Дисертації з теми "Monopoly theory"

This thesis aims to extend our understanding of the contemporary stage of monopoly capitalism by considering the issue of profits, income distribution and trade unionism. By focusing on the effect of trade unions on key economic indicators we hope to demonstrate the key importance of both trade unions and market structure in shaping the industrial economic landscape. Using national accounts and census of production data we find that there is a secular tendency for the degree of monopoly to rise although we find little evidence to suggests a similar decline in the profit rate. It also emerges that unions cannot easily influence factor shares. We go on to make the case for a fundamental reappraisal of the role of labour within the firm. We then provide an assessment of the effect of unions within oligopoly. Using firm level data we illustrate that there is a significant degree of apparent collusion within oligopoly and that this is influenced by product market structure and trade unionism. We consider the effects of both structure and unionism in shaping industry profits. We find that for the mid-1980's unions depress mark-ups whilst increasing concentration impacts positively on the margin. We further show that the effect of concentration in successively related industry adds to the seller margin and does not reflect countervailing power. We also find evidence that union coverage in downstream industries adversely affects the seller margin in 1984-85. Finally, we consider the role of trade union power in shaping factor distribution in the manufacturing sector. We find that unions cannot easily influence the distribution of income but that seller concentration significantly depresses wage share. These results are of considerable interest and attest to the importance of considering both product and labour market interaction in shaping key economic variables.

The debate of economic inequality is long-lived and have in the recent years come to be reignited. Although there is little research that supports fully eradicating wealth inequality, the subject of appropriate levels of inequality is an extensively discussed matter. This paper uses a model based upon the board game Monopoly to discuss the drivers of wealth inequality, and study the effect of introducing georgistic, income and wealth taxation respectively in the game. Using iterated simulations the results yielded display evidence of wealth and georgistic taxation having a noteworthy impact on wealth inequality at certain stages of the game. Additionally, correctly specified income taxation yields notable results. Despite the model’s simplicity, the results found share interesting similarities with empirical evidence.

This research study in applied mathematical statistics, and industrial engineering and management aims to determine the wine properties that drive the wine sales in Sweden, while also examining how the monopoly in Sweden affects the alcohol sales and demand. Data were collected from Systembolaget, which is the only alcohol retail store chain in Sweden. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed on 4 931 observations from Systembolaget’s sales statistics of 2019. The covariates were the type of wine, taste, price, size, country of origin, ecologically classified and ethically certified. The final model contained 18 variables where the taste parameters dominated the model. The results conclude that wines from Australia, Italy and Portugal have an advantage when it comes to the wine sales in Sweden, while wines from Sweden have a negative correleation with the volume sold. Other results suggest that wine producers should make ethically produced wines. From an economic perspective, the alcohol monopoly in Sweden is not a regular monopoly. Moreover, the monopoly is considered to has had a negative impact on the alcohol sales by lowering the demand through a strict alcohol law, among other things. The positive aspects of Sweden’s alcohol monopoly is the overall better health of the Swedish society and the in-store consultation that is offered. This study has contributed to previous research and also given the wine producers a better overview of the factors that drive the wine sales in Sweden.
Denna forskningsstudie i tillämpad matematisk statistik och industriell ekonomi syftar till att bestämma de vinegenskaper som driver vinförsäljningen i Sverige, samtidigt som man undersöker hur monopolet i Sverige påverkar alkoholförsäljningen och efterfrågan. Data samlades in från Systembolaget, som är den enda butikskedjan för alkohol i Sverige. En multipel linjär regressionsanalys utfördes på 4 931 observationer från Systembolagets försäljningsstatistik från 2019. Kovariaterna var typen av vin, smak, pris, storlek, ursprungsland, ekologiskt klassificerat och etiskt certifierat. Den slutliga modellen innehöll 18 variabler där smakparametrarna dominerade modellen. Resultaten visar på att viner från Australien, Italien och Portugal har en fördel när det gäller vinförsäljningen i Sverige, medan vin från Sverige har en negativ korrelation med den sålda volymen. Andra resultat tyder på att vinproducenter bör göra etiskt producerade viner. Ur ett nationalekonomiskt perspektiv är alkoholmonopolet i Sverige inte ett vanligt monopol. Dessutom anses monopolet ha haft en negativ inverkan på alkoholförsäljningen genom att bland annat sänka efterfrågan med hjälp av en strikt alkohollag. De positiva aspekterna av Sveriges alkoholmonopol är den övergripande bättre hälsan hos det svenska samhället och konsultationen som erbjuds i butikerna. Denna studie har bidragit till tidigare forskning och även givit vinproducenterna en bättre överblick över de faktorer som driver vinförsäljning i Sverige.

This dissertation is a collection of three economics essays on different aspects of carbon emission trading markets. The first essay analyzes the dynamic optimal emission control strategies of two nations. With a potential to become the largest buyer under the Kyoto Protocol, the US is assumed to be a monopsony, whereas with a large number of tradable permits on hand Russia is assumed to be a monopoly. Optimal costs of emission control programs are estimated for both the countries under four different market scenarios: non-cooperative no trade, US monopsony, Russia monopoly, and cooperative trading. The US monopsony scenario is found to be the most Pareto cost efficient. The Pareto efficient outcome, however, would require the US to make side payments to Russia, which will even out the differences in the cost savings from cooperative behavior. The second essay analyzes the price dynamics of the Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX), a voluntary emissions trading market. By examining the volatility in market returns using AR-GARCH and Markov switching models, the study associates the market price fluctuations with two different political regimes of the US government. Further, the study also identifies a high volatility in the returns few months before the market collapse. Three possible regulatory and market-based forces are identified as probable causes of market volatility and its ultimate collapse. Organizers of other voluntary markets in the US and worldwide may closely watch for these regime switching forces in order to overcome emission market crashes. The third essay compares excess skewness and kurtosis in carbon prices between CCX and EU ETS (European Union Emission Trading Scheme) Phase I and II markets, by examining the tail behavior when market expectations exceed the threshold level. Dynamic extreme value theory is used to find out the mean price exceedence of the threshold levels and estimate the risk loss. The calculated risk measures suggest that CCX and EU ETS Phase I are extremely immature markets for a risk investor, whereas EU ETS Phase II is a more stable market that could develop as a mature carbon market in future years.

MESTRADO EM GESTÃO E ESTRATÉGIA INDUSTRIAL.
A União Europeia, através da Directiva Comunitária 98/30/CE, de 21 de Julho de 1998, estabeleceu regras para a liberalização dos mercados do gás natural dos vários Estados - Membros, tendo como ponto fundamental a abertura do sector a terceiros. Neste âmbito, Portugal deverá começar a tomar um conjunto de medidas tendo em vista a liberalização deste sector por forma a permitir o acesso a toda a cadeia de valor do mercado: compra, transporte e venda. Para Portugal, uma vez que foi considerado um mercado emergente, a Comissão Europeia estabeleceu o ano de 2008 como prazo para a liberalização do mercado, sendo necessário que até lá se criem condições que permitam o seu pleno funcionamento. Neste contexto, a criação de uma entidade reguladora, que garanta o perfeito funcionamento do mercado e o cumprimento das regras de concorrência, de livre acesso às infraestruturas existentes, e de transparência, que deverão entretanto ser estabelecidas, deverá ser um dos primeiros passos a dar nesse sentido. A abertura do mercado e a criação de uma entidade reguladora adequada deverão ser suportados pelo profundo conhecimento do sector do gás natural em Portugal, das suas características e mecanismos de articulação, por forma a permitir o estabelecimento de regras eficientes de funcionamento do mercado e a actuação adequada e pertinente da entidade reguladora. O objectivo do presente trabalho é assim, com base no estudo da Teoria Económica da Regulação, na análise da legislação nacional e comunitária existente, das experiências verificadas noutros países europeus e das características do mercado português, identificar os parâmetros que garantam a competitividade do sector e estabelecer o enquadramento de competências e uma estrutura organizativa e funcional para a Entidade Reguladora que deverá ser criada para acompanhar o processo de liberalização do sector do gás natural em Portugal e regular o mercado.
The European Union, through Directive 98/30/EC, dated 21 st July 1998, established rules for the liberalisation of the gas markets within its Member States. A fundamental aspect of this directive is the concept of third party access to the system. Portugal has to adopt several measures in order to prepare itself for the liberalisation of its own market in order to allow third party access to its entire gas market value chain. However, Portugal has been considered an emergent market and has therefore been allowed to postpone market opening until 2008. Till then, it will be necessary to create conditions ín order to assure market efficiency, being one of the first measures to be taken the implementation of a regulatory body that will guarantee the introduction of competition in the market, the establishment of transparency rules and free access to the system. Market opening and the implementation of a regulatory body, adequate to the Portuguese gas market characteristics, must be supported by a profound knowledge of the national natural gas sector in order to allow the introduction of efficient rules and to promote the regulatory body^ proficiency. Thus, one of the objectives of the present study is the identification of factors that will guarantee market competition and efficiency, based on the economic regulation theory study, on the analysis of the Portuguese and European Union legislation, of the experience of other European countries regarding market liberalisation and also on the study of the Portuguese market characteristics. Another objective of the present study is the identification and definition of objectives, tasks and a possible structure for the regulatory body that should be created to supervise the liberalisation of the Portuguese natural gas market and to regulate it.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

