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Статті в журналах з теми "Mortality South Australia Tables"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 11 лютого 2022

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1

Bradshaw, Corey J. A., Thomas A. A. Prowse, Michael Drew, Bronwyn M. Gillanders, Steven C. Donnellan, and Charlie Huveneers. "Predicting sustainable shark harvests when stock assessments are lacking." ICES Journal of Marine Science 75, no. 5 (March 22, 2018): 1591–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsy031.

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Abstract Effective fisheries management generally requires reliable data describing the target species’ life-history characteristics, the size of its harvested populations, and overall catch estimates, to set sustainable quotas and management regulations. However, stock assessments are often not available for long-lived marine species such as sharks, making predictions of the long-term population impacts of variable catch rates difficult. Fortunately, stage- or age-structured population models can assist if sufficient information exists to estimate survival and fertility rates. Using data collected from the bronze whaler (Carcharhinus brachyurus) fishery in South Australia as a case study, we estimated survival probabilities from life tables of harvested individuals, as well as calculated natural mortalities based on allometric predictions. Fertility data (litter size, proportion mature) from previous studies allowed us to build a fertility vector. Deterministic matrices built using estimates of life-table data or natural mortality (i.e. harvested-augmented and natural mortality) produced instantaneous rates of change of 0.006 and 0.025, respectively. Assuming an incrementing total catch at multiples of current rates, stochastic simulations suggest the relative rate of population decline starts to become precipitous around 25% beyond current harvest rates. This is supported by a sharp increase in weighted mean age of the population around 25% increase on current catches. If the catch is assumed to be proportional (i.e. a constant proportion of the previous year’s population size), the relative r declines approximately linearly with incrementing harvest beyond the current rate. A global sensitivity analysis based on a Latin-hypercube sampling design of seven parameters revealed that variation in the survival estimates derived from the life tables was by far the dominant (boosted-regression tree relative influence score = 91.14%) determinant of model performance (measured as variation in the long-term average rate of population change r). While current harvest rates therefore appear to be sustainable, we recommend that fisheries-management authorities attempt to sample a broader size range of individuals (especially older animals) and pursue stock assessments. Our models provide a framework for assessing the relative susceptibility of long-lived fishes to harvest pressure when detailed stock data are missing.

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2

Li, Bo-Liao, Mei-Mei Li, Tian-Tian Li, Jun-Xiang Wu, and Xiang-Li Xu. "Demography of Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) at outdoor fluctuating temperatures." Bulletin of Entomological Research 111, no. 4 (May 14, 2021): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485321000110.

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AbstractThe oriental armyworm Mythimna separata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a major migratory pest of cereal crops in East Asia, South Asia and Australia. To comprehensively understand the ecological tolerance of M. separata, we collected life table data of individuals from four consecutive generations reared under outdoor natural fluctuating temperatures from 15 April to 17 October 2018 in Yangling, Shaanxi, China. The results showed that the immature stage in early summer and summer were shorter than in spring and autumn. High mortality in late larval instar and pupal stages was observed in the summer generation. The adult pre-oviposition period in autumn was longer than the other seasons. The population in the earlier two seasons had heavier pupae and higher fecundity than the population in the latter two seasons. The intrinsic rate of increase and the finite rate of increase was the highest in early summer (r = 0.1292 day−1, λ = 1.1391 day−1), followed by spring (r = 0.1102 day−1, λ = 1.1165 day−1), and was the lowest in summer (r = 0.0281 day−1, λ = 1.0293 day−1). The results of this study would be useful to predict the population dynamics of M. separata and deepen our standing of the adaptiveness of this migratory pest in natural fluctuating ambient environments.

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3

Saredakis, Dimitrios, Hannah A. D. Keage, Megan Corlis, and Tobias Loetscher. "Virtual reality intervention to improve apathy in residential aged care: protocol for a multisite non-randomised controlled trial." BMJ Open 11, no. 2 (February 2021): e046030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046030.

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IntroductionApathy is a prevalent neuropsychiatric symptom for older adults residing in aged care. Left untreated, apathy has been associated with accelerated cognitive decline and increased risk of mortality. Reminiscence therapy is commonly used in aged care and has demonstrated to reduce apathy. Traditional methods of reminiscence use physical objects and more recently technology including tablets and laptop computers have demonstrated potential. Virtual reality (VR) has successfully been used to treat psychological disorders; however, there is little evidence on using VR for behavioural symptoms such as apathy in older adults. Using VR to deliver reminiscence therapy provides an immersive experience, and readily available applications provide access to a large range of content allowing easier delivery of therapy over traditional forms of therapy. This study aims to identify changes in apathy after a reminiscence therapy intervention using head-mounted displays (HMDs).Methods and analysisParticipants will be allocated to one of three groups; reminiscence therapy using VR; an active control using a laptop computer or physical items and a passive control. A total of 45 participants will be recruited from residential aged care (15 in each group). The three groups will be compared at baseline and follow-up. The primary outcome is apathy, and secondary outcomes include cognition and depression. Side effects from using HMDs will also be examined in the VR group. Primary and secondary outcomes at baseline and follow-up will be analysed using linear mixed modelling.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval was obtained from the University of South Australia Human Research Ethics Committee. The results from this study will be disseminated through manuscript publications and national/international conferences.Trial registration numberACTRN12619001510134.

