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1
Na, Liu. "MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF HYBRID VEHICLE’S RECUPERATION BRAKING MODE." Management of Development of Complex Systems, no. 44 (November 30, 2020): 182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2412-9933.2020.44.182-187.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper considers the synthesis of mathematical model of recuperation braking mode for hybrid vehicle as a complex control object. The results of computer simulation as diagrams of transients of different operating parameters of hybrid vehicle power system are obtained on the basis of developed model. The analysis of simulation results confirms the adequacy of the mathematic model of the recuperation braking mode of hybrid vehicle to real processes. The developed model can be used for synthesis of automatic control systems of the electric motors, power converters, power supplies and chargers for hybrid vehicles. Hematical and simulation models of the hybrid vehicle’s recuperation braking mode is carried out. The presented models are based on equations of physics of processes and allow to study the recuperation braking mode of the different types hybrid vehicles under various conditions and parameters values (initial linear vehicle’s speed, electrical power of generator, inclination angle and the quality of the road surface, etc.). The designed mathematical model has a rather high adequacy to the real processes, which take place in the hybrid vehicles in the recuperation braking mode, that is confirmed by the obtained simulation results in the form of graphs of transients of the main variables changes. Further research should be conducted towards the development of the functional structures, control devices as well as software and hardware for automatic control systems of the different types hybrid vehicles on the basis of the obtained mathematical and simulation models.
2
POSPELOV, PAVEL I., ALEXANDER G. TATASHEV, ALEXEY V. TERENTYEV, MARIA Yu KARELINA, and MARINA V. YASHINA. "BARTLETT FLOWS AND MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF MOTOR TRAFFIC FLOWS." H&ES Research 13, no. 6 (2021): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.36724/2409-5419-2021-13-6-34-41.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction: The class of mathematical traffic models is based on the theory of queuing. In these models, the application entering the service system corresponds to the vehicle. When developing a traffic model formulated in terms of queuing, it is necessary to specify a random flow that is incoming to the queuing system. The purpose of the study: Traditional queuing systems with recurrent incoming flow under appropriate conditions do not reflect the specific features of real traffic flows. Under certain conditions, for example, it may be appropriate to use a Markov-type flow in the model, the intensity of which depends on the state of a mathematical object called the control device. In the general case, such a flow can be specified as non-uniform, and with such a task, each request is assigned a type that also depends on the state of the control device. Setting the qualitative structure and parameters of a random flow depends on the assessment of the speed characteristics of the vehicles that form the flow, and, therefore, is related to the issues of studying the speed characteristics of real vehicles. Practical significance: At a sufficiently low density of the traffic flow, the incoming flow is close to the Poisson one. As traffic increases and road conditions worsen, the risk of overtaking increases and clusters are formed, consisting of a slow car moving in front and a group of fast cars that cannot overtake a slow one. In such cases, we can assume that the incoming flow is a Bartlett flow, which has the following form: clusters form a Poisson flow, and the cluster length distribution is a two-parameter Bartlett distribution. One of the parameters of this distribution is the probability of having a group of fast cars, and the second parameter characterizes the distribution of the number of cars in this group. Discussion: In this paper, we study the questions of setting a qualitative probabilistic structure and quantitative parameters of random flows, which are elements of queuing systems used as traffic models.
3
Karelina, Maria Yu, Pavel I. Pospelov, Yuri V. Trofimenko, Alexey V. Terentyev, Alexander G. Tatashev, and Marina V. Yashina. "Mathematical models for traffic flows on highways with intersections and junctions." T-Comm 15, no. 11 (2021): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.36724/2072-8735-2021-15-11-61-68.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mathematical models of motor traffic flow on highway sections on highway sections near intersections or flow segregation sections are considered. In these models, the particles corresponding to motor vehicles move according to probabilistic rules along a cellular field that moves at a constant speed in the direction coinciding with the direction of movement of the particles. A cell field consists of sequences of cells. Each such sequence corresponds to a lane on the highway. The time scale in the model is discrete or continuous. The model is a dynamic system with a discrete state space and discrete or continuous time. The mathematical description of the model can also be presented in terms of a cellular automaton or a random process with prohibitions. At any given time, there is no more than one particle in each cell. With each movement, the particle either moves one cell in the direction of movement, or moves to the next lane, or remains in place. The speed of the traffic flow on the highway section corresponds to the sum of the set speed of the cell field and the average speed of the particles relative to the field. The studied characteristics are the speed of the traffic flow, its intensity and the probability of successful rebuilding of the vehicle on the considered section of the highway. When setting the parameters of the model, data from measurements of the characteristics of traffic flows on highways are used. Analytical approaches have been developed to evaluate the studied characteristics. Computer programs have been created to implement the developed calculation algorithms. The results of calculations are given.
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TURCANU, Alexandru, and Leonard Călin Valentin DOBRE. "MODELAREA ÎN MATLAB/SIMULINK A FUNCȚIONĂRII UNUI VEHICUL ELECTRIC ÎN DIFERITE CICLURI DE ACȚIONARE." "ACTUALITĂŢI ŞI PERSPECTIVE ÎN DOMENIUL MAŞINILOR ELECTRICE (ELECTRIC MACHINES, MATERIALS AND DRIVES - PRESENT AND TRENDS)" 2020, no. 1 (February 10, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36801/apme.2020.1.3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Through this paper, we want to improve the methods of dynamic design of electric vehicles, by creating simulation models in Simulink. The models are represented by simulation schemes that consist of blocks of mathematical operators, interconnected based on mathematical calculation formulas. The initial input sizes, specified in Table 1, can be easily modified, giving the possibility to obtain several models for different design ideas. The results of the simulations are materialized in graphical diagrams and provide virtual time data on vehicle speed, acceleration, engine torque, wheel power, energy consumed, and distance traveled. In the first simulation scheme, the input variable shows a motor torque generator with values between 0-132 Nm. In the second simulation scheme, the input variable is speed, according to the ECE-15 urban cycle scenario.
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Zhai, Rongjie, Ping Xiao, Rongyun Zhang, and Jinyong Ju. "In-wheel motor control system used by four-wheel drive electric vehicle based on whale optimization algorithm-proportional–integral–derivative control." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 14, no. 6 (June 2022): 168781322211045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878132221104574.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Aiming to more accurately control the wheel speed of an electric vehicle (EV) driven by four in-wheel motors, a developed whale optimization algorithm-proportional–integral–derivative (KW-WOA-PID) control algorithm is proposed herein. In this study, mathematical and simulation models are built for EVs by analyzing the mechanical structures of EVs driven by four in-wheel motors. Simulations are conducted, and the driving and control requirements for the in-wheel motors are obtained. Then, mathematical and simulation models are built for a specific in-wheel motor. The whale optimization algorithm (WOA) is optimized by kent mapping and the adaptive weight coefficient to improve the ability of the algorithm to jump out of the local optimum and the convergence speed and convergence accuracy of WOA. Then the further simulations are conducted. The simulation results display that the maximum overshoot and adjustment time of the motor under KW-WOA-PID control are significantly optimized. Then, a speed-control bench test system is built for the in-wheel motor, and real-life experiments were conducted. The experimental results verify that KW-WOA-PID has higher control accuracy and a better response performance; accordingly, the developed control algorithm can meet driving requirements. The handling stability of EVs is effectively improved by controlling the motor speed.
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Ilyanov, S. V., N. A. Kuzmin, and G. V. Borisov. "EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF FUEL CONSUMPTIONS CONSIDERING THE SPEEDS OF CITY BUSES." Intelligence. Innovations. Investment, no. 3 (2021): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.25198/2077-7175-2021-3-72.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
At the moment, there is a large number of dissertations and scientific works covering the issues of traction-speed and fuel-economic characteristics of vehicles, the results of which are presented in the form of: regression models, approximating dependencies, mathematical models based on multivariate analysis, including a number of additional coefficients. In this connection, the use of the results of these works in practice is limited, since it requires high qualifications of the МTЕ personnel and the use of special software and hardware. At the same time, at the department “Automobile transport” NSTU named after R. E. Alekseev developed a probabilistic-analytical method for predicting fuel consumption by road trains, considering the high-speed mode of movement, which shows a high convergence of results with actual average speeds only for uniform movement of buses with a constant average speed, which is not applicable to the assessment of fuel consumption of city buses. Based on the hypothesis put forward on the applicability of the Weibull-Gnedenko distribution for calculating the average speeds of city buses and the normal distribution for calculating accelerations during movement, the tasks of this study are formulated, expressed in the development of mathematical models reflecting the dependences of speeds and accelerations during bus movement in urban operating conditions, for planning their fuel consumption. To solve the set tasks, the following experimental studies were carried out: determination of the average coefficient of total road resistance; the actual distribution of speeds and accelerations when driving city buses; determination of the average actual value of fuel consumption when the bus is moving and when idle at stopping points. Based on the results of processing experimental studies, the possibility of using the Weibull-Gnedenko law to describe the actual speeds in urban conditions and the normal law to describe accelerations when driving city buses was confirmed, which allows planning fuel consumption using the analytical apparatus of the theory of probability and mathematical statistics and using the developed methodology in practice of motor transport enterprises. Based on experimental studies and theoretical studies in this area, an analytical method for planning fuel consumption for city buses, considering the speed of their movement, has been developed, which allows planning fuel consumption without additional experiments. Carrying out such studies for other types of motor vehicles and assessing unaccounted for indicators of road, transport and natural-climatic operating conditions will create a generalized analytical method for planning fuel consumption by vehicles in various operating conditions.