A presente tese trata de discussões que ocorreram no âmbito do Instituto de Pesquisa Social em seu exílio nos Estados Unidos na primeira metade da década de 1940. O trabalho segue a constituição da crítica do capitalismo monopolista de Horkheimer e Adorno a partir de um debate sobre o nacional-socialismo organizado pelo Instituto na Universidade de Columbia em 1941, do qual tomaram parte Friedrich Pollock, Franz Neumann, Otto Kirchheimer, Arcadius R. L. Gurland e Herbert Marcuse. Nesse percurso, a abordagem da sociedade monopolista do capitalismo tardio por Horkheimer e Adorno se alia a uma crítica do processo civilizatório. A confluência da crítica do presente histórico com a crítica da civilização vai encontrar seu ápice na Dialética do Esclarecimento, livro em coautoria concluído em 1944. Encarando o livro como uma resposta ao debate de Columbia, a tese reconstrói este último e, na sequência, procura estabelecer mediações entre ele e a produção de Horkheimer e Adorno até a Dialética do Esclarecimento, analisando as transformações que se operaram e as novas determinações que ganharam lugar na trajetória intelectual dos dois autores nesse período.
This dissertation deals with discussions that took place at the Institute of Social Research during its exile in the United States in the first half of the 1940\'s. By approaching a debate on National Socialism organized by the Institute at Columbia University in 1941 attended by Friedrich Pollock, Franz Neumann, Otto Kirchheimer, Arcadius R. L. Gurland and Herbert Marcuse , it tracks the formation of Horkheimer and Adornos critique of monopoly capitalism. As the dissertation shows, the approach of monopolistic society adopted by Horkheimer and Adorno fuses with a critique of the process of civilization. The conflation of the critique of historical present with the critique of civilization culminates in the Dialectic of Enlightenment, a jointly authored book that was concluded in 1944. By viewing this work as an answer to the Columbia debate, the dissertation reconstructs the debate and, furthermore, seeks to establish mediations between it and Horkheimer and Adornos theoretical output up to and including the Dialectic of Enlightenment. The dissertation analyzes the transformations that occurred as well as new determinations that emerged in the intellectual trajectory of the two authors during this period.

Orientador: Nathan Jacob Berkovits
Banca: Horatiu Stefan Nastase
Banca: Diego Trancanelli
Resumo: Nesta dissertação apresentamos uma descrição da dualidade elétrica-magnética e seus aspectos clássicos e quânticos. Nosso análise se inicia com os monopolos magéticos sugeridos por Dirac em 1931[1] e vai até o trabalho do Seiberg e Witten em 1994 [27]. Na descrição clássica, precisamos introduzir os monopolos magnéticos a fim de obter a dualidade elétrica-magnética manifesta. Mais tarde, a origem dos monopolos se mais torna mais clara quando começamos com uma teoria de Yang-Mills. Os aspectos clássicos da teoria foram explicados pela conjetura de Montonen e Olive 1977 [7]. Explorando os aspectos quânticos da teoria, notamos a importância de introduzir supersimetria, principalmente supersimetria estendida, onde tiramos vantagem da propiedade de holomorficidade, a qual nos leva aos teoremas não renormalizáveis, onde o cálculo é mais simples. Focamos na teoria de gauge supersimétrica N = 2 SU(2). A teoria é completamente resolvível para baixas energias. A maior parte do conteúdo deste trabalho é baseada nas várias revisões da dualidade de Seiberg-Witten [30],[31],[32]
Abstract: In this dissertation we present a description of the electric-magnetic duality and their classical and quantum aspects. Our analysis starts from the suggested magnetic monopoles by Dirac in 1931 [1] and goes until the work of Seiberg and Witten in 1994 [27]. In the classical description, we need to introduce the magnetic monopoles in order to make manifest the electricmagnetic duality. Later, the origin of monopoles becomes clear when we start from a Yang-Mills theory. The classical aspects of the E-M duality are covered in the Montonen-Olive conjecture 1977[7]. Working on the quantum aspects of the theory, we note the importance of introducing supersymmetry. Specially for extended supersymmetry, where we take advantage of the holomorphicity property, which leads us to the non-renormalizable theorems, where the computation is easier. We focus on theN = 2SU(2) supersymmetric gauge theories. It turns out that the theory is fully solvable at the low energies regime[27]. Most of this work is based on reviews about the Seiberg and Witten duality [30],[31],[32]
Mestre

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Nesta dissertação apresentamos uma descrição da dualidade elétrica-magnética e seus aspectos clássicos e quânticos. Nosso análise se inicia com os monopolos magéticos sugeridos por Dirac em 1931[1] e vai até o trabalho do Seiberg e Witten em 1994 [27]. Na descrição clássica, precisamos introduzir os monopolos magnéticos a fim de obter a dualidade elétrica-magnética manifesta. Mais tarde, a origem dos monopolos se mais torna mais clara quando começamos com uma teoria de Yang-Mills. Os aspectos clássicos da teoria foram explicados pela conjetura de Montonen e Olive 1977 [7]. Explorando os aspectos quânticos da teoria, notamos a importância de introduzir supersimetria, principalmente supersimetria estendida, onde tiramos vantagem da propiedade de holomorficidade, a qual nos leva aos teoremas não renormalizáveis, onde o cálculo é mais simples. Focamos na teoria de gauge supersimétrica N = 2 SU(2). A teoria é completamente resolvível para baixas energias. A maior parte do conteúdo deste trabalho é baseada nas várias revisões da dualidade de Seiberg-Witten [30],[31],[32]
In this dissertation we present a description of the electric-magnetic duality and their classical and quantum aspects. Our analysis starts from the suggested magnetic monopoles by Dirac in 1931 [1] and goes until the work of Seiberg and Witten in 1994 [27]. In the classical description, we need to introduce the magnetic monopoles in order to make manifest the electricmagnetic duality. Later, the origin of monopoles becomes clear when we start from a Yang-Mills theory. The classical aspects of the E-M duality are covered in the Montonen-Olive conjecture 1977[7]. Working on the quantum aspects of the theory, we note the importance of introducing supersymmetry. Specially for extended supersymmetry, where we take advantage of the holomorphicity property, which leads us to the non-renormalizable theorems, where the computation is easier. We focus on theN = 2SU(2) supersymmetric gauge theories. It turns out that the theory is fully solvable at the low energies regime[27]. Most of this work is based on reviews about the Seiberg and Witten duality [30],[31],[32]

