Дисертації з теми "Mother's age at child birth"

The objective of this investigation is to analyse the impact of differential mortality by birth order and age of the mother on the indirect estimates of child mortality. This indirect method was proposed by professor W. Brass and is based on reports about the number of children ever born and children surviving to women classified by age groups. The first step was to relax the constraints imposed on the method by the assumption that the risk of dying is invariant with birth order, mother's age and birth spacing patterns. To that effect, on the basis of the available evidence, a functional description of mortality by age of the child, which takes into account these differentials, was proposed. Then a beta-binomial probability distribution was used for describing fertility patterns by marriage duration and birth order, and a negative binomial distribution was adopted for describing nuptiality patterns. The models were tested using data from different countries and the results were satisfactory. All the necessary calculations to simulate proportions of children surviving (or dead) by age of the mother and number of children ever born were then executed on the basis of these three demographic models. Birth distributions by age of the mother and birth order were obtained by compounding the fertility model by marriage duration with the nuptiality model. Then, under certain assumptions, mean time-exposures to the risk of dying were calculated for children by birth order, current age of the mother, and parity. These exposures were combined with the functional description of mortality mentioned above, to yield proportions of children surviving by age and parity of the mothers. Adjusting factors by mother's age groups were calculated by relating these results to those obtained when mortality is assumed to be a function of the child's age only. These factors make estimates of mortality levels, obtained from reports from the younger mothers, comparable to the overall mortality for all children. They were applied to data from Peru and the results appeared to be very reasonable. An important conclusion from the analysis of the average exposures to risk for children by mother's age and parity is that the exposures are fairly constant by family size, while the variation in the proportions of children surviving is significant. The practical implication of these findings is that variations in the proportions of children surviving are basically caused by differential mortality. The application of the technique was illustrated with two practical examples. Proportions of children surviving by family size and age of the mother from Bolivia, 1976 Census, and from Guatemala, 1970 Census, were analysed. An enormous differential in mortality by family size was observed in both countries. The patterns of the relative risks by family size were very similar in both countries.

Impairments in executive function have been posited to account for some of the poor cognitive and educational outcomes associated with very preterm birth. As part of a prospective, longitudinal study, this research examined executive function in a regionally representative sample of 103 children born very preterm and/or very low birth weight (<33 weeks GA / <1500g) and a comparison sample of 108 full term children at age 6 years (corrected for prematurity). The specific aims of the study were 1) to describe the performance of children born very preterm and full term on a range of executive function measures, 2) to identify the antecedent medical, neurological and socio-familial factors associated with executive function performance within the very preterm group, and 3) to examine linkages between children’s executive function performance and their academic achievement at age 6 years. Children underwent a comprehensive developmental assessment, including standardised tests of IQ and academic achievement in mathematics, reading and receptive language. Additionally, they completed a number of executive function tasks selected to assess verbal working memory (Digit Span), spatial working memory (Corsi Blocks), planning and problem-solving (Tower of Hanoi), selective attention (Visual Search), shifting and inhibitory control (Detour Reaching Box) and sustained attention and inhibition (Kiddie-Conner’s Continuous Performance Task; K-CPT). Parents and teachers of these children also completed the Behavioural Rating Inventory of Executive Function and teachers rated children’s performance in reading, arithmetic and comprehension in relation to their classroom peers. Results revealed a pervasive pattern of impairment across multiple measures of executive function in children born very preterm relative to their full term peers. Specifically, children born very preterm were less likely to be able to complete any backward Digit Span trials (p<0.05) and showed lower raw scores on this task (p<0.1) than children in the full term group. Children born very preterm showed lower spatial span scores on the Corsi Blocks Task (p<0.01). They also showed lower planning performance, as assessed by the Tower of Hanoi (p<0.05). Children born very preterm made more inhibitory control/shift errors on the Detour Reaching Box and demonstrated less accuracy in their Visual Search (p<0.001) than children born full term. Finally, they showed lower levels of sustained attention on the K-CPT (p<0.001). Parents, teachers and examiners rated these children as having greater difficulties across multiple areas of executive function. These differences remained significant after controlling for group differences in socioeconomic status and after exclusion of children with severe cognitive and motor impairments. Within the very preterm group, antecedent predictors of poorer working memory and planning performance included male gender (p<0.001), intrauterine infection (p<0.05) and severity of cerebral white matter abnormality on term-equivalent MRI (p<0.05). Lower gestational age (p<0.05) and male gender (p<0.001) were related to poorer executive attention performance. Familial predictors of poorer executive performance included instability in parenting (p<0.05), higher levels of parental intrusiveness (p<0.1) and lower levels of interactional synchrony (p<0.05) between parent and child, recorded at earlier follow-up points. Finally, children’s executive function performance was highly correlated with school achievement in reading, arithmetic and language comprehension (p<0.001). Findings suggest a global pattern of executive impairment amongst children born very preterm, with these difficulties placing children at risk for poor academic performance and learning difficulties. Findings also suggest that both neurological pathology and early parenting experiences are important mediators of the relationship between very preterm birth and poor executive function, highlighting the importance of these areas for early intervention.

Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2005.
Leslie C. Jackson, Gabriel P. Kuperminc, committee co-chairs; Gregory J. Jurkovic, committee member. Electronic text (64 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Apr. 17, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 41-48).

Self-regulation refers to our individual capacities to regulate our behaviours, emotions, and thoughts, with these skills developing rapidly across early childhood. This thesis examined sleep, emotional, and cognitive regulation development, and related parental influences, for children participating in the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Important longitudinal associations among children's self-regulation, maternal mental health, parenting, and later behaviour problems for children were also investigated. A unique contribution of this research was a prevalence estimate of early childhood self-regulation problems in Australian children that was documented for the first time.

This study aimed to assess and compare the visual perceptual, visual motor integration and motor abilities of infants weighing less than 1250 grams at birth and a matched group of normal full birth weight controls at the age of five to six years. The group of infants with birth weights below 1250 grams were born during the period July 1988 to June 1989 at Groote Schuur Hospital (GSH), Cape Town or in midwife obstetric units in the Peninsula Maternal and Neonatal Service (PMNS) and referred to the neonatal intensive care unit at GSH. The very low birth weight (VLBW) infants were assessed at 1 and 2 years of age in 1989 & 1990. The present study was part of a broader study that included the examination of developmental outcome of these infants, using the Griffith's Mental Development Scale (Griffith's). The study recognised the complex interaction of biological and environmental factors and their influence on development and attempted to describe the confounds that may have influenced outcomes. The VLBW children were shorter in stature than their full birth weight counterparts. They were also significantly lighter and had smaller head circumferences. Psychometric evaluation with the Griffith's showed the VLBW children to fall predominantly in the normal range, though their performances were significantly inferior to that of the full-term children. The greatest differences between the groups were in scores for the subscales performance and practical reasoning of the Griffith's. Visual perception, visual motor integration, fine motor skill and gross motor function were all significantly poorer in the VLBW children. There was no correlation within the VLBW group between the test results and birth weight, gestational age, growth status, neonatal hospital stay or social status.

Background Globally, about 800 women die daily from complications arising during labor or within 42 days of childbirth. These deaths can be prevented by ensuring that women give birth in a safe environment in the presence of Skilled Birth Attendants (SBAs). SBAs are efficient to manage pregnancy, child birth and postnatal complications or refer in very complicated cases. Only about half of the women use SBAs in Kakamega County, Kenya. The study aim was to describe the determinants of utilization of SBA in Kakamega County. Method A cross sectional design was used. Data was obtained from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) conducted in the year 2014. A sample of 295 women were selected through two-stage cluster sampling. Standardized questionnaire was used to collect data from women who had given birth two years prior to the survey. Univariate and multivariate analysis was used to analyze the data. Results There was an association for use of SBAs with lower parity Odds Ratio (OR) 3.11(95% CI,1.82-5.52), early Antenatal Care (ANC) attendance OR 0.49(95% CI,0.27-0.88), secondary education OR 1.89(95% CI, 1.16-3.05) and high wealth index OR 2.87(95% CI,1.76-4.69). There was no association with ANC visits OR 1.3 (95% CI, 0.80-2.24) and place of residence OR 1.50 (95% CI,0.93-2.41). Conclusion Being in higher quartile, exposure to secondary education and low parity were key influencers of SBA use while place of residence did not show any association. There is an association between use of SBA and timely ANC attendance but not with number of ANC visits.