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Ibrar, A., S. Ahmad, A. Safdar, and N. Haroon. "Efficiency enhancement strategy implementation in hybrid electric vehicles using sliding mode control." Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics, no. 1 (January 4, 2023): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2074-272x.2023.1.02.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction. Hybrid electric vehicles are offering the most economically viable choices in today's automotive industry, providing best solutions for a very high fuel economy and low rate of emissions. The rapid progress and development of this industry has prompted progress of human beings from primitive level to a very high industrial society where mobility used to be a fundamental need. However, the use of large number of automobiles is causing serious damage to our environment and human life. At present most of the vehicles are relying on burning of hydrocarbons in order to achieve power of propulsion to drive wheels. Therefore, there is a need to employ clean and efficient vehicles like hybrid electric vehicles. Unfortunately, earlier control strategies of series hybrid electric vehicle fail to include load disturbances during the vehicle operation and some of the variations of the nonlinear parameters (e.g. stator’s leakage inductance, resistance of winding etc.). The novelty of the proposed work is based on designing and implementing two robust sliding mode controllers (SMCs) on series hybrid electric vehicle to improve efficiency in terms of both speed and torque respectively. The basic idea is to let the engine operate only when necessary keeping in view the state of charge of battery. Purpose. In proposed scheme, both performance of engine and generator is being controlled, one sliding mode controllers is controlling engine speed and the other one is controlling generator torque, and results are then compared using 1-SMC and 2-SMC’s. Method. The series hybrid electric vehicle powertrain considered in this work consists of a battery bank and an engine-generator set which is referred to as the auxiliary power unit, traction motor, and power electronic circuits to drive the generator and traction motor. The general strategy is based on the operation of the engine in its optimal efficiency region by considering the battery state of charge. Results .Mathematical models of engine and generator were taken into consideration in order to design sliding mode controllers both for engine speed and generator torque control. Vehicle was being tested on standard cycle. Results proved that, instead of using only one controller for engine speed, much better results are achieved by simultaneously using two sliding mode controllers, one controlling engine speed and other controlling generator torque.
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Li, Junmin, and Ren He. "Multidriving Modes and Control Strategies of a Dual-Rotor In-Wheel Motor Applied in Electric Vehicle." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (September 26, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4970238.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To overcome the shortcomings and limited applications of the traditional in-wheel motor applied practically in electric vehicles, a novel dual-rotor in-wheel motor (DRIWM) was proposed, which has three driving modes and can meet the operating requirements of electric vehicle under different driving conditions. Based on the principle of minimum energy consumption, the torque distribution strategy was presented to obtain the optimal torque distribution of the inner and outer motors under different working points, and the driving modes were also divided. Using the models built in Matlab/Simulink, the operating characteristics of the DRIWM under certain conditions were simulated. The results show that the id = 0 vector control strategy based on sliding mode speed controller is applicable to the drive control for the DRIWM. When the vehicle is coupled to drive on three ramps with the grade of 10%, 15%, and 20% at a constant speed, the power consumption of the driving system with the adoption of optimized torque distribution strategy reduces by 2.2%, 1.7%, and 4.5%, respectively, compared with nonoptimized strategy. Furthermore, the three driving modes can switch freely with the operating condition changes in the vehicle under a standard driving cycle. Simultaneously, the inner and outer motors work with high efficiency.
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Qin, Jiaying, Sasa Ma, Lei Zhang, Qianling Wang, and Guoce Feng. "Modeling and Simulation for Non-Motorized Vehicle Flow on Road Based on Modified Social Force Model." Mathematics 11, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11010170.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Non-motorized vehicles have become one of the most commonly used means of transportation for people due to their advantages of low carbon, environmental protection, convenience and safety. Frequent interaction among non-motorized vehicle users in the shared space will bring security risks to their movement. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt appropriate means to evaluate the traffic efficiency and safety of non-motorized vehicle users in the passage, and using a micro model to conduct simulation evaluation is one of the effective methods. However, some existing micro simulation models oversimplify the behavior of non-motorized vehicle users, and cannot reproduce the dynamic interaction process between them. This paper proposes a modified social force model to simulate the dynamic interaction behaviors between non-motorized vehicle users on the road. Based on the social force model, a new behavioral force is introduced to reflect the three dynamic interaction behaviors of non motor vehicle users, namely, free movement, following and overtaking. Non-motorized vehicle users choose which behavior is determined by the introduced decision model. In this way, the rule-based behavior decision model is combined with the force based method to simulate the movement of non-motorized vehicles on the road. The modified model is calibrated using 1534 non-motorized vehicle trajectories collected from a road in Xi’an, Shaanxi, China. The validity of the model is verified by analyzing the speed distribution and decision-making process of non-motorized vehicles, and comparing the simulation results of different models. The effects of the number of bicycles and the speed of electric vehicles on the flow of non-motorized vehicles are simulated and analyzed by using the calibrated model. The relevant results can provide a basis for urban management and road design.
10
Ciulin, Dan. "Contributions to a Future Inertial Motor and More." International Journal of Strategic Information Technology and Applications 4, no. 1 (January 2013): 63–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jsita.2013010105.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
For a future interplanetary trip, a space ship must be able to take off and/or land on a planet and travel at a convenient speed, insure convenient life conditions for the embarked crew, and keep contact with Earth. Chemical jet-engines used for the space ships must throw masses with enough speed to insure a convenient lifting force. Ion jet-engines, which have a much bigger jet-speed than chemical, may work for a longer time but the resulting force is small and cannot insure the take off and/or landing on a planet. A future inertial motor does not need to throw masses but needs only energy to produce the necessary lifting force. The paper presents contributions to build such a motor. As on a given vehicle, mainly rotations may be done to insure its propulsion, we start by presenting generally the rotations, at first for the electronic devices and then for mechanical one Methods that may convert the rotation into translation are after presented. Observing that the mathematical models used for rotations are extended from trigonometric functions to elliptical and ultra-elliptical ones, the author presents the differential equations that define such functions. Finally, using the modified Euler equations, a mathematical model for the gravitational waves is deduced. By using this type of waves, a permanent contact between an interplanetary ship and the earth can be kept. The presented tools may be used for modeling the fields and insure also a more comprehensive understanding.
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Sriprang, Songklod, Nitchamon Poonnoy, Damien Guilbert, Babak Nahid-Mobarakeh, Noureddine Takorabet, Nicu Bizon, and Phatiphat Thounthong. "Design, Modeling, and Differential Flatness Based Control of Permanent Magnet-Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Motor for e-Vehicle Applications." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (August 24, 2021): 9502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179502.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper presents the utilization of differential flatness techniques from nonlinear control theory to permanent magnet assisted (PMa) synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM). The significant advantage of the proposed control approach is the potentiality to establish the behavior of the state variable system during the steady-state and transients operations as well. The mathematical models of PMa-SynRM are initially proved by the nonlinear case to show the flatness property. Then, the intelligent proportional-integral (iPI) is utilized as a control law to deal with some inevitable modeling errors and uncertainties for the torque and speed of the motor. Finally, a MicroLab Box dSPACE has been employed to implement the proposed control scheme. A small-scale test bench 1-KW relying on the PMa-SynRM has been designed and developed in the laboratory to approve the proposed control algorithm. The experimental results reflect that the proposed control effectively performs high performance during dynamic operating conditions for the inner torque loop control and outer speed loop control of the motor drive compared to the traditional PI control.
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Jeong, Jinseok, Hayoung Shi, Kichang Lee, and Beomsoo Kang. "Improvement of Electric Propulsion System Model for Performance Analysis of Large-Size Multicopter UAVs." Applied Sciences 10, no. 22 (November 15, 2020): 8080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10228080.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this study, an improved model of the electric propulsion system is proposed in order to analyze the performance of large-size multicopter unmanned aerial vehicles. The main improvement of the proposed model is to reflect the armature reaction of the motor, which effectively explains the significant performance degradation in high-power operation. The armature reaction is a phenomenon, in which the main field flux is interfered by a magnetic flux and, as the size and output of the motor increase, the effect of armature reaction also rapidly increases. Therefore, the armature reaction must be considered for the optimal design and performance analysis of large-size multicopter platforms. The model proposed in this study includes several mathematical models for propellers, motors, electric speed controllers, and batteries, which are key components of the electric propulsion system, and they can calculate key performance data, such as thrust and torque and power consumption, according to given product specifications and input conditions. However, estimates of the armature reaction constants and heat profiles of motors need to be obtained in advance through experimental methods, since there is not yet enough data available in order to derive an estimation model. In conclusion, a comparison with the static thrust test of some commercial products confirmed that the proposed model could predict performance in the high-power operation of electric propulsion systems for large multicopter platforms, although some errors were noted.