[ES] Esta tesis se ha desarrollado dentro del marco de la línea de investigación de Economía y Regulación de las Telecomunicaciones. En el programa de Doctorado de Telecomunicaciones por la Universitat Politècnica de València. Como parte del proceso de investigación se participó en los siguientes proyectos de investigación: Plataforma de servicios para ciudades inteligentes con redes M2M densas (TIN2013-47272-C2-1-R), Entrepreneurship in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks (COHWAN, TIN2010-21378 C02-02) y ATLAS-Dynamic network slicing in 5G Radio Access. Así como, se realizó una estancia doctoral en el IMT Atlantique en Rennes- Francia. Como resultado de estas actividades se publicaron varios artículos científicos que permiten sustentar los modelos de negocio para Operadores Móviles Virtuales (Mobile Virtual Network Operators-MVNOs) presentados en este documento. En este estudio, se plantean modelos de negocio que se sustentan en el desarrollo de las características técnicas de Redes de Cuarta Generación (Fourth-Generation Networks-4G) y Redes de Quinta Generación (Fifth-Generation Networks-5G), que facilitan la compartición de infraestructura de los Operadores Móviles de Red (Mobile Network Operators-MNOs). Al respecto, en este documento analiza el estado del arte que permite sustentar la viabilidad técnica de los modelos basados en la compartición de infraestructura, que ha permitido disminuir las barreras de entrada al mercado y el desarrollo de nuevos modelos de negocio para los MVNOs. Sin embargo, los nuevos modelos que permite la compartición de infraestructura deben ser analizados desde el aspecto económico para determinar la viabilidad de los mismos. Específicamente, en el primer modelo se analiza la viabilidad económica de un MVNO que brinda el servicio a su base de usuarios y divide su tráfico de red a dos MNOs, los que alquilan su capacidad de red al MVNO. En el análisis del modelo se consideran tanto las características del sistema como las económicas. En cuanto a las características del sistema, un MVNO proporciona servicio a los usuarios finales utilizando el soporte de infraestructura de dos MNOs. El servicio proporcionado por el MVNO, se modelada mediante una cola M/M/1, donde cada usuario genera paquetes de forma independiente siguiendo un proceso de Poisson. Los tiempos de servicios de los paquetes, se distribuyen exponencialmente. En el sistema propuesto la métrica de calidad más relevante, es el tiempo medio de servicio. El acuerdo entre el MVNO y los MNOs, es tal que, el MVNO dividirá el tráfico de la red entre los dos MNOs y pagará a cada MNO por el tráfico servido a través de su infraestructura. En cuanto a las características económicas, los incentivos se modelan a través de las utilidades de los usuarios y los beneficios de los operadores. En el segundo modelo, se analiza la viabilidad económica de dos escenarios para un modelo de negocio en el que, un MNO alquila su infraestructura de red al MVNO y cada operador sirve a su propia base de usuarios. El primer escenario denominado monopólico, el MNO presta servicio a las dos bases de usuarios (MNO y MVNO). En el segundo escenario denominado estratégico, el MNO presta servicio a su base de usuarios, así como, alquila su infraestructura al MVNO para que preste servicio a su base de usuarios. Para los dos escenarios, la red se ha modelado por una cola con prioridad, utilizando una disciplina de servicio Compartición Discrimitatoria del Servidor (Discriminatory Processor Sharing-DPS). En el análisis de compartición de infraestructura, se considera un pago al MNO por cada usuario que accede al servicio de MVNO. Finalmente, para determinar la viabilidad económica de los diferentes escenarios propuestos para los modelos de negocio, se utilizan conceptos de microeconomía, teoría de juegos y teoría de colas, la cuales han permitido conocer las decisiones en equilibrio que toman los operadores, así como las decisiones en equilibrio de los usuarios; de esta manera se ha obtenido el efecto de estas decisiones sobre los beneficios de todos los agentes del modelo y se han identificado las condiciones bajo las cuales estos nuevos modelos de negocio son viables en entornos de redes 4G y 5G. Como resultado del análisis de los modelos de negocio para los diferentes escenarios propuestos, se observa que la asociación entre MNOs y MVNOs a través de la compartición de infraestructura es viable económicamente para los modelos propuestos. En relación a los usuarios, su comportamiento es sustancial para determinar la viabilidad económica de los diferentes modelos de negocio propuestos, por lo tanto, resulta imprescindible explorar diferentes funciones de utilidad que expresen el comportamiento de los usuarios en estudios futuros. En cuanto a los operadores, en el primer modelo de negocio se demuestra que, la provisión de capacidad de red es un mecanismo válido para optimizar los beneficios de los operadores. Así como, en el segundo modelo de negocio, se demuestra que, la compartición de infraestructura entre un MNO y un MVNO es deseable desde el punto de vista de los usuarios para el modelo de negocio estratégico, ya que permite un mayor número de usuarios. Mientras que, desde el punto de vista económico el modelo de negocio monopólico es más deseable debido a que ofrece un incentivo mayor a los operadores. En resumen, en esta tesis se demuestra la viabilidad económica de modelos de negocio de compartición de infraestructura entre MNOs y MVNOs, soportados técnicamente por las características tecnológicas de las redes móviles de ultima generación.
[CA] Aquesta tesi s'ha desenvolupat dins del marc de la línia d'investigació d'Economia i Regulació de les Telecomunicacions. En el programa de Doctorat de Telecomunicacions per la Universitat Politècnica de València. Com a part del procés d'investigació es va participar en els següents projectes d'investigació: Plataforma de servicios para ciudades inteligentes con redes M2M densas (TIN2013-47272-C2-1-R), Entrepreneurship in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks (COHWAN, TIN2010-21378-C02-02) i ATLAS -Dynamic network slicing in 5G Radio Access. També es va realitzar una estada doctoral en l'IMT Atlantique en Rennes-França. Com a resultat d'aquaquests activitats es van publicar diversos articles científics que permeten sustentar els models de negoci per a MVNOs presentats en el present document. En aquest estudi, es plantegen models de negoci que se sustenten en el desenrotllament de les característiques tècniques de 4G i 5G, que faciliten la compartició d'infraestructura dels MNOs. També s'analitza l'estat de l'art que permet sustentar la viabilitat tècnica dels models basats en la compartició d'infraestructura, que ha permès disminuir les barreres d'entrada al mercat i el desenvolupament de nous models de negoci per als MVNOs. No obstant això, els nous models que permeten la compartició d'infraestructura han de ser analitzats des-de l'aspecte econòmic per a determinar la viabilitat dels mateixos. Específicament, en el primer model s'analitza la viabilitat econòmica d'un MVNO que brinda el servei a la seua base d'usuaris i divideix el seu tràfic de xarxa a dos MNOs, els que lloguen la seua capacitat de xarxa al MVNO. En l'anàlisi del model es considerentant les característiques del sistema com les econòmiques. Respecte a les característiques del sistema, un MVNO proporciona servei als usuaris finals utilitzant el suport d'infraestructura de dos MNOs. El servei proporcionat pel MVNO, es modelada per mitjà d'una cua M/M/1, on cada usuari genera paquets de forma independent seguint un procés de Poisson. Els temps de servei dels paquets es distribueixen exponencialment. En el sistema proposat, la mètrica de qualitat més rellevant és el temps mitjà de servei, que comprén tant el temps d'espera com el temps mitjà de servei. L'acord entre el MVNO i els MNOs, és tal que el MVNO dividirà el tràfic de la xarxa entre els dos MNOs i pagarà a cada MNO pel tràfic servit a través de la seua infraestructura. Respecte a les característiques econòmiques, els incentius es modelen mitjançant les utilitats dels usuaris i els beneficis dels operadors. En el segon model, s'analitza la viabilitat econòmica de dos escenaris per a un model de negoci en què un MNO lloga la seua infraestructura de xarxa al MVNO i cada operador serveix a la seua pròpia base d'usuaris. El primer escenari denominat monopòlic, el MNO dona servei a les dos bases d'usuaris (MNO i MVNO). En el segon escenari denominat estratègic, el MNO dona servei a la seua base d'usuaris, a més a més, lloga la seua infraestructura al MVNO per a que aquest puga prestar servei a la seua base d'usuaris. Per als dos escenaris, la xarxa s'ha modelat per una cua amb prioritat, utilitzant una disciplina de servei DPS. En l'anàlisi de compartició d'infraestructura, es considera un pagament al MNO per cada usuari que accedeix al servei de MVNO. Finalmente, para determinar la viabilidad económica de los diferentes escenarios propuestos para los modelos de negocio, se utilizan conceptos de microeconomía, teoría de juegos y teoría de colas, la cuales han permitido conocer las decisiones en equilibrio que toman los operadores, así como las decisiones en equilibrio de los usuarios; de esta manera se ha obtenido el efecto de estas decisiones sobre los beneficios de todos los agentes del modelo y se han identificado las condiciones bajo las cuales estos nuevos modelos de negocio son viables en entornos de redes 4G y 5G. Como resultado del análisis de los modelos de negocio para los diferentes escenarios propuestos, se observa que la asociación entre MNOs y MVNOs a través de la compartición de infraestructura es viable económicamente para los modelos propuestos. En relación a los usuarios, su comportamiento es sustancial para determinar la viabilidad económica de los diferentes modelos de negocio propuestos, por lo tanto, resulta imprescindible explorar diferentes funciones de utilidad que expresen el comportamiento de los usuarios en estudios futuros. En cuanto a los operadores, en el primer modelo de negocio se demuestra que, la provisión de capacidad de red es un mecanismo válido para optimizar los beneficios de los operadores. Así como, en el segundo modelo de negocio, se demuestra que, la compartición de infraestructura entre un MNO y un MVNO es deseable desde el punto de vista de los usuarios para el modelo de negocio estratégico, ya que permite un mayor número de usuarios. Mientras que, desde el punto de vista económico el modelo de negocio monopólico es más deseable debido a que ofrece un incentivo mayor a los operadores. En resumen, en esta tesis se demuestra la viabilidad económica de modelos de negocio de compartición de infraestructura entre MNOs y MVNOs, soportados técnicamente por las características tecnológicas de las redes móviles de ultima generación.
[EN] This thesis has been developed within the framework of the research line of Economics and Regulation of Telecommunications. In the PhD program of Telecommunications by the Universitat Politècnica de València. As part of the research process, we participated in the following research projects: Service Platform for Smart Cities with Dense M2M Networks (TIN2013-47272-C2-1-R), Entrepreneurship in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks (COHWAN, TIN2010-21378-C02-02) and ATLAS-Dynamic network slicing in 5G Radio Access. A doctoral stay at the ITM Atlantique in Rennes, France, was also arranged. As a result of these activities, several scientific articles were published which support the business models for MVNOs presented in this document. In this study, business models based on the development of the technical characteristics of 4G and 5G are proposed, which facilitate the sharing of the infrastructure of MNOs. In this regard, this document analyzes the state of the art that supports the technical feasibility of models based on infrastructure sharing, which has lowered barriers to market entry and the development of new business models for MVNOs. However, the new models that infrastructure sharing allows, must be analyzed from an economic aspect to determine their viability. Specifically, the first model analyses the economic viability of an MVNO that provides the service to its user base and splits its network traffic between two MNOs, which rent their network capacity to the MVNO. The analysis of the model considers both the characteristics of the system and the economic ones. In terms of system characteristics, one MVNO provides service to end-users using the infrastructure support of two MNOs. The service provided by the MVNO is modelled through an M/M/1 queue, where each user generates packets independently following a Poisson process. The service times of the packages are distributed exponentially. In the proposed system, the most relevant quality metric is the average service time, which comprises both the waiting time and the average service time. The agreement between the MVNO and the MNOs is such that the MVNO will split the network traffic between the two MNOs and pay each MNO for the traffic served through its infrastructure. In terms of economic features, incentives are modelled through user profits and operator profits. In the second model, we analyze the economic viability of two scenarios for a business model in which, an MNO rents its network infrastructure to the MVNO, and each operator serves its user base. In the first scenario, called monopoly, the MNO serves both user bases (MNO and MVNO). In the second scenario, called strategic, the MNO serves its user base, as well as leases its infrastructure to the MVNO to serve its user base. For both scenarios, the network has been modelled by a priority queue, using a DPS discipline. In the infrastructure sharing analysis, a payment to the MNO is considered for each user that accesses the MVNO service. Finally, to determine the economic viability of different scenarios proposed for the business models, concepts of microeconomics, game theory and queuing theory are used, which have allowed us to know the equilibrium decisions made by the operators, as well as the equilibrium decisions made by the users. In this way, the effect of these decisions on the profits of all the agents in the model has been obtained, and the conditions under which these new business models are viable in 4G and 5G network environments have been identified. As a result of the analysis of the business models for the different scenarios proposed, it is observed that the association between MNOs and MVNOs through infrastructure sharing is economically viable for the proposed models. In relation to users, their behavior is substantial to determine the economic viability of the different proposed business models; therefore, it is essential to explore different utility functions that express user behavior in future studies. As for the operators, the first business model demonstrates that the provision of network capacity is a valid mechanism for optimizing operators’ profits. As well as, in the second business model, it is demonstrated that, the sharing of infrastructure between an MNO and an MVNO is desirable from the users’ point of view for the strategic business model since it allows a greater number of users. Whereas, from an economic point of view, the monopolistic business model is more desirable because it provides a greater incentive for operators. In summary, this thesis demonstrates the economic viability of business models of infrastructure sharing between MNOs and MVNOs, technically supported by the technological characteristics of the latest generation mobile networks.
Sacoto Cabrera, E. (2020). Análisis basado en teoría de juegos de modelos de negocio de operadores móviles virtuales en redes 4G y 5G [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/158595
TESIS

