Статті в журналах: "Monolithics"

1

Angelescu, Nicolae, Sofiane Amziane, Cristina Ionita, Ioana Ion, and Darius Stanciu. "Special and New Monolithics." Advanced Materials Research 479-481 (February 2012): 362–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.479-481.362.

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2

Tomšů, F., and S. Palčo. "Refractory Monolithics versus Shaped Refractory Products." Interceram - International Ceramic Review 66, no. 1-2 (March 2017): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03401197.

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3

Yang, Hong Bin, Qi Chen, Li Song, Hui Ping Li, Jian Ying Lu, and Wu Zhi Zhang. "Synthesis of CaO-P₂O₅-SiO₂ Monolithic with Double Pore Structure by Peg /Starch." Key Engineering Materials 330-332 (February 2007): 979–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.330-332.979.

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Porous CaO-P2O5-SiO2 monolithics with double-pore structure were prepared from tetraethoxysilane, triethylephosphate and calcium nitrate by a sol-gel method. Polyethylene glycol and starch were used as mesopore-making agent and as macropore-making agent, respectively. The porous monolithics, having mesopores with ~20 nm pore size and macropores with 7~20 μm pore size, could be formed from the removal of organic components after heated at 600°C for 2 hours. After soaked in simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37°C for 7 days, bonelike apatite was formed on the surface of the samples. The porous samples were degraded gradually in SBF solution.

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4

Niu, Min, Zihao Zhao, Lei Su, Hongfei Gao, Zhixin Cai, and Hongjie Wang. "Oxidation behavior of dense SiOC monolithics: The oxide scale development." Corrosion Science 163 (February 2020): 108235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2019.108235.

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5

Barakat, A. J., L. Pel, and O. C. G. Adan. "One-Dimensional NMR Imaging of High-Temperature First-Drying in Monolithics." Applied Magnetic Resonance 49, no. 7 (May 18, 2018): 739–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00723-018-1018-x.

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6

Krause, O., T. Klein, D. Tischer, K. Schwarz, M. Kuhn, and J. Kasper. "Setting Velocity of Cement Pastes and Monolithics — The Impact of Mixing." Interceram - International Ceramic Review 63, no. 7-8 (December 2014): 364–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03401085.

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7

Tirtoni, Feri, and Fidaus Su’udiyah. "PRELIMINARY RESEARCH ABOUT THE FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN OF MONOLITHIC ENTREPRENEURSHIP CURRICULUM (Study At Civics Court In Elementary School Teacher Education Program Faculty Of Teacher Training and Education University of Muhammadiyah Sidoa." JURNAL PENDIDIKAN DASAR NUSANTARA 4, no. 1 (July 10, 2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.29407/jpdn.v4i1.11979.

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The draft of entrepreneurship curriculum design in monolithic program of PGSD Faculty of Teacher Training and Education Faculty of Muhammadiyah University of Sidoarjo (UMSIDA), an entrepreneurship-based curriculum design which will be internalized in the course of PKN and all student activities activities both inside and outside the campus so as to provide the impact that affects the life skills of students after graduating from college. This research uses the research and development approach of the Dick and Carey development model through step 1 analysis which contains three procedural steps in the Dick and Carey development model among which analyzes the need to identify the purpose of developing the design of the entrepreneurship curriculum monolithics on the subject of Civics (asses needs to identity goals), analyze instructional analysis, analyze learners and contexts, 2) develop, design, and 4) implementation (implementation). Based on result of trial I with average score 4,1 with good criterion and trial II with average score 4.5 with very good criterion which have been conducted in this research found new data that course of PKn in Prodi PGSD will can run more interesting if the lecturers are interested in doing a development in the learning process. Such as by using the learning system of Civics courses with the integration of entrepreneurship character in monolithic. This is shown so that the students to have an interest in the process of learning Civics and at the time of learning Civics not only learn the theory materials, but also can learn about the character values. After studying by using integration of entrepreneurship character in monolithic at Civic course, it seems that there is a change to student's learning style, so that orientation is more to develop a personality and character of student to have more analytical and critical attitude. The result of the learning process also shows the students are more responsive to all events and events that exist and occur around the social environment, this began to appear when students make presentations on ideas and ideas that will be done when they are back in the community, there is a material discussed will always be linked about the role of a prospective teacher to the life of the surrounding community.

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8

Liu, Hai Rong, Yi Lin, Rei Fang Ye, Li Song, and Qi Chen. "Structure and Antibacterial Properties of Ag-Doped TiO₂ Porous Materials." Key Engineering Materials 330-332 (February 2007): 995–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.330-332.995.

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Antibacterial Ag-doped TiO2 porous monolithics were firstly prepared by hybridization of polyethylene glycol, Ti(OC4H9)4 and AgNO3 via sol-gel method following by heat-treatment to remove the organic components. Thermogravimeter−differential thermal analysis, pore structure, infrared spectra, ultraviolet−visible spectra, release speed of silver ions into 30°C water and antibacterial properties of Ag-doped TiO2 samples made at different temperature were studied. The results showed that anatase phase and uniform pore structure can be formed after heated at 500°C. Ag+ ions from the samples heated at 500°C were stably released into water at 30°C up to 14 days. The material treated at 500°C has the best antibacterial property and can restrain Escherichia coli effectively.

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9

Alizadeh, S., A. Shalbafi, A. Monshi, and S. Yazdkhasti. "Influence of phosphate binders on the physical and mechanical properties of magnesia carbon monolithics composed of recycled refractory aggregates." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 43, no. 5 (March 18, 2016): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743281215y.0000000035.