The main objective of the study is to analyze the role of family planning program in reducing maternal mortality in Bangladesh. A conceptual framework has been developed in which family planning is shown to be integrated in reducing maternal mortality. This study found that the risk factors of maternal mortality e.g. unwanted pregnancy, high parity, and early and old age at child birth still prevail in Bangladesh. It is hypothesized that the prevalence of these factors can be substantially reduced by a proper practice of family planning. There is a high level of unmet need for family planning Bangladesh, and its removal will substantially help in reducing maternal mortality in the country. The risk factors of maternal mortality are strongly associated with lack of family planning practice and other socio-economic and demographic background characteristics of women. By using data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) of 2004 and the Bangladesh Maternal Health and Maternal Mortality Survey (BMMS) of 2001 the study has analyzed the relationship of the risk factors of maternal mortality, namely wantedness of pregnancy, age at child birth, parity and birth interval with various socio-demographic factors. The analysis has shown that use status of family planning is influenced by the risk factors of maternal mortality. Wantedness of pregnancy has been found to be significantly related with age at birth, parity and birth interval. It has been also found that the risk factors of maternal mortality also affect on antenatal care. The study has identified some policy implications regarding family planning and maternal mortality, and has made appropriate recommendations. One of the major aspects of the strategies to reduce maternal mortality through family planning is to provide family planning services to all women, regardless of any group affiliation. Fulfilment of unmet for family planning has been recommended as an important strategy to reduce maternal mortality in the country. It addition, it is also recommended to raise the age at marriage and child birth, to space births and to limit family size by empowering women through education.

The child’s participation in any legal matter involving him/her is crucial whether received directly or indirectly through a legal representative. The significance of the child’s views in legal matters is accepted internationally and is entrenched in South African law. This is the main feature of the present research. In Roman law the paterfamilias was the complete antithesis of the best interest of the child with his paternal power entirely serving his own interests. The best interests of the child progressively improved his/her participatory rights and the dominance of paternal authority in Roman, Germanic, and Frankish law eventually gave way to parental authority and assistance in Roman-Dutch law. This advanced the child’s participation in legal matters and under Roman-Dutch law, his/her right of participation included legal representation by way of a curator ad litem. The child’s best interests were consistently viewed from an adult’s perspective and resulted in an adult-centred assessment of his/her best interests. Statutory intervention increased the child’s participatory and representation rights, however, the tenor of these items of legislation remained parent-centred. The Appeal Court later dispelled any uncertainty regarding the paramountcy with respect to the best interests of the child. During the 1970s in South Africa, the emphasis began shifting from a parent-centred to a child-centred approach in litigation between parents in cases involving their children. An open-ended list of factors comprising the best interests of the child accentuated this shift. Courts were encouraged to apply the paramountcy rule in legal matters concerning children and to consider the views of children in determining their best interests. The new democratic constitutional dispensation in South Africa, followed by the ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the African Charter, obligated South Africa to align children’s rights with international law and standards. The South African Law Reform Commission set out to investigate and to formulate a single comprehensive children’s statute. The resultant Children’s Act 38 of 2005 is the most important item of legislation for children in private law in South Africa. The Children’s Act provides for the widest possible form of child participation in legal matters involving the child. It revolutionises child participation requiring no lower age limit as a determining factor when allowing the child, able to form a view, to express that view. The child’s right to access a court and to be assisted in doing so further enhances his/her participatory right. Effective legal representation is the key in ensuring that children enjoy the fundamental right of participation equal to that of adults in legal matters involving children. Comparative research of child laws in Australia, Kenya, New Zealand and United Kingdom confirms that South Africa is well on the way in enhancing children’s participatory and legal representation rights in legal matters concerning them. This illustrates that only the child’s best interests should serve as a requirement for the legal representation of children in legal matters. Continued training is essential to ensure the implementation of the Children’s Act and requires a concerted effort from all role-players.
Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Private Law
unrestricted

