the punitive element with homeland civil systematic. Among the conclusions, it is discussed the need to respect the order of legality for imposing punitive sanctions, even in civil law, which is why it points to the illegality of the Brazilian jurisprudential construction regarding the punitive connotation given to the penalty resulting from moral damages. Continuing, without joining in the analysis of the punitive reason justice but on the premise that the order of punishment, under a functionalist view, demonstrates usefulness in the role of law to order conducts, prelude to a legal model, based on the idea that a general cause of civil fine, in which it idealizes a possible new punitive system in civil law and in accordance with the constitutional imperatives, imbued with the goal of effectiveness of the jurisdiction and illicit prevention. The methodology adopts a model dedicated to bibliographic and jurisprudential research (with emphasis on the Superior Court of Justice), under the support of an open discourse, encouraging the reflection of the concepts presented is privileged and a proposal about a modification of the existing civil systematic is presented, which, far from the intention to enter into new dogmas, it directs to the desire to attract attention to an issue that has taken on greater complexity and relevance today,
Objetiva-se examinar criticamente, através de uma visão civil e constitucional, o aspecto punitivo entoado na responsabilidade civil brasileira. Nesse sentido, inicialmente, faz-se um levantamento de noções básicas da Teoria Geral do Direito, com ênfase no instituto da sanção, para, então, ingressar no estudo das funções da responsabilidade civil. A seguir, direciona-se o pensamento para a indenização por danos morais, o que se justifica em razão de nela ser encontrado o berço jurisprudencial em que nascido, em solo pátrio, a ideia de indenização punitiva, culminando com uma visão crítica sobre a compatibilidade do elemento punitivo com a sistemática civil pátria. Dentre as conclusões, trata-se sobre a necessidade de respeito à ordem de legalidade para fins de imposição de sanções de índole punitiva, mesmo que em sede de Direito Civil, razão pela qual se aponta a injuridicidade da construção jurisprudencial brasileira a respeito da conotação punitiva conferida à sanção decorrente de danos morais. Em prosseguimento, sem ingressar na análise da justiça da razão punitiva, mas sim partindo da premissa de que a ordem de punição, sob uma visão funcionalista, demonstra utilidade no papel do Direito de ordenar condutas, preludia-se um modelo legal, pautado na ideia de uma causa geral de multa civil, em que se idealiza uma possível nova sistemática punitiva no corpo do Direito Civil e em consonância com os imperativos constitucionais, imbuído no objetivo de efetividade da jurisdição e de prevenção de ilícitos. Como metodologia, adota-se um modelo voltado à pesquisa bibliográfica e jurisprudencial (com ênfase no Superior Tribunal de Justiça), sob o pálio de um discurso aberto, no qual é privilegiado o incentivo à reflexão dos conceitos apresentados, bem como é feita uma proposta de alteração da sistemática civil vigente, o que, longe da intenção de firmar novos dogmas, direciona-se ao anseio de despertar a atenção para uma temática que tem assumido maior complexidade e relevância na atualidade, trazendo à tona o denominado Direito Civil Punitivo.

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Almac, Ozgur. "Problems Caused By Coastal Law And Decision Making Mechanism In Small Coastal Settlements: Case Study Mugla- Bozburun." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12606085/index.pdf.

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In Turkey, there is not a comprehensive (integrated) coastal policy. In addition, there are many different policies and legal regulations describing the implementation processes of these policies and institutional structures emerged as the consequences of these regulations concerning the coastal areas. Although there is a coastal law specified for the coasts, the applicability of the rules determining the utilization principles of the coast and shore strip described with this law administratively has always been controversial. In the Constitution, the principle of controlling the coasts and shore strips within the framework of public interest and environmental protection was adopted. The valid Coastal Law necesitates the formation of a uniform spatial pattern in the shore strip described in a stable manner. This situation means that the existing characteristics of small coastal settlements, existed in an integration with the sea throughout the history, were ignored and the relations of these settlements with the sea were disconnected. The main target of the thesis is to put forward and critisize to what extent the spatial pattern desired to constitute with the planning approach proposed in the Law is in service of the public interest and principles of environmental protection in the small coastal settlements. Finally, the implementation problems caused by the Coastal Law in Bozburun are put forward in this thesis. Recommendations are given concerning that the power of planning should be increased in this process and accordingly institutional structure should be rearrenged in stead of the Coastal Law&rsquo
s proposing similar plan decisions for the coastal settlements at any scale.

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37

Tito, Fabiana Ferreira de Mello. "Ensaios sobre danos de cartel: metodologias de cálculo do sobrepreço, efeito repasse (pass-on) e multa ótima." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12138/tde-21082018-150528/.