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Feng, Nenglian, Jiawang Yong, and Ziqi Zhan. "A direct multiple shooting method to improve vehicle handling and stability for four hub-wheel-drive electric vehicle during regenerative braking." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 4 (August 6, 2019): 1047–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019867510.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Regenerative braking is an important technology to improve fuel economy for electric vehicles. Apart from improving energy recovery efficiency and vehicle stability, the arithmetic speed of the algorithm is also essential for an automotive-qualified micro control units. This paper presents a direct multiple shooting method–based algorithm to achieve multiple objectives for four hub-wheel-drive electric vehicle during mild braking situations. Mathematical models of the system are generated for numerical simulations in MATLAB, including a vehicle dynamics model, a modified tire model, a single-point preview driver model, and a regenerative braking motor efficiency map. With the limitation of hard constraint and minimization of adjustment rate in cost function, optimization tends to be accomplished by distribution of braking torque in front and rear wheels. Furthermore, the control strategy has been realized using a direct multiple shooting method to convert the nonlinear optimal control problem to a nonlinear programming problem, which will be settled by adopting a sequential quadratic programming method in each subintervals. The effectiveness and adaptation of the control strategy for four hub-wheel-drive electric vehicle has been evaluated by conducting many simulations during mild braking situations, and the simulation results also demonstrated that the direct multiple shooting–based strategy exhibits a better performance than that of proportional-integral-based or nonlinear model predictive control–based controller.
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Markova, O. M., M. V. Sobolevska, T. F. Mokrii, and D. V. Horobets. "Increasing the safery of railway passenger and freight traffic." Technical mechanics 2021, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/itm2021.02.078.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In 2020, the Ukrainian Government conducted an audit of the Ukrainian economy for nearly 30 years of independence and decided on the vectors of economic development aimed at European and Euro-Atlantic integration. The audit of the Ukrainian railways showed that most of the railway assets are critically worn. The audit and the vectors became a starting point for the development of the National Economic Strategy of Ukraine up to 2030, which was approved on March 3, 2021. One of the priorities of this strategy is the development of the transport sector by a succession of steps, including railway track and vehicle renewal, the introduction of high-speed passenger transport, and increasing railway traffic safety and environment safety on the Urrainian railways. The aim of this paper is to work out recommendations on increasing the safety of passenger and freight traffic in Ukraine. The paper generalizes the experience gained over the years of Ukrainian independence in the fundamental and applied transport-oriented reseach conducted at the Department of Sttistical Dynamics and Multidimensional Mechanical Systems, Institute of Technical Mechanics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the State Space Agency of Ukraine. This experience may be useful in the implementation of the above steps on the way to the sustainable development of the Ukrainian railway transport. In the paper, emphasis is on new investigations into the passive propection of the cars of a motor car train in emergency collisions whose scenarios are specified by Ukrainian State Standard DSTU EN 15227. Based on a mathematical model of a collision of identical motor car trains, a mathematical model was developed to simulate a collision of a motor car train with a large vehicle at a crossing with account for a specified force characteristic of interaction of the leading car equipped with a passive safety system with a deformable obstacle. The model developed was used in analyzing dynamic loads on the cars of a motor car train with a passive safety system in its collision at 110 km/h with a 15 t large vehicle at a railway crossing. With consideration for the results of previous investigations into the dynamics of emergency collisions of a motor car train with an identical train and a fright car, recommendations were worked out on the passive protection of a home-made leading car in accordance with the requirements of normative documents. The proposed mathematical models and designs of energy-absorbing devices, the research results, and the practical recommendations worked out may be used in designing new motor car train vehicles for the Ukrainian railways in accordance with the DSTU EN 15227 requirements for passive protection in emergency collisions.
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Tang, Xingtao, Xiaodong Sun, and Ming Yao. "An Overview of Position Sensorless Techniques for Switched Reluctance Machine Systems." Applied Sciences 12, no. 7 (April 2, 2022): 3616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12073616.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Accurate real-time rotor position is indispensable for switched reluctance motors (SRM) speed and torque control. Traditional position sensors add complexity and potential failure risk to the system. Owing to the added advantages of high stability and low cost, the position sensorless method of SRMs has been extensively studied to advance its use in vehicles and construction machinery. This paper presents an overview of position sensorless control techniques from the perspective of whether the method requires the establishment of complex mathematical models. Various types of methods are compared for performance, such as speed regulation range, algorithm complexity, and requirement of the pre-stored parameter. A discussion is presented concerning current trends in technological development, which will facilitate the research addressing potentially effective methods for position estimation in SRM drive systems.
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Waley, Salam, Chengxiong Mao, and Nasseer K. Bachache. "Biogeography Based Optimization Tuned Fuzzy Logic Controller to Adjust Speed of Electric Vehicle." TELKOMNIKA Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering 16, no. 3 (December 1, 2015): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/tijee.v16i3.1642.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There are many power electronic converters and motor drives connected together to form the electrical system of an Electric Vehicle. In this paper, we have presented a modeling tool that has the advantages of utilizing capabilities of the PMSM software in detailed simulations of converters, motor drives, and electric machines. In addition, equivalent electrical models of Electric Vehicle drive system. This paper also gives a brief idea of PMSM validity as an Electric Vehicle simulation tool. PMSM drive system is described and analyzed due to its importance in many applications especially in Electric Vehicle applications. Applications due to their high efficiency, low inertia and high torque to volume ratio. In this paper we embody the simulation of Fuzzy Logic Controller. The controller govern the speed control of Electrical Vehicle EV using permanent magnet synchronous motor PMSM. This work characterizes to obtain the optimal parameters of FLC. Biogeography Based Optimization (BBO) is a new intelligent technique for optimization; it can be used to tune the parameters in different fields. The main contribution of this work efforts the ability of BBO to design the parameters of FLC by determining the shapes of triangle memberships of the inputs and output. The results of optimal controller (BBO-FLC) compared with the other controllers designed by Genetic Algorithm GA which it is a powerful method has been found to solve the optimization problem. The implementation of BBO algorithm has been done by M-file/Matlab, this program linked with SIMULINK to calculate the finesses function which has the complete mathematical system model has implemented using. The results show the excellent performance of BBO-FLC compared with GA-FLC and PI controller, also the proposed method was very fast and need a few number of iterations. These results also confirmed that the transient torque and current never exceed the maximum permissible value.
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Sobolevska, M. B., and D. V. Horobets. "Asessment of dynamic loads on a motor-car train with a passive safety system in its collision with a large road vehicle." Technical mechanics 2022, no. 1 (April 26, 2022): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/itm2022.01.051.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A topical problem of the home railway transport is motor-car train renewval, speed increase, and safety improvement in accordance with the Ukrainian State Standards DSTU EN 12633 and DSTU EN 15227, which specify the passenger car crashworthiness and passive safety, respectively, in emergency collisions with various obstacles. Relying on the world experience, researchers of the institute of Technical Methanics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the State Space Agency of Ukraine developed a passive protection concept for home high-speed passenger trains in emergency collisions according to the DSTU EN 15227 requirements, proposals on the passive propection of a home motor-car train head car, lower- and upper-level honeycomb energy-absorbing devoces (EAD 1 and UL EAD, respectively) for the head car front part, and EAD 2 and EAD 3 low-level devices to be installed in intercar connecteions. The upper- and lower-level protective devices for home motor-car trains were developed based on finite-element simulation results using previous experience in the development of a passive protection device for a high-speed passenger locomotive and the results of a successful crash test of its proptotype. For Scenario 3, which chraracterizes a collision of a reference motor-car train at 110 km/h with a 15 t large road vehicle at a railway crossing, a model of a large deformable obstacle (LDO) was developed in compliance with the DSTU EN 15227 requirements. Finite-element models were developed to determine the force characteristics of interaction between the proposed head car passive protection devices and an LDO. The aim of this paper is to determine dynamic loads on a motor-car train equipped with passive protection devices in its collision with a large road vehicle. Based on a mathematical collision model for identical motor-car trains, a mathematical model was developed for a collision of a reference train with a large road vehicle at a railway crossing (Scenario 3) with account for the determined force characteristics of obstacle ? two EAD 1 low-level devices and obstacle ? two UL EAD upper-level devices interaction and the in-collision work of the head car structure. Dynamic loads on the cars of a reference train with a passive safety system (a head car mass of 80 t and intermediate car masses of 50 t or 64 t) were analyzed for its collision by Scenario 3. Two EAD layouts in the head car front part were studied. It was found that the proposed passive protection of the reference train cars meets the DSTU EN 15227 criteria for Scenario 3 for both EAD layouts and the determined variants of lower- and upper-level EAD use according to the intermediate car masses. The proposed mathematical model of dynamic loads on a passenger train with a passive safety system in its collision with a large road vehicle and the results obtained may be used in designing an up-to-date high-speed motor-car train to the DSTU EN 15227 requirements.