Background: The role of the placenta in fetal programming has been recognized as a highly significant, yet often neglected area of study. We investigated placental size in relation to psychopathology, in particular attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, in children at 8 years of age, and later as adolescents at 16 years. Methodology/Principal Findings: Prospective data were obtained from The Northern Finland Birth Cohort (NFBC) 1986. Placental weight, surface area and birth weight were measured according to standard procedures, within 30 minutes after birth. ADHD symptoms, probable psychiatric disturbance, antisocial disorder and neurotic disorder were assessed at 8 years (n = 8101), and ADHD symptoms were assessed again at 16 years (n = 6607), by teachers and parents respectively. We used logistic regression analyses to investigate the association between placental size and mental health outcomes, and controlled for gestational age, birth weight, socio-demographic factors and medical factors, during gestation. There were significant positive associations between placental size (weight, surface area and placental-to-birth-weight ratio) and mental health problems in boys at 8 and 16 years of age. Increased placental weight was linked with overall probable psychiatric disturbance (at 8y, OR = 1.14 [95% CI = 1.04-1.25]), antisocial behavior (at 8 y, OR = 1.14 [95% CI = 1.03-1.27]) and ADHD symptoms (inattention-hyperactivity at 16y, OR = 1.19 [95% CI = 1.02-1.38]). No significant associations were detected among girls. Conclusions/Significance: Compensatory placental growth may occur in response to prenatal insults. Such overgrowth may affect fetal development, including brain development, and ultimately contribute to psychopathology.

