Статті в журналах з теми "Mucor mushrooms"

Викладено результати фітоекспертизи насіннясої. Визначено показники якості, ступінь інфікуваннята видовий склад патогенних мікроорганізмів. Іден-тифіковані представники грибної (роди Alternaria,Fusarium, Peronospora, Cladosporium, Botrytis, Aspergillus,Penicillium, Mucor) і бактеріальної флори (бак-терії роду Pseudomonas). Серед виявлених патогенівнайбільшу поширеність мали гриби родів Alternaria(26–35 %) і Mucor (22–47 %). Встановлено, що видо-вий склад патогенів є неоднаковим на різних сортахсої. Найбільш різноманітним він був у насінні сої сор-ту Київська 98. The results of photoexpress of soybean seeds are presented. The quality indicators, the degree of contamination and species composition of pathogenic microorganisms are defined. The representatives of mushrooms (genus Alternaria, Fusarium, Peronos-pora, Cladosporium, Botrytis, Aspergillus, Penicil-lium, Mucor) and bacterial flora (bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas) are identified. Among the pathogenic microorganisms was widely spread fungi of the genus Alternaria (26–35 %) and Mucor (22–47 %). The species composition of pathogens is varies on different soybean varieties. It was more diverse of soybean seed’s variety Kyivs’ka 98.

Morinda citrifolia can be used as a natural disinfectant on the milk storage space because it has an anti-fungal compound. The purpose of this study is to determine the potential of Morinda citrifolia extract as a natural disinfectant to fungi in the milk storage room, is reviewed from a decrease in the number of mushrooms and identification of the type of fungi before and after the use of Morinda citrifolia extracts. The study was conducted experimentally using a complete random design (CRD) with four treatments of P0 (without using Morinda citrifolia), P1 (15% concentration of Morinda citrifolia extract), P2 (20% concentration of Morinda citrifolia extract), P3 (concentration 25% of Morinda citrifolia extracts) and six times the replay. The observed is a decrease in the number of fungi, identifying the type of fungi before the use of Morinda citrifolia extract, identification of the type of fungi after the use of Morinda citrifolia extract. The results showed that Morinda citrifolia extract had a noticeable effect on decreasing the number of fungi in the milk storage room, with a consecutive drop percentage of P0 = 25,12%, P1 = 58,12%, P2 = 61,89%, P3 = 70,59%. The result of identification of fungi type on milk storage Chamber is Cephalosporium sp, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium purpurogenum, Penicillium digitatum, Mucor sp. The decrease in the amount of the type of each fungus is Cephalosporium sp (68,13%), Aspergillus ochraceus (88%), Aspergillus flavu (87,94%), Penicillium purpurogenum (85,71%), Penicillium digitatum (95.73%), Mucor sp (59,57%).

An allergy is a disease in which the immune system makes an inflammatory response to a harmless antigen. Any antigen that causes an allergy is called an allergen. Allergens may be inhaled or ingested, or they may come into contact with the skin. According to the data of the World Allergy Organization (WAO), the prevalence of allergies in different countries varies between 10-40%. Pollen, mold, animal hair, house dust mite, medicines, and foods are the most common allergen agents. Common mushrooms in nature have the potential to produce allergenic proteins. Penicillium,Botryotinia, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, and Mucor species, which are allergic fungi, are widely found in nature. In recent years, the cases of allergies caused by molds have increased significantly and studies to determine the causing allergens have accelerated. Botryotinia fuckeliana Pers. is a cosmopolitan necrotrophic pathogen infecting more than 200 plant species in temperate and subtropical climates, some of which are of high economic importance (e.g., grapes, strawberries, solanaceous vegetable). In Europe, maximal spore counts occur during late summer. Prevalence of skin test reactivity, i.e., immediate wheal and flare, to B. cinerea in Europe is comparable to that of Aspergillus spp. and greater than that of Cladosporium and Penicillium spp. Since the prevalence of B. fuckeliana spores and skin test reactivity is significant, further characterization of these allergens is warranted. Botryotinia fuckeliana was used in our study. Botryotinia fuckeliana produced in our laboratory was collected and allergen fungus protein was extracted by 2 different extraction methods. By preparing protein samples from prepared mushroom extracts, the total concentration of potential allergen proteins was determined by the BCA method. According to the data obtained, it was determined that the protein concentration of the mushroom samples dried by that were subjected to dialysis was higher than ethanol.

