Статті в журналах: "Motorcyclist Safety"

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Mohd Najib Yacob and Siti Nur Suhanna. "Road Safety Legal Compliance among Malaysian Motorcyclists." Current Science and Technology 2, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/cst.v2i1.7589.

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With the ever increasing popularity of motorcycles as a mode of transport in Malaysia and several other countries in Southeast Asia, numerous of legislation, enforcement and other legal compliance are available to improve their effectiveness toward motorcyclists. The awareness level among motorcyclist toward legal compliance is very important to the motorcyclist to check and balance their knowledge and attitude toward road safety. The main objective on this study is to measure the level of compliance among motorcyclist towards Road Safety Legislations. Furthermore, the common errors done by motorcyclist during riding, and also legal compliance related to motorcycle are discussed in this study. A descriptive and cross sectional study was used to identify the level of awareness among motorcyclist towards legal compliance by using observation and a set of questionnaire. The result from the study revealed that knowledge and attitude among motorcyclists were good toward legal compliance of Road Safety regulations.

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Kamaru Zaman, F. H., S. A. Che Abdullah, N. Abdul Razak, I. Pasya, J. Johari, and N. E. Kordi. "Risk of Vehicle Blind Spot towards Motorcyclist Safety in Malaysia: Assessment on Perceptions of Behaviour." Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia 4, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 168–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v4i2.37.

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Motorization in Asian countries is growing fast, and the motorcycle is the dominating transport mode. The number of motorcycles per thousand people averaged over several major Asian cities is significantly higher than the average of the rest of the world. With the growing use of motorcycles, road injuries and fatalities are a growing concern in Malaysia and one of its major causes is vehicle blind spots. In this work, we conduct a survey to assess the perception of the behaviour of road users concerning the risk of blind spots towards motorcyclist safety in Malaysia. We asked 397 respondents to classify themselves into one of these driving roles – (1) motorists (those who drive vehicles other than motorcycles), (2) motorcyclists, and (3) dual-role (drives other vehicles and motorcycles). We provide the respondents with 21 questions classified into few categories of assessments including blind spot awareness, blind spot risks, perception of faults in road collisions and near-misses, motorists and motorcyclists' behaviours, perception towards motorists, motorcyclists, and technology used to improve road safety. We found that 98.2 % of respondents are aware of the existence of blind spots on the vehicle and a total of 43 % of respondents agree that they have driving difficulty due to blind spots. Moreover, 75 % of respondents suggest that blind spot is a major contributing factor to road collisions or near-misses, with 63 % of collisions experienced are side collisions. We found that more than 30 % of motorists and motorcyclists believe that motorists are not careful towards motorcyclists' safety. Moreover, 51 % of motorists perceive motorcyclists as not being careful towards their safety, but 40 % of motorcyclists stated otherwise. Dual-role drivers show that they are more cautious towards the safety of fellow motorcyclists than the motorists. More dual-role drivers than motorcyclists suggest that they practice good behaviours in relation to vehicle blind spots while riding a motorcycle.

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Ijaz, Muhammad, Lan Liu, Yahya Almarhabi, Arshad Jamal, Sheikh Muhammad Usman, and Muhammad Zahid. "Temporal Instability of Factors Affecting Injury Severity in Helmet-Wearing and Non-Helmet-Wearing Motorcycle Crashes: A Random Parameter Approach with Heterogeneity in Means and Variances." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17 (August 24, 2022): 10526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710526.

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Not wearing a helmet, not properly strapping the helmet on, or wearing a substandard helmet increases the risk of fatalities and injuries in motorcycle crashes. This research examines the differences in motorcycle crash injury severity considering crashes involving the compliance with and defiance of helmet use by motorcycle riders and highlights the temporal variation in their impact. Three-year (2017–2019) motorcycle crash data were collected from RESCUE 1122, a provincial emergency response service for Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The available crash data include crash-specific information, vehicle, driver, spatial and temporal characteristics, roadway features, and traffic volume, which influence the motorcyclist’s injury severity. A random parameters logit model with heterogeneity in means and variances was evaluated to predict critical contributory factors in helmet-wearing and non-helmet-wearing motorcyclist crashes. Model estimates suggest significant variations in the impact of explanatory variables on motorcyclists’ injury severity in the case of compliance with and defiance of helmet use. For helmet-wearing motorcyclists, key factors significantly associated with increasingly severe injury and fatal injuries include young riders (below 20 years of age), female pillion riders, collisions with another motorcycle, large trucks, passenger car, drivers aged 50 years and above, and drivers being distracted while driving. In contrast, for non-helmet-wearing motorcyclists, the significant factors responsible for severe injuries and fatalities were distracted driving, the collision of two motorcycles, crashes at U-turns, weekday crashes, and drivers above 50 years of age. The impact of parameters that predict motorcyclist injury severity was found to vary dramatically over time, exhibiting statistically significant temporal instability. The results of this study can serve as potential motorcycle safety guidelines for all relevant stakeholders to improve the state of motorcycle safety in the country.

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Ospina-Mateus, Holman, Leonardo Augusto Quintana Jiménez, Francisco J. Lopez-Valdes, and Shib Sankar Sana. "Prediction of motorcyclist traffic crashes in Cartagena (Colombia): development of a safety performance function." RAIRO - Operations Research 55, no. 3 (May 2021): 1257–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ro/2021055.

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Motorcyclists account for more than 380 000 deaths annually worldwide from road traffic accidents. Motorcyclists are the most vulnerable road users worldwide to road safety (28% of global fatalities), together with cyclists and pedestrians. Approximately 80% of deaths are from low- or middle-income countries. Colombia has a rate of 9.7 deaths per 100 000 inhabitants, which places it 10th in the world. Motorcycles in Colombia correspond to 57% of the fleet and generate an average of 51% of fatalities per year. This study aims to identify significant factors of the environment, traffic volume, and infrastructure to predict the number of accidents per year focused only on motorcyclists. The prediction model used a negative binomial regression for the definition of a Safety Performance Function (SPF) for motorcyclists. In the second stage, Bayes’ empirical approach is implemented to identify motorcycle crash-prone road sections. The study is applied in Cartagena, one of the capital cities with more traffic crashes and motorcyclists dedicated to informal transportation (motorcycle taxi riders) in Colombia. The data of 2884 motorcycle crashes between 2016 and 2017 are analyzed. The proposed model identifies that crashes of motorcyclists per kilometer have significant factors such as the average volume of daily motorcyclist traffic, the number of accesses (intersections) per kilometer, commercial areas, and the type of road and it identifies 55 critical accident-prone sections. The research evidences coherent and consistent results with previous studies and requires effective countermeasures for the benefit of road safety for motorcyclists.

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Solah, M. S., A. Hamzah, Z. Mohd Jawi, A. H. Ariffin, N. F. Paiman, M. H. Md Isa, and M. S. Khalid. "The Requisite for Motorcycle Personal Protective Clothing: Malaysia's Perspective." Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia 3, no. 1 (April 29, 2021): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v3i1.107.