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10

Baharudin, Luqmanulhakim, Alex Chi-Kin Yip, Vladimir Golovko, and Matthew James Watson. "Potential of metal monoliths with grown carbon nanomaterials as catalyst support in intensified steam reformer: a perspective." Reviews in Chemical Engineering 36, no. 4 (May 26, 2020): 459–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revce-2018-0007.

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AbstractA monolithic catalytic support is potentially a thermally effective system for application in an intensified steam reforming process. In contrast to ceramic analogues, metal monoliths exhibit better mechanical strength, thermal conductivity and a thermal expansion coefficient equivalent to that of the reformer tube. A layer of carbon nanomaterials grown on the metal monolith’s surface can act as a textural promoter offering sufficient surface area for hosting homogeneously dispersed catalytically active metal particles. Carbon nanomaterials possess good thermal conductivities and mechanical properties. The future potential of this system in steam reforming is envisaged based on hypothetical speculation supported by fundamental carbon studies from as early as the 1970s, and sufficient literature evidence from relatively recent research on the use of monoliths and carbon in catalysis. Thermodynamics and active interaction between metal particle surface and carbon-containing gas have resulted in coke deposition on the nickel-based catalysts in steam reforming. The coke is removable through gasification by increasing the steam-to-carbon ratio to above stoichiometric but risks a parallel gasification of the carbon nanomaterials textural promoter, leading to nickel particle sintering. We present our perspective based on literature in which, under the same coke gasification conditions, the highly crystallised carbon nanomaterials maintain high chemical and thermal stability.

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11

Chen, Ai Bing, Yun Hong Yu, Yi Feng Yu, Hai Jun Lv, Ting Ting Xing, Yue Tong Li, and Wen Wei Zang. "Monolithic Macroporous-Mesoporous Carbon Using Ionic Liquids as Carbon Source." Advanced Materials Research 988 (July 2014): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.988.23.

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A facile approach is employed for the preparation of hierarchically porous structures monolithic ordered macroporous-mesoporous silica materials (OMS) using the commercially available and cheap polyurethane (PU) foam as monolithic template, triblock copolymer P123 (EO20PO70EO20) as structure-directing agent and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as silica source, then monolithic ordered macro porous-mesoporous carbon materials (OMC) is synthesized by using monolithic ordered macroporous-mesoporous silica materials as hard template and ionic liquids as the carbon source. The silica and carbon monoliths possess uniform pore sizes (3.74-3.84 nm) and ordered mesostructure.

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12

Cepollaro, Elisabetta Maria, Renata Botti, Giorgia Franchin, Luciana Lisi, Paolo Colombo, and Stefano Cimino. "Cu/ZSM5-Geopolymer 3D-Printed Monoliths for the NH3-SCR of NOx." Catalysts 11, no. 10 (October 9, 2021): 1212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11101212.

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Geopolymer-based monoliths manufactured by direct ink writing, containing up to 60% by weight of presynthesized ZSM5 with low Si/Al ratio, were investigated as structured catalysts for the NH3-SCR of NOx. Copper was introduced as the active metal by ion exchange after a preliminary acid treatment of the monoliths. Monolithic catalysts were characterized by morphological (XRD and SEM), textural (BET and pore size distribution), mechanical (compressive strength), chemical (ICP–MS), redox (H2-TPR) and surface (NH3-TPD) analyses, showing the preservation of Cu-exchanged zeolite features in the composite monoliths. NH3-SCR tests, carried out on both monolithic and powdered samples in the temperature range 70–550 °C, confirmed that composite monoliths provide a very good activity and a high selectivity to N2 over the whole range of temperatures explored due to the hierarchical structure of the materials, in addition to a good mechanical resistance—mostly related to the geopolymer matrix.

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13

Carroll, Mary, Ann Anderson, Sri Mangu, Zineb Hajjaj, and Margeaux Capron. "Aesthetic Aerogel Window Design for Sustainable Buildings." Sustainability 14, no. 5 (March 2, 2022): 2887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14052887.

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Transport of heat through windows accounts for more than 25% of heating and cooling losses in residential buildings. Silica-based aerogels are translucent with extremely low thermal conductivity, which make them attractive for incorporation into the interspaces of glazing units. Widespread incorporation of monolithic-silica-aerogel-based windows could result in significant energy savings associated with the heating and cooling of buildings. However, monolithic silica aerogels do not have the optical clarity of vision glass, due to light scattering by the solid matrix, and often have surface imperfections, both of which render these materials less appealing for glazing applications. Here, we demonstrate a variety of approaches to preparing aesthetically pleasing monolithic silica aerogel by a rapid supercritical extraction method for incorporation into glazing units, including: (1) process improvements that result in monoliths with higher visible light transmission; (2) innovative mold design for the preparation of uniform aerogel monoliths; (3) glazing designs that use thinner monoliths; and (4) the incorporation of artistic effects using dyes and laser etching to prepare glazing units with mosaic- or stained-glass-like patterns in which surface imperfections are perceived as features of the design rather than flaws.

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14

Ahmed, Adham, Mark Forster, Rob Clowes, Peter Myers, and Haifei Zhang. "Hierarchical porous metal–organic framework monoliths." Chem. Commun. 50, no. 92 (2014): 14314–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cc06967f.

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A simple powder-packing synthesis is developed to produce crystalline MOF monoliths containing micropores and highly interconnected macropores. Fast HPLC separation using the monolithic column is demonstrated.

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15

Parsazadeh, Nadieh, Fakhri Yousefi, Mehrorang Ghaedi, Kheibar Dashtian, and Fatemeh Borousan. "Preparation and characterization of monoliths HKUST-1 MOF via straightforward conversion of Cu(OH)2-based monoliths and its application for wastewater treatment: artificial neural network and central composite design modeling." New Journal of Chemistry 42, no. 12 (2018): 10327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nj01067f.