An allergy is a disease in which the immune system makes an inflammatory response to a harmless antigen. Any antigen that causes an allergy is called an allergen. Allergens may be inhaled or ingested, or they may come into contact with the skin. According to the data of the World Allergy Organization (WAO), the prevalence of allergies in different countries varies between 10-40%. Pollen, mold, animal hair, house dust mite, medicines, and foods are the most common allergen agents. Common mushrooms in nature have the potential to produce allergenic proteins. Penicillium,Botryotinia, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, and Mucor species, which are allergic fungi, are widely found in nature. In recent years, the cases of allergies caused by molds have increased significantly and studies to determine the causing allergens have accelerated. Botryotinia fuckeliana Pers. is a cosmopolitan necrotrophic pathogen infecting more than 200 plant species in temperate and subtropical climates, some of which are of high economic importance (e.g., grapes, strawberries, solanaceous vegetable). In Europe, maximal spore counts occur during late summer. Prevalence of skin test reactivity, i.e., immediate wheal and flare, to B. cinerea in Europe is comparable to that of Aspergillus spp. and greater than that of Cladosporium and Penicillium spp. Since the prevalence of B. fuckeliana spores and skin test reactivity is significant, further characterization of these allergens is warranted. Botryotinia fuckeliana was used in our study. Botryotinia fuckeliana produced in our laboratory was collected and allergen fungus protein was extracted by 2 different extraction methods. By preparing protein samples from prepared mushroom extracts, the total concentration of potential allergen proteins was determined by the BCA method. According to the data obtained, it was determined that the protein concentration of the mushroom samples dried by that were subjected to dialysis was higher than ethanol.

The aim of the work was to establish the frequency of detection of mold of raw smoked sausages and to evaluate the use of synthetic protective shrinks, which provide long-term storage of sausages. Nine batches (310 samples) of raw smoked sausages were examined, 487 crops were made on special media, 154 samples of sausages were examined according to physical and chemical parameters. We determined that an intensive contamination of their surface with micellar fungi during the sale of raw smoked sausages in retail trade is taking place: Penicillium (62.9%), Aspergillus (18.2%), Mucor (10.7%), Cladosprium (4.5%). We found that on the 5th day of their sale 4.57±1.64% of experimental sausage bulks are contaminated with micellar fungi but more massive and intensive development of micromycelia was found on the 20th day of sale (29.32±8.16% of cases). We proved that the use of protective coating/srink “Optiglianets” (Lofink Group, Ukraine), “CoatStar 110” (OJSC “Upakprint”, Russia), “Polisved1” (OJSC “Omega”, Russia), “Antibak Tauchmassa” (Company “Swed Holding”, Russia) and “Tauchmasse KP-15”, Italy), delayed up to 20 days the development of micellar fungi on the surface of prototypes of smoked sausages. We applied them in a thin layer (0.06-0.10 mm depending on the applied means) on the surface of sausage bulks and dried in drying chambers at temperature of 15.0±2.0 °C and 45 minutes exposure at a relative humidity of 70%. The weight loss of raw smoked sausages was the lowest with the use of protective coating “Optiglyanets” (Lofink Group, Ukraine) and “Polisved-1” (OJSC “Omega”, Russia). It was 14.5±0.8% and equal to 60% reduction compared to other protective coatings/shrinks implementation.

The former coal mines experienced biological changes that caused biodiversity loss compared to natural ecosystems. Habitats decline dramatically when changes from natural ecosystems to open land occur. The frequency of land processing due to land reclamation activities has a major impact on soil organisms. Coal mining activities result in a decrease in the population of microorganisms and the activity of soil fauna, mainly due to changes in soil temperature, humidity, and the amount and quality of organic matter. This research was conducted for 1 (one) fiscal year. This research includes the making of microorganism solutions, Trichoderma enrichment, composting from market waste with bioactivator moles and trichoderma, incubating ex-coal mine land by utilizing compost, and analyzing the total population of soil microorganisms. The results showed that 1. There was an increase in the population of microorganisms in the soil that were applied to market waste compost, 2. Mushrooms found on ex-coal mine land that were applied with market waste compost with Trichoderma bioactivator, and banana weed MOL were: Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Fusarium, Mucor, Phytium, and Gliocladium, while the bacteria found were basil gram (-) Azotobacteraceae and cocci gram (-) Azotobacteraceae.