Kaluza-Klein theories generally in $(4+D)$ and more specifically in five dimensions are reviewed. The magnetic monopole solutions found in the Kaluza-Klein theories are generally reviewed and their generalizations to Anti-de Sitter spacetimes are discussed.

We investigate semiclassical contributions to correlation functions in N = 1 supersymmetric gauge theories. Our principal example is the gluino condensate, which signals the breaking of chiral symmetry, and should be exactly calculable, according to a persymmetric non-renormalisation theorem. However, the two calculational approaches previously employed, SCI and WCI methods, yield different values of the gluino condensate. We describe work undertaken to resolve this discrepancy, involving a new type of calculation in which the space is changed from R(^4) to the cylinder R(3) x S(1) This brings control over the coupling, and supersymmetry ensures that we are able to continue to large radii and extract answers relevant to R(^4). The dominant semiclassical configurations on the cylinder are all possible combinations of various types of fundamental monopoles. One specific combination is a periodic instanton, so monopoles are the analogue of the instanton partons that have been conjectured to be important at strong coupling. Other combinations provide significant contributions that are neglected in the SCI approach. Monopoles are shown to generate a superpotential that determines the quantum vacuum, where the theory is confining. The gluino condensate is calculated by summing the direct contributions from all fundamental monopoles. It is found to be in agreement with the WCI result for any classical gauge group, whereas the values for the exceptional groups have not been calculated before. The ADS superpotential, which describes the low energy dynamics of matter in a supersymmetric gauge theory, is derived using monopoles for all cases where instantons do not contribute. We report on progress made towards a two monopole calculation, in an attempt to quantify the missed contributions of the SCI method. Unfortunately, this eventually proved too complicated to be feasible.