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Nearly 1.3 million people are killed and up to 50 million people are injured on the world's roads every year. Approximately 30% of road deaths involve motorcyclists especially in the ASEAN region. In Malaysia, the number of motorcycle accidents is consistently increasing in parallel with the rising number of registered motorcycles. Motorcyclists are categorized under vulnerable road users (VRUs) due to their disadvantages in terms of safety. It is believed that personal protection equipment (PPE) is able to mitigate and minimize motorcyclist injuries resulted from road crashes. The most basic PPE for motorcyclist is the helmet which is made mandatory in many Southeast Asia countries due to its effectiveness in reducing head injuries. Other than that, protective clothing is also vital to protect human body parts from trauma. This study attempts to explore the effectiveness of motorcycle protective clothing performance available in Malaysia. Selected motorcycle protective clothing was tested using anthropometric test device, calibration equipment and instrument. In addition, a market survey was conducted to explore and examine the types and trends of motorcycle protective clothing available. This study finds that motorcycle protective clothing with protector i.e. padding and airbag can provide potentially reduced neck and chest injury in contrast with those with no protection. Furthermore, the result reveals that 55% of the protective clothing available is made of synthetic material. The overall results provide significant information that is useful in the development of countermeasures to improve motorcyclists' safety.

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Jalaludin, Jalaludin, Nunung Widyaningsih, and Hermanto Dwiatmoko. "THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR APPLICATION ON MOTORCYCLE RIDER SAFETY BEHAVIOR." astonjadro 11, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.32832/astonjadro.v11i1.5990.

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<p>In Indonesia, the basis for implementing road safety consists of five pillars which are compiled in the General National Road Safety Plan (RUNK). One of the pillars proclaimed is the behavior of safe road users. This aims as an effort to reduce traffic accidents because road users are the biggest factor in road accidents related to user behavior. The cases of road traffic accidents in Indonesia are dominated by motorcyclists, especially Jakarta, which is one of the cities with a fairly high rate of motorcycle accidents. Because the behavior of road users is closely related to traffic accidents, and also motorcyclists are the users who are involved in the highest traffic accidents, this study explains the factors that determine the safety behavior of motorcyclists in Jakarta. The application of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is used as a basis for finding the factors that may determine the behavior of the motorcyclist. Furthermore, the research approach used in this study is quantitative with primary data in the form of a closed questionnaire instrument from 230 respondents who ride motorcycles in Jakarta. The data analysis technique used is the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach using the AMOS 22.00 program as a tool in determining the determinants of driver safety behavior. The results of the analysis show that the most dominant direct predictor in determining the safety behavior of motorcyclists in Jakarta is the intention to behave safely. While the indirect factor that determines is the attitude of the driver. The results of the analysis also show that the age of the driver has a significant influence on safety behavior.</p>

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Mazlan, N. A., W. J. Yahya, A. M. Ithnin, and M. S. Ahmad Laili. "A Study of Malaysian Motorcyclists' Behaviour from the Perspective of Pickup Truck." Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia 3, no. 3 (April 29, 2021): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v3i3.127.

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The number of fatalities related to motorcyclists in Malaysia has exceeded 4,000 people a year in the recent years. The cause of each accident may vary from case to case but mostly related to human errors. Many studies have tried to relate motorcyclist behaviour and number of crashes through survey and statistical analysis. In this study, a pick-up truck equipped with a Video Camera Recorder (VCR) will be used to record motorcyclist behaviour in highway and urban areas for three months. The data from VCR was analysed and categorized into two groups; motorcyclist riding behaviour and safety requirement. The behaviour will be discussed and causes that can lead to accidents will be identified.

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Daniello, Allison, Kimberly Swanseen, Yusuf A. Mehta, and Hampton C. Gabler. "Rating Roads for Motorcyclist Safety." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2194, no. 1 (January 2010): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2194-08.

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Evans, Vaughan. "Death and Injury in Motorcycle Accidents: The Utilisation of Technology to Reduce Risk." Journal of Road Safety 32, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33492/jrs-d-21-00004.

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In the early 1970s in Great Britain, the fatality rate for motorcyclists was twenty times that for a car driver, this relative risk has widened to around fifty in modern times. Motorcycling has not become more hazardous, rather a modest decline in the fatality rate over four decades has been eclipsed by a considerably greater reduction in the rate for car drivers. Travel by car has become safer, with seatbelts, a rigid safety cell and crumple zones, airbags, head restraints, energy-absorbing steering wheels, and shatter-resistant windscreens, all contributing to risk reduction. A motorcyclist, conversely, on most modern machines, has none of these features, with the crash helmet being the only safety feature generally adopted by motorcyclists over the last half century. The risk inherent in motorcycling could be reduced to a similar level as car travel by a radical re-design of the motorcycle to include a rigid safety cell, clad in energy absorbing deformable material, coupled with a rider restraint system. Less radical technological changes that could reduce the risk of injury, or death, include fitted anti-lock braking systems, ideally with integrated stability control, and an integral impact-activated airbag may arrest the forward motion of a rider in frontal impact conditions. The relatively simple measure of increased rider and/or machine conspicuousness can reduce the risk of certain accidents.

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10

Marayatr, Thepnimit, and Pinit Kumhom. "Motorcyclist's Helmet Wearing Detection Using Image Processing." Advanced Materials Research 931-932 (May 2014): 588–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.931-932.588.

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Motorcycle accidents have been rapidly growing throughout the years in many countries. Due to various social and economic factors, this type of vehicle is becoming increasingly popular. The helmet is the main safety equipment of motorcyclists but many drivers do not use it. If a motorcyclist is without helmet an accident can be fatal. This paper presented an automatic method for vehicle detection, motorcycles classification on public roads and a system for automatic detection of motorcyclists without helmet. For processing, in first step, we detect vehicles that moving real-time by extracting back ground out from front ground using back subtraction then enhancing it using threshold and mathematical morphology method. In the second step, we classify between motorcycle and other vehicles. Area is applied for feature extraction and neural network is applied for classification. In the final step, Hough transform is applied for detecting a helmet. From the experimental results, the accuracy rates of the motorcycle classification and helmet detection were 98.22% and 77%, respectively.

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Ferko, Marija, Dario Babić, Darko Babić, Ali Pirdavani, Marko Ševrović, Marijan Jakovljević, and Grgo Luburić. "Influence of Road Safety Barriers on the Severity of Motorcyclist Injuries in Horizontal Curves." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 9, 2022): 14790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142214790.

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Motorcyclist safety remains a significant problem, and the overall safety of motorcyclists has been improved at a much slower rate in the last decade compared to passenger and commercial vehicles. Because motorcyclists are not protected by the vehicle frame, fatalities or severe injuries are often related to hitting a roadside object or safety barrier. The main objective of this study is to investigate relations between the presence and type of road safety barriers and the consequences of motorcycle crashes on rural roads. For this purpose, we analysed Croatian rural road-crash data from 2015–2019, tested several factors as single predictors, and combined them using binary logistic regression. The results show that run-off-road crashes and nighttime driving are significant risk factors. There was no significant positive impact of the presence of safety barriers on the crash consequences due to the unsuitability of the barriers for motorcyclists, which proves the fact that the functionality of existing safety barriers should be upgraded. The results of this study could be further used by researchers, road designers, and experts to improve road infrastructure safety on rural roads.