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Sun, Binbin, Tiezhu Zhang, Wenqing Ge, Cao Tan, and Song Gao. "Driving energy management of front-and-rear-motor-drive electric vehicle based on hybrid radial basis function." Archives of Transport 49, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2775.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper presents mathematical methods to develop a high-efficiency and real-time driving energy management for a front-and-rear-motor-drive electric vehicle (FRMDEV), which is equipped with an induction motor (IM) and a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). First of all, in order to develop motor-loss models for energy optimization, database of with three factors, which are speed, torque and temperature, was created to characterize motor operation based on HALTON sequence method. The response surface model of motor loss, as the function of the motor-operation database, was developed with the use of Gauss radial basis function (RBF). The accuracy of the motor-loss model was verified according to statistical analysis. Then, in order to create a two-factor energy management strategy, the modification models of the torque required by driver (Td) and the torque distribution coefficient (β) were constructed based on the state of charge (SOC) of battery and the motor temperature, respectively. According to the motor-loss models, the fitness function for optimization was designed, where the influence of the non-work on system consumption was analyzed and calculated. The optimal β was confirmed with the use of the off-line particle swarm optimization (PSO). Moreover, to achieve both high accuracy and real-time performance under random vehicle operation, the predictive model of the optimal β was developed based on the hybrid RBF. The modeling and predictive accuracies of the predictive model were analyzed and verified. Finally, a hardware-in-loop (HIL) test platform was developed and the predictive model was tested. Test results show that, the developed predictive model of β based on hybrid RBF can achieve both real-time and economic performances, which is applicable to engineering application. More importantly, in comparison with the original torque distribution based on rule algorithm, the torque distribution based on hybrid RBF is able to reduce driving energy consumption by 9.51% under urban cycle.
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Nazaruddin, Nazaruddin, Danardono A. Sumarsono, Mohammad Adhitya, Ghany Heryana, Rolan Siregar, Sonki Prasetya, and Fuad Zainuri. "Development of alternative steering models for ev bus: a preliminary study on the conversion of hydraulic to electric power steering." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 3, no. 1 (111) (June 10, 2021): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.227329.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study aims to develop alternative steering models for the EV bus. The EV bus uses its energy source from the main 384 VDC 300 Ah battery and the secondary battery with a capacity of 25.8 VDC 100 Ah. The use of energy in this electric bus is divided into the main components, namely the BLDC motor as the main drive of 200 kW, 15 kW of air conditioning, 7.5 kW of hydraulic power steering, a compressor for the air braking system of 4 kW, and accessory components. The other is 2.4 kW. It is expected that this 7.5 kW electric power can be reduced by an electric system by up to 20 %. This research will study the steering system with an electric power system (EPS) to convert the hydraulic steering system (HPS). With this EPS system, it is hoped that controlling the vehicle’s motion towards the steer by wire will be easier. Initially, data were collected from the types of large vehicles from various well-known brands about the steering system used. A large commercial vehicle that purely uses EPS is not yet found. The model developed for EPS on this electric bus is through the reverse engineering method by redrawing all the components involved in the previous steering system. Because this type of EV bus is included in the upper mid-size class, this paper proposes two new EPS models, namely the addition of an assist motor on the drag link and on the steering rack. The links involved in this system are wheel drive, steering column, lower steering column, rack and pinion gear, assist motor, drop link, drag link, drop link extension, drag link extension, tie rod, knuckle, kingpin, tire, axle beam and several others. The values of stiffness, inertia, and damping of each link will affect the driver’s torque and the assist motor as a wheel speed function on this electric bus. The steering structure of the EV bus consists of a truss structure and a frame structure with a kinematic structure consisting of two four-bar linkages joined together
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Liao, Zeng-Cheng, Xian-Xu ‘Frank’ Bai, Yang Li, Xue-Cai Deng, and Jun Sun. "Design, modeling, and verification of a test bench for braking simulation of 1/4 vehicle." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 5 (September 16, 2019): 1425–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019874961.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Brake-by-wire systems are one of the key components in intelligent/unmanned vehicles that have attracted worldwide attention. Testing and evaluation of brake-by-wire systems are a significant step during the development of the technology of vehicular braking and further the advancement of intelligent/unmanned vehicles. Using the test bench to simulate different road adhesion coefficients (i.e. road surfaces) and to complete the testing and evaluation of the vehicle braking systems is of great significance and importance. A test bench for simulation of vehicular braking of 1/4 vehicle is presented and investigated in this article. It is composed of a motor, two rollers, a 1/4 vehicle suspension system, a magnetic powder clutch, a flywheel, sensors, a signal acquisition and processing system, and a controller. The wheel and vehicle speeds are simulated by the rollers and flywheel speeds, respectively. The translational kinetic energy of 1/4 vehicle is simulated by the rotational kinetic energy of the flywheel. The signal acquisition and processing system is used to acquire and process the experimental signals, such as rotational speeds and torques during tests. The magnetic powder clutch with adjusted applied currents in the test bench is used to real-timely simulate roads with different adhesion coefficients. Based on the working principle of the test bench and the fundamentals of vehicle dynamics, the prototype of the test bench is established and the simulation approach of the translational kinetic energy of 1/4 vehicle is investigated. The mathematical model of the real-time simulation about roads with different adhesion coefficients based on the magnetic powder clutch with real-time controllable transmitted torque is established. With the built 1/4 vehicle braking systems based on the test bench and road, and the corresponding established models, the comparison and analysis of the simulation results of various road surfaces are conducted. Experiments are sequentially implemented to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the test bench.
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Sobolevska, M. B., D. V. Horobets, and S. A. Syrota. "Determination of the force characteristic of head car’s passive safety system – large road vehicle interaction in a collision." Technical mechanics 2021, no. 4 (December 7, 2021): 118–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/itm2021.04.118.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
One of the priorities of the National Economic Strategy of Ukraine for the Period up to 2030 is the development of the transport sector, in particular railway vehicle renewal, the introduction of high-speed railway passenger transport, and railway traffic safety improvement. The home motor-car trains must be renewed in compliance with new home standards harmonized with European ones, among which one should mention the Ukrainian State Standard DSTU EN 15227, which specifies the passive safety of a passenger train in its emergency collisions with different obstacles. New car designs must provide not only effective up-to-date braking systems to prevent emergency collisions, but also passive safety systems with energy-absorbing devices. The main purpose of these devices is to reduce the longitudinal forces in the intercar connections and the car accelerations to an acceptable level for the three collision scenarios specified in the DSTU EN 15227. The Department of Statistical Dynamics and Multidimensional Mechanical Systems Dynamics, Institute of Technical Mechanics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the State Space Agency of Ukraine, developed a passive protection concept for home high-speed passenger trains in emergency collisions by the DSTU EN 15227 scenarios, proposals on the passive protection of a motor-car train head car, and honeycomb designs of lower- and upper-level energy-absorbing devices (EAD 1 and UL EAD, respectively), which are integrated into the head car front part and serve to damp the major part of the impact energy in front collisions with obstacles. This paper considers DSTU EN 15227 Scenario 3: a collision of a reference motor-car train at a speed of 110 km/h at a railway crossing with a large 15 t road vehicle, which is simulated as a large-size deformable obstacle (LSDO). The aim of the paper is to determine the force characteristic of the interaction of energy-absorbing devices mounted on the head car front part with a large road vehicle in a collision to assess the compliance of the proposed passive protection with the normative requirements. Finite-element models were constructed to analyze the plastic deformation of the elements of the EAD 1 – LSDO, UL EAD – LSDO, and EAD 1 – UL EAD –LSDO systems in a collision with account for geometric and physical nonlinearities, steel dynamic hardening as a function of the impact speed, and varying contact interaction between the elements of the systems considered. The studies conducted made it possible to determine the force characteristics of energy-absorbing device – obstacle interaction and the total characteristic of the contact force between two lower-level devices and two upper-level ones as a function of the obstacle center of mass displacement in a collision. The proposed mathematical models and the calculated force characteristics may be used in the study of the dynamics of a reference motor-car train – large road vehicle collision with the aim to assess the compliance of the passive protection of the home head car under design with the DSTU EN 15227 requirements.