Le droit de brevet, sacralisé par sa qualification de droit de propriété, et renforcé par les dispositions des accords internationaux et des lois nationales, est facilement susceptible d'acquisition et d'exercice abusive. En outre, la défaillance de certains offices des brevets amplifie les possibilités de l'appropriation abusive. Les situations de l'acquisition abusive du droit de brevet sont plus fréquentes dans le secteur des hautes technologies (l'industrie pharmaceutique, la biotechnologie et l'industrie de l'informatique). Ces abus, d'une part, entravent la réalisation de la fonction assignée au droit de brevet et, d'autre part, restreignent la liberté de la concurrence. Les dispositions du droit des brevets et celles du droit de la concurrence imposent des limites au pouvoir des brevetés, pouvoir issu de leur droit privatif, afin de réaliser l'intérêt général. Cependant, ces deux corps de règles ne viennent pas au secours des particuliers dont les intérêts privés peuvent être atteints par l'usage abusif du droit de brevet. La théorie de l'abus de droit, principe général du droit commun, comble cette lacune. Malgré son application limitée et prudente en matière du droit de brevet, son utilité n'est pas à négliger. Elle permet de prévenir et de sanctionner l'usage anormal du droit de brevet. La comparaison entre le droit français et égyptien montre que la différence du niveau de développement économique et industriel entre les pays influe sur leur politique législative à l'égard du droit des brevets
Patent law is easily subject to acquisition and abusive exercise although it's sacred due to his qualification of property rights and strengthened by the international agreements and national laws. The failure of some patent offices amplifies the possibilities of this abusive appropriation. Situations of abuse of patent rights are more frequent in the high technology sector (pharmaceutical, biotechnology and computer industry).On the one hand, these abuses hinder the realization of the function assigned to patent law, and on the other hand, they restrict freedom of competition. The legal measures of patent law and those of competition law impose limits on the power of the patentees which is stemming from their exclusive right, to realize the general interest. However, these rules don't protect private individuals whose interests can be affected by the abusive use of patent rights. The theory of abuse of law, a general principle of the common law, fills this gap. In spite of its limited and prudent application on the patent right, its utility is not to neglect. It helps to prevent and to sanction the abnormal use of the patent right. The comparison between the Egyptian and French law shows that the difference in the level of economic and industrial development between the two countries affects their legislative policy with regards to patent law

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This study is about the secularization according to Peter L. Berger (theory of secularization) and according to Rodney Stark/William Sims Bainbridge (rational choice theory). Berger (chapter 1) affirms in Sacred Canopy the decrease of religion in modernity, whereas Stark/Bainbridge (chapter 2) supports in A theory of religion its increasing or maintenance. However, both theories have problems (chapter 3). Berger is criticized to affirm the equivalence between modernity and secularization, the belief in a previous age of the faith and the necessity of religious monopoly; Stark/Bainbridge are criticized to defend previous power of rational choice theory, a decontextualized universal rationality and an merely economic approach of religious phenomenon
Este estudo é sobre a secularização segundo Peter L. Berger (teoria da secularização) e segundo Rodney Stark/William Sims Bainbridge (teoria da escolha racional). Berger (capítulo 1) afirma, na obra O dossel sagrado, a diminuição da religião na modernidade, enquanto Stark/Bainbridge (capítulo 2) defendem, na obra Uma teoria da religião, seu aumento ou manutenção. Mas ambas as teorias apresentam problemas (capítulo 3); Berger é criticado porque afirma a equivalência entre modernidade e secularização, a crença em uma pregressa idade da fé e a necessidade de monopólio religioso; Stark/Bainbridge são criticados porque defendem o poder preditivo da teoria da escolha racional, uma racionalidade universal descontextualizada e uma abordagem puramente econômica do fenômeno religioso

El mundo de las telecomunicaciones está cambiando de un escenario donde únicamente las personas estaban conectadas a un modelo donde prácticamente todos los dispositivos y sensores se encuentran conectados, también conocido como Internet de las cosas (IoT), donde miles de millones de dispositivos se conectarán a Internet a través de conexiones móviles y redes fijas. En este contexto, hay muchos retos que superar, desde el desarrollo de nuevos estándares de comunicación al estudio de la viabilidad económica de los posibles escenarios futuros. En esta tesis nos hemos centrado en el estudio de la viabilidad económica de diferentes escenarios mediante el uso de conceptos de microeconomía, teoría de juegos, optimización no lineal, economía de redes y redes inalámbricas. La tesis analiza la transición desde redes centradas en el servicio de tráfico HTC a redes centradas en tráfico MTC desde un punto de vista económico. El primer escenario ha sido diseñado para centrarse en las primeras etapas de la transición, en la que ambos tipos de tráfico son servidos bajo la misma infraestructura de red. En el segundo escenario analizamos la siguiente etapa, en la que el servicio a los usuarios MTC se realiza mediante una infraestructura dedicada. Finalmente, el tercer escenario analiza la provisión de servicios basados en MTC a usuarios finales, mediante la infraestructura analizada en el escenario anterior. Gracias al análisis de todos los escenarios, hemos observado que la transición de redes centradas en usuarios HTC a redes MTC es posible y que la provisión de servicios en tales escenarios es viable. Además, hemos observado que el comportamiento de los usuarios es esencial para determinar la viabilidad de los diferentes modelos de negocio, y por tanto, es necesario estudiar el comportamiento y las preferencias de los usuarios en profundidad en estudios futuros. Específicamente, los factores más relevantes son la sensibilidad de los usuarios al retardo en los datos recopilados por los sensores y la cantidad de los mismos. También hemos observado que la diferenciación del tráfico en categorías mejora el uso de las redes y permite crear nuevos servicios empleando datos que, de otro modo, no se aprovecharían, lo cual nos permite mejorar la monetización de la infraestructura. También hemos demostrado que la provisión de capacidad es un mecanismo válido, alternativo a la fijación de precios, para la optimización de los beneficios de los proveedores de servicio. Finalmente, se ha demostrado que es posible crear roles específicos para ofrecer servicios IoT en el mercado de las telecomunicaciones, específicamente, los IoT-SPs, que proporcionan servicios basados en sensores inalámbricos utilizando infraestructuras de acceso de terceros y sus propias redes de sensores. En resumen, en esta tesis hemos intentado demostrar la viabilidad económica de modelos de negocio basados en redes futuras IoT, así como la aparición de nuevas oportunidades y roles de negocio, lo cual nos permite justificar económicamente el desarrollo y la implementación de las tecnologías necesarias para ofrecer servicios de acceso inalámbrico masivo a dispositivos MTC.
The communications world is moving from a standalone devices scenario to a all-connected scenario known as Internet of Things (IoT), where billions of devices will be connected to the Internet through mobile and fixed networks. In this context, there are several challenges to face, from the development of new standards to the study of the economical viability of the different future scenarios. In this dissertation we have focused on the study of the economic viability of different scenarios using concepts of microeconomics, game theory, non-linear optimization, network economics and wireless networks. The dissertation analyzes the transition from a Human Type Communications (HTC) to a Machine Type Communications (MTC) centered network from an economic point of view. The first scenario is designed to focus on the first stages of the transition, where HTC and MTC traffic are served on a common network infrastructure. The second scenario analyzes the provision of connectivity service to MTC users using a dedicated network infrastructure, while the third stage is centered in the analysis of the provision of services based on the MTC data over the infrastructure studied in the previous scenario. Thanks to the analysis of all the scenarios we have observed that the transition from HTC users-centered networks to MTC networks is possible and that the provision of services in such scenarios is viable. In addition, we have observed that the behavior of the users is essential in order to determine the viability of a business model, and therefore, it is needed to study their behavior and preferences in depth in future studios. Specifically, the most relevant factors are the sensitivity of the users to the delay and to the amount of data gathered by the sensors. We also have observed that the differentiation of the traffic in categories improves the usage of the networks and allows to create new services thanks to the data that otherwise would not be used, improving the monetization of the infrastructure and the data. In addition, we have shown that the capacity provision is a valid mechanism for providers' profit optimization, as an alternative to the pricing mechanisms. Finally, it has been demonstrated that it is possible to create dedicated roles to offer IoT services in the telecommunications market, specifically, the IoT-SPs, which provide wireless-sensor-based services to the final users using a third party infrastructure. Summarizing, this dissertation tries to demonstrate the economic viability of the future IoT networks business models as well as the emergence of new business opportunities and roles in order to justify economically the development and implementation of the new technologies required to offer massive wireless access to machine devices.
El món de les telecomunicacions està canviant d'un escenari on únicament les persones estaven connectades a un model on pràcticament tots els dispositius i sensors es troben connectats, també conegut com a Internet de les Coses (IoT) , on milers de milions de dispositius es connectaran a Internet a través de connexions mòbils i xarxes fixes. En aquest context, hi ha molts reptes que superar, des del desenrotllament de nous estàndards de comunicació a l'estudi de la viabilitat econòmica dels possibles escenaris futurs. En aquesta tesi ens hem centrat en l'estudi de la viabilitat econòmica de diferents escenaris per mitjà de l'ús de conceptes de microeconomia, teoria de jocs, optimització no lineal, economia de xarxes i xarxes inalàmbriques. La tesi analitza la transició des de xarxes centrades en el servici de tràfic HTC a xarxes centrades en tràfic MTC des d'un punt de vista econòmic. El primer escenari ha sigut dissenyat per a centrar-se en les primeres etapes de la transició, en la que ambdós tipus de tràfic són servits davall la mateixa infraestructura de xarxa. En el segon escenari analitzem la següent etapa, en la que el servici als usuaris MTC es realitza per mitjà d'una infraestructura dedicada. Finalment, el tercer escenari analitza la provisió de servicis basats en MTC a usuaris finals, per mitjà de la infraestructura analitzada en l'escenari anterior. Als paràgrafs següents es descriu amb més detall cada escenari. Gràcies a l'anàlisi de tots els escenaris, hem observat que la transició de xarxes centrades en usuaris HTC a xarxes MTC és possible i que la provisió de servicis en tals escenaris és viable. A més a més, hem observat que el comportament dels usuaris és essencial per a determinar la viabilitat dels diferents models de negoci, i per tant, és necessari estudiar el comportament i les preferències dels usuaris en profunditat en estudis futurs. Específicament, els factors més rellevants són la sensibilitat dels usuaris al retard en les dades recopilats pels sensors i la quantitat dels mateixos. També hem observat que la diferenciació del tràfic en categories millora l'ús de les xarxes i permet crear nous servicis emprant dades que, d'una altra manera, no s'aprofitarien, la qual cosa ens permet millorar la monetització de la infraestructura. També hem demostrat que la provisió de capacitat és un mecanisme vàlid, alternatiu a la fixació de preus, per a l'optimització dels beneficis dels proveïdors de servici. Finalment, s'ha demostrat que és possible crear rols específics per a oferir servicis IoT en el mercat de les telecomunicacions, específicament, els IoT-SPs, que proporcionen servicis basats en sensors inalàmbrics utilitzant infraestructures d'accés de tercers i les seues pròpies xarxes de sensors. En resum, en aquesta tesi hem intentat demostrar la viabilitat econòmica de models de negoci basats en xarxes futures IoT, així com l'aparició de noves oportunitats i rols de negoci, la qual cosa ens permet justificar econòmicament el desenrotllament i la implementació de les tecnologies necessàries per a oferir servicis d'accés inalàmbric massiu a dispositius MTC.
Sanchis Cano, Á. (2018). Economic analysis of wireless sensor-based services in the framework of the Internet of Things. A game-theoretical approach [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/102642
TESIS