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A presente pesquisa objetiva analisar os principais aspectos relacionados ao tema de danos em cartel: sobrepreço, efeito repasse (pass-on) e multa ótima. Com o aumento de políticas de combate a cartéis, pelo sério caráter lesivo à concorrência e à sociedade, intensificaram-se os esforços para estimar o impacto econômico no bem-estar provocado por tais condutas. O estudo confirma que a principal medida de dano econômico do cartel é o sobrepreço, ainda que os demais fatores, como o repasse (pass-on) e o efeito perda de vendas também devam ser considerados na mensuração do dano privado. Metodologias para o cálculo destes três componentes foram mapeadas, revelando que as técnicas disponíveis não são complexas, até fáceis de serem aplicadas, quando se tem amplo acesso a dados. Como avaliação empírica, apresenta-se o caso inédito do cartel dos compressores, sobre danos causados por tão nociva prática, comprovando-se que os valores de sobrepreço calculado estão em linha com a literatura. Por fim, a tese apresenta o histórico de multas impostas por autoridades, em casos de cartel, em diversas jurisdições, e questiona a efetividade dos montantes aplicados para devida dissuasão ou restabelecimento do bem-estar à sociedade. Análise de casos condenados pelo CADE recentemente mostram que as multas não têm sido suficientes para impor dissuasão, recomendando-se o uso de parâmetros que tragam racionalidade econômica e desestimulem as práticas anticompetitivas.
The present research had the aim of analyzing the main aspects related to cartel damages: overcharge, pass-on effect and optimal fine. With the growth of anti-cartel enforcement efforts and given the detrimental nature of conduct, efforts to estimate the economic impact on the welfare have increased. The study shows that the main measure of economic damage of the cartel is the overcharge, although other factors such as the pass-on effect and the output effect cannot be neglected in the calculation of private damage. Methodologies for these three components were mapped, revealing that the available techniques are not complex and even easy to apply when data is available. An empirical evaluation is presented using an unprecedented in the Brazilian market \"compressors cartel case\", showing an overcharge in line with the literature. Finally, the thesis presents the history of fines imposed by authorities in cartel cases in several jurisdictions and questions the effectiveness of the amounts applied for a proper deterrence or restoration of welfare to society. Case studies condemned by CADE recently show that fines have not been sufficient to impose deterrence, recommending the use of parameters that bring economic rationality and discourage anticompetitive practices.

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38

VERVLOET, H. L. L. "MODELO MATEMÁTICO PARA PLANEJAMENTO DA ATRACAÇÃO DE NAVIOS DE GRANEL CONSIDERANDO O CÁLCULO DE PRÊMIO E MULTA." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/3999.

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"O crescimento da demanda mundial por produtos com custos cada vez menores, está diretamente relacionada à aquisição das matérias primas, independentemente de onde sejam ofertadas, mas que apresentem o menor custo final possível, de modo a viabilizar a competitividade das empresas ao redor do mundo, inclusive no Brasil. Nesse cenário, o comércio mundial utiliza em grande parte o transporte marítimo, e para movimentar essas matérias primas, os portos se tornam cada vez mais exigidos, visto o aumento da representatividade do custo logístico no custo total dos produtos. Os portos dedicados à movimentação de navios graneleiros são influenciados diretamente pelas regras do contrato de locação de navio, conhecido como contrato de Charter Party. Este contrato define as regas e valores para prêmio e multa, utilizados para verificar a aderência na execução das operações portuárias, como mecanismo para gerar maior comprometimento dos portos no atendimento aos navios e na movimentação das cargas. Portanto, no contexto analisado, é importante disponibilizar aos portos uma ferramenta que busque maximizar a relação entre o prêmio recebido e a multa paga. Vale ressaltar que na literatura cientifica pesquisada não foram localizados estudos que solucionem o Problema de Alocação de Berços (PAB) a partir de uma abordagem financeira de prêmio e multa. Esta dissertação tem por objetivo propor um modelo matemático aplicado para o planejamento da atracação de navios em contrato Charter Party, visando o aumento do recebimento de prêmio e redução do pagamento de multa pelo porto, em função do tempo total em que os navios permaneceram à disponibilidade do porto para operação. Instâncias foram desenvolvidas tendo como base as características operacionais do Porto de Tubarão e aplicadas no CPLEX 12.6, cujos resultados mostram a eficiência da aplicabilidade desta ferramenta em portos reais, desde o suporte na programação da sequencia de atracação dos navios à tomada de decisão em projetos de investimento. Palavras-chave: Problema de Alocação de Berço (PAB), Charter Party, Logística Portuária, Portos Graneleiros. "

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39

Araya, Pizarro Evelyn Constanza. "La idoneidad de la multa en los delitos económicos : su importancia en el derecho comparado y chileno." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2017. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/146301.

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40

López, Sánchez Ángel. "Puentes de la época medieval en las cuencas de los ríos Ter, Fluviá y Muga." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/31856.