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16

Sememya, Roman, Artem Vilenskiy, and Sergey Chernyshev. "Design of RF filters with high selectivity on monolithic ceramic blocks." ITM Web of Conferences 30 (2019): 06001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20193006001.

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The paper presents the results of the development of quasielliptic filters on monolithic ceramic blocks. A circuit analysis of equivalent filter circuits is carried out using the coupling matrix method. A novel topology of a monolithic filter is being studied with the aim of obtaining increased frequency-selective properties due to the implementation of the attenuation poles. High cross-coupling values on ceramic monoliths with large inner metalized holes were obtained. The engineering method of adjusting the frequency position of the attenuation poles by trimming capacitive stubs is realized. Based on the performed analysis, as well as electromagnetic modeling, a monolithic ceramic filter was manufactured. The measurements results of the S-parameters for obtained models are presented.

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17

Feng, Rui. "Synthesis and Evaluation Methacrylate-Based Monolithic Materials Mixed with Carbon Nanotubes." Advanced Materials Research 900 (February 2014): 378–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.900.378.

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An effective approach to synthesize methacrylate-based hybrid monoliths was carried out by photopolymerization and the properties of the obtained monoliths mixed with mult-wall carbon nanotube (MWNT) were studied in this paper. The prepared hybrid materials with MWNT in the range of 0-5% total weight of monomers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra, thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), and mercury intrusion porosimetry, respectively. Moreover, their porosities were evaluated by the determination of flow rate for different prepared monolithic capillaries. The results showed that the monoliths with more MWNT (1-5%) possessed larger pore sizes between 1-10 μm. The hybrid monoliths have the potential advantages including stronger hydrophobic properties and less resistance for the application of reversed phase liquid chromatography in the micro-column separation.

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18

Göpfert, Lisa, Julia Klüpfel, Charlotte Heinritz, Martin Elsner, and Michael Seidel. "Macroporous epoxy-based monoliths for rapid quantification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by adsorption elution method optimized for qPCR." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 412, no. 29 (October 3, 2020): 8185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-02956-3.

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Abstract Pseudomonas aeruginosa contaminations in tap water systems have caused severe health problems in both hospital and household settings. To ensure fast and reliable detection, culture-independent methods are recommendable. However, the typically low cell number in water samples requires sample enrichment prior to analysis. Therefore, we developed and optimized an adsorption elution method using monolithic adsorption filtration and subsequent centrifugal ultrafiltration that can be combined with culture-independent detection methods. The principle of adsorption of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by hydrophobic and ionic interactions was studied in modified epoxy-based monoliths. Optimized conditions (5-L initial sample volume at pH 3 filtered for 30 min through hydrolyzed monoliths (MAF-OH) and eluted with beef extract glycine buffer at pH 9.5) achieved a recovery of 67.1 ± 1.2% and a concentration factor of 103. For the first time, we therefore present a culture-independent approach for rapid enrichment and subsequent molecular biological quantification of P. aeruginosa by qPCR from tap water samples by monolithic adsorption filtration. The total enrichment and quantification process takes 4 h. This work further stresses the versatility of the monolithic adsorption filtration and its possibilities as a concentration tool for culture-independent analytics of pathogenic bacteria in the environment. Graphical abstract

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19

Espinosa-Iglesias, David, Esther Bailón-García, Mª Isidora Bautista-Toledo, Francisco Carrasco-Marín, and Agustín F. Pérez-Cadenas. "Bacteria Supported on Carbon-Coated Monoliths for Water Denitrification." C 6, no. 4 (November 24, 2020): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/c6040077.

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Escherichia coli bacteria were grown inside the channels of cordierite monoliths previously coated with a very good adhered carbon layer. These monolithic structures were tested at room temperature for the nitrate elimination of water solutions working as a batch monolithic bioreactor and showed very good results, as 100% of the nitrates and nitrites were completely removed in the used experimental conditions. Different rate flows of bacteria growth and nitrate elimination were studied, showing that the higher the flow velocity, the faster the nitrate elimination. Finally, the reproducibility tests confirmed the good performance of the proposed bioreactor.

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20

Ni, Xing Yuan, Ji Chao Wang, Guang Wu Liu, Zhi Hua Zhang, Jun Shen, Bin Zhou, and Guang Ming Wu. "Preparation and Properties of Super Insulation Material SiO₂ Aerogel." Advanced Materials Research 516-517 (May 2012): 1531–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.516-517.1531.

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Nano-porous monolithic SiO2 aerogel as insulation material was prepared from silicon alkoxide as the precursor materials, followed by ethanol supercritical drying in this paper. In order to improve the mechanical properties of silica aerogel monoliths, the ceramic fibers were mixed in the pure aerogel, or integrating inorganic fiber materials as skeleton materials with low thermal conductivity supporting. Instron 5566, 5500R Material Testing Machine was used to measure the mechanical intensity. SEM was used to characterize the morphology of the silica aerogel monoliths. The thermal properties of the silica aerogels were determined by using the Hot Disk device. The results show that new type composite materials had a low effect on the thermal conductivities of the silica aerogel monoliths, but improved the mechanical intensity clearly. It made a great progress in the practical application of the SiO2 aerogel monoliths.

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21

Jeifetz, Leandro G., Pablo Daniel Giunta, Fernando J. Mariño, Norma E. Amadeo, and Miguel Á. Laborde. "Simulation of CO Preferential Oxidation (COPrOx) Monolithic Reactors." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2013-0071.