Cette thèse, qui s'inscrit dans le questionnement économique général sur la recherche d'outils de régulation des industries de réseaux, questionne la pertinence du choix français de régionalisation ferroviaire. Ce dernier, depuis la réforme introduite par la loi SRU, associe le maintien du monopole d'exploitation de la SNCF pour le Transport Express Régional (TER) avec la décentralisation aux Régions d'une prérogative jusqu'alors assurée de manière bureaucratique et centralisée. Dans cet environnement institutionnel, original au regard du mouvement européen, les Régions françaises ont-elles réussi à écrire et à gouverner le "système SNCF-TER" ? Pour répondre à cette double interrogation, l'auteur mobilise la théorie néo-institutionnelle, à partir de laquelle il propose une matrice interprétative de l'architecture économique des conventions TER et présente une transposition de la méthode des comptes de surplus (MCS), pour l'étude de la performance économique de ces contrats. Les résultats obtenus, sur l'échantillon des sept régions qui ont expérimenté la régionalisation, ne confirment que partiellement les déductions habituelles obtenues à partir de la théorie standard du monopole et de la capture du réglementateur par la firme régulée. Si la contractualisation SNCF / Régions, très éloignée du modèle « net cost », exprime l'acceptation par le Législateur d'une large couverture des risques industriels, commerciaux, et plus encore sur investissements, par la Collectivité, la régionalisation s'est traduite par une grande diversité contractuelle. Une analyse fine montre le caractère hybride des modes de gouvernance que l'auteur qualifie de « fiduciaro-autoritaires ». La MCS révèle que si l'effet du monopole est bien présent et s'impose aux Régions, il ne profite guère à la SNCF, mais plutôt à RFF. Tendanciellement, les voyageurs sont devenus « gagnants » de la régionalisation ferroviaire.

This thesis is mainly concerned with monopoles. First, the existence of monopoles and their behaviour in the Yang-Mills-Higgs theories, and in parallel, the instanton solutions of the Yang-Mills fields are explained. One part of this work is about monopoles and instantons in low-energy string theory. A general instanton solution for the heterotic string theory is obtained by using the ADHM construction for the classical subgroups of the string gauge group. In this direction, the embedding of subgroups and a general formula for the dilaton are explained. In the next topic of this part, the i/-monopole and its generalisation to different subgroups of the string gauge group are discussed. In the second part, the motion of the Yang-Mills particles in the Yang-Mills- Higgs fields are studied. Planar orbits are observed for a particle in a monopole field when the Higgs field contribution is neglected. The planar orbits are studied further with some numerical analysis of the equations of motion. By regarding the Higgs field contribution, a complete set of equations are worked out for the particle and fields. In this scenario, the planar motions as well as three-dimensional bounded motions are studied. At the end, the force exerted by the non-abelian Yang-Mills-Higgs fields on a particle with non-abelian charge is explored.

In recent years a new class of materials, the metamaterials, has emerged in the scientific community. The use of these materials makes possible to achieve unique electromagnetic properties, such as the negative refractive index. Today there exist several applications that take advantage of these special properties, such as sensors, antennas and invisibility cloaks, aiming at improving their intrinsic characteristics. Based on these considerations, this project aims at developing metamaterials structures to control the radiation properties of antennas in the microwave range, such as gain and directivity. More specifically, it was also chosen chiral metamaterials, mainly due to the phenomenon of electromagnetic field rotation which opens the possibility to control efficiently the radiation properties of antennas. In addition, chiral metamaterials, which have proved to be a more attractive alternative to obtain negative or zero refractive index, enable a greater degree of freedom in the design of different structures. This work encompasses all different phases of the structure design, namely: project, computational modeling, fabrication, and characterization of the proposed structures. We show improvements for the gain that in some cases reaches more than the double of the conventional monopole antenna gain and for the return loss parameter, which reaches minimum values. We also could maintain good efficiency and improve the input impedance matching. Finally, it is worth mentioning that this new technology also has the great potential to be applied in the telecommunication devices, particularly to improve communications based on antennas.
Nos últimos anos uma nova classe de materiais, os metamateriais, emergiu na comunidade científica. O uso desses materiais torna possível alcançar propriedades eletromagnéticas singulares, como o índice de refração negativo. Hoje existem vastas aplicações que usufruem destas propriedades especiais, como os sensores, mantas de invisibilidade e antenas, onde se procura o aperfeiçoamento de suas características intrínsecas. Com base nestas considerações, este projeto buscou desenvolver estruturas metamateriais para controle das propriedades de radiação de antenas na faixa de micro-ondas, tais como diretividade e ganho. Mais especificamente, foram utilizados os metamateriais quirais, principalmente devido ao fenômeno de rotação do campo eletromagnético que abre a possibilidade de controle mais eficiente das propriedades de radiação de antenas. Além disso, os metamateriais quirais, por se mostrarem uma alternativa mais atraente para se obter meios com índice de refração zero ou negativo, possibilitam um maior grau de liberdade no projeto de diferentes estruturas. Este trabalho contempla, ainda, todas as etapas de projeto de tais estruturas, quais sejam: projeto, modelagem computacional, fabricação, e caracterização das estruturas. Mostramos melhorias para o ganho que, em alguns casos, chega a mais do que o dobro do ganho da antena monopolo convencional e para o parâmetro de perda de retorno, que atinge valores mínimos. Nós também mantivemos uma boa eficiência e melhoramos o casamento de impedância de entrada. Finalmente, vale salientar que essa nova tecnologia também apresenta grande potencial de ser aplicada em dispositivos de telecomunicações, com o intuito de aprimorar a comunicação baseada em antenas.