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Billheimer, John W. "Evaluation of California Motorcyclist Safety Program." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1640, no. 1 (January 1998): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1640-13.

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The California Motorcyclist Safety Program (CMSP) is a legislatively mandated, statewide program that has trained more than 100,000 motorcyclists in the 10 years since its implementation in July 1987. The program is mandatory for riders under 21 seeking a California motorcycle license. The current evaluation traces motorcycle accident trends before and after the formation of the CMSP, compares accident trends in California with those in the remainder of the United States, and analyzes the riding records of matched pairs of 2,351 trained and untrained Southern California riders. Analyses of statewide accident trends indicate that fatal motorcycle accidents have dropped 69 percent since the introduction of the CMSP, falling from 840 fatal accidents per year in 1986 to 263 in 1995. If accident trends in California had paralleled those in the rest of the United States over this period, the state would have experienced an additional 124 fatalities per year. In the case of novice riders with less than 805 km (500 mi) of prior experience, a matched-pair analysis indicates that trained riders experience fewer than half the accident rates of their untrained counterparts for at least 6 months after training. Beyond 6 months, riding experience begins to have a leveling effect on the differences between the two groups. In the case of riders with more than 805 km (500 mi) of experience prior to training or interviewing, no significant differences in accident rates were detected between the two groups, either before or after riders took the basic training course. There was no evidence that riders electing to enter a safety course voluntarily rode any more safely than their untrained counterparts before taking training.

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XIAO, YINGNI, HELAI HUANG, YONG PENG, and XINGHUA WANG. "A STUDY ON MOTORCYCLISTS HEAD INJURIES IN CAR–MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENTS BASED ON REAL-WORLD DATA AND ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 18, no. 04 (June 2018): 1850036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519418500367.

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Accident data had shown that as one of the most vulnerable road users, the risk of motorcyclist casualties due to head injuries is extremely high in motorcycle accidents. The objective of this study was to analyze motorcyclist head injury based on epidemiological statistical analysis and car–motorcycle accident reconstruction using real world accident data, and obtain a comprehensive understanding about safety effects of helmets on motorcyclists head injury. In epidemiological data analysis of this study, odds ratios (ORs) was applied to identify differences in injuries between helmeted and unhelmeted motorcyclists. Two vehicle–motorcycle collisions with detailed information were reconstructed by using PC-Crash simulation and MADYMO reconstruction. Furthermore, the head injury reconstruction using MADYMO outputs as boundary conditions was accomplished and analyzed with respect to 1st principal strain, Von Mises stress, coup pressure, countercoup pressure at the cerebrum. The results indicated that unhelmeted motorcyclists were more likely to suffer head injury, serious and fatal injury, and tend to take equal responsibility or more. 1st principal strain was reduced from 0.44 to 0.25 for Case 1, and from 0.16 to 0.10 for case 2 when including a helmet. Von Mises stress were reduced from 30.37[Formula: see text]kpa to 19.51[Formula: see text]kpa for Case 1 and from 3.42[Formula: see text]kpa to 3.03[Formula: see text]kpa for case when including a helmet, which meant a reduction of the risk of concussion. But the motorcyclist in Case 2 experienced a lower percentage increase in coup pressure and countercoup pressure. This study provided comprehensive knowledge on motorcyclists head injuries and the effectiveness of helmets as well as contributing to develop the injury prevention measures and protection devices of motorcyclists.

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Chen, Ping-Ling, Yi-Chu Chen, and Chih-Wei Pai. "Motorcyclist Is the Right-of-Way Violator: A Population-Based Study of Motorcycle Right-of-Way Crash in Taiwan." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2018 (July 17, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9543787.

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The most typical and catastrophic car-motorcycle crash occurs when a car manoeuvres into the path of an approaching motorcycle at an intersection, which involves a car driver violating motorcycle’s right of way (ROW). In Taiwan, however, motorcyclists are frequently the ROW violator—they are observed to frequently infringe upon the ROW of oncoming vehicles at intersections. Such a ROW crash in which a left-turn motorcyclist crosses in front of approaching traffic appears to be a safety problem in terms of its frequency and accident consequence. Using the National Taiwan Crash Database, the present study estimates a logistic regression model to predict the likelihood of an approach-turn motorcycle-turning crash (relative to a car-turning crash). Results indicate that given a ROW crash where the rider was female, old, drunk, unlicensed, riding a moped, and on a NBU roadway, the likelihood of a motorcycle-turning crash tends to increase. Our study contributes to the existing motorcycle safety research by reporting the determinants of the unique crashes in which the motorcyclist is the ROW violator.

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Andrijanto, Itoh Makoto, and Pangaribuan Alphared Gabariel. "“What the Organization Has”: An Investigation of Situational Aspects of Safety Culture of Road Traffic Organization Using a Macroergonomic Approach." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 64, no. 1 (December 2020): 836–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181320641194.

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This research applied a reciprocal model to investigate the safety culture of road traffic organizations for motorcyclists’ safety. By focusing on the situational aspects, we applied the four steps of the macroergonomic approach to analyze a local government organization in Indonesia. We identified some weak elements of safety culture embedded in the sub-system level of the organization. The absence of proper education of motorcyclist candidates has led to failures in developing their skills and knowledge. In addition, we found that the existence of the item “if any” in the licensing registration procedure weakened the understanding of the importance of learning. Investigation of situational aspects revealed some critical issues regarding safety culture development by road traffic organizations.

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Silvestri Dobrovolny, Chiara, Shengyi Shi, James Kovar, and Roger P. Bligh. "Development and Evaluation of Concrete Barrier Containment Options for Errant Motorcycle Riders." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 10 (May 12, 2019): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119845900.

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Motorcycles are among the most vulnerable vehicles on the road. Although a combination of different factors may cause motorcycle crashes, an appropriate design of roadside safety systems can play an important role in limiting the severity of motorcycle crashes. Roadside safety systems are not typically designed with the special needs of motorcyclists in mind. The Roadside Design Guide provides guidelines for proper concrete barrier placement on roadways but does not address motorcycle barriers ( 1). The Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware includes testing guidelines and evaluation criteria for roadside safety barriers impacted by errant vehicles but does not address impacts by motorcycles ( 2). There is a need to improve motorcyclist safety by designing and evaluating a containment system for upright errant motorcycle riders impacting a concrete barrier. This system would prevent riders from flying over, while limiting injury severity to the rider during the impact event. In this study, finite element computer simulations were used to assist with the design and evaluation of proposed containment options to be mounted on a concrete barrier. An upright motorcycle full-scale crash test with a Hybrid III 50th percentile male dummy was conducted to evaluate the crashworthiness of a chain link fence containment system supported by U-shaped posts and attached to a curved concrete barrier section. The test was conducted at nominal impact speed of 35 mph and impact angle of 18 degrees to the barrier. During the impact event, the system successfully contained the dummy, which did not interact with the system posts.