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4

Partkin, Andrew. "Erratum: Tables - South Australia Political Chronicles, July to December 1997." Australian Journal of Politics and History 45, no. 2 (June 1999): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8497.00066.

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5

Williams, Susan, Kamalesh Venugopal, Monika Nitschke, John Nairn, Robert Fawcett, Chris Beattie, Graeme Wynwood, and Peng Bi. "Regional morbidity and mortality during heatwaves in South Australia." International Journal of Biometeorology 62, no. 10 (August 16, 2018): 1911–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00484-018-1593-4.

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6

Ballard, G., P. J. S. Fleming, P. D. Meek, and S. Doak. "Aerial baiting and wild dog mortality in south-eastern Australia." Wildlife Research 47, no. 2 (2020): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18188.

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Abstract ContextWild dogs, including dingoes and dingo cross-breeds, are vertebrate pests when they cause financial losses and emotional costs by harming livestock or pets, threaten human safety or endanger native fauna. Tools for lethal management of these animals currently include aerial baiting with poisoned baits. In New South Wales (NSW), Australia, aerial baiting was previously permitted at a rate of 40 baits km−1 but a maximum rate of 10 baits km−1 was subsequently prescribed by the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority. The efficacy of these baiting rates has not been quantified in eastern Australia, undermining the value of the policy and rendering adaptive management efforts difficult, at best. AimTo quantify the mortality rate of wild dogs exposed to aerial baiting at historic and currently approved rates, i.e. 40 baits per kilometre and 10 baits per kilometre, respectively. MethodsWild dog mortality rates were measured at sites in mesic north-eastern NSW, where aerial baiting was applied to control wild dogs and contrasted with sites and individuals where no baiting was undertaken. In total, 132 wild dogs were trapped and fitted with GPS-VHF telemetry collars before annual aerial baiting programs. Collars were used to locate animals after aerial baiting and to determine the fates of individuals. Key results90.6% of collared wild dogs exposed to aerial baiting at 40 baits km−1 died, whereas only 55.3% of those exposed to 10 baits km−1 died (Welsh’s t=4.478, P=0.004, v=6.95). All wild dogs that were not exposed to toxic baits survived during the same periods. ConclusionManagers using aerial baiting to maximise wild dog mortality in mesic south-eastern Australia should use 40 baits km−1 rather than 10 baits km−1. ImplicationsWild dog population reduction for mitigation of livestock and faunal predation requires the application of efficacious control. The currently prescribed maximum aerial baiting rate of 10 baits km−1 is inadequate for controlling wild dog populations in mesic forest environments in NSW.

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7

Taylor, Richard, Stephen Morrell, Jane Estoesta, and Ann Brassil. "Mammography Screening and Breast Cancer Mortality in New South Wales, Australia." Cancer Causes & Control 15, no. 6 (August 2004): 543–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:caco.0000036153.95908.f2.

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8

Weon, Byung Mook. "Stretched Exponential Survival Analysis for South Korean Females." Applied Sciences 9, no. 20 (October 10, 2019): 4230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9204230.

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South Korea has recently exhibited a remarkable rapid increase in female lifespan. Here, a mathematical analysis is suggested for a clear interpretation of current trends in female lifespan in South Korea. To mathematically analyze life tables, a modified stretched exponential function is employed and demonstrated to estimate current trends of female lifespan in South Korea based on reliable life tables from 1987 to 2016 taken from the Korean Statistical Information Service. This methodology enables us to perform quantitative and comparative analyses of female lifespan in South Korea with representative industrialized countries such as Japan, France, Australia, Switzerland, UK, Sweden, and USA. This analysis provides quantitative and comparative evidence that South Korea has the highest increase rate of female lifespan over the past three decades. Further application would be feasible for a better estimation of human aging statistics.

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9

Cameron, Alexander S., David M. Roder, Adrian J. Esterman, and Brian W. Moore. "Mortality from influenza and allied infections in South Australia during 1968‐1981." Medical Journal of Australia 142, no. 1 (January 1985): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1985.tb113275.x.

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10

Supramaniam, Rajah, Hari Grindley, and Lisa Jackson Pulver. "Cancer mortality in Aboriginal people in New South Wales, Australia, 1994-2002." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 30, no. 5 (October 2006): 453–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842x.2006.tb00463.x.