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Abstract In this work, a COPrOx monolithic reactor with a CuO/CeO2/Al2O3 catalytic washcoat was modelled to purify a H2 stream for a 2 kW PEM fuel cell. Preliminary simulations included isothermal monoliths operating between 423 and 463 K, and the optimization of linear axial temperature profiles. For a fixed total system size and a desired CO outlet molar fraction lower than 20 ppm, an isothermal temperature profile maximized the global selectivity towards CO oxidation. Then, different schemes of adiabatic monoliths with interstage cooling were modelled and evaluated. It was found that wide operating temperature ranges lower the necessary number of stages, but decrease the global selectivity and rise system sensitivity to inlet temperatures. A 1D heterogeneous model was used to simulate the monoliths.

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22

Li, Fei, Lin Zhou, Ji-Xuan Liu, and Guo-Jun Zhang. "Preparation of Hierarchical Porous Silicon Carbide Monoliths via Ambient Pressure Drying Sol–Gel Process Followed by High-Temperature Pyrolysis." Materials 16, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16010220.

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Hierarchical porous silicon carbide (SiC) attracts great attention due to its superior chemical resistance, high thermal shock resistance, and excellent thermal stability. The preparation of a porous SiC monolith via a simple sol–gel method is limited by either the high cost of the raw materials or the special time-consuming drying process. Herein, we report an ambient drying sol–gel approach for the synthesis of organic–inorganic hybrid monolithic gels which can be converted into hierarchical porous SiC monoliths upon pyrolysis at 1400 °C. The as-synthesized SiC monoliths possess hierarchical pores with macropores of 4.5 µm and mesopores of 2.0 nm. The porosities, specific surface areas and compressive strengths of the hierarchical porous SiC monoliths are 71.3%, 171.5 m2/g and 7.0 ± 0.8 MPa, respectively.

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23

Bassanese, Danielle N., Arianne Soliven, Xavier A. Conlan, R. Andrew Shalliker, Neil W. Barnett, and Paul G. Stevenson. "A non-destructive test to assess the axial heterogeneity of in situ modified monoliths for HPLC." Analytical Methods 7, no. 17 (2015): 7177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ay02812k.

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A multi-location peak parking protocol was developed for a non-destructive assessment of the axial heterogeneity of in situ modified monoliths. This was tested on a column with a surface coverage density gradient along the length of the monolithic rod. Qualitative changes in band broadening were observed and were consistent with theoretical studies.

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24

Weichelt, Franziska, Solvig Lenz, Stefanie Tiede, Ingrid Reinhardt, Bernhard Frerich, and Michael R. Buchmeiser. "ROMP-Derived cyclooctene-based monolithic polymeric materials reinforced with inorganic nanoparticles for applications in tissue engineering." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 6 (December 17, 2010): 1199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.6.137.

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Porous monolithic inorganic/polymeric hybrid materials have been prepared via ring-opening metathesis copolymerization starting from a highly polar monomer, i.e., cis-5-cyclooctene-trans-1,2-diol and a 7-oxanorborn-2-ene-derived cross-linker in the presence of porogenic solvents and two types of inorganic nanoparticles (i.e., CaCO3 and calcium hydroxyapatite, respectively) using the third-generation Grubbs initiator RuCl2(Py)2(IMesH2)(CHPh). The physico-chemical properties of the monolithic materials, such as pore size distribution and microhardness were studied with regard to the nanoparticle type and content. Moreover, the reinforced monoliths were tested for the possible use as scaffold materials in tissue engineering, by carrying out cell cultivation experiments with human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells.

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25

Röcker, Dennis, Tatjana Trunzer, Jasmin Heilingbrunner, Janine Rassloff, Paula Fraga-García, and Sonja Berensmeier. "Design of 3D Carbon Nanotube Monoliths for Potential-Controlled Adsorption." Applied Sciences 11, no. 20 (October 10, 2021): 9390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11209390.

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The design of 3D monoliths provides a promising opportunity to scale the unique properties of singular carbon nanotubes to a macroscopic level. However, the synthesis of carbon nanotube monoliths is often characterized by complex procedures and additives impairing the later macroscopic properties. Here, we present a simple and efficient synthesis protocol leading to the formation of free-standing, stable, and highly conductive 3D carbon nanotube monoliths for later application in potential-controlled adsorption in aqueous systems. We synthesized monoliths displaying high tensile strength, excellent conductivity (up to 140 S m−1), and a large specific surface area (up to 177 m2 g−1). The resulting monoliths were studied as novel electrode materials for the reversible electrosorption of maleic acid. The process principle was investigated using chronoamperometry and cyclic voltammetry in a two-electrode setup. A stable electrochemical behavior was observed, and the synthesized monoliths displayed capacitive and faradaic current responses. At moderate applied overpotentials (± 500 mV vs. open circuit potential), the monolithic electrodes showed a high loading capacity (~20 µmol g−1) and reversible potential-triggered release of the analyte. Our results demonstrate that carbon nanotube monoliths can be used as novel electrode material to control the adsorption of small organic molecules onto charged surfaces.

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26

Elghniji, Kais, Zohra Anna-Rabah, and Elimame Elaloui. "Novel and facile synthesis of transparent-monolithic TiO2 gels by sol-gel method based on an esterification reaction." Materials Science-Poland 34, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 633–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msp-2016-0091.