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The work’s development is made by scientific method stages: aims statement, hypothesis establishment and work method to check hypothesis. Conclusions are given at the end. It is supported by: a) Bibliographical review, summary about knowledge evolution in work bridges building and associated historical facts. b) To know about used materials. c) Referred geographical and historical frameworks definition. d) The morphological knowledge about medieval work bridges. The work presents 111 unpublished plans. Research is divided up in nine stages. The first stage starts with the previous researching on the census of work bridges in the basins of the three most important northeaster slope Peninsula Iberian rivers that were built according to tradition in medieval period. Being censed 153 bridges we have chosen a representative sample of 20 bridges: 10 for Ter River, 7 for Fluvià River and 3 for Muga River. In second stage are highlighted: a) Field works to find, photograph and measure bridges. b) Works in Record Offices and Public Libraries to find technical and historical information. In this stage are included works made in Record Offices of General Administration, History of Councils, Culture and Environmental Departments of Generalitat of Catalunya, private organizations as soon as interviews to people related to significant historical facts about the research topic. c) Works made in Universities Libraries and CICCP nets. Taking in account the whole information coming from the field works, it has been made, in the third stage, three format A3 plans for every one of 20 bridges. They are referred to measurements, parameters composition and focusing angles joining 6 bridge pictures. In fourth stage we analyse structural elements, we classify every vault according Sejourné viewpoints stated in his work “Grandes voûtes” (1913) and other aspects helped by engineering parameters. Twelve ancient empiric rules to size bridge measures are taken in account and is tried to identify their influence in bridges design. In fifth stage software ARCs is used to settle bridge stability in base the pressure lines for every arch. The result allows knowing axial thrusts and eccentricities to hold up the pressure lines in the right values. Simulations are made with the own structure weight under punctual loads of 360KN at ½ and ¼ gap. Structure safety coefficients are settled according punctual load to road wideness and loads carried by available transport means in this past period. Analytical study is made to calculate vertical and axial thrusts to determine specific load on pillar’s foundation. Results got by both ways are compared. Results are shown on two plans for every bridge. Hypothesis about possible layouts or sittings of four bridges that could have originally been built are shown in sixth stage. Photographs and plans are joined. In seventh stage every bridge description is connected with the territory and river zone characteristics. Driving slope for seven hundred length upriver and downriver for every bridge are worked out. Bridge filling percentage for several depth of water is assessed. With this information and those that are collected from river agents and the sings of levels reached in historical floods, the possible flooded ground zone is assessed. Relationship between the basin surface, average upriver rain gauged and bridge drainage surface is established. This information is related to the flooded zones before mentioned. The consequential hydraulic effects are shown in a plan. Eighth stage. Three family groups are made among the studied bridges and those which have been built in Spain and France. The main constructive characteristics and their evolution through years are analysed. Ninth stage. Relevant historical facts referred to the bridge are synthesized.
El trabajo se desarrolla basándose en las etapas del método científico: enunciado de los objetivos, planeamiento de hipótesis, método de trabajo llevado a termino para el contrates de las hipótesis y conclusiones a las que se llegan. Se apoya en: a) En la revisión bibliográfica sobre la evolución del estado del conocimiento de la construcción de los puentes de obra de fábrica y en los hechos históricos asociados a los puentes estudiados. b) En el conocimiento de los materiales empleados. c) En la definición de los marcos geográficos e históricos de referencia con el trabajo. d) En la morfológica de los puente de obra de fabrica de le época Medieval. El trabajo aporta 111 planos inéditos. La investigación la dividimos en nueve fases. Primera fase: Preinvestigación sobre censo de puentes de obra de fábrica en las cuencas de los tres ríos más importantes de la vertiente nororiental de la península ibérica que según la tradición popular datan de la época medieval. De153 censados, elegimos una muestra representativa de 20 puentes: 10 en la cuenca del río Ter, siete en la del río Fluviá y tres en la del río Muga. Segunda fase: a) Trabajos de campo: localizar los puentes, fotografiarlos y medirlos. b) Trabajos en archivos y bibliotecas. El alcance de esta fase engloba los realizados en los archivos: General de la Administración, históricos de Ayuntamientos, Diputaciones, Departamentos de Cultura y Medio Ambiente de la Generalitat de Cataluña, Red de Bibliotecas de Universidades, en la del CICCP, entidades privadas, c) Entrevistas. Tercera fase: Partiendo de la información recopilada en los trabajos de campo, realizamos tres planos en formato A3 para cada de los 20 puentes a estudiar: el de medidas, el de composición de los paramentos y el de ángulos de enfoque con 6 fotografías del puente. Cuarta fase: Análisis de los elementos estructurales de los puentes. Clasificación de bóvedas según Séjourné en su obra “grandes voûtes”(1913) y otras de carácter ingenieril. Se desarrollan 12 reglas empíricas empleadas para dimensionar puentes con las que se intenta identificar su influencia en el diseño de los puentes estudiados. Quinta fase: Se utiliza el programa ARCs, se estudia estabilidad del puente partiendo de la localización de la línea de empuje Los resultados permiten conocer los empujes axiales y las excentricidades que mantienen la línea de empujes dentro de los márgenes adecuados. Se simulan resultados para el peso propio de la estructura y también para cargas puntuales de 360KN a ½ y ¼ del vano. Se determinan los coeficientes de seguridad adaptando la carga puntual a valores adecuados a la amplitud de la calzada y a las cargas a transportar. Se complementa el cálculo de los empujes verticales y axiales para conocer el valor de la carga específica sobre los cimientos de cada pila. Se comparan los resultados por ambos métodos. Los resultados se exponen de dos planos por puente. Sexta fase: Planteamiento sobre planos y/o fotografías de hipótesis sobre los trazados y/o localizaciones que podrían haber tenido originalmente cuatro de los puentes. Séptima fase: Relaciones entre río y puente. Calculo de la pendiente motriz para los diferentes tramos de ríos y de porcentaje de obturación que presenta el puente para diferentes niveles de calado. Estimación de la zona inundable. Relaciones entre las superficies de las cuencas y las de desagüe del puente. En un plano se engloban los resultados de estos efectos hidráulicos. Octava fase: formamos tres familias de puentes según la zona geográfica donde se localiza: Francia, España y los estudiados. Analizamos las variaciones entre las principales relaciones constructivas, las tendencias de su evolucionado a lo largo de los años. Novena fase: Se citan los hechos históricos asociados a la existencia del puente.

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López, José Antonio (López Fernández). "El desarrollo rural y local en la comarca del río Mula (1980-2010): análisis y perspectivas." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/116819.