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11

Bonett, Anton, Margaret Davy, and David Roder. "Cervical Cancer in South Australia: Trends in Incidence, Mortality and Case Survival." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 29, no. 3 (August 1989): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-828x.1989.tb01717.x.

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12

SHANKS, G. D., M. WALLER, H. BRIEM, and M. GOTTFREDSSON. "Age-specific measles mortality during the late 19th–early 20th centuries." Epidemiology and Infection 143, no. 16 (April 13, 2015): 3434–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268815000631.

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SUMMARYMeasles mortality fell prior to the introduction of vaccines or antibiotics. By examining historical mortality reports we sought to determine how much measles mortality was due to epidemiological factors such as isolation from major population centres or increased age at time of infection. Age-specific records were available from Aberdeen; Scotland; New Zealand and the states of Australia at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. Despite the relative isolation of Australia, measles mortality was concentrated in very young children similar to Aberdeen. In the more isolated states of Tasmania, Western Australia and Queensland adults made up 14–15% of measles deaths as opposed to 8–9% in Victoria, South Australia and New South Wales. Mortality in Iceland and Faroe Islands during the 1846 measles epidemic was used as an example of islands isolated from respiratory pathogens. The transition from crisis mortality across all ages to deaths concentrated in young children occurred prior to the earliest age-specific mortality data collected. Factors in addition to adult age of infection and epidemiological isolation such as nutritional status and viral virulence may have contributed to measles mortality outcomes a century ago.

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13

Young, Christabel M. "Migration and Mortality: The Experience of Birthplace Groups in Australia." International Migration Review 21, no. 3 (September 1987): 531–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838702100305.

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Wide diversity exists in the mortality experience of different birthplace groups in Australia, and this also occurs with respect to their cause of death profiles. Most migrant groups experience lower mortality in Australia than in their country of origin, and most experience lower mortality than the Australian-born population. In the latter case the main expectations are the Scots, Irish, Poles, South Pacific Islanders, Scandinavian men and North American women. Exceptionally high levels of survival occur among Greeks and Italians in Australia. The lower risk of mortality from heart disease is a principal reason for the deficit between observed and expected deaths of most migrant groups in Australia.

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14

Beveridge, I., TH Brown, SM Fitzsimons, GE Ford, GJ Judson, RR Martin, and DW Miller. "Mortality in weaner sheep in South Australia under different regimes of anthelmintic treatment." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 36, no. 6 (1985): 857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9850857.

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Causes of mortality in weaner sheep subjected to differing regimes of anthelmintic treatment were investigated at Kybybolite, S.A., between 1976 and 1981. The greatest mortality occurred in untreated sheep during the winter months, and was directly attributable to nematode infections, principally Trichostrongylus vitrinus. Deaths occurred during the summer months of the later years of the experiment. Nematode infections were considered to be a predisposing cause, with anaemia possibly due to infection with Eperythrozoon ovis as the precipitating factor in mortalities.

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15

Christie, David. "Epidemiology of cancer in South Australia. Incidence, mortality and survival 1977 to 1989." Medical Journal of Australia 155, no. 10 (November 1991): 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb93971.x.

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16

McCaul, Kieran A., Colin G. Luke, and David M. Roder. "Trends in prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates in South Australia, 1977‐1993." Medical Journal of Australia 162, no. 10 (May 1995): 520–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1995.tb138509.x.

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17

De Kauwe, Martin G., Belinda E. Medlyn, Anna M. Ukkola, Mengyuan Mu, Manon E. B. Sabot, Andrew J. Pitman, Patrick Meir, et al. "Identifying areas at risk of drought‐induced tree mortality across South‐Eastern Australia." Global Change Biology 26, no. 10 (August 19, 2020): 5716–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15215.

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18

Campbell, AJD, AL Vizard, and JWA Larsen. "Risk factors for post-weaning mortality of Merino sheep in south-eastern Australia." Australian Veterinary Journal 87, no. 8 (August 2009): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2009.00457.x.

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19

Hanigan, Ivan C., Richard A. Broome, Timothy B. Chaston, Martin Cope, Martine Dennekamp, Jane S. Heyworth, Katharine Heathcote, et al. "Avoidable Mortality Attributable to Anthropogenic Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) in Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010254.