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Hasan, M. F., S. M. S. Mahmud, M. A. Raihan, A. Akter, and A. Bhattacharjee. "Motorcyclist Safety Risk and Attitude to Using Helmet." Journal of Engineering Science 13, no. 2 (January 15, 2023): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jes.v13i2.63722.

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The quantity of motor-bikers has dramatically expanded in Bangladesh, with the presentation of the ridesharing business. Consequently, crashes involving a motorcycle with fatalities and injuries are also increasing. One of the proven most effective safety measures for a biker is the use of a helmet. But there is no study on the use of helmets and the attitude of users to use the helmet. This research conducts an in-depth analysis of motorcycle safety risk using reported crash records as well as a comprehensive questionnaire survey among the bikers. The study also explores helmet usage attitude and evaluates the standard of the helmet being used. Overall, around 72% self-proclaimed they do not do wrong practice while riding a motorcycle. However, more than one-fourth of motorcycle drivers/riders misbehave or ill practice at different levels either often or always. Concern authorities could gainfully use the findings to develop motorcycle risk management strategies. Journal of Engineering Science 13(2), 2022, 11-20

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Abdulwahid, Sarah Najm, Moamin A. Mahmoud, Bilal Bahaa Zaidan, Abdullah Hussein Alamoodi, Salem Garfan, Mohammed Talal, and Aws Alaa Zaidan. "A Comprehensive Review on the Behaviour of Motorcyclists: Motivations, Issues, Challenges, Substantial Analysis and Recommendations." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 6 (March 17, 2022): 3552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063552.

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With the continuous emergence of new technologies and the adaptation of smart systems in transportation, motorcyclist driving behaviour plays an important role in the transition towards intelligent transportation systems (ITS). Studying motorcyclist driving behaviour requires accurate models with accurate and complete datasets for better road safety and traffic management. As accuracy is needed in modelling, motorcyclist driving behaviour analyses can be performed using sensors that collect driving behaviour characteristics during real-time experiments. This review article systematically investigates the literature on motorcyclist driving behaviour to present many findings related to the issues, problems, challenges, and research gaps that have existed over the last 10 years (2011–2021). A number of digital databases (i.e., IEEE Xplore®, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched and explored to collect reliable peer-reviewed articles. Out of the 2214 collected articles, only 174 articles formed the final set of articles used in the analysis of the motorcyclist research area. The filtration process consisted of two stages that were implemented on the collected articles. Inclusion criteria were the core of the first stage of the filtration process keeping articles only if they were a study or review written in English or were articles that mainly incorporated the driving style of motorcyclists. The second phase of the filtration process is based on more rules for article inclusion. The criteria of inclusion for the second phase of filtration examined the deployment of motorcyclist driver behaviour characterisation procedures using a real-time-based data acquisition system (DAS) or a questionnaire. The final number of articles was divided into three main groups: reviews (7/174), experimental studies (41/174), and social studies-based articles (126/174). This taxonomy of the literature was developed to group the literature into articles with similar types of experimental conditions. Recommendation topics are also presented to enable and enhance the pace of the development in this research area. Research gaps are presented by implementing a substantial analysis of the previously proposed methodologies. The analysis mainly identified the gaps in the development of data acquisition systems, model accuracy, and data types incorporated in the proposed models. Finally, research directions towards ITS are provided by exploring key topics necessary in the advancement of this research area.

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Grzebieta, Raphael, Mike Bambach, and Andrew McIntosh. "Motorcyclist Impacts into Roadside Barriers." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2377, no. 1 (January 2013): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2377-09.

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This paper reports on a study that reviewed the European Standard EN 1317-8 for motorists crashing into barriers and the relevance to Australian motorcycle fatalities. The data collection and analysis of 78 Australian motorcyclist-into-barrier fatalities described here were used to justify the review. In Australia each year approximately 15 motorcyclists die from striking a road safety barrier. A retrospective analysis of the fatalities during 2001 to 2006 (n = 78) was carried out. Consistent with European findings, approximately half the motorcyclists were in the upright posture when they struck the barrier, whereas half slid into the barrier. The mean precrash speed was 100.8 km/h, and the mean impact angle was 15.48. The areas of the body that were injured were similar across different barrier types (concrete, wire rope, and W-beam) and crash postures. The thorax area had the highest incidence of injury and maximum injury in fatal motorcycle crashes into barriers; the head area had the second-highest incidence of injury. Moreover, thorax and pelvis injuries had a greater association with sliding crashes than with those in the upright posture. The existing European Standard EN 1317-8 addresses only the sliding mechanism, uses a head injury criterion, and does not specify any thorax injury criterion. It was proposed that a thorax injury criterion and an additional test should be introduced with the rider in the upright position when striking the barrier and then sliding along the top of the barrier.

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Leong, Lee Vien, Shafida Azwina Mohd Shafie, Peng Kheng Gooi, and Wins Cott Goh. "Assessing Self-Reported Risky Riding Behavior of Motorcyclists at Unsignalized Intersections for Sustainable Transportation." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 16, 2021): 9144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169144.

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In Malaysia, as more than 50% of road collisions involve motorcyclists, the traffic safety of motorcyclists is critical and must be given priority. This study aims to understand the effects of attitudes, social influences, and control factors on the risky riding behavior of motorcyclists at unsignalized intersections in Malaysia. A motorcyclist-riding-behavior survey was conducted to collect and analyze the self-reported risky riding behaviors of motorcyclists. Three main analyses, namely, frequency and percentage, crosstabulation and test of independence (chi-squared), and logistic regression were adopted to assess the self-reported risky riding behavior and its correlation with outcomes, social influences, and factors. The obtained results show that negative outcomes (χ2 = 89.689, df = 54, p = 0.002) and negative social influences (χ2 = 32.554, df = 18, p = 0.019) are significantly associated with risky riding behavior, while control factors, inhibiting (χ2 = 66.889, df = 48, p = 0.037) and facilitating factors (χ2 = 96.705, df = 72, p = 0.028), have significant effects on risky riding behavior. A greater comprehension of motorcyclists’ risky riding behavior based on their self-reported risky riding behavior and beliefs can influence motorcyclists in making positive changes in their riding style.

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Abdul Rashid, M. A., W. J. Yahya, A. M. Ithnin, H. Zamzuri, T. L. Ken, S. Ryunosuke, A. Dwijotomo, et al. "Detection and Warning System for Motorcycle Vehicular Collision Avoidance." Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia 3, no. 1 (April 29, 2021): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v3i1.103.