The focus of attention of authoritative international organizations, such as the World Health Organization, the Food and Agriculture United Nations, is the problem of contamination by fungal microflora of feed and the formation of secondary metabolites (mycotoxins) and a number of micromycetes. Contaminant fungi are mainly represented by saprophytic species with disease-causing potential. Entering the body of an animal, fungi can cause invasive lesions of the gastrointestinal tract (mucoromycosis), infection by inhalation of fungal spores, followed by the development of respiratory mycoses (aspergillosis). Almost all types of molds are capable of synthesizing mycotoxins. Some types of fungi (Penicillium) form antibiotics as secondary metabolites, which, when ingested, can disrupt the composition of the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract. The article presents the results of studies on the identification of mycoses in mustelids of cell content. To determine the species composition of pathogenic fungi, most often found in mustelids in fur farms of the Russian Federation, microbiological studies were carried out using selective culture media and a MicroTax microbiological analyzer. As a result of laboratory research, it was found that among the isolated material from the internal organs, pathogenic fungi of the genera Fusarium, Aspergillus, Mucor, Candida are most often found. Microbiological examination of animal feed (porridge, grain grinding, fish feed) revealed identical pathogens. As a result of setting a bioassay on rabbits and white mice, the pathogenicity of the isolated fungi was determined. A laboratory study was carried out to study the effect of the isolated mushrooms and their metabolic products on the weasel organism.

Приведены результаты мониторинга состояния микобиоты почвы, начатого в 2005 г. с целью прогноза последствий сельскохозяйственного использования земель. В условиях многофакторного стационарного опыта по изучению поверхностно-отвальной системы обработки, заложенного методом расщеплённых делянок с рендомизированным размещением вариантов в повторениях, проведены наблюдения за динамикой видового состава и численности микромицетов в зависимости от используемых агротехнологических приёмов, включающих системы основной обработки почвы и удобрений. Всего за период 2011–2015 гг. выявлено 22 рода и 101 вид микроскопических грибов. Анализ показал, что в агроценозах комплекс грибов несколько отличается от типичного для дерново-подзолистых почв естественных биоценозов. Состав доминирующей группы в целом за время исследований почти не изменялся и был представлен видами р. Penicillium. В число содоминантов входили зигомицетовые сапротрофы (Rhizopus nigricans Ehrenb., Mucor hiemalis Wehmer и виды р. Mortierella), смена которых в большей степени зависела от внешних условий. Часто обнаруживались грибы рр. Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Verticillium, содержащие фитопатогенные виды. Однако их встречаемость и численность не проявляли чёткой зависимости от таких факторов, как обработка почвы и внесение удобрений. Расчёт индексов биоразнообразия Шеннона и Пиилу показал, что при поверхностно-отвальной системе обработки в год вспашки разнообразие грибных комплексов снижается, происходит резкая их перестройка за счёт перемещения видов, обитающих в разных по глубине слоях почвы. Подобные изменения касаются и численности микромицетов. Отмечено снижение КОЕ грибов, особенно на неудобренном фоне, после проведения вспашки. В целом, как при отвальной, так и поверхностно-отвальной системах обработки показано возрастание численности микромицетов при внесении соломы 3 т/га + NPK. Запаханная на глубину пахотного горизонта солома с минеральными удобрениями, являясь хорошим питательным субстратом для грибов, на большинстве вариантов приводила к увеличению их количества. The results of monitoring the state of soil mycobiota started in 2005 with the aim of predicting the consequences of agricultural land use are presented. Under the conditions of a complex stationary experiment on the study of a surface-moldboard tillage system, laid down by the method of split plots with a randomized block design of variants in repetitions, observations were made of the dynamics of the species composition and number of micromycetes, depending on the agricultural technological methods used, including the systems of basic tillage and fertilizers. Total for the period 2011–2015 22 genera and 101 species of microfungus have been identified. The analysis showed that in agrocoenosis the complex of fungi is slightly different from the natural biocoenosis typical for soddy podzolic soils. The composition of the dominant group as a whole remained almost unchanged during the studies and was represented by the species of the Penicillium. The codominants included zygomycete saprotrophs (Rhizopus nigricans Ehrenb., Mucor hiemalis Wehmer and species of Mortierella), the change of which was more dependent on external conditions. Fungi Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Verticillium containing phytopathogenic species were often found. However, their occurrence and number did not show a clear dependence on such factors as tillage and fertilization. The calculation of the Shannon and Pielou biodiversity indices showed that with a surface-moldboard system of tillage in a year of plowing, the variety of fungal complexes decreases, and their sharp restructuring occurs due to the movement of species living in layers of soil different in depth. Such changes concern the number of micromycetes. A decrease in CFU of fungi was noted, especially on an unfertilized background after plowing. In general, both moldboard and surface-moldboard tillage systems show an increase in the number of micromycetes with the introduction of straw 3 t/ha + NPK. Straw plowed under the depth of the plough-layer with mineral fertilizers, being a good nutrient substrate for mushrooms, in most cases led to an increase in their amount.