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AbstractTransparent TiO2 monoliths were obtained through a modified sol-gel route from titanium isopropoxide as a precursor. By controlling the hydrolysis of this precursor through the intermediate of esterification reaction between acetic acid and isopropanol at 40 °C, transparent TiO2 xerogel monoliths were obtained. The monoliths prepared by this method were transparent in the wavelengths between 400 nm and 700 nm. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy suggested that the acetic acid played also an active role as a chelating agent, forming Ti[(OH)y(OOCCH3)x] less reactive species. Powder X-ray diffraction confirmed the amorphous-to-anatase phase transformation with the formation of unknown Ti-containing complex at 90 °C. Only anatase TiO2 could be observed in the samples calcined at 250 °C and 450 °C. Optical aspects of the gel (transparent-transluscent transformation of monolithic gel) and gelation time were controlled by changing the amount of external water.

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27

Aydoğan, Cemil, İbrahim Y. Erdoğan, and Ziad El-Rassi. "Hydrophobic AEROSIL®R972 Fumed Silica Nanoparticles Incorporated Monolithic Nano-Columns for Small Molecule and Protein Separation by Nano-Liquid Chromatography." Molecules 27, no. 7 (April 1, 2022): 2306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27072306.

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A new feature of hydrophobic fumed silica nanoparticles (HFSNPs) when they apply to the preparation of monolithic nano-columns using narrow monolithic fused silica capillary columns (e.g., 50-µm inner diameter) was presented. The monolithic nano-columns were synthesized by an in-situ polymerization using butyl methacrylate (BMA) and ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) at various concentrations of AEROSIL®R972, called HFSNPs. Dimethyl formamide (DMF) and water were used as the porogenic solvents. These columns (referred to as HFSNP monoliths) were successfully characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and reversed-phase nano-LC using alkylbenzenes and polyaromatic hydrocarbons as solute probes. The reproducibility values based on run-to-run, column-to-column and batch-to-batch were found as 2.3%, 2.48% and 2.99% (n = 3), respectively. The optimized column also indicated promising hydrophobic interactions under reversed-phase conditions, while the feasibility of the column allowed high efficiency and high throughput nano-LC separations. The potential of the final HFSNP monolith in relation to intact protein separation was successfully demonstrated using six intact proteins, including ribonuclease A, cytochrome C, carbonic anhydrase isozyme II, lysozyme, myoglobin, and α-chymotrypsinogen A in nano-LC. The results showed that HFSNP-based monolithic nanocolumns are promising materials and are powerful tools for sensitive separations.

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28

Chen, Jiawei, Fangfang Liu, Yongfeng Li, Yongshen Dou, Sanmao Liu, and Liangjun Xiao. "Self-standing zeolite foam monoliths with hierarchical micro–meso–macroporous structures." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 8 (August 2020): 200981. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200981.

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The zeolite monoliths were synthesized by a facile polymer scaffold template assisted hydrothermal method. The selected foam-shaped template of a polyurethane (PU) foam monolith, was used to prepare the self-standing zeolite foam (ZF) monolithic materials. The obtained ZF products can preserve the same size, shape and macroporous network structure of the original PU foam scaffold template, although the zeolite nano-crystallites had been fully substituted for the PU template to form the new skeleton struts and walls. The as-synthesized ZF products demonstrated abundant hierarchical porosity (involving triple micro-, meso- and macropores). Meanwhile, compared with the conventional zeolite powders, the self-standing ZF monolithic materials exhibited greater total pore volume and nearly three times higher mesopore volume, suggesting wider applications as catalysts, catalyst supports and adsorbents in industry.

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29

Thejaswini, Thurlapathi VL, and Deivasigamani Prabhakaran. "Synthesis of Mesoporous Titania–Silica Monolith Composites — A Comprehensive Study on their Photocatalytic Degradation of Acid Blue 113 Dye Under UV Light." International Journal of Nanoscience 15, no. 05n06 (October 2016): 1660012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x16600127.

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The present work deals with the synthesis of bi-continuous macro and mesoporous crack-free titania–silica monoliths, with well-defined structural dimensions and high surface area. The work also highlights their potential photocatalytic environmental applications. The highly ordered titania–silica monoliths are synthesized through direct surface template method using organic precursors of silica and titania in the presence of surface directing agents such as pluronic P123 and PEG, under acetic acid medium. The monoliths are synthesized with different Ti/Si ratios to obtain monolithic designs that exhibit better photocatalytic activity for dye degradation. The titania–silica monoliths are characterized using XRD, SEM, EDAX, FT-IR, TG–DTA and BET analysis. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized monoliths is tested on the photodegradation of a textile dye (acid blue 113). It is observed that the monolith with 7:3 ratio of Ti/Si showed significant photocatalysis behavior in the presence of UV light. The influence of various physico-chemical properties such as, solution pH, photocatalyst dosage, light intensity, dye concentration, effect of oxidants, etc. are analyzed and optimized using a customized photoreactor set-up. Under optimized conditions, the monoliths exhibited superior degradation kinetics, with the dye dissipation complete within 10[Formula: see text]min of photolysis. The mesoporous catalysts are recoverable and reusable up to four cycles of repeated usage.

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Korzhikova-Vlakh, Evgenia, Mariia Antipchik, and Tatiana Tennikova. "Macroporous Polymer Monoliths in Thin Layer Format." Polymers 13, no. 7 (March 27, 2021): 1059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13071059.

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Nowadays, macroporous polymer monoliths represent widely used stationary phases for a number of dynamic interphase mass exchange processes such as high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, electrochromatography, solid-phase extraction, and flow-through solid-state biocatalysis. This review represents the first summary in the field of current achievements on the preparation of macroporous polymer monolithic layers, as well as their application as solid phases for thin-layer chromatography and different kinds of microarray.