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World Health Organisation has determined that South-East Asian region has the highest road traffic death in 2015 involving motorised 2-3 wheelers. Generally, motorcycles are lack of active safety features that capable to prevent road accident. Therefore, this study aims to design and develop active safety features for a motorcycle to prevent a frontal collision through an audible warning to the motorcyclist and detected object when the collision is about to happen. The system should consist of a simple algorithm with a minimum set of hardware. Based on the design criteria for the system, an audible warning will only be given when all three conditions stated below are met. (1) An object is within stopping distance limit, (2) object heading towards the centre of motorcycle and (3) relative velocity of an object might cause a frontal accident. The system called Detection and Warning System for Motorcycle Vehicular Collision Avoidance (DEWAMCA). It is expected that DEWAMCA can assist currently available Blind Spot Detection System (BSDS) to reduce accident involving motorcycles significantly.

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22

Ospina-Mateus, Holman, Leonardo Augusto Quintana Jiménez, and Francisco J. Lopez-Valdes. "Understanding motorcyclist-related accidents in Colombia." International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion 27, no. 2 (February 11, 2020): 215–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17457300.2020.1725895.

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Soffania, Mazroh Ilma. "HUBUNGAN AGRESSIVE DRIVING BEHAVIOR PENGEMUDI SEPEDA MOTOR DENGAN KECELAKAAN LALU LINTAS (STUDI PADA SISWA SMA DI KABUPATEN SIDOARJO)." Indonesian Journal of Public Health 13, no. 2 (February 11, 2019): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijph.v13i2.2018.222-233.

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Анотація:

Road traffic accident was the public health problem that can decrease public health status. Most of the road traffic acccident involving motorcyclist and mostly among people around 15-19 years old. Agressive driving behavior was one of the factors causing road traffic accidents. The aim of this study to analize the relationship between motorcyclist’s agressive driving behavior with road traffic accidents. This research was analytic observational research with case-control design. The population was senior high school student who riding motorcycle aged ≥ 17 years old in Kabupaten Sidoarjo. Population were divided into two groups, namely case group and control group. Case group were respondents who had road traffic accidents while control group were respondents who never had a road traffic accidents in the last year. The number of respondens were involved 24 respondents in case group and 48 respondents in control group. Sampling were purposive sample in case group and matching sampling in control group by age and sex. The result of analysis using chi-square test (α = 5 %) showed that agressive driving behavior in motorcyclist has significant relationship of road traffic accidents (p= 0,0006; OR= 5,320). Senior high school students were encouraged to managed time and more prioritised safety while driving to avoid traffic accidents.

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24

da Costa, Don Gaspar Noesaku, Siti Malkhamah, and Latif Budi Suparma. "Use of the Safety Factor and Margin of Safety in Motorcyclist Accident Risk Management." International Journal of Technology 9, no. 4 (July 25, 2018): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v9i4.941.

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25

Lee, Chanyoung, Behzad Karimi, Siwon Jang, and Victoria Salow. "Understanding Emerging Motorcyclist Segments in Crashes using Florida Crash Data and Statewide Survey." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 34 (October 19, 2018): 106–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118798177.

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Анотація:

The United States experienced a continued sharp increase in motorcycle fatalities between 1997 and 2008, with a 9% average annual increase, which resulted in a rapid doubling of motorcycle fatalities within a decade. After a major decline in both the number of fatalities and the fatality rate between 2008 and 2009, motorcycle fatalities and fatality rates have been fluctuating. It was discovered that the demographics of motorcyclists involved in fatal motorcycle crashes have changed because of an increase in the number of motorcyclists under age 30 and over age 50 during the past 10 years. As a result, motorcyclists in the United States can be clustered into three distinct segments by age in crash experiences. This study used motorcycle crash data in Florida that observed similar demographic changes and explored characteristics of the three segments. Descriptive analyses including Chi-square tests showed that each segment had different crash outcomes and different levels of exposure to common risk factors. Crash injury models were developed to understand variables that increase the level of injury severity in each segment. A statewide survey was completed to explore the sociodemographic characteristics of the three motorcyclist segments in Florida, which often are not available through crash data. Overall, the three motorcycle segments identified in this study have unique riding characteristics and crash outcomes. This is essential information for developing and managing motorcycle safety programs in an effective and efficient manner.

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Lee, Jaeyoung, Mohamed Abdel-Aty, Jung-Han Wang, and Chanyoung Lee. "Long-Term Effect of Universal Helmet Law Changes on Motorcyclist Fatal Crashes: Comparison Group and Empirical Bayes Approaches." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2637, no. 1 (January 2017): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2637-04.

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Анотація:

A motorcyclist helmet is considered important safety equipment because it prevents or minimizes head and brain injuries, which are often fatal. Hence, in the 1960s and 1970s, most of the states in the United States enacted the universal helmet law (UHL) requiring all motorcyclists to wear helmets. Many researchers have examined the effect of the helmet law changes by using before-and-after studies and found that repealing the law had a negative effect on motorcyclists. In this study, the authors have attempted to explore the long-term impacts of repeal and reinstatement of the UHL by using 13 to 16 years of data. A before-and-after study with a comparison group and empirical Bayes methods was adopted to account for the passage of time and its effect on other factors such as exposure, maturation, trend, and regression-to-the-mean bias. A range of safety performance functions was developed on the basis of counties and parishes, and the expected fatal motorcycle crashes were calculated. The results showed that the UHL repeal still had significant effects on motorcycle fatal crash counts even 7 to 12 years after the repeal of the law. The crash modification factors showed that the UHL repeal increased the number of motorcycle fatal crashes by 15% to 41%, whereas reinstatement of the UHL decreased it by 21% to 27%. It is expected that the results from this study could be helpful for state policy makers to clearly understand the effects of the UHL on reducing motorcycle fatal crashes.

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Rios, J. "Motorcyclist injuries and use of safety measures in five cities in Colombia." Injury Prevention 18, Suppl 1 (October 2012): A196.2—A196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2012-040590s.23.

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Susanto, Benidiktus, Siti Malkhamah, and Latif Budi Suparma. "RISIKO KECELAKAAN SEPEDA MOTOR PADA SIMPANG PRIORITAS." Jurnal Transportasi 19, no. 3 (January 6, 2020): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/jt.v19i3.3668.161-170.