The lipid composition of Agaricus bisporus mycelium (submerged culture) and Mucor rouxii yeast cells was determined. The mushroom mycelium contained about 5.0% lipid which consisted of oleic, linoleic, and palmitic as the principal fatty acids in the polar lipid, free fatty acid, and triacylglycerol fractions. The free sterol content (85% ergosterol) was 0.2% of the mycelial dry weight. Mucor rouxii cells contained 3.4% lipid to which phospholipid, sterol (25% ergosterol), and squalene contributed 35, 4, and 2%, respectively. Yeast cell total fatty acids ranged from C12 to C20 with oleic and palmitic being predominant. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were major glycerophospholipids of both species. The lipid composition of chitosomes from both species was generally similar to that of the respective total cellular lipid. Chitosomal lipids had no characteristic feature that suggested a particular functional significance with respect to chitin synthetase.

An experiment was conducted to find out the fungal competitors and symptom studies in damaged Oyster Mushroom spawn packets at National Mushroom Development and Extension Center, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. A total of nine fungal competitors of oyster mushroom were isolated and identified namely- Trichoderma harzianum Rifai, T. viride Pers. (Green strain), T. viride Pers. (Yellow strain), T. koningii Oudem, Mucor hiemalis Wehmer, Papulaspora byssina Hotson, Neurospora sp. Shear and B.O. Dodge., Aspergillus flavus Link., and Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. on the basis of microscopic, morphological and cultural characteristics. To produce oyster mushroom in an eco-friendly manner and to find out their antifungal potency, 23 plant species belonging to 19 families were screened out against isolated nine fungal competitors of oyster mushroom. Among 23 extracts, the maximum (44%) mycelial inhibition of T. harzianum was found due to Aegle marmelos whereas Eclipta alba showed the highest mycelial inhibition (62%) of T. viride (Green strain); in case of T. viride (Yellow strain), Cassia tora exhibited the highest mycelial inhibition (39%); Diospyros cordifolia showed the maximum mycelial inhibition (48%) of T. koningii; Curcuma longa (rhizome) gave the maximum mycelial inhibition (90%) of Neurospora sp. There were no significant effects found to control of P. byssina, B. theobromae, M. hiemalis and A. flavus due to 23 different types of botanicals tested. Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride (Green strain), T. viride (Yellow strain), T. koningii, A. flavus, Neurospora sp. and P. byssina was successfully inhibited by 30, 50 and 70 ppm of fungicide-Bavistin 50 WP but B. theobromae and M. hiemalis were not affected by Bavistin at mentioned concentration.Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 6 (2): 24-30, December, 2016

In the search for novel anti-infectives from natural sources, fungi, in particular basidiomycetes, have proven to still harbor so much potential in terms of secondary metabolites diversity. There have been numerous reports on isolating numerous secondary metabolites from genus Laetiporus. This study reports on two new triterpenoids, laetiporins C and D, and four known triterpenes from the fruiting body of L. sulphureus. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated based on their 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic data in combination with high-resolution electrospray mass spectrometric (HR-ESIMS) data. Laetiporin C exhibited weak antifungal activity against Mucor hiemalis. Furthermore, the compounds showed weak antiproliferative activity against the mouse fibroblast L929 and human cancer cell lines, including KB-3-1, A431, MCF-7, PC-3 and A549.