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Ambient fine particulate matter <2.5 µm (PM2.5) air pollution increases premature mortality globally. Some PM2.5 is natural, but anthropogenic PM2.5 is comparatively avoidable. We determined the impact of long-term exposures to the anthropogenic PM component on mortality in Australia. PM2.5-attributable deaths were calculated for all Australian Statistical Area 2 (SA2; n = 2310) regions. All-cause death rates from Australian mortality and population databases were combined with annual anthropogenic PM2.5 exposures for the years 2006–2016. Relative risk estimates were derived from the literature. Population-weighted average PM2.5 concentrations were estimated in each SA2 using a satellite and land use regression model for Australia. PM2.5-attributable mortality was calculated using a health-impact assessment methodology with life tables and all-cause death rates. The changes in life expectancy (LE) from birth, years of life lost (YLL), and economic cost of lost life years were calculated using the 2019 value of a statistical life. Nationally, long-term population-weighted average total and anthropogenic PM2.5 concentrations were 6.5 µg/m3 (min 1.2–max 14.2) and 3.2 µg/m3 (min 0–max 9.5), respectively. Annually, anthropogenic PM2.5-pollution is associated with 2616 (95% confidence intervals 1712, 3455) deaths, corresponding to a 0.2-year (95% CI 0.14, 0.28) reduction in LE for children aged 0–4 years, 38,962 (95%CI 25,391, 51,669) YLL and an average annual economic burden of $6.2 billion (95%CI $4.0 billion, $8.1 billion). We conclude that the anthropogenic PM2.5-related costs of mortality in Australia are higher than community standards should allow, and reductions in emissions are recommended to achieve avoidable mortality.

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20

Broadhurst, Matt K., Marco Kienzle, and John Stewart. "Natural mortality ofTrachurus novaezelandiaeand its size selection by purse seines off south-eastern Australia." Fisheries Management and Ecology 25, no. 5 (July 1, 2018): 332–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/fme.12286.

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21

Roder, David, Annabelle Chan, and Adrian Esterman. "Birthweight‐Specific Trends in Perinatal Mortality by Hospital Category in South Australia, 1985–1990." Medical Journal of Australia 158, no. 10 (May 1993): 664–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1993.tb121911.x.

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22

Campbell, Angus J. D., Annefleur Broekhuizen, Kimbal Curtis, Keith P. Croker, Ralph Behrendt, and Andrew N. Thompson. "A survey of post-weaning mortality of sheep in Australia and its association with farm and management factors." Animal Production Science 54, no. 6 (2014): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an13149.

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A cross-sectional telephone survey of post-weaning sheep management and mortality was conducted involving 1410 farmers from across Australia. The average reported post-weaning mortality was 4.6%. Mortality was greatest in Queensland and Western Australia, and least in New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia. Weaner mortality was also greater in the pastoral zone than in the sheep–cereals or high-rainfall zones. Overall, 44% of farms had mortality identified as ‘high’, exceeding the suggested benchmark of ≤4% per annum. High mortality was reported on 50% and 32% of farms with predominantly Merino and crossbred weaners, respectively. There was no statistically significant association between high mortality and the main month of lambing for a flock. Larger sheep flocks, flocks with a smaller proportion of weaners, and farms of smaller area were associated with a greater likelihood of high weaner mortality. The odds of high mortality in weaner flocks that were routinely separated according to bodyweight or condition score was half that of flocks that were managed as one group. Overall, 84% of farmers regularly provided supplementary feed to weaner sheep, but the kind of supplement offered and the proportions of farms routinely supplementing differed between states and sheep production zones. Only high-protein supplementary feeding was associated with lower odds of high mortality. This survey confirms that poor post-weaning survival remains a widespread issue for the Australian sheep industry but identifies farm and management factors associated with reduced weaner mortality.

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23

Raymer, James, and Bernard Baffour. "Subsequent Migration of Immigrants Within Australia, 1981–2016." Population Research and Policy Review 37, no. 6 (July 31, 2018): 1053–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11113-018-9482-4.

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Abstract Australia is a major immigration country and immigrants currently represent around 28% of the total population. The aim of this research is to understand the long-term consequences of this immigration and, particularly, how migrants respond to opportunities within the country after arriving through the process of subsequent (internal) migration. The focus is on major immigrant groups in Australia, including persons born in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, China and India, and how their patterns differ from persons born in Australia. To conduct this analysis, we have gathered data for a 35-year period based on quinquennial census data. We also obtained birthplace-specific mortality data for constructing multiregional life tables for the immigrant populations. Subsequent migration is important for understanding population redistribution, and the relative attractiveness of destinations within host countries. Our results highlight the importance of subsequent migration and the diversity of migration behaviours amongst different immigrant groups in the context of overall declines in internal migration since 1981.

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24

KYEI, K. A., and P. GAVHI. "Mortality level and trend in South Africa and their Implications." Demography and social economy, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/dse2021.01.053.