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Prochowski, Leon, Mateusz Ziubiński, Patryk Szwajkowski, Mirosław Gidlewski, Tomasz Pusty, and Tomasz Lech Stańczyk. "Impact of Control System Model Parameters on the Obstacle Avoidance by an Autonomous Car-Trailer Unit: Research Results." Energies 14, no. 10 (May 20, 2021): 2958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102958.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The introduction of autonomous cars will help to improve road traffic safety, and the use of a cargo trailer improves the energy efficiency of transport. One of the critical (collision) road situations has been considered, where immediate counteraction is required in a space that has been only partly defined. This research work was aimed at determining the impact of the trajectory planning method and the values of some parameters of the control system on the feasibility of safe avoidance of an obstacle that has suddenly appeared. The obstacle is assumed to be a motor vehicle moving on a road intersection along a collision path in relation to the autonomous car-trailer unit (CT unit) travelling at high speed. Analysis of cooperation between several non-linear models (representing the car, trailer, tyre–road interaction, and driving controller) has been carried out. Mathematical models of the control system and the CT unit have been built. The process of selection of temporary and variable parameters, applied to the control system for the time of the critical situation under consideration, has been shown. The research work carried out has made it possible to recommend appropriate parameter values for the control system.
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Shavin, M., and D. Pritykin. "Tilt-Rotor Quadrotor Control System Design and Mobile Object Tracking." Mekhatronika, Avtomatizatsiya, Upravlenie 20, no. 10 (October 10, 2019): 629–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17587/mau.20.629-639.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We design the navigation and control system for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with four tilting rotors. The considered UAV implements the so-called X-sceme, which implies the main body and four symmetrical beams, upon which rotors with propellers are mounted. It is different from the classical quadrotor by having four additional servomotors that may change the orientation of the rotors with respect t the main body, thus increasing the control parameters number. Greater number of the actuators in the system, on the one hand, opens new venues for UAVs’ applications but, on the other hand, makes the mathematical model of the UAV’s dynamics quite complicated. The latter calls for new control algorithms to be developed. We start by forming the mathematical models of the UAV’s dynamics. It is shown that the introduction of the tilting motors allows implementing independent control of the quadrotor’s position and attitude. The control loop is designed on the base on the analytical dynamics inversion. The expressions for the control parameters thus obtained are subjected to the numerical analysis, which allows taking into account technical constraints for maximal motor speed and tilt angles. Feedback in the control loop is implemented by simulation of the on-board sensors’ signals, whose characteristics correspond to those of the sensors used in the UAV’s experimental prototype design. The signals are processed with the aid of the unscented Kalman filter algorithm. The results of numerical experiments corroborate the efficiency of the developed control and navigation algorithms. The mission simulated in the numeric experiments is tracking of a pre-defined trajectory and pointing with a body-fixed camera at a mobile object, which, in turn, moves along a programmed trajectory.The results of the numeric experiments show that the UAV is capable of performing complex maneuvers with independent position and attitude control.
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Kulikov, Ilya, Kirill Karpukhin, and Rinat Kurmaev. "X-in-the-Loop Testing of a Thermal Management System Intended for an Electric Vehicle with In-Wheel Motors." Energies 13, no. 23 (December 6, 2020): 6452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236452.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article describes an elaboration of the X-in-the-loop (XiL) testing environment for a thermal management system (TMS) intended for the traction electric drive of an electric vehicle, which has each of its wheels driven by an in-wheel motor. The TMS features the individual thermal regulation of each electric drive using a hydraulic layout with parallel pipelines and electrohydraulic pumps embedded into them. The XiL system is intended as a tool for studying and developing the TMS design and controls. It consists of the virtual part and the physical part. The former simulates the vehicle operating in a driving cycle with the heat power dissipated by the electric drive components, which entails the change in their temperature regimes. The physical part includes the TMS itself consisting of a radiator, pipelines, and pumps. The physical part also features devices intended for simulation of the electric drive components in terms of their thermal and hydraulic behaviors, as well as devices that simulate airflow induced by the vehicle motion. Bilateral, real-time interactions are established between the two said parts combining them into a cohesive system, which models the studied electric vehicle and its components. The article gives a description of a laboratory setup, which implements the XiL environment including the mathematical models, hardware devices, as well as the control loops that establish the interaction of those components. An example of using this system in a driving cycle test shows the interaction between its parts and operation of the TMS in conditions simulated in both virtual and physical domains. The results constitute calculated and measured quantities including vehicle speed, operating parameters of the electric drives, coolant and air flow rates, and temperatures of the system components.
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Rasool, Haaris, Mohamed El Baghdadi, Abdul Manan Rauf, Assel Zhaksylyk, Thomas D’hondt, Mathieu Sarrazin, and Omar Hegazy. "Accurate Electro-Thermal Computational Model Design and Validation for Inverters of Automotive Electric Drivetrain Applications." Applied Sciences 12, no. 11 (May 31, 2022): 5593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12115593.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper proposes the fast and accurate electro-thermal model of the existing Simrod three-phase inverter for an electric vehicle (EV) application. The research focuses on analytical and dynamic electro-thermal models of inverters that can be applied for multi-applications. The optimal design approach of passive filters is presented for the DC and AC sides of the inverter. The analytical model has been established, including a mathematical representation of the inverter and induction motor (IM). The high-fidelity electro-thermal simulation model of an inverter with integrated power loss and thermal model is established. The state-space thermal model (for the IRFS4115PbF device) has been created and incorporated into the MATLAB simulation. The simulation model is then validated with the PLECS software-based thermal model to confirm the accuracy. Indirect field-oriented control (IFOC) is designed for squirrel-cage IM at a maximum power rating of 45 kW and implemented on MATLAB/Simulink. The comparative analysis between the real and simulated results is performed to validate the simulation model at a specific speed, torque, and current. Furthermore, the electro-thermal simulation model has been validated with experimental data using efficiency and temperature comparison. The developed simulation model is beneficial for designing, optimizing, and developing advanced technology-based inverters to achieve higher efficiency at a particular operating range of temperature and power quality. The new European driving cycle (NEDC) speed profile simulation results are demonstrated.
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KAK, D. W., A. R. ANITA, N. M. NIZLAN, I. NORMALA, N. A. ABDUL JALIL, and S. V. WONG. "COMPARISON OF NECK MUSCLE ELECTROMYOGRAPHY ACTIVITY IN RESPONSE TO EXTERNAL FORCE BETWEEN STATIC AND DYNAMIC LOADING." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 19, no. 04 (June 2019): 1850034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519418500343.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Understanding the behavior of neck muscles is essential to accurately simulate the human head-neck segment movement especially for low-speed motor vehicle crash situation. Some head-neck mathematical models were designed using neck muscle activation behavior in isometric contraction (static loading) as the properties of neck muscle activation. However, neck muscle activation pattern and strength capability may vary between static and dynamic loading. This study aimed to determine the differences between neck muscle activation level under static and dynamic loading. A neck strength test involving 22 human volunteers was conducted with two different tasks in extension and flexion direction with three different loads. The neck muscle activation level is determined through measuring the electromyography (EMG) responses of selected flexor and extensor muscles using surface bilateral electrode and recorded. The findings showed that neck muscle activation level was significantly greater in dynamic loading than static loading ([Formula: see text]). These implied that more efforts from neck muscles were required to resist against dynamic loading than static loading. Nonetheless, the differences in EMG activities between these two loading conditions progressively decreased when more loads were applied. This study has established an empirical model to describe the relationship between neck muscle activation level and force output for both loading condition in flexion and extension.
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Zaitseva, Alina, Nikolai Dudayev, Evgeny Zaitsev, and Dmitry Kilmakov. "HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING COMPLEX FOR INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEM." Electrical and data processing facilities and systems 18, no. 2 (2022): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17122/1999-5458-2022-18-2-107-120.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Relevance The relevance of this research project lies in the development of algorithmic support for routes in transport systems, which will allow efficient, efficient and rational management of the transport complex. The development of modern motor transport is already unthinkable without the use of intelligent transport systems (ITS). ITS is an intelligent system that uses innovative developments in the modeling of transport systems and regulation of traffic flows, providing end users with greater information content and safety, as well as qualitatively increasing the level of interaction of traffic participants compared to conventional transport systems. ITS, based on the interaction of one vehicle with another and the vehicle with the road infrastructure, should ensure high efficiency and safety of road traffic. ITS really increases the «time horizon», the quality and reliability of information about the immediate situation on the road, the location of other vehicles and road users, to ensure greater safety and mobility. Intelligent systems provide information about cars and their location on the road, information about road conditions, allow you to optimize and secure traffic on the road network, as well as speed up response to traffic incidents and accidents. Aim of research The aim of the study is to analyze and study current trends in the development of intelligent transport systems, as well as to review and study the principles and forms of collecting and transmitting information with its subsequent processing for use by the end user. The objectives of the research project are as follows. 1. Analysis of the basic principles of building high-performance computing systems for an intelligent transport system based on computing and telecommunication components for mass use; 2. Development of the architecture of a high-performance computing complex for ITS; 3. Development of algorithmic support for routes in transport systems. Research methods The research method is to analyze the basic principles of building high-performance computing systems for an intelligent transport system based on computing and telecommunications components for mass use. Results In the course of this research project, a system model of the information and computer complex of intelligent transport systems was developed, which includes functional and information models of the information and computer complex of the intelligent transport system, and algorithmic support for intelligent transport systems was developed, including: routes in transport systems, a routing algorithm based on vector criterion optimization.