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Abstract Traffic safety is an important requirement in highway planning and design. Many studies related to accident risk analysis have been carried out, but practical applications are still not widely found, especially for accident risk analysis at priority junctions. This study aims to determine the speed and acceleration of motorcyclist behavior entering a junction. It was conducted by measuring the speed of a motorcycle when entering the junction at 150 m, 100 m, and 50 meters before the point of the potential conflict. If the critical gap is longer than the stopping distance (a combination of the reaction time and braking time), the motorcycle will be safe. The results showed that motorcyclist decelerates the speed when entering the junction. The change in speed starts at 50 to 100 meters before the conflict. Motorcyclists will be safe if the speed is less than 65.8 km/h at 50 meters before entering the junction. Keywords: traffic safety, accident risk analysis, priority junction, speed Abstrak Keselamatan adalah faktor utama dalam perencanaan dan perancangan fasilitas jalan. Berbagai penelitian yang berhubungan dengan analisis risiko kecelakaan telah banyak dilakukan, namun aplikasi praktisnya masih belum banyak dijumpai terutama untuk analisis risiko kecelakaan pada simpang prioritas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perilaku kecepatan dan percepatan sepeda motor saat memasuki simpang, sehingga dapat dilakukan analisis terhadap potensi risiko sepeda motor saat memasuki simpang prioritas. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengukur kecepatan sepeda motor saat memasuki simpang pada jarak 150 m, 100 m, dan 50 m sebelum titik konflik. Apabila celah kritis lebih panjang dari jarak henti (gabungan dari pengaruh waktu reaksi dan waktu pengereman), maka sepeda motor tersebut dapat dikategorikan selamat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa saat memasuki simpang sebagian besar sepeda motor melakukan perlambatan. Perubahan kecepatan mulai terjadi pada jarak antara 50 sampai 100 meter sebelum titik konflik. Sepeda motor akan aman apabila pada kecepatan sebelum simpang tidak melebihi 65,8 km/jam. Kata-kata kunci: keselamatan lalu lintas, analisis risiko kecelakaan, simpang prioritas, kecepatan

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29

TUAN BESAR, TUAN BADROL HISHAM, MOHAMMAD AKMAL SUHAIMI, and MUHAMMAD AKRAM ADNAN. "Evaluation of the Traffic Performance Measure for Exclusive Motorcycle Lane at Merging Section." ADVANCES IN BUSINESS RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/abrij.v3i2.10097.

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Exclusive Motorcycle Lane (EML) is defined as a roadway meant exclusively for motorcycles or can be stated as motorcyclists who are compelled by law to use it and other vehicles are prohibited by law from using it. It is physically separated from the mainstreams carriageway and is grade separated from the main carriageway at intersections, interchanges or points of conflicts. Merging is one of the parts of way that motorcycle deceleration the speed from main stream lane to enter the Exclusive Motorcycle Lane (EML) with safe. The urban expressways in Malaysia have serious problems regarding the safety, efficiency and comfort ability at merging sections of an EML because of the insufficient geometric due to limited land and the right of way design configuration condition. The increase of traffic volume and demand lead towards the degradation of motorcyclist performance while on their wheels. This research is performed in order to achieve the objectives, i.e. to obtain and analyze local empirical data, such as flow rate, headway and speed on exclusive motorcycle lane at merging section that reflects on the local traffic condition on Federal Highway Route 2, and to obtainregression modeling that relates to Flow Rate with regards to the Headway 1-3, Time Mean Speed and Length of Merging Ramp section, Lm on the merging section of EML and merging ramp section. Tworegression models have successfully been performed with R-Sq 94.8 % for EML section and 31.1 % for merging ramp section. Its also highlighted the attributes of EML.

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30

Jou, Rong-Chang, and Ming-Che Chao. "An analysis of the novice motorcyclist crashes in Taiwan." Traffic Injury Prevention 23, no. 3 (February 22, 2022): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2022.2026937.

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Mohd Shafie, Shafida Azwina, Wins Cott Goh, and Lee Vien Leong. "Evaluating the Influence of Positive Affect, Risk Perception, and Personal Characteristics on the Risk-Taking Riding Behaviors of Motorcyclists." Applied Sciences 13, no. 2 (January 12, 2023): 1056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13021056.

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Анотація:

This study on Malaysian motorcyclists was carried out due to the high fatality rate of motorcycle traffic accidents. A survey was conducted to assess demographic information, risky behavior engagement, positive affect, and risk perception among Malaysian motorcyclists. The results were analyzed using partial least square structural equation modeling to assess the survey’s reliability and validity. Consequently, a statistical model was created based on the hypothesis model where the relationship among each latent construct was evaluated, including risk perception, positive affect, risky behavior, and mediator personal characteristics. The model revealed that positive affect had the strongest positive relationship with the construct of risky behavior (t-value of 15.517), while the personal characteristics of the rider had a significant direct effect on risky behavior, with a t-value of 2.175. In addition, an indirect effect of personal characteristics on risky behavior through positive affect was also found to be significant (t-value = 3.885). These results concur with most studies conducted on motorist driving behavior showing that motorcyclist risky behavior engagement can potentially be reduced from the perspective of encouragement and empowerment instead of enforcement and deterrence. This study is important in identifying practical measures that can integrate road safety into a broader strategy for sustainable transportation.

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Alnawmasi, Nawaf, and Fred Mannering. "A statistical assessment of temporal instability in the factors determining motorcyclist injury severities." Analytic Methods in Accident Research 22 (June 2019): 100090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amar.2019.100090.

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33

Naïma, Bessai, Boudjemaa Fatiha, Lounis Mourad, and Baumgartner Danie. "Numerical Simulation of the Mechanical Structure of a Helmet Motorcyclist." Advanced Materials Research 856 (December 2013): 368–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.856.368.

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Road safety is of high importance in our modern life in terms of social and economic. The helmet is the head protective system the most common used. Their main function is to reduce or prevent damage that may occur during an impact due to an accident. The head will be better protected if the more important quantity of the energy caused by the kinetic energy of the impact is absorbed by the helmet. The greater part of the impact energy should be absorbed by the deformations of the different layers of the helmet. The analytic equations of the model of the helmet parts show a realistic dynamic reaction of the different layers after the shock impact. These results will permit a better comprehension of the helmet behaviour to violent impact and the energy distribution in the different layers so a better optimisation of the head helmet in the future.

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Sun, J., A. Rojas, R. Kraenzler, and P. J. Arnoux. "Investigation of motorcyclist safety systems contributions to prevent cervical spine injuries using HUMOS model." International Journal of Crashworthiness 17, no. 6 (December 2012): 571–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2012.700097.

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35

Wu, Connor Y. H., and Becky P. Y. Loo. "Changes in novice motorcyclist safety in Hong Kong after the probationary driving license scheme." Transportmetrica A: Transport Science 13, no. 5 (February 15, 2017): 435–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23249935.2017.1289277.

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Huang, Cheng-Yong. "Vehicle Door Opening Control Model Based on a Fuzzy Inference System to Prevent Motorcycle–Vehicle Door Crashes." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (November 13, 2021): 12558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212558.

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The goal of this research is to develop a fuzzy logic-based vehicle door control system to avoid motorcycle–vehicle door crash accidents. Accidents of this nature usually occur when the driver has parked the car, opens the door getting out of the car and collides with a motorcycle approaching from the rear, causing injury to the motorcyclist. In order to prevent such accidents, the fuzzy logic control system inputs the speed (MS) and safety distance (SD) of the motorcycle approaching from the rear, and then the fuzzy inference unit (FIU) calculates the clear output (Crisp) defuzzification Vehicle Door Opening Model (VDOM) value for the central locking system of the car, which can be used to trigger three modes, namely Danger Mode, Caution Mode and Warning Mode. In this study, the VDOM system is designed to trigger reasonable, reliable and consistent door control under different speeds of motorcycles coming from the rear and will be effectively applied to the door control of semi-automatic cars in the future.