O baixo peso ao nascer tem sido reconhecido como uma condição adversa ao desenvolvimento infantil, podendo, sob a perspectiva da psicopatologia do desenvolvimento, ser considerado uma condição de risco biológico. O impacto negativo para os desfechos comportamentais em escolares tem sido amplamente estudado, contudo os achados são escassos quando da avaliação da depressão infantil. Propôs-se um estudo prospectivo de coorte, com o objetivo geral de comparar e correlacionar os indicadores comportamentais e de depressão infantil de uma coorte de crianças em idade escolar, estratificada em cinco grupos de peso ao nascer, segundo os valores de referência da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), a saber: muito baixo peso ao nascer (MBP), baixo peso ao nascer (BP), peso insuficiente ao nascer (PI), peso normal ao nascer (PN) e muito alto peso ao nascer (MAP). Foram avaliadas 665 crianças, aos 10-11 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos, nascidas em Ribeirão Preto-SP. Procedeu-se à avaliação dos indicadores comportamentais, por meio do Questionário de Capacidades e Dificuldades (SDQ) respondido pelos pais e à avaliação dos indicadores de depressão, por meio do Inventário de Depressão Infantil (CDI) respondido pelas próprias crianças. Para o levantamento das condições clínicas das crianças e das características sociodemográficas das famílias, foram utilizadas informações de um Questionário Complementar. Os dados foram codificados de acordo com as proposições dos instrumentos e analisados por procedimentos de estatística não-paramétrica (p0,05). Em relação aos indicadores comportamentais, o grupo MBP apresentou escores mais elevados referentes à hiperatividade em comparação a todos os outros grupos, e aos problemas de relacionamento com colegas em comparação ao grupo MAP. Quanto aos indicadores de depressão infantil, o grupo MBP apresentou escores mais elevados de indicadores de depressão quando comparado aos demais grupos. No que se refere à associação dos indicadores comportamentais, relatados pelos pais, aos indicadores de depressão infantil, relatados pelas crianças, verificou-se, para todos os grupos, exceto para o MBP, que as crianças que apresentaram escores mais elevados de depressão infantil na sua autoavaliação, obtiveram também escores de dificuldades comportamentais gerais mais elevados na percepção dos pais. Considerou-se que a sintomatologia depressiva relatada pelas crianças foi identificada pelos pais como a presença de dificuldades comportamentais com manifestações diversas. Observou-se, para todos os grupos, que as variáveis sociodemográficas relativas à menor qualificação da ocupação do pai/chefe da família, à menor escolaridade dos pais e à inclusão em classes econômicas menos favorecidas foram as que apresentaram maior número de associações à presença de problemas comportamentais. O mesmo não foi observado para a depressão. Constatou-se uma maior vulnerabilidade das crianças expostas ao fator de risco biológico relativo ao muito baixo peso ao nascer para as dificuldades comportamentais, especialmente a hiperatividade, e para a depressão infantil. Destaca-se a importância da avaliação dos indicadores de problemas infantis por diferentes informantes visando resultados mais consistentes. A identificação precoce de dificuldades comportamentais e de indicadores de depressão associados ao peso ao nascer pode contribuir para o planejamento de programas de prevenção e intervenção para a promoção da saúde mental infantil.
Low birth weight has been recognized as an adverse condition to child development and may be considered as a biological risk condition, from the perspective of developmental psychopathology. The impact of this risk factor for behavioral outcomes in school-age children has been widely studied, however the findings about the assessment of children depression are still scarce. In this context, a prospective cohort study was proposed, with the general aim to compare and correlate behavioral and depression indicators in a cohort of school-age children, stratified into five groups of birth weight, according to the reference values of the World Health Organization (WHO), namely: very low birth weight (VLBW), low birth weight (LBW), insufficient birth weight (IBW), normal birth weight (NBW) and high birth weight (HBW). For this purpose, 665 children were evaluated, between the ages of 10-11 years old, of both sexes, from Ribeirão Preto, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Proceeded thus to the assessment of behavioral indicators, using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) completed by parents, and the assessment of depression indicators, using the Childrens Depression Inventory (CDI) answered by children. Aiming to survey the childrens clinical conditions and the families sociodemographic characteristics, information from a supplementary questionnaire were used. Data were coded according to the instruments propositions and analyzed by non-parametric statistics (p0,05). In relation to behavioral indicators, the VLBW group had higher scores regarding hyperactivity compared to all other groups, and peer relationship problem compared to HBW group. For indicators of child depression, the VLBW group showed higher scores for child depression when compared to other groups. Regarding the association of behavioral indicators, reported by parents, to child depression indicators, reported by children, it was verified, in all groups, except in the VLBW, that children who had higher scores of depression indicators in self-assessment, also obtained higher scores to general behavioral difficulties in parents perception. It was considered that the depressive symptoms reported by children were identified by parents as the presence of behavioral difficulties with diverse manifestations. It was also observed, in all groups, that the sociodemographic variables related to less qualified occupation of father or householder, lower parental education and belong to disadvantaged economic classes showed the greatest number of associations to the presence of behavioral problems. The same was not observed for child depression. Therefore, it was noticed that there was a greater vulnerability in children exposed to the biological risk factor related to very low birth weight for behavioral difficulties, especially hyperactivity, and child depression. It is important to highlight the value of assessing indicators of child problems by different informants, with the goal to find results more consistent. Early identification of behavioral difficulties and depression indicators associated with birth weight may contribute for planning prevention and intervention programs, in order to promote childrens mental health.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2008.
Title from title page (Digital Archive@GSU, viewed June 16, 2010) Gabriel P. Kuperminc, committee chair; Frank J. Floyd, Christopher C. Henrich, Leslie C. Jackson, Gregory J. Jurkovic, committee members. Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-72).