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Mortality is a critical measure of population’s health and public health systems. Infant mortality, for example, indicates quality of life, accessibility to primary healthcare and the overall health status of a country. Reduction in infant mortality shows improvement in the health status. No credible information about mortality in South Africa because the two previous censuses’ data from Statistics South Africa (StatsSA) were not reliable, this study makes attempt to bridge the gap in the lack of knowledge. Th is study uses South African General Household Survey (SAGHS) data, to fi nd the level and trend of mortality and their implications. Data for the years, 2012, 2013 and 2015, have been used. Demographic and statistical methods, including an evaluation of data quality using UN joint score, and construction of model life tables. The results indicated that the infant mortality rate (IMR) was 43 per 1000 in 2012, 36 per 1000 in 2013 and 21 per 1000 in 2015. Th is study further indicated that the general health status of South African population improved marginally from 2012 to 2015 because the life expectancy in creas ed by 7 years for the males, and by 8 years for females, between those years. The study results that SAGHS data are reliable, mortality is decreasing with increasing life expectancy. The study recommends that more proactive measures need to be put in place to improve the health status of the population, especially the children because the IMR is still quite high and creates concerns.

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25

Ames, David. "Australia (Melbourne)." Psychiatric Bulletin 16, no. 9 (September 1992): 552–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.16.9.552.

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Australia is a unique, geologically ancient island continent. Its flora and fauna are unlike those found anywhere else and the same may be said of its people, politics and health services. The population of 17.3 millions represents a multicultural mix, with an anglo-celtic core conflated by sustained post-war immigration from southern Europe, Turkey, southeast Asia and south America. One in five current Australians was born elsewhere, one in ten comes from a non-English speaking background, and a quarter of those born here have a parent who was born overseas. Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders form 1.4% of the total population. They have third world mortality figures but die of first world diseases, their life expectancy being 20 years less than that of other Australians. Two hundred and four years after what they see as the British invasion, their standard of living lags far behind all other socio-cultural groups in the country. Most members of the Aboriginal community do not live long enough to develop Alzheimer's disease, but it and other age-related diseases are emerging as the major determinants of health costs as Australia moves towards the 21st century.

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Robertson, Hamish G., and J. H. Hoffmann. "Mortality and life-tables of Cactoblastis cactorum (Berg) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) compared on two host-plant species." Bulletin of Entomological Research 79, no. 1 (March 1989): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300018526.

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AbstractThe performance of Cactoblastis cactorum (Berg) as a biological control agent of the cactus weeds Opuntia ficus-indica and O. aurantiaca was assessed by compiling life-tables for each host-plant, in both a summer and a winter generation, at a site in South Africa. Egg predation, mostly by ants, ranged from 54 to 74% and was significantly higher on O. aurantiaca than on O. ficus-indica. Larval mortality on O. aurantiaca was high during the summer generation (65%), possibly because of dehydration of cladodes. Survival on O. aurantiaca was 55 and 60% of that on O. ficus-indica in the summer and winter generations, respectively. Adult mortality, calculated from the life-tables, was 45 and 84% in the summer and winter generations, respectively. The most important components of mortality were natural enemies in the summer generation and weather-related factors in the winter generation. Host-plant-related mortality was not as great as was formerly supposed.

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27

Groot, Peter De, and Richard A. Fleming. "Analysis and modelling of cohort life tables of jack pine seed cones." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 8 (August 1, 1994): 1579–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-206.

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Life tables for jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) seed cones were constructed for cohorts at three sites in northern Ontario from 1985–1987 to determine the causes and temporal sequence of mortality. Seed cone abortion and feeding by the red squirrel, Tamiasciurushudsonicus (Erxleben), accounted for 65–75% of mortality. Insects killed about 4% of the total cone crop. Losses from the jack pine budworm, Choristoneurapinuspinus Freeman, the webbing coneworm, Dioryctriadisclusa Heinrich, and the red pine cone borer, Eucosmamonitorana Heinrich, combined, accounted for about 1%, while the cone resin midge, Asynaptahopkinsi Felt, and the red pine cone beetle, Conophthorusresinosae Hopkins, each killed about 1%. Three models, linear-exponential, Gompertz, and Weibull, were examined to describe seed cone survivorship curves, of which the Weibull generally gave concise descriptions and fitted very well. Significantly different patterns of cone survival occurred at different sites during the same period, and at the same site over different periods. The age-specific mortality rate increased with age most slowly in the bottom third of the tree's crown. There were significant differences in the age-specific mortality rate among the north, south, east, and west aspects in the same cohort, but there was no consistent pattern among cohorts, or between trees within a cohort.

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28

Muscatello, David J., Michelle A. Cretikos, and C. Raina MacIntyre. "All-Cause Mortality during First Wave of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, New South Wales, Australia, 2009." Emerging Infectious Diseases 16, no. 9 (September 2010): 1396–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1609.091723.

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29

Burnley, Ian H., and Duncan Rintoul. "Inequalities in the transition of cerebrovascular disease mortality in New South Wales, Australia 1969–1996." Social Science & Medicine 54, no. 4 (February 2002): 545–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(01)00050-8.

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30

Kelly, GA, LP Kahn, and SW Walkden-Brown. "Risk factors for Merino ewe mortality on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia." Australian Veterinary Journal 92, no. 3 (February 25, 2014): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/avj.12145.