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31

Marcos, C., M. A. Llorca, P. Camblor, and L. F. Verdeja. "Caracterización de refractarios monolíticos." Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio 41, no. 2 (April 30, 2002): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/cyv.2002.v41.i2.684.

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32

Buratti, Cinzia, Elisa Moretti, Elisa Belloni, and Michele Zinzi. "Experimental and Numerical Energy Assessment of a Monolithic Aerogel Glazing Unit for Building Applications." Applied Sciences 9, no. 24 (December 13, 2019): 5473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9245473.

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In the last few decades, the attention of researchers has been focused on the characterization of aerogels in order to improve the thermal performance of transparent building envelopes. Granular aerogel is already spread in the market thanks to the easy manufacturing system, whereas the difficulty in producing monoliths without defects, cracks, and inhomogeneity limited the diffusion of monolithic aerogel systems. A new production process for the monolithic panels was developed at Union College (Schenectady, NY, USA); it is a rapid supercritical extraction technique which allows a reduction in production time (only a few hours) and results in less solvent waste. Panes with maximum dimensions of about 100 × 100 mm were fabricated and composed in a unique glazing system, with external dimensions 300 × 300 mm. The thermal characterization of the innovative monolithic aerogel glazing system (simple float glazing 4.7-mm-thick monolithic aerogel pane 15-mm-thick simple float glazing 4.7 mm thick), which was carried out by means of a Small Hot Box apparatus, showed a thermal transmittance value of about 1.1 W/(m2K). Data was used in dynamic simulations of a typical non-residential building. They showed that the new investigated solution allows a valuable reduction with respect to a low-e double glazing system in terms of heating energy demand (about 5–7% for Helsinki, 8–12% for Paris, and 10–15% for Turin), for different window-to-wall ratios.

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33

Alzahrani, Eman, and Ashwaq T. Alkhudaidy. "Eco-friendly production of metal nanoparticles immobilised on organic monolith for pepsin extraction." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 22, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2020-0004.

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AbstractPolymer monoliths modified by using nanoparticles (NPs) integrate high NP specific surface area with different monolith surface chemistry and high porosity. As a result, they have extensive applications within different fields, whereas nanomaterial-functionalised porous polymer monoliths have elicited considerable interest from investigators. This study is aimed at fabricating organic polymer-based monoliths from polybutyl methacrylate-co-ethylenedimethacrylate (BuMA-co-EDMA) monoliths prior to immobilization of gold or silver metal on the pore surface of the monoliths using reducing reagent (extracts of lemon peels). This was intended to denote a sustainable technique of immobilizing nanoparticles that are advantageous over physical and chemical techniques because it is safe in terms of handling, readily available, environmentally friendly, and cheap. Two different methods were used in the study to effectively immobilize nanoparticles on monolithic components. The outcomes showed that soaking the monolith rod in the prepared nano solution directly and placing it within ovens at temperatures of 80°C constituted the most effective method. Characterisation of the fabricated monolith was undertaken using SEM/EDX analysis, UV-vis. spectra analysis, and visual observation. The SEM analysis showed that nanoparticles were extensively immobilised on the surface polymers. Another peak was attained through EDX analysis, thus confirming the Au atom existence at 2.83% alongside another peak that proved the Ag atom existence at 1.92%. The fabricated components were used as sorbents for purifying protein. The ideal performance was achieved using gold nanoparticles (GNPs) immobilised organic monolith that attained a greater pepsin extraction recovery compared to silver nanoparticles (SNPs) immobilised organic monoliths alongside bare organic-based monolith.

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Stepanova, Mariia, Olga Solomakha, Daria Ten, Tatiana Tennikova, and Evgenia Korzhikova-Vlakh. "Flow-Through Macroporous Polymer Monoliths Containing Artificial Catalytic Centers Mimicking Chymotrypsin Active Site." Catalysts 10, no. 12 (November 30, 2020): 1395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10121395.

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Synthetic catalysts that could compete with enzymes in term of the catalytic efficiency but surpass them in stability have a great potential for the practical application. In this work, we have developed a novel kind of organic catalysts based on flow-through macroporous polymer monoliths containing catalytic centers that mimic the catalytic site of natural enzyme chymotrypsin. It is known that chymotrypsin catalytic center consists of L-serine, L-histidine, and L-aspartic acid and has specificity to C-terminal residues of hydrophobic amino acids (L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, and L-tryptophan). In this paper, we have prepared the macroporous polymer monoliths bearing grafted polymer layer on their surface. The last one was synthesized via copolymerization of N-methacryloyl-L-serine, N-methacryloyl-L-histidine, and N-methacryloyl-L-aspartic acid. The spatial orientation of amino acids in the polymer layer, generated on the surface of monolithic framework, was achieved by coordinating amino acid-polymerizable derivatives with cobalt (II) ions without substrate-mimicking template and with its use. The conditions for the preparation of mimic materials were optimized to achieve a mechanically stable system. Catalytic properties of the developed systems were evaluated towards the hydrolysis of ester bond in a low molecular substrate and compared to the results of using chymotrypsin immobilized on the surface of a similar monolithic framework. The effect of flow rate increase and temperature elevation on the hydrolysis efficiency were evaluated for both mimic monolith and column with immobilized enzyme.

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35

Amirsardari, Zahra, Akram Dourani, Mohamad Ali Amirifar, Nooredin Ghadiri Massoom, and Rahim Ehsani. "Development of novel supported iridium nanocatalysts for special catalytic beds." Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry 10, no. 1 (December 26, 2019): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40097-019-00327-8.