O peso de nascimento insuficiente é decorrente, principalmente em países em desenvolvimento, da restrição de crescimento intrauterino. Embora as crianças nascidas com peso insuficiente correspondam a 30% dos nascimentos, o seu crescimento até a idade escolar tem sido pouco estudado. Não há informações sobre as diferenças existentes entre o crescimento das crianças nascidas com peso insuficiente e as nascidas com peso adequado. Neste estudo, foi avaliado o crescimento alcançado na idade pré-escolar por 323 crianças nascidas com peso insuficiente, comparado-o com o crescimento de 886 crianças nascidas com peso adequado, tendo como referencial os valores do NCHS 2000. Foi analisada a influência do sexo, idade, idade materna ao nascimento da criança, tempo de aleitamento materno, morbidade, escolaridade materna, número de pessoas na casa e há quanto tempo freqüentava a creche no crescimento alcançado pelas crianças nascidas com peso insuficiente na idade pré-escolar. No conjunto, o crescimento alcançado pelas crianças com peso de nascimento insuficiente foi menor que o observado para as crianças com peso de nascimento adequado, tanto em peso quanto em estatura. O tempo que a criança freqüenta a creche e o número de pessoas na casa foram fatores de risco associados ao menor crescimento entre as crianças com peso de nascimento insuficiente. A idade da criança foi associada também, porém, como fator de proteção. O crescimento ponderal deficiente teve o tempo que a criança freqüenta a creche como fator de risco e a idade da criança e a escolaridade materna como fatores de proteção. Se comparados com crianças de condição sócio-econômica semelhante que apresentaram peso de nascimento adequado, as crianças com peso de nascimento insuficiente são de risco para retardo de crescimento até a idade pré-escolar, evidenciando a necessidade de receber uma atenção diferenciada nos programas de atenção à saúde, incluindo a monitorização do crescimento.
The insufficient birth weight is decurrent, mainly in developing countries, of the intrauterine growth restriction. Although they mean 30% of the births, the growth of insufficient birth weight children has been little described, also until the scholar age. The influence of the demographic and socioeconomic variables in the growth of this group, until the scholar age, also needs to be established. There are not informations on the existing differences between the growth of the insufficient birth weight children and that observed for the adequate birth weight ones. In this study, the growth reached until the preschool age of 323 insufficient birth weight children was evaluated, compared with referential NCHS 2000 and to the growth of 886 adequate birth weight children. It was analyzed the influence of the sex, age, maternal age at the birth of the child, breast feeding duration, diseases, maternal literacy, number of people in the house and time of frequency to the day-care center on the growth reached for the insufficient birth weight children, until the scholar age. The reached linear growth until the scholar age for the insufficient birth weight children was inferior to the expected values of the NCHS 2000 referential. The growth reached by the insufficient birth weight children was inferior to the observed for the adequate birth weight children, in weight, stature and body mass index. The time that the child attends the day-care center and the number of people in the house were risk factors associated to growth retardation, among the insufficient birth weight children. The age of the child was also associated, however, as protection factor. The deficient weight evolution had the time that the child attends the day-care center as risk factor and the age and maternal literacy as protection ones. If compared to children of similar socioeconomic condition, but of adequate birth weight, the insufficient birth weight children are of risk to growth retardation until the scholar age. Thus, the insufficient birth weight children must have a differential attention in the growth monitoring programs.

碩士
國立臺北教育大學
特殊教育學系碩士班
96
ABSTRACT This dissertation records mainly my child-rearing adjusting process and experiences as the mother of an autism child of preschool age. The self-recounting method is adopted for conducting a narrative research of this study. Started from the moment when a certain unusual behaviors found on Ming-Ming, my son, at his very young age, till his graduation from kindergarten, I wrote down notes of my daily life and collected related information, as well as discourses with my husband and teachers, as the major sources of this study. My child-rearing experiences will be divided into two major categories as followings: 1 Adjusting Process （1） Both psychological and exterior adjusting processes while facing the fact that my son is a special child: Five phases are included in such process, namely, doubt and denial, shock and terror, struggle and identification, passively and positively facing the reality, besides, two major exterior adjustments -- environmental adjustment and reorientation of life style are covered as well. （2）Totally 10 responding strategies are adopted in the adjusting process: There are various applications for effective innermost adjustment, such as enhancing knowledge for a comprehensive conception, write down my thoughts and introspection, courageously face the challenge with religious instructions and assistance, search and keep appropriate relations with my husband and appreciate the growth and bright sides of my child, self-enhancement, utilize support and materials offered by friends and the public and adequately use social sources, outdoor activity and sport, support and concern provided by relatives, pressure-releasing through conversation with others and arrange leisure moments for oneself. 2 Description of Child-rearing Experience （1） Discussion and application method of autism characteristics of my son: The observation and rearing method application of cognition development, special behavior, movement development, language development, social-adaptation ability, insufficient attention and impulsive character. （2） Child-rearing principle and result concluded from my own experiences with my son: To understand the reason, and grow with the kid together; stick with the major principle and persist appropriately; offer praise to the kid whenever possible; parents are the best examples for child; be kind with siblings and manage good relations; offer instruction through playing games; correctly choose the moment of treatment; trust instructor and make effective communication; slow down the steps and wait the right moment. Through the experiences acquired from my adjusting process and child-rearing practice, I wish to further realize the meaning of life, and create a different life philosophy; some personal ideas and suggestions herein mentioned could therefore maybe served as reference for special education.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2009.
Title from title screen (site viewed October 15, 2009). PDF text: viii, 145 p. : col. ill. ; 1 Mb. UMI publication number: AAT 3355634. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in microfilm and microfiche formats.