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Shakya, Dr Subarna. "Vehicle Drive Control Using Fuzzy Based PI Speed Controller." Journal of Electrical Engineering and Automation 2, no. 2 (May 10, 2020): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jeea.2020.2.002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper proposes a fuzzy PI speed controller which is used in electric vehicle’s drive control system insensitive to parameter change and disturbance, using fuzzy control theory. A permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is modelled mathematically in d-q reference frame. In this paper, a sliding model and fuzzy control theory are used to simulate the PMSM models using fuzzy control theory. Simulink software is used to analyze and simulate the simulation models which show that the proposed PI control based on fuzzy logic will have better anti-interference, better dynamic performance, and faster dynamic response speed when compared with the sliding motor control. Hence the proposed methodology is considered to be the ideal control method with a predefined vector control reference value for the electric vehicle’s motor.
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Sari, Nurachmawati Meindah, R. Azizah, Lilis Sulistyorini, Endrayana Putut Laksminto Emanuel, Emillia Devi Dwi Rianti, Fuad Ama, Sukma Sahadewa, Agusniar Furkani Listyawati, Ayly Soekanto, and Hardiyono Hardiyono. "Dispersion of Carbon Monoxide Pollutant and The Effect of Health (Case Study on Frontage Road Surabaya by Gaussian Line Source Equation Model)." Jurnal Ilmiah Kedokteran Wijaya Kusuma 11, no. 2 (October 1, 2022): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.30742/jikw.v11i2.2416.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Air pollution was being a very important problem and danger for human life. This was related to diseases that arise due to motor vehicle emissions, especially carbon monoxide. Simulation of air dispersion models is the one way to study about air quality that is needed in this regard. This study aims to determine the distribution of carbon monoxide pollutants in Ahmad Yani's frontage and to anticipate the dangers of these pollutants to the health of the people living around the research location. This research discussed about the mathematical model of the dispersion of CO that emitted from cars that passed through the frontage road on the Ahmad Yani Street, Surabaya. The method used is direct observation in the field and numerical simulation using a mathematical model, Gaussian Line Source Equation Model (GLSEM). GLSEM had prepared based on the mechanism of transport of pollutants in dispersion, diffusion and advection. With GLSEM we calculated CO gas concentration values for certain heights downwind. We validated the model by comparing numerical results and measurements of CO concentration. We used the R2 test and we got an R2 close to one. We simulated GLSEM by used Fortran programming language and visualized it with Surfer. The results of the visualization in June showed that the pattern of CO gas dispersion was influenced by the direction and speed of the wind. The results obtained are that the distribution of CO pollutants in the Ahmad Yani frontage is horizontal/downwind. CO concentrations at night are higher than during the daytime. From the CO dispersion pattern, we had known that there were dangerous of air around the frontage for people health. We conclude that around the frontage road of the Ahmad Yani highway there is sufficient open air space so that the danger of CO pollutants being emitted can be minimized so that the health of the community, namely pedestrians, motorcycle drivers and the community around the location can be protected.
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Al-Habahbeh, Osama M., and Romil S. Al-Adwan. "Dynamic Modelling of Docking Autonomous PODs in Tandem Configuration." Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems 9, no. 4 (August 31, 2022): 955–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/mmep.090412.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An adaptable transportation concept is proposed; comprising a fleet of autonomous PODs that can merge and separate based on passengers’ demand. The purpose is to match the number of seats with the number of passengers, thereby reducing vehicle size and energy consumption. It enables passengers’ in-person communication and simultaneous arrival. Since each POD has its own motor, if full power is not needed, one of the motors can be turned-off to save energy. The merging process is investigated so as to find the safe docking speeds when two PODs merge in tandem configuration. If the docking is not done at the right speed, it may cause damage to the vehicle, or else be inefficiently slow. The PODs are represented by finite element models, which are simulated to determine the safe merging speeds. The speeds are determined for different docking scenarios and POD materials; ranging from 1.4-16 km/h. The safe speeds depend on the type of material and adopted damage criterion; Nonmetallic materials showed higher tolerance than metallic materials in response to docking impact. As a recommendation for future work, other materials and configurations can be investigated, and the effect of the proposed system on traffic conditions can be evaluated.
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Ramasamy, Latha, Ashok Kumar Loganathan, and Rajalakshmi Chinnasamy. "Mathematical modelling of vehicle drivetrain to predict energy consumption." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 27, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v27.i2.pp638-646.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nowadays, <span>many firms have started producing electric vehicles (EVs). One of the biggest challenges to broad acceptance of electric vehicles is their limited range EVs. Forecasting future energy usage is one of the way to calculate the driving range. In this paper, a simulation model of the drivetrain has been developed to evaluate the energy flow of a vehicle for the given torque and speed conditions. The energy consumption of an electric vehicle is determined by the vehicle's attributes. Road torque, road speed, motor model, motor controller model, battery model, and PI controller are the primary components of the model. The overall resistive force offered by the vehicle, as well as energy consumption owing to resistive force during motoring and regeneration has been validated through the simulation results. Here, the vehicle model, Mercedes Benz Class C Saloon has been considered</span>.
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Sukharev, R. Yu. "Mathematical models of wheel turning processes road construction vehicles." Nauchno-tekhnicheskiy vestnik Bryanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 7, no. 3 (September 25, 2021): 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22281/2413-9920-2021-07-03-259-269.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The construction of highways is a complex, multi-stage process. Most of the construction works are carried out according to the projects of structures and quite high requirements are imposed on the quality of execution. The fulfillment of these requirements is associated with great difficulties in view of the limited accuracy of the road construction machine itself, the lack of on-board control systems and the limited capabilities of the human operator, who is unable to determine the required exact parameters of the structure being built «by eye». To meet the requirements, three-dimensional control systems are used, which allow determining 3 coordinates of the working order of the machine – the vertical coordinate and the location of the machine on the construction site. At the same time, the digital project of the constructed structure should be the setter in such a system. The system determines the current position and compares it with the project. On the basis of this information, a control effect on the operating organ of the machine is formed. The course of movement and the speed of the machine when using such systems are determined by the machine operator. Further development of these systems should be four-dimensional systems – in which all control actions are assigned to the control system, starting from calculating the trajectory of the machine, choosing the speed, determining the required number of passes and ending with controlling the position of the working body of the machine at each moment of time. For the functioning of these systems, adequate mathematical models of the turning processes of road construction machines with different steering options are necessary.
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Klubnichkin, Vladislav, and Evgeny Klubnichkin. "Experimental evaluation of the operational properties of snowmobile motor vehicles." MATEC Web of Conferences 224 (2018): 02081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822402081.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article demonstrates the results of the experimental estimate of the speed and load modes as well as operational properties of the oversnow equipment during which a large number of parameters and indicators allowing for their use during designing of new generation of oversnow vehicles have been determined. This work demonstrates the results of the tests in determining speed and brake properties, as well as stability and controllability of the Russkaya Mekhanika’s oversnow vehicles, models RM Buran Leader, RM Tayga Varyag 550, RM Tayga Patrul 800 SWT, RM Vector 551i and over companies’ oversnow vehicles, models BRP Lynx Xtrim Commander 800 E-TEC, Arctic Cat Pantera 7000 XT LTD, Polaris 800 Titan Adventure 155.
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Huang, Zhi Yu, and Jia Li. "Research on Electric Vehicle Road Identification Method Based on RBF Neural Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (March 2014): 1413–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.1413.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Accurately identifying road condition can send relevant information to the motor control system, so that control system of the motor can adjust the control strategy timely, eventually, the intelligent and optimal control of electric vehicles is realized. In this paper, according to these mathematical model, the permanent magnet synchronous motors simulation model and vehicles simulation model are proposed. Then, output torque of motor and speed of motor are served as the input of RBF neural network, which helps road condition to be identified. The simulation result shows that the road condition is well identified by proposed method based on RBF neural network.