We introduce the historical context and motivation for the search for magnetic monopoles or monopole-like objects. Beginning the theoretical part we investigate the properties of groups as they relate to symmetries in physical theories. Using this as a basis we investigate the requirements for global and local gauge invariance for a scalar field, the latter giving the non-trivial connection to a gauge field. From this we present the Georgi-Glashow model and develop its particle spectrum using the connected Higgs field and its associated Higgs mechanism. We then present the electromagnetic duality by extending the Maxwell's equations toinclude magnetic sources. Using the assumption of magnetic sources we present the Dirac quantization condition, motivating the quantization of electric charge. Returning to our model we present the 't Hooft-Polyakov ansatz and investigate its defining properties as a finite energy soliton in our Higgs field. We show the magnetic properties and motivate its validity as a monopole like object. Continuing we define BPS-states on the lower bound for the mass of a monopole like object with magnetic and electric charge. Giving a BPS monopole as a solution in the vein of 't Hooft and Polyakov. Returning to the electromagnetic duality we propose the Montonen-Olive conjecture by exchanging massive vector bosons in our model with the BPS monopoles we developed. We shortly comment on evident problems and present supersymmetry as a possible solution. Finally we present the Witten Effect by allowing a CP violating term in our Lagrangian. From this we extend the Montonen-Olive conjecture to include invariance under the SL(2,Z) group.

Nous considérons des situations dans lesquelles des agents ont le choix entre plusieurs projets. Nous montrons comment les hypothèses sur la structure de marché influencent le type de projet qui est retenu par les agents. Cette thèse se constitue de trois parties: 1) nous déduisons des conditions pour lesquelles des firmes choisissent de laisser les agents piraté leur biens (non-rivaux), 2) nous analysons l’optimalité de la décision de fusionner deux firmes lorsque l’une d’entre elles détient le droit de propriété sur un projet innovant et peu risqué, enfin 3) nous montrons comment les caractéristiques d’un paiement (montant, fréquence) ainsi que l’environnement d’un agent (en termes de richesse) influencent les propriétés du taux d’escompte temporel de ce dernier
We consider situations where agents can choose between multiple projects. We show how specific market structure assumptions influence which choices agents pursue. The thesis has three parts 1) We deduce conditions under which firmswill allow agents to pirate their non-rival products. 2) Analyze the decision for firms to merge when other firms can choosebetween projects of varying variances. 3) We show how the characteristics of a payment (amount, frequency) as well as theenvironment of agents (wealth, dynamics), influence the discount rates of agents

This thesis is concerned with solitons (solutions of certain nonlinear partial differential equations) in certain cases when the underlying space is either a lattice or curved. Chapter 2 of the thesis is concerned with the outcome of collisions between a kink (a 1-dimensional soliton) and an antikink for certain topological discrete (TD) systems. The systems considered are the TD sine-Gordon and the TD ø(^4) For the TD sine-Gordon system it is found that the kink can support an internal shape mode which plays an important role during the collisions. In particular, this mode can be excited during collisions and this leads to spectacular resonance effects. The outcome of any particular collision has sensitive dependence on the initial conditions and could be either a trapped kink-antikink state, a "reflection" or a "transmission”. Such resonance effects are already known to exist for the conventional discrete ø(^4) system, and the TD ø(^4) system is no different, though the results for the two are not entirely similar. Chapter 3 considers the question of the existence of explicit travelling kink solutions for lattice systems. In particular, an expression for such a solution for the integrable lattice sine-Gordon system is derived. In Chapter 4, by reducing the Yang-Mills equations on the (2 + 2)-dimensional ultrahyperbolic space-time, an integrable Yang-Mills-Higgs system on (2 + 1) dimensional de Sitter space-time is derived. It represents the curved space-time version of the Bogomolny equations for monopoles on R(^3) . Using twister methods, various explicit solutions with gauge groups U(l) and SU(2) are constructed. A multi-solution SU(2) solution is also presented.

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O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar como se dá a correspondência entre teoria de calibre e conexões em espaços …brados. Mais precisamente estabelecemos um dicionário entre a teoria de calibre da mecânica quântica de uma partícula carregada sujeita a um campo eletromagnético e o estudo das conexões em …brados por círculos e por retas complexas. Em seguida, analisamos dois objetos de estudo em física utilizando o conhecimento adquirido no estudo da geometria de espaços …brados. As classes de Chern e a holonomia de uma conexão nos fornecerão uma visualização geométrica de, respectivamente, monopolos magnéticos e o efeito Aharonov-Bohm
The aim of this work is to present how works the correspondence between the gauge theory and connections in ber bundles. More precisely establishing a dictionary between gauge theory of the quantum mechanics of a charged particle under the in‡uence of an electromagnetic eld and the studies of connections in circle bundles and line bundles. Then, we analyzed two objects of studies in physics using the knowledge acquired in the study of the geometry of ber bundles. The Chern classes and the holonomy of a connection will provide a geometrical visualization of, respectively, magnetic monopoles and the Aharonov-Bohm e¤ect

In this thesis, we study the phenomenon of thermally induced polarisation using a combination of theory and computer simulation. Molecules of sufficiently low symmetry exhibit thermo-molecular orientation when subjected to a temperature gradient, leading to considerable electrostatic fields in polar liquids. Here, we first use non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations to study this interesting effect numerically. To this end, we propose an integration algorithm to impose a constant heat flux in simulations and show that it greatly improves energy conservation compared to a previous algorithm. We next investigate the thermal polarisation of water and find that truncation of electrostatic interactions can lead to severe artefacts, such as the wrong sign of polarisation and an overestimation of the electric field. We further show that the quadrupole-moment contribution to the electric field is significant and responsible for an inversion of its sign. To facilitate the theoretical description of electrostatic interactions, we propose a new dipolar model fluid as a perturbation of a Stockmayer fluid. Using this modified Stockmayer model, we provide numerical evidence for the recently proposed phenomenon of thermally induced monopoles. We show that the electrostatic field generated by a pair of heated/cooled colloidal particles immersed in such a solvent can be trivially described by two Coulomb charges. Finally, we propose a mean-field theory to predict the thermo-polarisation effect exhibited by our model fluid theoretically, and demonstrate near quantitative agreement with simulation results.

碩士
淡江大學
產業經濟學系碩士班
95
Although prior studies on simple monopoly spatial price theory have bend conducted in a world with fixed market area, a firm in the real world often confronts the market with various sizes. In order to fully understand that how does the firm react to the market size vary, this paper attempts to examine the relative economic advantages under alternative pricing policies in a world with two basic assumptions. One is non-linear demand function and another is the market size, which is treated as a parameter in the model. We will show that as the market size increases, the optimal uniform delivered price increases, but the optimal price under mill pricing decreases. Moreover and more importantly, we will show that in a world with varying market size, some findings obtained by prior studies in regard to the economic benefit comparison between alternative pricing policies no longer hold.