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31

McCredie, M., S. Williams, and M. Coates. "Cancer mortality in East and Southeast Asian migrants to New South Wales, Australia, 1975–1995." British Journal of Cancer 79, no. 7-8 (February 12, 1999): 1277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6690205.

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32

Florio, Tony, and Julian Trollor. "Mortality among a Cohort of Persons with an Intellectual Disability in New South Wales, Australia." Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities 28, no. 5 (May 21, 2015): 383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jar.12190.

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33

Oorebeek, Margot, and Sonia Kleindorfer. "Understorey predicts the spatial distribution of Ixodes hirsti in South Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 56, no. 2 (2008): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo08050.

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Ticks reduce the fitness of their host by increasing mortality rate and reducing reproductive success. Understanding the distribution of ticks is therefore crucial in assessing the vulnerability of host populations. The distribution of ticks is dependent on the dispersal capabilities of their hosts as well as the suitability of the new habitat. In this study, we examine the spatial distribution of Ixodes hirsti in South Australia and investigate the influence of vegetation characteristics on the presence of ticks. Additionally, we conducted a preliminary investigation into the effects of vegetation characteristics on the microclimate experienced by questing ticks. Ticks were present in six of the nine study sites. We found that the number of shrubs and the percentage of ground covered by shrubs were significant predictors of the presence of ticks: ticks were present only at sites with a dense cover of shrubs. Additionally, our preliminary data showed that dense understorey was associated with a low saturation deficit and, as such, provided a suitable microclimate for tick survival.

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34

Bailey, P., and J. Comery. "Management of Heliothis punctigera on field peas in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 3 (1987): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9870439.

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Cypermethrin was found to be an effective substitute for DDT in controlling Heliothis punctigera in field peas. A single spray of cypermethrin prevented significant damage by larvae to field peas in trials in South Australia and Victoria over 3 seasons. Endosulfan was not as effective as cypermethrin. Bioassays of leaf discs dipped in cypermethrin showed that residues of 0.1 mg a.i. kg-1 caused 50% feeding inhibition, 0.43 mg a.i. kg-1 caused 90% feeding inhibition and concentrations above this caused increasing acute mortality to fourth instar larvae. Residues from field pea crops sprayed at 40 g a.i. fell to 0.43 mg a.i. kg-1 2-3 weeks after application. Two to 3 weeks protection is probably the maximum time for residual activity to be useful because the crop outgrows the sprayed foliage. To ensure that larvae are exposed to the maximum area of treated surface, the spray should be timed to coincide with the appearance of larvae in the crop, rather than spraying at a particular growth stage of the crop.

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35

Clarke, C. J., R. J. George, R. W. Bell, and T. J. Hatton. "Dryland salinity in south-western Australia: its origins, remedies, and future research directions." Soil Research 40, no. 1 (2002): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr01028.

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Replacement of deep-rooted, perennial native vegetation with shallow-rooted, annual agricultural plants has resulted in increased recharge causing shallow saline water tables leading to dryland salinity and loss of agricultural production. Restoring the vegetation by regeneration or replanting lowers water levels locally but field evidence and computer modelling suggests this needs to be widespread for regional effects, which conflicts with the future of conventional agriculture. Alley farming allows agriculture to be continued in the bays between the rows, but needs as much perennial, preferably deep-rooted, vegetation as possible in the bays to achieve the required recharge reductions. Where the asset to be preserved is valuable and a means of safe saline effluent disposal exists, pumps and drains will be part of any salinity management system, but where these conditions are not met they will be of limited use on an economic basis. To limit the spread of dryland salinity substantial change in farming systems is required and farmers need assurance that the recommended strategies will have the desired effect. Computer modelling is the only timely way to do this. An operationally simple 1-dimensional model already exists, and a 2-dimensional one is under development and testing. Three-dimensional modelling is also probably required to support strategic, intensive interventions. computer modelling, revegetation, engineering, perennial.

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36

Kahn, Kathleen, Michel L. Garenne, Mark A. Collinson, and Stephen M. Tollman. "Mortality trends in a new South Africa: Hard to make a fresh start1." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 35, no. 69_suppl (August 2007): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14034950701355668.

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Aims: This paper examines trends in age-specific mortality in a rural South African population from 1992 to 2003, a decade spanning major sociopolitical change and emergence of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Changing mortality patterns are discussed within a health-transition framework. Methods: Data on population size, structure, and deaths, obtained from the Agincourt health and demographic surveillance system, were used to calculate person-years at risk and death rates. Life tables were computed by age, sex and calendar year. Mortality rates for the early period 1992—93 and a decade later, 2002— 03, were compared. Results: Findings demonstrate significant increases in mortality for both sexes since the mid-1990s, with a rapid decline in life expectancy of 12 years in females and 14 years in males. The increases are most prominent in children (0—4) and young adult (20—49) age groups, in which increases of two- and fivefold respectively have been observed in the past decade. Sex differences in mortality patterns are evident with increases more marked in females in most adult age groups. Conclusions: Empirical data demonstrate a marked ``counter transition'' with mortality increasing in children and young adults, ``epidemiologic polarization'' with vulnerable subgroups experiencing a higher mortality burden, and a ``protracted transition'' with simultaneous emergence of HIV/AIDS together with increasing non-communicable disease in older adults. The health transition in rural South Africa is unlikely to predict patterns elsewhere; hence the need to examine trends in as many contexts as have the data to support such analyses.