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Han, Yangqi, Yaqing Zheng, Yuancheng You, and Yajuan Chen. "Application Research of Pulse Vibration High-Frequency Voltage Injection Method Without Speed Sensor in New Energy Vehicles." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2419, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2419/1/012015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The high-frequency voltage injection method of pulse vibration in the range of zero/low speed to medium-high speed has to be demonstrated for new energy vehicles., because it is very necessary and necessary to control the safety performance of the whole vehicle without speed sensor. The permanent magnet synchronous motor starts slowly to circle when the clean - energy vehicle cranked, and the correctness of the rotor’s startup position identification is significant. In order to achieve high-performance control of permanent magnet synchronous motor without speed sensor, this paper focuses mainly on how to estimate the rotor position of permanent magnet synchronous motor by amplifying the mathematical model of the motor. The high-frequency mathematical model of the permanent magnet synchronous motor’s voltage parameters are attained in the process of maintaining the motor’s preoperational position to address the problem of self-adaptability between the injected voltage and the likely phase current. The initial position identification of the rotor of a permanent magnet synchronous motor can be achieved by optimizing the adaptive method, and the pulse vibration highfrequency voltage anesthetic method also shows better efficiency and safety when the motor achieves a stable start and has sound output torque. The struggling to retain adaptive measurement device vibration high frequency voltage injection approaches is used by the light-duty low-speed new energy vehicle, which may minimize the mechanical speed sensor after becoming damaged, save the cost and improve the compactness of the electric vehicle space design, which is conducive to solving the situation of energy shortage in my country and alleviating environmental pollution. This is in line with the future development concept of society.
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Haling, Daniel, and Harry Cohen. "Residential Noise Damage Costs Caused by Motor Vehicles." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1559, no. 1 (January 1996): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196155900111.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An estimate of noise damage costs caused by motor vehicles has been performed. The damage calculation is based on the reduction of property values caused by vehicle noise emissions. Noise emission models are used to determine the noise levels emitted by various vehicle types, dependent on speed, volume of traffic on the roadway, and type of housing development that surrounds the roadway. The cost estimation illustrates the large variation in noise damage caused by different vehicle types, operating conditions, and location of the roadway in relation to residential areas.
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Kong, Weikang, Jixin Wang, Dewen Kong, Yuanying Cong, and Shuangshi Feng. "Motor shifting and torque distribution control of a multi-motor driving system in electric construction vehicles." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 13, no. 6 (June 2021): 168781402110284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878140211028446.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the rapid development of the world economic construction and the shortage of energy, it has become a hot research issue to realize the electrification of the vehicle driving system and improve energy efficiency. Most of the electric construction machinery power systems are characterized by low speed and high load. The coordinated driving of multiple motors can increase the output torque and improve the transmission efficiency of the machine on the basis of a compact layout. A novel configuration of electric construction vehicles based on multi-motor and single-speed and its driving torque distribution control method is presented in this paper. The detailed mathematical model is established and the simulation analysis is carried out based on it. The results show that the proposed multi-motor driving system with the control strategy can improve the overall efficiency in the condition of ensuring the driving force when the parameter matching and motors choosing reasonably.
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Qu, Baojun, Qingxin Yang, Yongjian Li, Miguel Angel Sotelo, Shilun Ma, and Zhixiong Li. "A Novel Surface Inset Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Electric Vehicles." Symmetry 12, no. 1 (January 19, 2020): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12010179.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Aiming to successfully meet the requirements of a large output torque and a wide range of flux weakening speed expansion in permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) for electric vehicles, a novel surface insert permanent magnet synchronous motor (SIPMSM) is developed. The method of notching auxiliary slots between the magnetic poles in the rotor and unequal thickness magnetic poles is proposed to improve the performance of the motor. By analyzing the magnetic circuit characteristics of the novel SIPMSM, the notching auxiliary slots between the adjacent magnetic poles can affect the q-axis inductance, and the shape of magnetic pole effects the d-axis inductance of the motor. The combined action of the two factors not only weakens the cogging torque, but also improves the flux weakening capability of the motor. In this paper, the response surface methodology (RSM) is used to establish a mathematical model of the relationship between the structural parameters of the motor and the optimization objectives, and the optimal design of the motor is completed by solving the mathematical model. Experimental validation has been conducted to show the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed SIPMSM.
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Krykowski, Krzysztof, and Janusz Hetmańczyk. "Constant Current Models of Brushless DC Motor." Electrical, Control and Communication Engineering 3, no. 1 (August 1, 2013): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ecce-2013-0010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Two constant current models of Permanent Magnet Brushless Direct Current Motor (PM BLDC) are presented in the paper. In the first part of the paper principle of operation, basic properties and mathematical equations describing PM BLDC models are given. Then, two different constant current models of PM BLDC motor are considered: In the first model, PM BLDC motor is approximated with dc motor; in the second model, modified constant current model is applied with additional block, which is used to take into account the impact of inductance on torque-speed characteristics. In order to verify these models, torque-speed characteristics have been determined and compared for different motor supply voltages. After running a series of simulation and laboratory tests, we have found that this modified model (which makes allowance for the influence of inductance on torque-speed characteristics) ensures obtaining torque-speed characteristics identical to those of the real motor. Therefore, this model may be recommended for those simulation tests which do not consider effects occurring inside the electronic commutator-motor circuit. However, approximation of PM BLDC motor with dc motor is not recommended in computer tests.
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Rong, Jun, Yue Jiao Ding, Xi Chen, Li Wan, and Yi Ming Li. "Modeling and Simulation of Voltage Frequency Ratio Control System for Asynchronous Motor." Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (September 2013): 768–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.768.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Alternating current (AC) machine speed regulation system plays a very important role in our industrial and agricultural production. This paper focuses on the three-phase asynchronous motor which account for most of the proportion of the AC machines. Firstly, this paper establishes three mathematical models of asynchronous motor based on dq coordinate system and introduces the principle of V/f speed-adjusting for asynchronous motor, and then the paper builds the simulation models of V/f speed-adjusting control system for asynchronous motor based on Matlab/Simulink. The simulation results of the V/f speed-adjusting control system verifies the correctness of the simulation models and the principle of speed regulation.
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Sukharev, R. Yu. "Pure pursuit method use to control unmanned motor grader." Russian Automobile and Highway Industry Journal 19, no. 2 (May 19, 2022): 156–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.26518/2071-7296-2022-19-2-156-169.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction. A relevant objective of implementing the advanced systems of self-driving road construction vehicles can be accomplished by mathematical modelling. One of the important issues when creating a motion control system for a self-driving vehicle is to develop a trajectory following algorithm. The most well-known method of following the trajectory is a pure pursuit method, which is successfully used to control the movement of mobile robots.Materials and methods. Hence, the research objective has been defined and is to adapt the pure pursuit method to control an autonomous grader. To achieve the research objective, the task of a mathematical model of the motor grader movement with front steering wheels has been developed, and a mathematical model of the motor grader motion control system has been compiled. Besides, we propose an integral criterion to evaluate the efficiency of the motion control system of a unmanned grader. Some theoretical studies of the mathematical model have been carried out and the dependencies of the integral criterion on the design and operational parameters of the grader, as well as on the parameter of the control method (visibility range) have been obtained. Moreover, the optimal values of the visibility range for various values of the base length, base coefficient and machine speed have been defined according to the proposed efficiency criterion.Results. As a result of approximating the obtained optimal values, the pure pursuit method has been modified to control a self-driving motor grader, taking into account its design features and travel speed. The results obtained can be used to create the prototypes of unmanned control systems for road construction vehicles.
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Akkaya, Ramazan, and Fatih Alpaslan Kazan. "Design and implementation of a test setup for electric mobility scooter for the disabled." Measurement and Control 52, no. 9-10 (October 19, 2019): 1434–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020294019865756.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this study, a test setup was designed for three- and/or four-wheeled electric mobility scooter models used by disabled or old people. This system is composed of a test platform that enables measurement of vehicular velocity, a data acquisition card, and an interface prepared in the C# program. Using the data acquisition card that was designed, seven quantities, namely, battery and motor currents, battery and motor terminal voltages, wheel speed in revolution per minute, and ambient and motor temperatures, were measured instantaneously during the test procedure and transferred to a computer via a USB device. Using these data that were transferred, motor speed in revolution per minute, torque generated by the motor, motor shaft power, motor and driver efficiency, instantaneous velocity of the vehicle, and total distance covered information obtained from the moment the vehicle began to be used were computed in real time throughout the experiment in the interface prepared in the C#, and their graphs were drawn and recorded. Thus, the faults in the battery, motor, or driver of electric mobility scooters became easily detectable in tests conducted under various conditions such as different ambient temperatures, different user weights, and roads with different slopes.