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Анотація:

En los últimos decenios del siglo XX, en territorios como la Comarca de Mula, situada en el centro geográfico de la Región de Murcia, los recursos del trasvase Tajo-Segura han servido para transformar explotaciones de secano por nuevos regadíos a la demanda (experiencia en Yéchar –Mula-) o para consolidar y renovar los riegos tradicionales. En contrapartida se ha creado una peligrosa dependencia de estos recursos, sobre todo en periodos de sequía. Este espacio comarcal tiene una elevada participación del sector agrícola, pero un reducido peso de las actividades industriales y de servicios. Para el desarrollo rural, son necesarias actuaciones que diversifiquen las actividades económicas y fomenten el desarrollo local, aprovechando recursos endógenos como su variado patrimonio. Actuaciones como la llevada a cabo en Pliego de la Calle del Agua, o la Ruta de Los Molinos en Mula, podrían incentivar el crecimiento de otros sectores como el turismo. Palabras clave: Comarca de Mula, Sureste, Tajo-Segura, periodos de sequía, recursos endógenos, desarrollo rural, desarrollo local, Yéchar.
In the last decades of the 20th century, in territories such as the area of Mula, located in the geographical center of the Region of Murcia, these Tajo-Segura bypass have allowed to transform the non-irrigated land agriculture intro new irrigated land agriculture (experience carried out in Yéchar-Mula) or to consolidate and renew traditional irrigation. On the other hand, a dangerous dependence on these resources has arisen mainly in periods of drought. This area has a high degree of participation on the part of the agricultural sector, but a reduced importance on the industrial and service sector. For rural development, different interventions are necessary to diversify economic activities and to promote local progress, taking advantage of endogenous resources such as their varied heritage. Interventions, such as the one carried out in Pliego, in Del Agua Street, or the route of “The Molinos” in Mula, could stimulate the growth of other sectors such as tourism. Keywords: Area of Mula, South-east, Tajo-Segura bypass, periods of drought, endogenous resources, Development rural, Development local, Yéchar.

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Rivera, Roberto E. "Entre Armas y Dadivas| The Xicaque before Spanish Rule in Lean y Mulia, the Province of Honduras 1676-1821." Thesis, Tulane University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10017528.

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The Xicaque, a people of colonial Honduras, confronted Spanish settlers who sought their acculturation through diverse strategies. When Spanish settlers implemented policies such as entrada, reducción or misión, the Xicaque or Xicaque capitanes responded with dissidence and flight. Despite the foundation of a few misiones the Xicaque progressively became avoidant of the Spanish settlers who continued to seek their change by Spanish policy, at the Spanish misiones or at their homelands. This aversion became more pronounced in 1751 when a smallpox epidemic decimated the Xicaque populations at the misiones. Aside from this general distrust that existed between the Spanish and the Xicaque, the Xicaque did engage in trade outside of the previously discussed channels made by Spanish policy. Yet, the overarching pattern of avoidance would characterize Xicaque/Spanish interaction until 1821. Unlike previous scholarship, this study of the Xicaque ethnohistory offers the most complete description of Xicaque culture during the colonial period. Furthermore, it analyzes interaction between the Xicaque and the Spanish since the inception of contact, circa 1676, towards 1821. The broadest range of contact between the Xicaque and the Spanish studied to date.

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43

Etcheverry, Borges Soledad. "Los contratos de concesión de obra pública y las cárceles : disfunciones de la multa por sobrepoblación en dichos instrumentos." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2018. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/153060.

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Maciel, Stella Economides. "As astreintes como mecanismo de alcance da efetividade processual." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/18827.

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Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-08-09T13:09:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Stella Economides Maciel.pdf: 1369384 bytes, checksum: 882c5f3aa431e7ad819bd0146fca90c8 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-09T13:09:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Stella Economides Maciel.pdf: 1369384 bytes, checksum: 882c5f3aa431e7ad819bd0146fca90c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-31
Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo
The astreintes as instrument of coercion so that their recipients meet the legal commands addressed to them should be implemented in order to provide the greatest possible procedural effectiveness. The way the mechanism developed over time and after the reforms that took place in procedural law certainly allows the conclusion that it is a device with great potential to achieve its purpose. Nevertheless, some issues related to its legal system generate some distortions in its implementation, notably the concern that exists with respect to the lender's enrichment of their product. Consequently, the mechanism ends not reaching its intention. So we tried to establish a form of application of coercive fine in order to extract him the greatest potential possible, to comply with court orders. Certainly, the issue involves many stormy issues that deserve serious thought. But the ideas here thrown aim that its application be given the most successful way possible: that astreintes applied by the judiciary even relates
As astreintes, como instrumento de coerção para que seus destinatários cumpram os comandos judiciais que lhes são dirigidos, devem ser aplicadas de modo a se propiciar a maior efetividade processual possível. A forma como o mecanismo se desenvolveu ao longo do tempo e após as reformas que ocorreram na legislação processual, certamente permite a conclusão de que se trata de um meio com grande potencial de atingir a sua finalidade. Não obstante, algumas questões relativas ao seu regime jurídico geram algumas distorções na sua aplicação, notadamente a preocupação que se verifica em relação ao enriquecimento do credor de seu produto. Em consequência, o mecanismo acaba não atingindo o seu desiderato. Assim, procurou-se estabelecer uma forma de aplicação da multa coercitiva, de maneira a extrair-lhe o maior potencial possível, para o cumprimento de ordens judiciais. Certamente, o tema envolve muitas questões tormentosas que merecem aprofundada reflexão. Mas as ideias aqui lançadas visam a que a sua aplicação se dê da forma mais bem sucedida possível: que as astreintes aplicadas pelo Poder Judiciário sequer incidam

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45

Yusufoglu, Ayca. "A Critical Review Of The Tools And Techniques Used In Coastal Planning: Case Study Mugla-gokova Special Environmental Protection Area." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612354/index.pdf.