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37

King, DR, and SH Wheeler. "The European Rabbit in South-Western Australia. I. Study Sites and Population Dynamics." Wildlife Research 12, no. 2 (1985): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9850183.

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Descriptions are given of 2 study sites in the south-west of Western Australia, on which rabbit numbers were monitored. Breeding seasons began in March or April, with the onset of winter rain, and rabbit numbers peaked in October-December, followed by a fall over the non-breeding period in summer. Winter epizootics of myxomatosis, which were spread by Spilopsyllus cuniculi, caused severe declines in rabbit numbers at both sites. Summer epizootics at one site before the introduction of the flea as a biological control agent, and rabbit mortality during these, was lower than in the winter epizootics.

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38

Read, J., P. Copley, and P. Bird. "The distribution, ecology and current status of Pseudomys desertor in South Australia." Wildlife Research 26, no. 4 (1999): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr97051.

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Recent surveys have shown that the desert mouse (Pseudomys desertor), which was once considered to be rare in South Australia, is relatively widespread throughout the north-west of the State. However, historical localities in the Flinders Ranges and Nullarbor Plain were not matched with contemporary records, suggesting a range contraction to the central desert regions. Habitat preferences were determined from 78 captures at 41 sites, which revealed that samphire, sedge and nitrebush habitats, along with spinifex grassland, were favoured. A high tolerance to high rabbit numbers, mining activity, moderate cattle grazing pressures and cohabitation with Mus domesticus was evident. Pseudomys desertor is sometimes diurnal, possibly as a result of the time-consuming and regular foraging requirements of its folivorous diet. High mortality rates, resulting from prolonged exposure to predators, and lack of complex deep burrow systems are offset by its high fecundity and ecological plasticity. We consider that P. desertor is secure in the north-western arid zone of South Australia.

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39

Shaughnessy, PD, and SR Davenport. "Underwater videographic observations and incidental mortality of fur seals around fishing equipment in south-eastern Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 47, no. 3 (1996): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9960553.

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40

Burnley, I. H. "Inequalities in the transition of ischaemic heart disease mortality in New South Wales, Australia, 1969–1994." Social Science & Medicine 47, no. 9 (November 1998): 1209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(98)00064-1.

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41

Lawson, S. A. "Overwintering mortality ofIps grandicollisEichh. (Col., Scolytidae) and its parasitoid,Roptrocerus xylophagorumRatz. (Hym., Pteromalidae), in South Australia." Journal of Applied Entomology 115, no. 1-5 (January 12, 1993): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1993.tb00385.x.

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42

Chong, Hsu Phie, Linda Quinn, Rebecca Cooksey, Darren Molony, Amy Jeeves, Michelle Lodge, and Bernard Carney. "Mortality in paediatric burns at the Women’s and Children’s Hospital (WCH), Adelaide, South Australia: 1960–2017." Burns 46, no. 1 (February 2020): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2019.06.004.

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43

Coleman, R. A., and A. A. Hoffmann. "Digenean trematode cysts within the heads of threatened Galaxiella species (Teleostei : Galaxiidae) from south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 4 (2016): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo16004.

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The dwarf galaxias (Galaxiella pusilla) and little galaxias (Galaxiella toourtkoourt) are both threatened freshwater fish from south-eastern Australia. Occasionally populations have been found with enlarged heads associated with the accumulation of ‘white balls’, but the cause of these deformities has not previously been investigated. In this study, histopathology and molecular techniques were employed to identify cysts extracted from the heads of Galaxiella species across six populations. Histopathology and DNA sequences from both mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) and nuclear (ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1) regions identified the cysts as metacercariae of Apatemon gracilis (Rudolphi, 1819), a cosmopolitan digenean trematode species. Heavy infestations of trematode metacercariae within Galaxiella populations are of concern due to the potential to cause increased mortality associated with altered behaviour of the fish host that increases the likelihood of predation. Direct mortality from infestations is also possible, but not quantified in this study.

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44

Gaughan, D. J., R. W. Mitchell, and S. J. Blight. "Impact of mortality, possibly due to herpesvirus, on pilchard Sardinops sagax stocks along the south coast of Western Australia in 1998-99." Marine and Freshwater Research 51, no. 6 (2000): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf99176.