AbstractMales of Aphelenchoides limberi are described and illustrated for the first time from mushroom plate cultures of Botrytis cinerea. The original parthenogenetic population was extracted from the soil of a hop garden in Senice na Hané, Czech Republic. The males are characterized by a stylet about 11 μm long, a prominent spicula, with the dorsal limb longer than the ventral limb, and a ventrally curved tip. The tail is arcuate, conoid, ending with a short, mostly ventrally bent hook-shaped mucro, the lateral field appears to have four lines under light microscopy.

Stropharia rugosoannulata is a popular edible mushroom. In October 2020, white mold disease was found on substrates of S. rugosoannulata in a heliogreenhouse in Huai’an city, Jiangsu province, China. The cultivation materials included rice straw (30%), wheat straw (30%), saw dust (30%), and a small amount of wheat bran (5%) and rice bran (5%). In the diseased substrates, a large amount of thick white fungal mycelia was observed with yellow ooze on the surface, which prevented the growth of the mycelia and fruiting bodies of S. rugosoannulata. Disease incidence was calculated as ∼30%. The fungus was identified morphologically and through DNA as Mucor irregularis, and pathogenicity was confirmed. In order to ensure the safe production of S. rugosoannulata, once white mold disease is found, the infected tissue should be removed. This is the first report that M. irregularis causes white mold disease on S. rugosoannulata in China.

The taro tuber (Colocasia esculenta) is an important source of carbohydrates for an important energy producer whose portion has a fairly bright and profitable development prospect. Taro is not only used as a food source, it can be used for industrial purposes, for example raw materials of cosmetics and plastic. Taro is very easy to recognize and varied with other preparations because it has a distinctive flavor. Increased production is the only major consideration in taro cultivation. Efforts to increase production are influenced by limiting factors that are often experienced in the community. Such barrier is a pathogen attack both on the ground and post harvest. The purpose of this study is to isolate and identify the types of pathogenic fungi found in taro tubers. The method used is microscopic and macroscopic identifications. The results of identification with the macroscopic and microscopic observations obtained by the genus Aspergillus, Candida, Sclerotium, Fusarium, Mucor, and Rhizopus. Keywords: Taro, Identification, Pathogenic Fungi