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Povalyaev, S., and O. Saraiev. "MODELING OF THE MECHANISM OF VEHICLE OVERTURNING IN THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT OF ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENT." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 20, no. 2 (December 4, 2019): 320–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2.2019.24.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The development of mathematical models of vehicle overturning has been given significant attention by many researchers because of the need to obtain reliable information on the circumstances of road traffic accidents. Research of road traffic accidents with the overturning of vehicles is related with the difficulty to determinate the mechanism of overturning, because expert calculation methods do not always use the adapted mathematical models. Most of the methods focus on determining the minimum (critical) speed of vehicles, which leads to its overturning. However, the real speed of vehicles before overturning can be much higher. In this paper, a mathematical model of the process of vehicle overturning after a collision with an immovable lateral obstacle is given. Thus the overturning moment caused by the inertia forces acts on the vehicle, and the moment from the gravity that holds the vehicle from overturning. It is necessary to mark that the shoulder of moment from gravity changes from a maximal value to 0 in the process of vehicle overturning. The mathematical model is based on the basic equation of dynamics for rotational motion. The developed mathematical model is a nonlinear homogeneous differential equation of second order. A solution of this equation is obtained that allows us to determine the conditions for the vehicles overturning and to investigate the basic parameters of the movement of vehicles in the process of overturning from the moment when the center of mass of the vehicle begins to rise until the moment of its maximum lifting. A comparison of the results of calculating the critical speed of vehicles with results obtained on the basis of the law of energy conservation was carried out. The results are fully agreed. The numerical results obtained using a mathematical model for a particular vehicle have been analyzed.
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Hwang, Myeong-Hwan, Hae-Sol Lee, Se-Hyeon Yang, Hyun-Rok Cha, and Sung-Jun Park. "Electromagnetic Field Analysis and Design of an Efficient Outer Rotor Inductor in the Low-Speed Section for Driving Electric Vehicles." Energies 12, no. 24 (December 4, 2019): 4615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12244615.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Currently, the eco-friendly vehicle market is growing continuously. In the automobile industry, various electric vehicle models are being developed, and several technological innovations are being made. Certain limited vehicle types, such as passenger cars, are being converted to electric vehicles; moreover, a variety of small electric vehicles, including smart mobility vehicles, are being developed. The driving motor of an electric vehicle, e.g., a brushless Direct Current motor (BLDC), is one of the key components that determine its driving performance. However, since the recent hike in prices of the rare earth magnets used in BLDCs, the development of induction motor with lower cost and a simple product structure has become essential. Therefore, this study proposes an optimized design for an outer rotor induction motor with high efficiency in the low-speed section for electric vehicles. The motor designed in this study is efficient for speeds less than 1000 rpm, and our experimental results prove that the prototypes can provide up to 84.8% efficiency. This optimized motor is expected to have widespread application in the eco-friendly vehicle market.
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SILACHAI, Anuak, and Suriya PRASOMTHONG. "Optimized parameter of dissimilar joining between Al6061-T6 and height-strength steel with friction stir spot welding process (FSSW)." Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals 32, no. 4 (December 26, 2022): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.55713/jmmm.v32i4.1538.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
High-strength steel and aluminum alloys are used to manufacture modern vehicles. The objective was to reduce the weight and fuel consumption of the vehicles. In this study the optimum parameters for the friction stir spot welding (FSSW) process between Al6061-T6 aluminum alloy and HSS590 high-strength steel were determined. Response surface methodology based on central composite design (CCD) with three parameters, five levels, and 19 runs was used to conduct experiments and develop mathematical regression models. The three joint parameters were tool speed, welding feed, and dwell time. Analysis of variance was then performed to examine the adequacy of the developed models. Finally, the effects of the process parameters on the mechanical properties were investigated using mathematical models. In addition, the distribution of the chemical composition and fracture characteristics of the joints was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The investigation found that the optimum welding parameters were a tool speed of 1576 rpm, welding feed rate of 45 mm∙min-1, and dwell time of 10 s. Furthermore, the results confirmed that the mathematical models and experiments were consistent.
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Li, Meiye, Meiying Li, Xiaoxia Hu, and Ge Li. "Research on Anomie Behavior of Drivers on Non-physical Isolated Urban Road Based on Game Theory." MATEC Web of Conferences 259 (2019): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925903004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In order to overtake motor vehicles ahead, some motor vehicles tend to enter non-motorized lane illegally on non-physical isolated urban road, which cause a negative influence on non-motor vehicles. In this paper, this anomie behavior is studied by headway distribution function, fluid dynamics model and game theory. Utilize headway distribution function to calculate the probability of critical gap required for motor vehicles entering non- motorized lanes, and fluid mechanics model to analysis delay. After that, considering critical gap, delay, management expense and fine for anomie behavior, the time value functions of drivers and cyclists are established and regarded as the payment functions in mixed strategy Nash equilibrium. Finally, according to the result of Nash equilibrium, two optimal probability models are put forward. Under different circumstances of non-motor vehicle flow, motor vehicle speed, management expense and fine for anomie behavior, the first model quantified the optimal probability that drivers commit anomie behavior and the second model quantified the optimal probability that traffic department implements management. Furthermore, models can provide references for the management of anomie behavior on non-physical isolated urban road.
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Sukhinov, A. I., B. K. Gadelshina, and D. S. Lyubomischenko. "3D Model of Transfer of Pollutions from Motor Vehicles to the Air." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 2, no. 1 (January 10, 2008): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-69614.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article states the main ideas of mathematical simulation of pollution distribution from motor transport in the city atmosphere. Emission estimation model is based on solution of dual problems. A 3D model of advection-diffusion is shown. All models are paralleled on memory distribution system using domain decomposition method.
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Jia, Xiaomeng, Xihuan Sun, and Yongye Li. "Mathematical Model for the Movement of Two-Pipe Vehicles in a Straight Pipe Section." Water 14, no. 17 (September 5, 2022): 2764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14172764.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the design process for a two-pipe vehicles transportation system, some simple mathematical models are required to quickly calculate the main characteristics of the system. For this purpose, an easy-to-handle mathematical model for the concentric annular gap flow is proposed, and the velocity expression for the concentric annular gap flow is solved using cylindrical coordinates. According to the force characteristics of the two-pipe vehicles, a mathematical model of the two-pipe vehicle motion is established, and the motion and force balance equations of the two-pipe vehicles are deduced. The experimental results are in good agreement with the model results. The factors affecting the two-pipe vehicles movement speed are analyzed, and the standard regression coefficient method in multiple regression analysis is used to determine the influence degree of each factor on the movement speed of the two-pipe vehicles. The research presented in this paper not only enriches the annular gap flow theory, but also provides a theoretical reference for the development of the two-pipe vehicles transportation technology and provides technical support for the realization of relevant industrial applications.
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Li, Cheng Qun, Xing Sun, and Xiao Lei Dong. "Design of Pure Electric Vehicles’ Drive Motor Controller Based on dsPIC." Advanced Materials Research 139-141 (October 2010): 2243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.139-141.2243.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To meet the industry demands of the drive motor controller of the pure electric vehicles, this paper introduces a design of the high-power brushless DC motor controller at the core of dsPIC30F6010A. Through the establishment of permanent magnet brushless DC motor (PMBLDC) mathematical model and the analysis of the running principle of it, the control scheme of pure electric vehicles was presented and the drive circuits, protection circuits and software programming of PMBLDC controller were designed in this paper. The paralled IGBT module is adopted as the drive circuits to solve the heat dissipation issues under the high current, PID is chosen as the control algorithm and cascade control is designed as the speed regulation.The simulation by MATLAB/simulink shows that the control scheme is reasonable, the system has fast response and smooth running.
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BEBKIEWICZ, Katarzyna, Zdzisław CHŁOPEK, Jakub LASOCKI, Krystian SZCZEPAŃSKI, and Magdalena ZIMAKOWSKA-LASKOWSKA. "Characteristics of pollutant emission from motor vehicles for the purposes of the Central Emission Database in Poland." Combustion Engines 177, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2019-229.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Within the Institute of Environmental Protection – National Research Institute the Central Emission Database is being established. The Database will cover the most important emission sectors from anthropogenic activities, including usage of motor vehicles. The intensity of emissions of individual pollutants is the input data to air pollution dispersion models. Based on calculations performed by the air pollution dispersion models concentration of pollutants dispersed in atmospheric air (pollution immission) is provided. The annual average immision for a selected place in Poland is a measure of the threat to environment. In order to determine the intensity of pollutant emissions from motor vehicles it is necessary to recognize the intensity of vehicle motion and the volume of emission of pollutants depending on the type of vehicle motion. The task presented in this article is to determine the characteristics of pollutant emissions from motor vehicles depending on the type of their motion. The mean value of vehicle speeds was used to characterize the type of vehicle motion. The emission of pollutants from vehicles is therefore characterized by the dependence of road emissions of pollutants on the average speed of vehicles. The characteristics were determined for cumulated categories of motor vehicles: passenger cars, light commercial vehicles as well as heavy duty trucks and buses. The results of the inventory of pollutant emissions from motor vehicles in Poland in 2016 were used to determine the characteristics of pollutant emissions.