The income gap between rich and poor countries has increased since 1980, despite the rapid growth of capitalist commodity production in parts of the Third World. However, contemporary Marxist writing rarely acknowledges this and can't explain how the imperialist core has maintained its dominance. Over the same period, academic Marxism has come to reject Lenin's theory of imperialism, but not replaced it with another Marxist theory. Academic Marxists instead accept some version of the popular narrative that Third World nations (especially China) are ‘catching up’ with the imperialist core. It is shown that Lenin's Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism and its key theoretical concept—monopoly finance capital—provides a Marxist theoretical framework that can successfully explain the principle concrete developments in the international economy during the neoliberal period. These are: the growth of capitalism in the Third World yet lack of convergence with the imperialist core, how the global division of labour that developed during the neoliberal period concretely manifests and reinforces imperialist monopolistic dominance and how, on this basis, the imperialist core usurps the labour value created in the Third World. Much of essential conceptual framework developed in the thesis was explicit in Lenin's Imperialism but is lacking from contemporary discussion. It is argued, the most essential form of monopoly—and that which is the key to long-term reproduction of imperialist core dominance—is monopolistic dominance over the labour process. The latter is maintained by monopoly over the highest and most sophisticated labour. Monopoly capital develops in this way alongside and in connection with the parallel development of non-monopoly capital—much of which is based in the Third World. For this reason, the usurpation of value from Third World societies—i.e. Third World exploitation—is shown to be an integral and inevitable feature of international production and trade and underscores the longevity of the imperialist system.

碩士
國立交通大學
運輸工程與管理系
87
In 1978, The United States Congress passed the Airline Deregulation Act ending the economic regulation of airline industry since 1938. As for surface transportation, it was the Interstate Commerce Commission Termination Act of 1995 that made the economic regulation by ICC since 1887 to the end. Why did the U.S. Congress remove the economic regulation of transport industries？In reality, after removing the regulation from airline industry, the competition between firms not only made fare decreasing, but also prompted firms to adopt more effective hub-and-spoke route structure. Like the airline industry, the effects of deregulating railroad industry, which based on the Staggers Act of 1980, have been the decreasing fare and higher profit for firms. Owing a great part to the economist's efforts, United States has accomplished the economic deregulation of transport industries. From the economic theory, however, not all monopoly industries have to be regulated. Natural monopolies can be divided into strong and weak ones by its cost function. Moreover, each group can be divided into two classes basing on the existence of barriers of entry. When an industry has no entry barriers and chooses sustainable prices, there is no need to execute any economic regulation. This paper consists of two parts. The first part mainly refers to normative theory by introducing the sustainable price of natural monopoly as key factor to determine whether executing economic regulation or not. When examining the existing of sustainable price, we usually consider subsidy-free price which usually appeared in transport industries and conditions to be a contestable market, and firms generally adopt welfare-maximum price, like Ramsey price. Although there is no direct relationship between sustainable price and Ramsey price, the regulatory agency that pursues welfare-maximum should pay attention to it. Game theory could be used to find out the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of sustainable price. It usually occurs that an industry, which doesn't need any economic regulation, from normative point of view, has been regulated in reality. We may use the positive theory of economic regulation to interpret, and this is the essence of the second part of this paper. In the positive analysis, there are many theories seeking the reasons why economic regulation happens. From normative analysis of positive theory to capture theory, all can't completely interpret it. It is the economic theory of regulation that can use model to interpret reasons and predict it. It indicates that the reason of why regulation happens isn't on economic consideration, it is the relative interest groups' pressure functions that push regulatory and legislators to adopt pro-interest group regulation. This paper uses Taiwan's open highway bus policy as an instance. Through discussing with relative persons, we confirm the economic theory of regulation. Comparing the effects with other countries' deregulation, we should move to more regulatory reform.

This thesis conceptualizes and documents transformations underlying the contemporary condition of Canadian political membership. Through an examination of recent changes in Canadian immigration policy underwritten by the neoliberal reconfiguration of the state, the imperatives of ‘skills discourse’ and the exigencies of economic globalization, this thesis interprets the effect of globalization on the state and state-based membership as a process referred to by Saskia Sassen as ‘incipient denationalization’.
Graduate

Illich, a critic of the medical profession in industrial societies, researched the "damage done" by the medical establishment on three levels. This study presents an application of Illich's three-level theory of iatrogenesis to a sample of elderly people in old-age homes in and around Pretoria. Fifty in-depth interviews were conducted with old-age home residents. In the focus on clinical iatrogenesis, the aspect of defenceless patients was investigated. With regard to social iatrogenesis, focus was on the interpretation of attitudes revealing an increased medical dependency. Cultural iatrogenesis, which involves the influence of values and norms on thinking patterns, is investigated in terms of the impact of institutionalisation on the autonomy, independence and personal responsibility of residents. Illich's solution to the problem of medicalisation is to be found in the de-bureaucratisation and de-industrialisation of society. Based on the assumptions of critical theory, the emancipation of the individual is suggested as a basis of Illich's proposed structural societal changes
M.A. (Sociology)

碩士
國立臺南大學
電機工程學系碩博士班
105
Theory and Design of the Compact Monopole Antenna for Circular Polarization Student：Chia-Wei Hsu Advisor(s)：Professor Chien-Jen Wang Master’s Department of Electrical Engineering , National University of Tainan ABSTRACT In this thesis, a coplanar-waveguide (CPW)-fed dual-band antenna for applications of the multi-system integration has been demonstrated. The resonance analysis of the stepped-impedance (SI) monopole is presented by using the transmission-line analysis method. The frequency-response characteristics of the SI-monopole, such as the resonance condition and harmonic response, are systematically summarized. Furthermore, utilizing several techniques, such as bent monopole, asymmetric ground plane, and an L-shaped slot etched in the ground plane, a right-hand circularly polarized (RHCP) radiating wave at 1.57 GHz and a left-hand circularly polarized (LHCP) radiating wave at 2.33 GHz are excited for the global positioning system (GPS) and the satellite digital audio radio (SDAR) service system. After optimization of the geometrical parameters of the proposed antenna, the measured impedance bandwidths of a reflection coefficient < - 10 dB range from 1.40 to 2.98 GHz and from 4.48 to 6.27 GHz, and thus covers most of the commercial wireless communication systems, such as GPS, DCS, PCS, SDAR, IMT-2000, WLAN, and LTE 2300/2600. The measured 3-dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidths are about 80 MHz at 1.57 GHz and 100 MHz at 2.33 GHz. Keywords：Stepped impedance, transmission-line analysis method, resonance condition, harmonic response, and axial ratio.

In this paper we consider a Wilson loop in a 2+1 dimensional pure Yang-Mills theory with an SU(2) gauge group. The initial goal is to test a conjecture of A. M. Polyakov's which proposes that if one considers the field-strength, Fa„, and the gauge field, Aa, as independent, random variables, then a sum over surfaces spanning the Wilson loop will re-introduce the Bianchi Identity. We do this by introducing an additional functional integral over a sigma model variable which unravels the path-ordering of the loop variables. Then, via a non-Abelian Stokes' theorem, we express the Wilson loop as a surface integral with separate functional integrals over both Fa and Aa. At the semi-classical level, characterized by a large spin parameter, we find that the conjecture holds true - the Bianchi Identity arises as a natural constraint. Secondly, we find that this reformulation of the Wilson loop naturally allows for an arbitrary distribution of monopoles. We treat both the cases of a single monopole and a monopole gas. In the latter case case we demonstrate the confinement of quarks for states of half-odd-integer spin.

The human body has antenna characteristics that are not explored in detail to explain some phenomena involving the interaction of electromagnetic fields and the human body. Moreover, the characterization of the human body as antenna unlocks new applications in body area networks for low-power wireless communications by utilizing the human body itself as an antenna. This thesis presents a new theory for explaining the antenna characteristics of the human body in transmission and reception mode. The theory is applied to two areas of study, namely, Human Body Communication (HBC) and whole-body radio-frequency (RF) dosimetry. Based on this, the thesis proposes a new concept where the human body is utilized as an antenna for wireless implant communication.