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Abstract In the present paper, an experimental study of the catalytic decomposition of hydrous hydrazine was investigated on the different structural forms of the catalyst. The synthesized iridium catalysts have been usually used directly and have not been evaluated in the laboratory reactor. This study includes the preparation of iridium-based catalysts supported on spherical (alumina), honeycomb monoliths (cordierite) and foams (alumina) for the evaluation of catalytic activity in the laboratory reactor. The characterizations of these catalysts were evaluated by the TGA, FESEM and BET analysis. The result of the catalytic characterization of monolithic support was shown a homogeneous distribution of active metal without any problem of sintering (average size 25 nm) on the support surface. While the surface of the spherical and foam supports were shown non-uniform distribution of nanoparticles on the support skeleton (average size 55 nm). The monolithic catalyst exhibits higher decomposition rate and H2 selectivity than other supports due to uniform in shape and particle size distribution. Graphic abstract

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36

Tatarko, Peter, Štefánia Lojanová, Zdeněk Chlup, Ján Dusza, and Pavol Šajgalík. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Rare-Earth Doped Si₃N₄ and Si₃N₄/SiC Ceramics." Advances in Science and Technology 65 (October 2010): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.65.78.

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Microstructure and mechanical properties of Si3N4 and Si3N4 + SiC nanocomposites sintered with rare-earth oxide additives (La2O3, Y2O3, Yb2O3 and Lu2O3) have been investigated. The composites exhibited smaller grain diameter compared to that of monolithic materials. The aspect ratio of β-Si3N4 grains increased with a decreasing ionic radius of rare-earth elements in the Si3N4 monoliths as well as in the Si3N4-SiC nanocomposites. The hardness of both systems increased with a decreasing ionic radius of rare-earth element. The fracture toughness of the materials with coarser microstructure and higher aspect ratio was higher due to the more frequent toughening mechanisms. No significant difference between strength values of monoliths and composites was observed and the strength in the composites was determined mainly by the present processing flaws. Significantly improved creep resistance was observed in the case of composites and for materials with smaller ionic radius of RE3+.

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37

Sánchez-Trasviña, Calef, Marco Rito-Palomares, and José González-Valdez. "Development and Characterization of PEGylated Chromatographic Monoliths as a Novel Platform for the Separation of PEGylated RNase a Isomers." Advances in Polymer Technology 2019 (December 12, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5067028.

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PEGylated or polyethylene glycol-modified proteins have been used as therapeutic agents in different diseases. However, the major drawback in their procurement is the purification process to separate unreacted proteins and the PEGylated species. Several efforts have been done to separate PEGylation reactions by chromatography using different stationary phases and modified supports. In this context, this study presents the use of chromatographic monoliths modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to separate PEGylated Ribonuclease A (RNase A). To do this, Convective Interaction Media (CIM) Ethylenediamine (EDA) monolithic disks were PEGylated using three PEG molecular weights (1, 10, and 20 kDa). The PEGylated monoliths were used to separate PEGylated RNase A modified, as well, with three PEG molecular weights (5, 20, and 40 kDa) by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Performance results showed that Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) can bind to PEGylated monoliths and the amount of bound BSA increases when ammonium sulfate concentration and flow rate increase. Furthermore, when PEGylated RNase A was loaded into the PEGylated monoliths, PEG-PEG interactions predominated in the separation of the different PEGylated species (i.e., mono and di-PEGylated). It was also observed that the molecular weight of grafted PEG chains to the monolith impacts strongly in the operation resolution. Interestingly, it was possible to separate, for the first time, isomers of 40 kDa PEGylated RNase A by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. This technology, based on PEGylated monoliths, represents a new methodology to efficiently separate proteins and PEGylated proteins. Besides, it could be used to separate other PEGylated molecules of biopharmaceutical or biotechnological interest.

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38

Alharthi, Sarah, and Ziad El Rassi. "Various Strategies in Post-Polymerization Functionalization of Organic Polymer-Based Monoliths Used in Liquid Phase Separation Techniques." Molecules 25, no. 6 (March 13, 2020): 1323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25061323.

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This review article is aimed at summarizing the various strategies that have been developed so far for post-polymerization functionalization (PPF) of organic polymer-based monoliths used in liquid phase separation techniques, namely HPLC at all scales and capillary electrochromatography (CEC). The reader will find the organic reactions performed on monolithic columns for grafting the chromatographic ligands needed for solving the separation problems on hand. This process involves therefore the fabrication of template monoliths that carry reactive functional groups to which chromatographic ligands can be covalently attached in a post-polymerization kind of approach. That is, the template monolith that has been optimized in terms of pore structure and other morphology can be readily modified and tailor made on column to fit a particular separation. The review article will not only cover the various strategies developed so far but also describe their separation applications. To the best of our knowledge, this review article will be the first of its kind.

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39

Politakos, Nikolaos, Luis Serrano Cantador, Juan Antonio Cecilia, Iranzu Barbarin, and Radmila Tomovska. "CO2 Capture by Reduced Graphene Oxide Monoliths with Incorporated CeO2 Grafted with Functionalized Polymer Brushes." Applied Sciences 11, no. 23 (November 24, 2021): 11154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112311154.

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The monolithic materials of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) can be used successfully in CO2 adsorption. Here, the incorporation of CeO2 particles with and without polymer brushes grafted from the particles showed that the structural properties could be changed, affecting the adsorption of CO2. Polymer brushes of (1) poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), (2) poly(vinyl caprolactam) (PVCL) and (3) poly[(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl) trimethylammonium chloride] (PMETAC) were grafted from CeO2 via reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The preparation of monoliths of rGO with different modified CeO2 particles led to different thermal properties (TGA), structural changes (BET isotherms) and CO2 adsorption. The responsive character of the CeO2@polymer was proven by the DLS and UV results. The responsive character of the particles incorporated into the rGO monolith affected not only the adsorption capacity but also the microstructure and values of the surface volume of the pores of the monolith. Monoliths with porosity values for better adsorption were affected by the responsive character of the polymer.