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A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE TOOLS &
TECHNIQUES USED IN COASTAL PLANNING: CASE STUDY MUGLA-GÖ
KOVA SPECIAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AREA Yusufoglu, Ayç
a M. S., Programme of City Planning Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Serap Kayasü
June 2010, 119 Pages This study focuses on the issue of coastal area management in terms of planning techniques and tools as well as legal aspects necessary in order to clarify the components of a successful coastal area planning process. It has been emphasized that planning of the coastal area should be performed within the context of integrated policy mechanism considering maintance of biodiversity, public participation and, promoting diversification among coastal related economic uses such as tourism, aquaculture, fishing. The thesis haS been grouped into according to definitions of coastal area, coastal planning and legislation, institutions, organizations, international commisions regarding coastal areas and Gö
kova Special Environment Protection Area from the perspective of Integrated Coastal Management (ICM). The case section of the thesis formed by five phases of Gö
kova SEPA 1/25.000 scaled Environmental Relation Plan in order to achieve ICM. Also, this is the first study performed by the reviewing of the tools and techniques used in the Gö
kova SEPA towards Integrated Coastal Management approach.

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Daftari, Abdulaziz. "Mulla Sadra and the mind-body problem : a critical assessment of Sadra’s approach to the dichotomy of soul and spirit." Thesis, Durham University, 2010. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/506/.

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The presence of some ambiguity about the two terms of soul and spirit, which up until now has not been considered, has been investigated in this research. This ambiguity has created problems in different fields of study such as philosophy, psychology and commentaries of religious texts. This is because the two words are usually used synonymously. The main aim of this research is to investigate whether the human being has an independent spirit in addition to the body and the soul or not. In other words it is attempting to establish if man is a tripartite existence made of body, soul and spirit. In order to attain this aim the ideas of various philosophers are discussed on different subjects regarding the soul with particular attention to the philosophical system introduced in the seventeenth century AD by the Muslim philosopher, Sadr al-din Shirazi. This consisted of two other philosophical systems in Islamic philosophy, peripatetic (mashā‟) and illuminative („ishrāq) combined with mystical and religious teachings. His idea about the soul was set as the basis for the arguments regarding the soul and the ideas of other philosophers were compared to it. This research explores the principles that form Sadra‟s beliefs about the soul. One of Sadra‟s principles, the fundamentality of existence, is explained. This principle aims to prove the reality of the external world and the soul as one of these realities. The topics of motion and time and the views of philosophers about these are cited. In addition, another Sadra‟s important principles, trans-substantial motion, is mentioned and explained and it is suggested that the difference between Sadra‟s and other philosophers‟ ideas about the soul lies in accepting or rejecting motion in substance. According to Sadra, the soul which is material at the beginning of its creation moves towards immateriality by trans-substantial motion. Then philosophers‟ ideas about the soul are mentioned as well as their disagreements regarding different issues such as immateriality, motion, origination of the soul etc. In addition, the problem that Sadra‟s philosophical system faces in regard to the soul is discussed in particular since it is the main aim of this research. It is concluded that Sadra‟s idea is more complete than the other ideas regarding the soul. The existence of the soul found a better justification in this idea. The problem of dualism of the soul and body with which other philosophers were faced has been resolved. Meanwhile the problem of this philosophical idea which sees the soul to be the same as the spirit was investigated and it was stated that this problem has caused many diversities of opinion between philosophers in subjects related to the soul. The propounded solution for all the cases was to accept the dichotomy of the soul and spirit. Religious texts have been classified, analysed and used to support this idea and by using different evidences it was confirmed that the soul and the spirit are two independent substances and that the human being is a tripartite existence.

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Ventura, Pujolar Montserrat. "Conflictes socioterriorials i participació pública en la gestió de l'aigua de la conca del riu Muga (Alt Empordà)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7900.