ABSTRAK Produktivitas sayuran jamur berkembang pesat di Indonesia. Salah satu perusahaan yang memproduksi jamur adalah PT. Inti Jamur Raya yang komoditas utamanya adalah jamur shiitake. Perusahaan melakukan budidaya jamur dengan menggunakan baglog. Selama tahun 2015-2016, produktivitas jamur shiitakenya mengalami fluktuasi dan tidak mencapai tingkat produktivitas yang ditargetkan perusahaan. Karena itu, perlu diketahui penyebab dari fluktuasi produktivitas jamur shiitake tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi penyebab risiko produksi jamur shiitake di PT. Inti Jamur Raya. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, dilakukan analisis deskriptif berdasarkan risiko produksi yang terjadi pada setiap tahapan produksi, kemudian dilakukan evaluasi terhadap penyebab risiko yang teridentifikasi dengan metode Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 22 penyebab yang teridentifikasi, terdapat 9 penyebab prioritas risiko, yaitu: 1) baglog terkena penyakit Trichoderma spp; 2) baglog terkena penyakit Neurospora spp; 3) baglog terkena penyakit Penicillium spp; 4) baglog terkena penyakit Mucor spp; 5) baglog tidak ditutup rapat; 6) baglog yang terkena penyakit tidak dibuang; 7) baglog terlambat dibuka; 8) cuaca ekstrim; dan 9) penyiraman yang tidak teratur. Kata kunci: jamur shiitake, risiko produksi, FMEA ABSTRACT The productivity of mushroom vegetables is growing rapidly in Indonesia. One of the companies that produce mushrooms is PT. Inti Jamur Raya which its main commodity is shiitake mushroom. The company plant mushrooms by using baglog. During 2015-2016, the productivity of shiitake mushrooms was fluctuative and did not reach the level of productivity targeted by the company. Therefore, it is necessary to know the cause of the fluctuations. The purpose of this study was to identify the cause of the risk of shiitake mushroom production at PT. Inti Jamur Raya. To achieve the objectives, the data were analyzed descriptively based on production risk occurring at each stage of production, then the identified causes were evaluated with Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA). The results showed that of the 22 causes identified, there were 9 priority causes of risk, namely: 1) baglog affected by Trichoderma spp. desease; 2) baglog affected by Neurospora spp. desease; 3) baglog affected by Penicillium spp. desease; 4) baglog affected by Mucor spp. desease; 5) baglog was not tightly sealed; 6) the baglog affected by the disease was not discarded; 7) baglog late opened; 8) extreme weather; and 9) the watering time was not well-scheduled. Keywords: shiitake mushroom, production risk, FMEA

This paper investigated the effectiveness of spent mushroom compost (SMC) of Pleurotus florida in the biodegradation of crude oil contaminated soil for a period of 42 days. The crude oil contaminated soil was supplemented with different concentrations of the SMC of P. florida throughout the period of study. Microbiological and physicochemical parameters including Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) content were monitored from the baseline to the 42nd day. Results showed significant decreases in the physicochemical parameters during the study period. The percentage loss of TPH at the end of the investigation was 90.09%. The hydrocarbon utilising bacterial isolates were Bacillus sp, Pseudomonas sp, Flovobacterium sp, Micrococcus sp and Arthrobacter sp. The hydrocarbon utilizing fungal isolates were Penicillium sp, Fusarium sp, Sacchoromyces sp, Microsporum sp, Cryptococcus sp and Mucor sp. This study showed that SMC of Pleurotus florida is an effective nutrient source for biodegradation.