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During progression of a mass mortality of Australian pilchards in late 1998 and early 1999, quantities of dead pilchards on the sea-surface, sea-floor and along beaches were estimated in three regions along southern Western Australia (WA) by use of transects. Total mortality was estimated at 17 590, 11193 and 144.4 t for Esperance, Bremer Bay and Albany respectively. Mortality rates at Esperance and Bremer Bay were similar at 74.5% and 64.7% respectively, with a mean of 69.6%. In contrast, estimated mortality at Albany was only 2.4%. Although the difference in total mortality between regions is probably related to differences in stock size, as determined by simulation models, the much lower estimate for Albany is probably an artefact of an over-estimated pilchard biomass and not due to large differences in actual mortality rates. Variability in estimates of both pilchard biomass and quantities killed resulted in a wide range of estimated mortality rates, with lower estimates for Esperance and Bremer Bay of 28.0% and 22.9% respectively. This represents a significant decline in the breeding stock of WA pilchards. If the impact was closer to the mean (69.6%), then pilchard stocks in WA are severely depressed.

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45

Edmiston, Natalie, Erin Passmore, David J. Smith, and Kathy Petoumenos. "Multimorbidity among people with HIV in regional New South Wales, Australia." Sexual Health 12, no. 5 (2015): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh14070.

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Background Multimorbidity is the co-occurrence of more than one chronic health condition in addition to HIV. Higher multimorbidity increases mortality, complexity of care and healthcare costs while decreasing quality of life. The prevalence of and factors associated with multimorbidity among HIV positive patients attending a regional sexual health service are described. Methods: A record review of all HIV positive patients attending the service between 1 July 2011 and 30 June 2012 was conducted. Two medical officers reviewed records for chronic health conditions and to rate multimorbidity using the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale (CIRS). Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were used to determine factors associated with a higher CIRS score. Results: One hundred and eighty-nine individuals were included in the study; the mean age was 51.8 years and 92.6% were men. One-quarter (25.4%) had ever been diagnosed with AIDS. Multimorbidity was extremely common, with 54.5% of individuals having two or more chronic health conditions in addition to HIV; the most common being a mental health diagnosis, followed by vascular disease. In multivariate analysis, older age, having ever been diagnosed with AIDS and being on an antiretroviral regimen other than two nucleosides and a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor or protease inhibitor were associated with a higher CIRS score. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study looking at associations with multimorbidity in the Australian setting. Care models for HIV positive patients should include assessing and managing multimorbidity, particularly in older people and those that have ever been diagnosed with AIDS.

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46

Bolger, T. P., A. R. Rivelli, and D. L. Garden. "Drought resistance of native and introduced perennial grasses of south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, no. 11 (2005): 1261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar05075.

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Perennial grasses are the key to the economic and environmental sustainability of pastures for livestock grazing in south-eastern Australia. Mortality of perennial grasses can occur during drought periods and there is anecdotal evidence of differences in drought resistance among species, but information on the basic ecophysiological responses of these species to drought is lacking. An experiment was conducted to determine the responses of 7 native and 3 introduced perennial grass species to continuous drought. Leaf survival during severe drought varied among the species nearly 4-fold, from 11 to 40 days, and was considered a measure of their overall drought resistance. All of the species had good dehydration tolerance, so the differences in drought resistance were related more to their dehydration avoidance traits, specifically to the amount of water available to the plant at the point where plant transpiration became minimal. The native species had both the longest and shortest leaf survival periods, with the introduced species ranking intermediate. Species exhibited various morphological traits that contributed to dehydration avoidance during severe drought, including leaf folding or rolling, rapid leaf shedding, and large amounts of cuticular wax. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for perennial grass persistence in south-eastern and in south-western Australia.

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47

Seuront, Laurent, Mark Doubell, and Paul Van Ruth. "Virally-Mediated Versus Grazer-Induced Mortality Rates in a Warm-Temperate Inverse Estuary (Spencer Gulf, South Australia)." Open Journal of Marine Science 04, no. 04 (2014): 257–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojms.2014.44024.

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48

Berry, G. "Silicosis and lung cancer: a mortality study of compensated men with silicosis in New South Wales, Australia." Occupational Medicine 54, no. 6 (August 1, 2004): 387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqh029.

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49

Rodger, Jennifer C., Rajah Supramaniam, Alison J. Gibberd, David P. Smith, Bruce K. Armstrong, Anthony Dillon, and Dianne L. O'Connell. "Prostate cancer mortality outcomes and patterns of primary treatment for Aboriginal men in New South Wales, Australia." BJU International 115 (April 2015): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bju.12899.

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50

Taylor, Richard, Stephen Morrell, Hassan Mamoon, Gerard Wain, and Jayne Ross. "Decline in Cervical Cancer Incidence and Mortality in New South Wales in Relation to Control Activities (Australia)." Cancer Causes & Control 17, no. 3 (April 2006): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10552-005-0515-z.

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