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Conflictes socioterritorials i participació pública en la gestió de l'aigua de la conca del riu Muga (Alt Empordà) és un treball que incideix sobre la conflictivitat en la gestió dels rius mediterranis i prospecta en la participació pública -activa i vinculant- per a la resolució de conflictes i la planificació i gestió dels recursos hídrics. En concret, s'ha intentat donar resposta a cinc objectius:
Objectius del marc teòric
- Comprovar l'existència de dos discursos antagònics (radicalment oposats) en l'esfera social, científica i de gestió dels rius que generen conflicte i que són insostenibles per a una gestió integral dels recursos fluvials: el discurs antropocèntric i el discurs ecocèntric.
Matèria d'estudi: L'excepcionalisme humà i l'ecologia profunda en la societat; Les disciplines de la regulació de l'aigua i de l'ecologia fluvial en la ciència; El contracte antropocèntric i el balanç ecocèntric en la gestió; El discurs ambiental (el riu antròpic i ecosistemàtic).
- Valorar si les estratègies de participació pública (que involucren als agents socials) gaudeixen -respecte els processos de decisió unilaterals (siguin autoritàries o arbitràries)- de més garanties per corregir i prevenir conflictes desconstructius relacionats amb l'aigua i els recursos fluvials.
Matèria d'estudi: Definició de conflicte en positiu; L'estratègia de cooperació i consens en la Resolució Alternativa de Disputes (Alternative Dispute Resolution) i 13 casos resolts de conflictes per l'aigua a l'Oest dels Estats Units; Bases d'un pla de gestió integral, adaptatiu i participatiu i el cas del San Joaquin River Management Plan (Califòrnia, Estats Units).
Objectius del marc pràctic. Conca del riu Muga (Alt Empordà)
- Contextualitzar la diversificació i intensificació dels usos de l'aigua dins un procés de canvi dels usos del sòl, particularment accelerat a partir de la dècada de 1960 i objecte de problemàtiques socioterritorials d'ençà de la dècada de 1980. Cartografia i matriu de canvi dels usos del sòl de la conca anys 1993 i 1957.
Matèria d'estudi: Cartografia i estadística dels usos del sòl de la conca del riu Muga (49 municipis altempordanesos, 1.050 km2), anys 1957 i 1993. Retrospectiva dels espais forestals, d'aigua, conreats i urbanitzats.
- Identificar i descriure les tensions i conflictes en l'ús de l'aigua, així com les característiques de les solucions adoptades en el període 1980-2000. Constatar si determinades solucions estructurals han esdevingut problemàtiques a mig o llarg termini, i estimar la probabilitat de conflictes futurs.
Matèria d'estudi: 50 incidents problemàtics en abastament d'aigua (26 tensions i 24 conflictes) i 53 mesures per fer-hi front (12 d'adaptació de la demanda i 41 d'adaptació de l'oferta d'aigua) entre els anys 1980 i 2000, i diferenciant dues unitats territorials de la conca (la Muga interior i la plana de la Muga).
- Caracteritzar quins són els temes en matèria d'aigua que no disposen de consens entre els agents socioeconòmics, tècnics i polítics locals reunits en les sessions de discussió del projecte MUGA. Determinar si les estratègies participatives poden prosperar perquè són factibles i idònies.
Matèria d'estudi: Projecte MUGA: Gestión del recurso agua con participación de agentes. Estudio para la cuenca del río Muga (Girona), 2000-2003 - UAB i UdG; La dissensió d'opinions dels 30 participants a les 4 sessions de discussió entorn l'ús i gestió de l'aigua de la conca de la Muga; 6 temes de conflicte, 14 subtemes i 31 punts de discussió, 9 dels quals punts calents de conflicte (destructius i indicadors de punts de disfunció en la gestió de l'aigua de la conca).
Social territorial conflicts and public participation in water management in the Muga river basin (Alt Empordà) focuses on conflicts generated by the management of Mediterranean rivers and examines the role of active and legally binding public participation in resolving conflicts and managing water resources. Specifically, the study set out to achieve five aims:
Theoretical aims
- To demonstrate that there are two antagonistic (radically opposed) positions - anthropocentrism and ecocentrism - in the social, scientific, and management spheres that generate conflict and impede a sustainable integrated management of river resources.
Study material: human exceptionalism and deep ecology in society; water regulatory and river ecology disciplines in science; the anthropocentric contract and ecocentric balance in management; environmental discourse (the anthropic and ecosystemic river).
- To determine whether public participation strategies (involving social agents) provide greater guarantees than unilateral decision-making processes (whether arbitrary or authoritarian) of resolving and preventing destructive conflicts in the area of water and river resources.
Study material: definition of positive conflict; cooperation and consensus building in alternative dispute resolution (ADR) and 13 case studies of water conflicts that were resolved in western United States; conditions for an integrated, adaptive, and participative management plan, and the San Joaquin River Management Plan (California, United States).
Practical aims. Muga River Basin (Alt Empordà)
- To contextualise the diversification and intensification of the use of water against a background of changing land uses, a process which rapidly gained ground from the 1960s onwards and became a source of social territorial conflict in the 1980s.
Study material: land-use maps and statistics from 1957 and 1993 for the Muga river basin (49 municipalities in the Alt Empordà region and a total surface area of 1,050 km2). Retrospective analysis of forested, water-covered, cultivated, and developed areas.
- To identify and describe tensions and conflicts over water use and the different solutions adopted between 1980 and 2000. To determine if certain structural solutions have become a source of confrontation in the medium or long term, and to assess the likelihood of future conflicts.
Study material: 50 water supply incidents (26 tensions and 24 conflicts) and 53 measures adopted to resolve these incidents between 1980 and 2000 (12 demand-management measures and 41 supply-management actions); differentiation between two areas of the Muga river basin (interior and plain).
- To discern which water issues are the source of discord among the different socio-economic, technical, and political agents participating in the MUGA project's focus group sessions. To determine if new participative strategies in the near future are necessary and likely to succeed.
Study material: The MUGA project: management of Muga water resources with agent participation. Muga river basin study (Girona), 2000/03 - Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB) and University of Girona (UdG); conflicting opinions among the 30 participants in the four focus-group sessions held on water use and management in the Muga river basin; 6 conflictive issues, 14 sub-issues, and 31 points of dispute, 9 of which were sources of intense conflict (destructive and indicative of inappropriate river basin management).

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Ribeiro, Rodrigo Koehler. "Coisa julgada, seguran?a jur?dica e isonomia : uma releitura da s?mula 343 do supremo tribunal federal." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2014. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/4257.