Aim: The aim of the study was to assess Percentage Bioremediation of Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) and Mucor racemosus in hydrocarbon contaminated soil Place and Duration of Study: A portion of Rivers State University demonstration farmland in Nkpolu-Oroworukwo, Mile 3 Diobu area of Port Harcourt, Rivers State was used for this study. The piece of land is situated at Longitude 4°48’18.50’’N and Latitude 6o58’39.12’’E measuring 5.4864 m x 5.1816 m with a total area of 28.4283 m2. Bioremediation monitoring lasted for 56 days, analysis carried out weekly (per 7 days’ interval). Methodology: Five (5) experimental plots employing the Randomized Block Design were used each having dimensions of 100 x 50 x 30 cm (Length x Breadth x Height) = 150,000cm3. Baseline study of the uncontaminated and the deliberately contaminated agricultural soil was investigated for its microbiota and physico-chemical properties. Two of these plots were designated as pristine (Unpolluted soil) (CTRL 1) and crude oil contaminated soil without nutrient organics and bioaugmenting microbes (CTRL 2); these two serve as controls. Each of the experimental plots, except the control (CTRL 1), was contaminated with 2500 cm3 (2122.25 g) of crude oil giving initial Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) value of 8729.00 mg/kg. The crude oil polluted soil in Plot 3 was further treated with 750 ml of Mucor racemosus broth (CS+Muc), Plot 4 was treated with 3000 g of Spent Mushroom Substrate (CS+SMS) while plot 5 was treated with the combination of both (CS+Muc+SMS). The plots were left for 7 days to ensure even distribution and soil-oil bonding. Sampling was done at seven-day interval (Day 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56). Physicochemical parameters monitored were pH, Temperature, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) throughout the experimental period. Microbial parameters monitored were Total Heterotrophic Bacteria (THB), Total Heterotrophic Fungi (THF), Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria (HUB) and Hydrocarbon Utilizing Fungi (HUF). Percentage (%) Bioremediation was estimated from percentage (%) reduction of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) from day 1 to day 56 in relation to control plots. Net % Bioremediation were also assessed to ascertain the actual potential of treatment agents singly or combined. Results: Total Heterotrophic Bacteria (THB) (CFU/g) recorded on day 7 and day 56 of the bioremediation were; day 7; CTRL 1 – US (1.07 x109), CTRL- CS (5.4 x108), CS+Muc (3.0 x108), CS+SMS (4.6 x108) and CS+Muc+SMS (5.0 x108). On day 56, data obtained were CTRL 1 –US (9.4 x108), CTRL 2 –CS (7.2 x109), CS+Muc (3.7 x108), CS+SMS (8.1x108) and CS+Muc+SMS (6.8 x108). The increase in number in the treated plots is a depiction of an increase in activity of the organism and the stimulating effect of bio-organics SMS while the untreated plot CTRL 1-US showed decrease in population at day 56. Similar trend showed for Total Heterotrophic Fungi. Generally, it was observed that the highest growth/ count was recorded at the 7th and 8th week (day 42 or day 49), at the 9th week there was an observable decrease; probably due to depletion of nutrients and other factors such as rainfall and seepage. The Net Percentage Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria and Fungi (Net %HUB and Net %HUF) were highest in Crude Oil contaminated plot treated with Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) singly; that is (CS+SMS) (11.02% and 12.07%) and lowest in the uncontaminated soil – Control (CTRL 1 –US) (5.41% and 9.26%) respectively. The trend in decreasing order of Net % Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria were as follows: CS+SMS (11.02%) > CS+Muc+SMS (10.14%) > CS+Muc (9.43%) > CTRL 2 –CS (8.1%) > CTRL 1 –US (5.41%) while Net % Hydrocarbon Utilizing Fungi followed similar trend and were: CS+SMS (12.07%) > CS+Muc+SMS (11.76%) = CS+Muc (11.76%) > CTRL 2 –CS (11.05%) > CTRL 1 –US (9.26%). Evaluation of Amount of Crude Oil or Hydrocarbon remediated and Net %Bioremediation revealed Crude Oil contaminated plot augmented with Mucor racemosus broth singly (CS+Muc) as having the highest bioremediation potential while the least is the untreated soil. The trend is as follows: CS+Muc (8599.19 mg/kg; 33.93%) > CS+Muc+SMS (8298.95 mg/kg; 32.74%) > CS+SMS (8197.03 mg/kg; 32.34%) > CTRL 2 –CS (166.54 mg/kg; 0.66%) > CTRL 1 –US (85.48 mg/kg; 0.34%) Conclusion: This shows that a single nutrient substrate or augmenting microorganism applied appropriately may have a more positive result, that is; higher bioremediation potential than combined or multiple mixed treatments. It was further observed that microbial counts decreased with time in treatments with augmenting organisms alone but increased considerably in treatments supplement with organics having its peak on the 49th day. It is therefore recommended that bioremediation of crude oil-polluted soil using bio-augmenting microorganism should be applied appropriately noting the volume: area ratio and be supplemented with efficient nutrient organics after every 49-day interval.