Магда М. В. Вплив порядку народження на рівень тривожності особистості : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 053 «Психологія» / наук. керівник О. А. Лукасевич. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2020. 91 с.
UA : Робота виклади на 91 сторінока, 1 таблиця, 37 рисунків. Перелік посилання включає 51 джерело. Об’єктом нашого дослідження є тривожність як психічний феномен. Психічні стани людини – важлива складова її внутрішнього світу, яка виявляє значний вплив на життя і на події, які проходять в ньому. Особливої уваги серед них, заслуговує стан тривожності. Враховуючи нестабільну соціально-політичну та економічну ситуацію в Україні та усьому світі, все частіше у своїй роботі психологи зустрічаються зі станом тривожності, при чому у людей усіх вікових категорій, який, при відсутності адекватної психокорекційної роботи може стати передумовою розвитку неврозу. Саме тому метою нашого дослідження є розкриття сутності поняття тривожності як психічного стану, особливостей його перебігу, форм прояву, технологій психодіагностики та вікових особливостей. Важливим моментом є те, що стан тривоги у різних людей може бути викликаний комбінацією і домінуванням різних емоцій. Це має значний вплив на її на мислення, поведінку, світосприйняття, психосоматичний стан, соціальні відносини та інші аспекти життя. Центральною емоцією в переживанні тривоги є страх. Як показує попередній досвід досліджень даного питання – тривога допомагає акумулювати наявні ресурси особистості у простих повсякденних ситуаціях, і навпаки перешкоджає самоорганізації і дезадаптує людину – у складних. Науков новизна: вперше було визначено, те що рівень тривожності мають перші діти, дещо нижчий рівень тривожності у єдиних дітей та найнижчий бал за шкалою тривожності мають другі діти; також, що з віком коефіцієнт кореляції між рівнем тривожності та порядком народження людини буде зменшуватись.
EN : The work is presented on 91 pages, 1 table, 37 figures. The list of references includes 51 sources. The object of our study is anxiety as a mental phenomenon. Mental states of man - an important component of his inner world, which has a significant impact on life and the events that take place in it. Of particular note among them is the state of anxiety. Given the unstable socio-political and economic situation in Ukraine and around the world, psychologists increasingly encounter a state of anxiety in their work, and in people of all ages, which, in the absence of adequate psychocorrectional work can be a prerequisite for neurosis. That is why the purpose of our study is to reveal the essence of the concept of anxiety as a mental state, the peculiarities of its course, forms of manifestation, technologies of psychodiagnostics and age. The important point is that the state of anxiety in different people can be caused by a combination and dominance of different emotions. It has a significant impact on her thinking, behavior, worldview, psychosomatic state, social relations and other aspects of life. The central emotion in experiencing anxiety is fear. As previous experience of research on this issue shows - anxiety helps to accumulate the available resources of the individual in simple everyday situations, and vice versa prevents self-organization and maladaptation of a person - in complex. Scientific novelty: for the first time it was determined that the first children have an anxiety level, only children have a slightly lower anxiety level and the second children have the lowest score on the anxiety scale; also that with age the correlation coefficient between the level of anxiety and the order of birth will decrease.