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Il processo civile, nello Stato Costituzionale di Diritto, h? doppia finalit?: la consegna di um giudizio giusto e la ricerca di unit? nello ordinamento giuridico, attraverso della uniformazione di giurisprudenza. In questo modo, le regole del Codice di Procedura Civile in vigore devono essere interpretate attraverso i diritti fondamentali. In questo contesto, si conclude che anche l istituto della cosa giudicata deve essere rivalutata, adeguandola alle nuovi diritti che affiorano di questo nuovo modello di Stato. I Tribunali superiori brasiliani, nell esame dei ricorsi a loro sottomessi, storicamente hanno valorizzato la consegna di un adeguato giudizio, dando una minore importanza alla uniformazione dei loro giudicati. Questo profilo del giudice brasiliano porta a um problema di dificile soluzione: a esistenza di giudicati conflitanti tra loro, che porta alla formazione di cose giudicate antagonistiche in si trattando di rapporti giuridici identici o somiglianti. Questo fatto, oltre alla lentezza della Giustizia, ? uno dei fattori che contribuiscono alla crisi in che sta la Magistratura oggi in Brasile. Lo scopo di questo studio ? esaminare la possibilit? di ammissione di revocazione di sentenze nel caso di formazione o cambiamento di precedenti per i Tribunali superiori, come garanzia di efficacia del principio d uguaglianza, nella comprensione d uguaglianza nella applicazione delle lege ai soggetti dei rapporti giuridici uguali o somiglianti. L applicazione del principio di proporzionalit?, nel caso di ammissione di revocazione nell ipotesi, cerca un equilibrio tra i principi costituzionali di sicurezza giuridica e d uguaglianaza, preservandosi l essenza di entrambi.
O processo civil, no Estado Constitucional, tem d?plice finalidade: a outorga de uma presta??o jurisdicional justa e a busca de unidade na ordem jur?dica, mediante a uniformiza??o da jurisprud?ncia. Assim, as regras do C?digo de Processo Civil vigente devem ser interpretadas ? luz dos direitos fundamentais. Nesse contexto, conclui-se que o instituto da coisa julgada tamb?m deve ser reavaliado, adequando-o aos novos direitos que emergem desse novo modelo de Estado. As Cortes superiores brasileiras, na an?lise dos recursos a elas submetidos, historicamente priorizaram a entrega de uma tutela adequada ao cidad?o, atribuindo menor import?ncia ? uniformiza??o de seus julgados. Essa postura do juiz brasileiro encerra um problema de dif?cil solu??o: a exist?ncia de decis?es conflitantes entre si, o que acaba por acarretar a forma??o de coisas julgadas antag?nicas em se tratando de rela??es jur?dicas similares ou semelhantes. Tal fato, al?m da intempestividade da justi?a, ? um dos fatores que contribuem para a crise pela qual passa o Poder Judici?rio hoje no Brasil. O objetivo do presente trabalho ? analisar a possibilidade de admiss?o da a??o rescis?ria em caso de forma??o ou altera??o de precedentes pelos Tribunais superiores, como garantia de efetividade do princ?pio da igualdade, compreendendo-se este na acep??o da isonomia na aplica??o da lei aos sujeitos de rela??es jur?dicas id?nticas ou semelhantes. A aplica??o da proporcionalidade, em se admitindo a a??o rescis?ria na hip?tese, busca um equil?brio entre os princ?pios constitucionais da seguran?a jur?dica e da igualdade, preservando-se a ess?ncia de ambos.

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Camargo, Carlos Eduardo. "A mula (Equus mulus) como receptora de embriões equinos (Equus caballus) : aspectos reprodutivos, hormonais e ultrassonográficos da gestação." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/181360.

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Анотація:

O Brasil é um dos países com o maior número de transferências de embriões de equinos do mundo, mas as éguas receptoras são escassas e caras. Uma alternativa é usar mulas acíclicas como receptoras de embriões equinos. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar pela primeira vez o desenvolvimento embrionário e fetal precoce em mulas e éguas receptoras do 10º ao 60º dia de gestação. Este estudo foi realizado na Fazenda Experimental Gralha Azul da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná. Cinco éguas de doadores de embriões com idades entre 4 e 10 anos foram utilizadas. Foram utilizados dois grupos de receptores: 10 éguas cíclicas com idades entre 4 e 15 anos (grupo controle) e 7 mulas acíclicas com idades entre 6 e 12 anos. Os animais foram mantidos em piquetes e/ou estábulos e tiveram acesso a água e sal mineral ad libitum, bem como a uma fonte de volumoso e concentrado. As éguas doadoras foram monitoradas diariamente por ultrassonografia transretal (transdutor linear de 5 MHz, A6V Sonoscape, China) após o início do estro. As éguas foram inseminadas artificialmente usando sêmen fresco de um garanhão com fertilidade comprovada. A coleta de embriões das éguas foi realizada 8 dias após a ovulação. Antes da transferência do embrião, as éguas receptoras cíclicas eram examinadas diariamente por ultrassonografia para usar a melhor sincronia com a ovulação da doadora. As mulas acíclicas foram preparadas antes da transferência do embrião com a administração de 17 beta-estradiol (10 mg/mL, 1 mL, im) no dia da ovulação da doadora, e após 2 dias quando a presença de edema uterino foi confirmada, com a administração de Altrenogest (60 mg/mL, 5 mL, im). O diagnóstico de gestação foi realizado por ultrassonografia, 10 dias após a ovulação da doadora. Quando o diagnóstico foi confirmado, a avaliação ultrassonográfica foi realizada diariamente até o 60º dia de gestação. O primeiro dia de detecção da vesícula embrionária foi o Dia 10 por ultrassonografia em ambas as espécies e Dia 20,9 ± 1,3 (Média ± DP) e 21,9 ± 0,9 por palpação transretal em mulas e éguas respectivamente. A fixação da vesícula ocorreu em média no dia 15,7 ± 1,1 em mulas e 16,6 ± 1,7 em éguas. O embrião propriamente dito foi detectado pela primeira vez em mulas (no dia 19,9 ± 1,1) em comparação com as éguas (20,4 ± 1,3). O batimento cardíaco foi observado posteriormente em muares (23,4 ± 1,4) do que em éguas (22,6 ± 0,8). O saco alantóide foi detectado pela primeira vez entre os dias 23 e 26 (25,3 ± 1,1 e 24,6 ± 1,0 em mulas e éguas, respectivamente) e o cordão umbilical foi detectado pela primeira vez no dia 39 (39,7 ± 2,1 x 39,6 ± 1,5 em mulas e éguas, respectivamente). Os diâmetros ovarianos para os ovários esquerdo e direito foram semelhantes para as mulas (21,4 ± 0,4 vs. 21,8 ± 0,4 mm) e para as éguas (45,1 ± 0,4 vs 46,0 ± 0,4). Entretanto, o diâmetro ovariano das éguas (45,5 ± 0,3 mm) foi duas vezes maior (P <0,0001) que as mulas (21,6 ± 0,3 mm). Apenas duas mulas apresentaram o CL acessório que foi observado pela primeira vez nos dias 49 e 51. Dentro dos grupos não houve diferenças entre os cornos esquerdo e direito, gravídicos e não-gravídicos. A média geral não foi diferente entre as mulas (24,6 ± 3,1 mm) e as éguas (25,4 ± 0,1 mm). Como conclusão, de acordo com o nosso conhecimento, este é o primeiro estudo comparativo sobre desenvolvimento embrionário e fetal precoce entre mulas acíclicas e éguas receptoras de embriões equinos. Numerosas semelhanças foram encontradas nos aspectos estudados. Tais achados, associados ao fato de que potros vivos e sadios foram produzidos, sugerem que o uso de mulas acíclicas pode ser considerado como uma alternativa para aumentar a disponibilidade de receptoras em programas equinos de TE.
Brazil is one of the countries with the largest number of equine embryo transfers in the world, but recipients mares are scarce and expensive. One alternative is to use acyclic mules as recipients for equine embryos. The aim of this study was to compare for the first time the embryonic and early fetal development in recipient mules and mares from day 10 to 60 of pregnancy. This study was conducted at the Experimental Farm Gralha Azul of the Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná. Five embryo donor mares aged 4 to 10 years were used. Two groups of recipients were used: 10 cyclic mares aged 4 to 15 years (control group), and 7 acyclic mules aged 6 to 12 years. Animals were kept in paddocks and/or stables and had access to water and mineral salt ad libitum, as well as to a source of roughage and concentrate. Donor mares were monitored daily by transrectal ultrasonography (5-MHz linear transducer, A6V Sonoscape, China) after the beginning of estrus. The mares were artificially inseminated using fresh semen from a stallion with proven fertility. Embryo collection from the mares was performed 8 days after ovulation. Before embryo transfer, cyclic recipient mares were examined daily by ultrasonography to use the most synchronous with the donor's ovulation and have not received any hormonal treatment. The acyclic mules were prepared before the embryo transfer with the administration of 17 beta-estradiol (10 mg/mL, 1 mL, i.m.) on the day of the donor's ovulation, and after 2 days when the presence of uterine edema was confirmed, with the administration of Altrenogest (60 mg/mL, 5 mL, i.m.). The pregnancy diagnosis was carried out by ultrasonography 10 days after ovulation in the donor. When the diagnosis was confirmed, ultrasonographic assessment was carried out daily until day 60 of pregnancy. The first day of detection of an embryonic vesicle was Day 10 by ultrasound in both species and day 20.9 ± 1.3 (Mean ±SD), and 21.9 ± 0.9 by transrectal palpation in mules and mares respectively. Fixation of the vesicle occurred on mean day 15.7 ± 1.1 in mules and 16.6 ± 1.7 in mares. The embryo proper was first detected in mules (on day 19.9 ± 1.1) compared to mares (20.4 ± 1.3) The heart beat was observed later in mules (23.4 ± 1.4) than in mares (22.6 ± 0.8). The allantoic sac was first detected between days 23 and 26 (25.3 ± 1.1 and 24.6 ± 1.0 in mules and mares, respectively) and the umbilical cord was first detected on day 39 (39.7 ± 2.1 x 39.6 ± 1.5 in mules and mares, respectively). The ovarian diameters for left and right ovaries were similar for mules (21.4 ± 0.4 vs. 21.8 ± 0.4 mm) and for mares (45.1 ± 0.4 vs. 46.0 ± 0.4). However, the ovarian diameter of the mares (45.5 ± 0.3 mm) was two times larger (P<0.0001) than the mules (21.6 ± 0.3 mm). Within groups there were no differences between left and right and gravid and non-gravid horns. Data were combined for comparison of the endometrial diameter between mules and mares. The overall mean was not different between mules (24.6 3.1 ± 0.1 mm) and mares (25.4 ± 0.1 mm). However, day (P<0.003) and group-by-day (P<0.0001) effects were detected. Only two mules presented accessory CL that was observed for the first time on days 49 e 51. In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first comparative study on embryo and early fetal development between noncycling mules and mares used as ET recipients of horse-horse embryos. Numerous similarities in embryo and early fetal development, and endocrinology aspects were seen. The findings of this study in mules, associated with the fact that alive and healthy offspring were produced, the use of mules may be considered as an alternative to increase the availability of recipients in equine ET programs.

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Elverici, Mert. "The Spider Fauna Of An Olive Grove And Associated Shrublands In Mugla, Milas, Kiyikislacik With Notes On Their Diversity And Composition." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615149/index.pdf.

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Анотація:

In the period from May 2010 to August 2011, spider fauna of semi natural olive groves and associated shrub-lands were sampled in Mugla Province, Milas District, Kiyikislacik Village at the Western Mediterranean coast of Turkey. Semiquantitative sampling protocols were performed by use of pitfall traps, sweep nets, by active collecting, by sifting of tree litter and beating branches of shrubs. A total of 9967 spider specimens were obtained, from these, 3034 adult specimens were determined up to the lowest taxonomic category, and a detailed checklist is produced for the study area, composed of a total of 220 species belonging to 147 genera and 38 families. 39 species were recorded for the first time in Turkey. Species accumulation curves were used to test the representativeness of field surveys and to perform richness estimates, which were resulted in high completeness values and richness estimations around 250 &ndash
300 species for the study area. Results on composition, phenology and distributional patterns of the spider assemblage was also briefly discussed and found to be typical for Mediterranean habitats. Diagnostic photographs for each species in the collection are also provided in the appendix.

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Дисертації з теми "Mulga"

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