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37

Houston, David J., and Lilliard E. Richardson. "Motorcyclist fatality rates and mandatory helmet-use laws." Accident Analysis & Prevention 40, no. 1 (January 2008): 200–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2007.05.005.

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38

Malkhamah, Siti, Latif Budi Suparma, and Don Gaspar Noesaku Da Costa. "Considering the Effect of Motorcyclist Risk Tolerance in Accident Risk Management: A Preliminary Study." Civil Engineering Dimension 20, no. 2 (October 8, 2018): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/ced.20.2.78-85.

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Анотація:

Negative perceptions about accident are usually associated with speeding behavior. However, risk perception has not been considered in accident risk management. It is accepted as a personality matter, thus the number of accidents per year was used as accident risk tolerance indicator. Consequently, due to insufficient measurable indicators, it would be difficult to prevent the increasing speeding behavior. This paper discusses the improvement of accident risk tolerance indicators, i.e. safety factor and margin of safety, and their possible usage in speed management policies. These indicators were built based on the correlation between the results of interview and braking maneuver test. From this combine approach, using aggregated-individual and expert acceptance models, it was found that risk tolerance arose because motorcyclists accepted both the advantages and disadvantages gained from speeding, obtained through their riding frequency, duration of riding and/or accident involvement experienced. However, inappropriate speed due to miss-perception toward braking capability should be avoided. Inversely, an appropriate speed management should consider their travelling expectation

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39

G. Kumaresh, T. Lich, A. Skiera, and J. Moennich. "Benefit Mapping of Anti-Lock Braking System for Motorcycles from India to Indonesia." Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia 1, no. 2 (May 1, 2017): 166–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v1i2.19.

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Анотація:

Around 1.3 million people die every year on the world's roads of which 285,200 are users of motorised two or three wheelers. In Indonesia, the number of traffic accidents has also increased by an average of 13% annually (2009-2013). This leads to socio-economic loss of approximately 255,864 million rupiah (Rp). The European Transport Safety Council (ETSC) analysis shows the risk of a motorcyclist (Powered Two Wheeler - PTW) being involved in a fatal accident is 20 times greater compared to a car driver travelling along the same route. This research reveals interesting facts about the Indonesian PTW accident situation through mapping the benefit of Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS) for PTWs from India to Indonesia - although there is no in-depth data available to carry out thorough accident research study. One estimation is that every fourth accident with injuries involving a motorcyclist on Indonesian road can be avoided by a PTW with ABS (assuming a 100% installation rate of such device). This result is in line with other international studies claiming the avoidance potential of PTW with ABS.

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Brown, Joshua B., Paul E. Bankey, John T. Gorczyca, Julius D. Cheng, Nicole A. Stassen, and Mark L. Gestring. "The Aging Road Warrior: National Trend toward Older Riders Impacts Outcome after Motorcycle Injury." American Surgeon 76, no. 3 (March 2010): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481007600308.

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Industry statistics suggest that motorcycle owners in the United States are getting older. Our objective was to analyze the effect of this demographic shift on injuries and outcomes after a motorcycle crash. Injured motorcyclists aged 17 to 89 years in the National Trauma Databank were reviewed from 1996 to 2005. Age trends and injury patterns were assessed over time. Injury Severity Score (ISS), length of stay (LOS), intensive care unit (ICU) use, comorbidities, complications, mortality, injury patterns, helmet use, and alcohol use were compared for subjects 40 and older versus those younger than 40 years old. There were 61,689 subjects included. Over the study period, the mean age increased from 33.9 to 39.1 years ( P < 0.01), and the proportion of subjects 40 years of age or older increased from 27.9 to 48.3 per cent. ISS, LOS, ICU LOS, and mortality were higher in the 40 years of age or older group ( P ≤ 0.01). The rates of admission to the ICU (32.3 vs. 27.3%), pre-existing comorbidities (20 vs. 9.7%), and complications (7.6 vs. 5.5%) were all higher in the 40 years of age and older group ( P < 0.01). The average age of the injured motorcyclist is increasing. Older riders’ injuries appear more serious, and their hospital course is more likely to be challenged by comorbidities and complications contributing to poorer outcomes. Motorcycle safety education and training initiatives should be expanded to specifically target older motorcyclists.

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Xin, Chunfu, Zhenyu Wang, Chanyoung Lee, and Pei-Sung Lin. "Modeling Safety Effects of Horizontal Curve Design on Injury Severity of Single-Motorcycle Crashes with Mixed-Effects Logistic Model." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2637, no. 1 (January 2017): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2637-05.

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Horizontal curves have been of great interest to transportation researchers because of expected safety hazards for motorcyclists. The impacts of horizontal curve design on motorcycle crash injuries are not well documented in previous studies. The current study aimed to investigate and to quantify the effects of horizontal curve design and associated factors on the injury severity of single-motorcycle crashes with consideration of the issue of unobserved heterogeneity. A mixed-effects logistic model was developed on the basis of 2,168 single-motorcycle crashes, which were collected on 8,597 horizontal curves in Florida for a period of 11 years (2005 to 2015). Four normally distributed random parameters (moderate curves, reverse curves, older riders, and male riders) were identified. The modeling results showed that sharp curves (radius <1,500 ft) compared with flat curves (radius ≥4,000 ft) tended to increase significantly the probability of severe injury (fatal or incapacitating injury) by 7.7%. In total, 63.8% of single-motorcycle crashes occurring on reverse curves are more likely to result in severe injury, and the remaining 26.2% are less likely to result in severe injury. Motorcyclist safety compensation behaviors (psychologically feeling safe, and then riding aggressively, or vice versa) may result in counterintuitive effects (e.g., vegetation and paved medians, full-access-controlled roads, and pavement conditions) or random parameters (e.g., moderate curve and reverse curve). Other significant factors include lighting conditions (darkness and darkness with lights), weekends, speed or speeding, collision type, alcohol or drug impairment, rider age, and helmet use.

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Das, Subasish, Anandi Dutta, Karen Dixon, Lisa Minjares-Kyle, and George Gillette. "Using Deep Learning in Severity Analysis of At-Fault Motorcycle Rider Crashes." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 34 (September 20, 2018): 122–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118797212.