Aim: The aim of the study was to assess Percentage Bioremediation of Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) and Mucor racemosus in hydrocarbon contaminated soil Place and Duration of Study: A portion of Rivers State University demonstration farmland in Nkpolu-Oroworukwo, Mile 3 Diobu area of Port Harcourt, Rivers State was used for this study. The piece of land is situated at Longitude 4°48’18.50’’N and Latitude 6o58’39.12’’E measuring 5.4864 m x 5.1816 m with a total area of 28.4283 m2. Bioremediation monitoring lasted for 56 days, analysis carried out weekly (per 7 days’ interval). Methodology: Five (5) experimental plots employing the Randomized Block Design were used each having dimensions of 100 x 50 x 30 cm (Length x Breadth x Height) = 150,000cm3. Baseline study of the uncontaminated and the deliberately contaminated agricultural soil was investigated for its microbiota and physico-chemical properties. Two of these plots were designated as pristine (Unpolluted soil) (CTRL 1) and crude oil contaminated soil without nutrient organics and bioaugmenting microbes (CTRL 2); these two serve as controls. Each of the experimental plots, except the control (CTRL 1), was contaminated with 2500 cm3 (2122.25 g) of crude oil giving initial Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) value of 8729.00 mg/kg. The crude oil polluted soil in Plot 3 was further treated with 750 ml of Mucor racemosus broth (CS+Muc), Plot 4 was treated with 3000 g of Spent Mushroom Substrate (CS+SMS) while plot 5 was treated with the combination of both (CS+Muc+SMS). The plots were left for 7 days to ensure even distribution and soil-oil bonding. Sampling was done at seven-day interval (Day 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56). Physicochemical parameters monitored were pH, Temperature, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) throughout the experimental period. Microbial parameters monitored were Total Heterotrophic Bacteria (THB), Total Heterotrophic Fungi (THF), Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria (HUB) and Hydrocarbon Utilizing Fungi (HUF). Percentage (%) Bioremediation was estimated from percentage (%) reduction of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) from day 1 to day 56 in relation to control plots. Net % Bioremediation were also assessed to ascertain the actual potential of treatment agents singly or combined. Results: Total Heterotrophic Bacteria (THB) (CFU/g) recorded on day 7 and day 56 of the bioremediation were; day 7; CTRL 1 – US (1.07 x109), CTRL- CS (5.4 x108), CS+Muc (3.0 x108), CS+SMS (4.6 x108) and CS+Muc+SMS (5.0 x108). On day 56, data obtained were CTRL 1 –US (9.4 x108), CTRL 2 –CS (7.2 x109), CS+Muc (3.7 x108), CS+SMS (8.1x108) and CS+Muc+SMS (6.8 x108). The increase in number in the treated plots is a depiction of an increase in activity of the organism and the stimulating effect of bio-organics SMS while the untreated plot CTRL 1-US showed decrease in population at day 56. Similar trend showed for Total Heterotrophic Fungi. Generally, it was observed that the highest growth/ count was recorded at the 7th and 8th week (day 42 or day 49), at the 9th week there was an observable decrease; probably due to depletion of nutrients and other factors such as rainfall and seepage. The Net Percentage Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria and Fungi (Net %HUB and Net %HUF) were highest in Crude Oil contaminated plot treated with Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) singly; that is (CS+SMS) (11.02% and 12.07%) and lowest in the uncontaminated soil – Control (CTRL 1 –US) (5.41% and 9.26%) respectively. The trend in decreasing order of Net % Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria were as follows: CS+SMS (11.02%) > CS+Muc+SMS (10.14%) > CS+Muc (9.43%) > CTRL 2 –CS (8.1%) > CTRL 1 –US (5.41%) while Net % Hydrocarbon Utilizing Fungi followed similar trend and were: CS+SMS (12.07%) > CS+Muc+SMS (11.76%) = CS+Muc (11.76%) > CTRL 2 –CS (11.05%) > CTRL 1 –US (9.26%). Evaluation of Amount of Crude Oil or Hydrocarbon remediated and Net %Bioremediation revealed Crude Oil contaminated plot augmented with Mucor racemosus broth singly (CS+Muc) as having the highest bioremediation potential while the least is the untreated soil. The trend is as follows: CS+Muc (8599.19 mg/kg; 33.93%) > CS+Muc+SMS (8298.95 mg/kg; 32.74%) > CS+SMS (8197.03 mg/kg; 32.34%) > CTRL 2 –CS (166.54 mg/kg; 0.66%) > CTRL 1 –US (85.48 mg/kg; 0.34%) Conclusion: This shows that a single nutrient substrate or augmenting microorganism applied appropriately may have a more positive result, that is; higher bioremediation potential than combined or multiple mixed treatments. It was further observed that microbial counts decreased with time in treatments with augmenting organisms alone but increased considerably in treatments supplement with organics having its peak on the 49th day. It is therefore recommended that bioremediation of crude oil-polluted soil using bio-augmenting microorganism should be applied appropriately noting the volume: area ratio and be supplemented with efficient nutrient organics after every 49-day interval.