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Motorcyclists are vulnerable highway users. Unlike passenger vehicle occupants, motorcycle riders do not have either protective structural surrounding or the advanced restraints that are mandatory safety features in cars and light trucks. Per vehicle mile traveled, motorcyclist fatalities occurred 27 times more frequently than passenger car occupant fatalities in traffic crashes. In addition, there were 4,976 motorcycle crash-related fatalities in the U.S. in 2014—more than twice the number of motorcycle rider fatalities that occurred in 1997. It shows that, in addition to current efforts, research needs to be conducted with additional resources and in newer directions. This paper investigated five years (2010–2014) of Louisiana at-fault motorcycle rider-involved crashes by using deep learning, which is a competent tool for mapping a high-multidimensional input into a smaller multidimensional output. The current study contributes to the existing injury severity modeling literature by developing a deep learning framework, named as DeepScooter, to predict motorcycle-involved crash severities. The final deep learning model can predict severity types with 100% accuracy with training data, and with 94% accuracy with test data, which is not attainable by using a statistical method or machine learning algorithm. The intensity of severities was found to be more likely associated with rider ejection, two-way roadways with no physical separation, curved aligned roadways, and weekends. It is anticipated that the DeepScooter framework and the findings will provide significant contributions to the area of motorcycle safety.

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Saurabh Kumar, S., and Sunil Sharma. "Measuring the Level of Road Safety through Road Safety Audit and Star Rating Method – A Case Study from Himalayan Expressway." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1084, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1084/1/012044.

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Abstract National Highways (NH) carry the major portion of the total traffic in India. Road safety on NH is therefore of paramount importance. In the present study, a road safety audit has been performed for a 4-lane NH using Star Rating method. ViDA software developed by International Road Assessment Programme (iRAP) is used for finding the Star Rating of the road sections. This safety rating has been determined for four road user types: Vehicle occupant, Motorcyclist, Pedestrian and Bicyclist. The purpose of the study is to measure the level of road safety and lower the severity level by proposing countermeasures. The case study is a five Kilometre (km) section of NH-5 from Sanwara toll plaza to Jabali in the state of Himachal Pradesh in India. Encroachment on the land, roadside activities, insufficient infrastructure, imperfections in the geometric design, and non-motorized access were some of the severe safety flaws identified through the study process. The Star Rating results indicated that among all the road user types, the vehicle occupant is much safer than the others.

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Davoodi, Seyed Rasoul, Hussain Hamid, Sulistyo Arintono, Ratnasamy Muniandy, and Seyed Farzin Faezi. "Motorcyclist Rear Brake Simple Perception–Response Times in Rear-End Collision Situations." Traffic Injury Prevention 12, no. 2 (March 31, 2011): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2010.533314.

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Pai, Chih-Wei, and Wafaa Saleh. "Modelling motorcyclist injury severity by various crash types at T-junctions in the UK." Safety Science 46, no. 8 (October 2008): 1234–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2007.07.005.

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Brandimarti, Francesco, Ilenia Giacomini, Barbara Fraternale, Raffaele Giorgetti, and Adriano Tagliabracci. "Massive Lesions Owing to Motorcyclist Impact Against Guardrail Posts: Analysis of Two Cases and Safety Considerations*." Journal of Forensic Sciences 56, no. 2 (January 6, 2011): 544–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01649.x.

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47

Alvisyahri, Alvisyahri, Renni Anggraini, and Sugiarto Sugiarto. "Motorcyclist Perceptions on Road Safety Considering Awareness, Riding Behavior, and Risk-Taking Behavior, as Latent Variables." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 917 (September 22, 2020): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/917/1/012035.

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da Costa, Don Gaspar Noesaku, Siti Malkhamah, and Latif Budi Suparma. "Accident risk management strategy at un-signalized intersection." E3S Web of Conferences 76 (2019): 03011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20197603011.

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The increasing of traffic sign and/or light violations is a commonly views in many countries. Even it was occurred intentionally which indicates that drivers accept its possible consequences. The constant fatality index of motorcyclist strongly indicates that determinant variables behind their risky behaviour and/or accident involvement should be further investigated and managed systematically. Accordingly, this paper focuses on motorcyclist accident risk management, particularly at un-signalized segment, by combining the aggregated-individual and expert expectancy approaches. Therefore a questionnaire and braking manoeuver test were undertaken at closed circuit course. The result shows that speeding behaviour was caused by trip purpose and triggered by perception about their braking and hazard detection abilities. In addition, only 24 % of 56 % of riders who believed that their braking capability was above average could apply high braking capability so that most riders might involve in crash due to the average critical crossing gap choice at the monitored intersection. This explains that their speed choice should be deal with their braking capability. However, the overlay policy at the monitored intersection indicates that the unbalanced between mobility and safety still to be a latent issue, which virtually could be bridged by using a standardized braking capability.

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49

Hariharan, Sneha, and Ravishankar T. K. "Smart Helmet." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 12 (December 31, 2022): 1365–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.48212.

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Abstract: As the number of motorcyclists in our country rises, so do the number of traffic accidents and fatalities. The majority of these accidents are the result of drunk driving and a failure to wear a helmet. The majority of nations now require their residents to wear helmets while riding bikes and to never ride while intoxicated, but despite this, the laws are still broken. Drive Protection and Accident Detection Smart Helmet was developed in an effort to address this issue as engineers using the use of mechatronics. It is made up of an intelligent system that is built into the helmet and the vehicle. The helmet device makes sure the motorcyclist is wearing a helmet and is not drinking during the trip. If the aforementioned requirement is not met, it interacts with the vehicle unit to turn off the motorcycle's ignition system. Vehicle unit checks and intimates’ accident and SMS notifies of accident using geometric coordinates. Geometric coordinates can be used to locate the injured cyclist using a basic GPS monitoring software. The primary goal of the suggested idea is to offer a safe and affordable smart helmet. The smart helmet was designed using a Wi-Fi enabled processor and an integrated network of sensors for the engine control system, accident alert system, and alcohol detection. When it comes to the driver's safety, the suggested system is quite beneficial.

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50

Hilton, Deborah J. "An Unhelmeted Motorcyclist Not Holding Both Handlebars - A Photographic Idea for Education Presented as an Initial Scoping Study." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 9, no. 1 (July 1, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v9i1.3990.

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Introduction: Road safety campaigns in Australia typically have simple, hit home messages with captions overlaid on photos. The Australian stop, revive, survive campaign is well-known, with accompanying photos displaying red fatigued eyes with the words; tired eyes, yawning, driver fatigue: wake up to the signs. Otherwise, the stop, revive, survive is shown with a windy road ahead viewed through a dashboard.Objectives: The aim of this project was to create a helmet safety message utilising a photograph along with several text words alongside.Methods: A photograph taken by Stephen Hilton of a motorcyclist with no helmet, holding one handlebar, was utilised with the words;‘Helmet, Handlebars, Headlights’ overlaid above along with arrows. This safety design was shown to forty persons, in order to obtain brief feedback and comments on whether this had the potential to convey the message about the need for a helmet in particular. The comments were gathered, collated and then common themes were identified.Results and Discussion: Five emerging themes were identified that included; The message is simple and straight to the point, cultural awareness is required, the need to enforce it as law, motor cycle riders think they are invincible and finally respondents were unsure whether it would work. A word cloud was created capturing and highlighting the main words stated in larger font, while words used infrequently were displayed in smaller font.Conclusion: More than half of the respondents questioned thought the idea was simple, straight to the point and hence should work.

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