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40

Padilla, Ornel, Jessica Munera, Jaime Gallego, and Alexander Santamaria. "Approach to the Characterization of Monolithic Catalysts Based on La Perovskite-like Oxides and Their Application for VOC Oxidation under Simulated Indoor Environment Conditions." Catalysts 12, no. 2 (January 28, 2022): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12020168.

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Catalysts are very important in controlling the pollutant emissions and are used for hundreds of chemical processes. Currently, noble metal-based catalysts are being replaced for other kinds of materials. In this study, three lanthanum-based perovskite-like oxides were synthesized (LaCo, LaCoMn, and LaMn) by the glycine-combustion method. The powder catalysts obtained were supported onto cordierite ceramic monoliths using an optimized washcoating methodology to obtain the subsequent monolithic catalysts (LaCo-S, LaCoMn-S, and LaMn-S). Sample characterization confirmed the formation of the perovskite-like phase in the powder materials as well as the presence of the perovskite phase after supporting it onto the monolithic structure. The XPS analysis showed a general decrease in lattice oxygen species for monolithic catalysts, mainly caused by the colloidal silica used as a binder agent during the washcoating process. Additionally, some variations in the oxidation state distribution for elements in Co-containing systems suggest a stronger interaction between cordierite and such catalysts. The catalytic activity results indicated that powder and monolithic catalysts were active for single-component VOC oxidation in the following order: 2-propanol > n-hexane ≅ mixture > toluene, and there was no evidence of loss of catalytic activity after supporting the catalysts. However, LaMn-S had a better catalytic performance for all VOC tested under dry conditions, achieving oxidation temperatures between 230–420 °C. The oxidation efficiency for the VOC mixture was strongly affected by the presence of moisture linking the oxidation efficiency at wet conditions to the VOC chemical nature. Additionally, for higher VOC concentrations, the catalyst efficiency decreased due to the limited number of active sites.

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41

Hu, Wen, Tao Shen, Hongying Hou, Guoyou Gan, Biju Zheng, Fengxian Li, and Jianhong Yi. "Collagen-biomorphic porous carbon nanofiber monoliths: Biosilicification-assisted sustainable synthesis and application in Li-S battery." Functional Materials Letters 09, no. 01 (February 2016): 1650015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604716500156.

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Monolithic carbon has been synthesized via a sustainable biomimetic route utilizing intrafibrillar silicified collagen sponge as precursor and morphogenesis template. The mineralized silica in the biohybrid prevents collapse of the carbon during pyrolysis. Upon biosilica removal results show that the carbon monoliths inherit the porous fiber structure of the mother collagen. The carbon nanofiber framework facilitates the construction of a high electrical conductive pathway, while the internal spaces developed among the intertwined fibrillar network and pores within nanofiber walls offer room for sulfur storage. The as-obtained carbon-sulfur cathode exhibits an accessible discharge capacity approaching 800[Formula: see text]mAh g[Formula: see text] in Li–S battery.

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42

Thejaswini, T. V. L., D. Prabhakaran, and M. Akhila Maheswari. "Structurally engineered TiO2–SiO2 monolithic designs for the enhanced photocatalytic degradation of organic textile dye pollutants." Functional Materials Letters 10, no. 02 (April 2017): 1750006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604717500060.

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The rapid removal of organic textile dye (Acid Red-85) using mesoporous TiO2–SiO2 monoliths as photocatalyst material has been studied. The 7:3 mole% ratios of TiO2 and SiO2 within the framework provided a well-ordered cage-like monolithic design with high surface area and pore volume that facilitated faster and efficient degradation of the dye effluents. The photocatalyst has been characterized using XRD, TEM-SAED, UV–Vis-DRS, PL, TGA and BET analysis. The influence of various photocatalytic operational parameters, such as solution pH, dopant stoichiometry, catalyst dosage, dye concentration, kinetics, photo-oxidizers, etc., which could influence on the degradation efficiency, has been studied.

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43

Fyfe, Ralph M., and Tom Greeves. "The date and context of a stone row: Cut Hill, Dartmoor, south-west England." Antiquity 84, no. 323 (March 1, 2010): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00099762.

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The beginning of monolithic monumentality in Europe is of outstanding significance and its accurate dating a consummation devoutly to be wished. In this case study from England, the researchers had the good fortune to find monoliths stratified above and below by peat and so were able to give them a bracketed radiocarbon date and an environmental context. The results show that the stones, belonging to a linear alignment of eight others, were erected in a clearing of heathland in the fourth millennium BC. The date raises the possibility of a Neolithic appearance for this type of stone row in south-west Britain and Britanny.

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Milić, Miloš, and Dragana Makajić-Nikolić. "Development of a Quality-Based Model for Software Architecture Optimization: A Case Study of Monolith and Microservice Architectures." Symmetry 14, no. 9 (September 2, 2022): 1824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14091824.

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Various architectures can be applied in software design. The aim of this research is to examine a typical implementation of Jakarta EE monolithic and microservice software architectures in the context of software quality attributes. Software quality standards are used to define quality models, as well as quality characteristics and sub-characteristics, i.e., software quality attributes. This paper evaluates monolithic and microservice architectures in the context of Coupling, Testability, Security, Complexity, Deployability, and Availability quality attributes. The performed examinations yielded a quality-based mixed integer goal programming mathematical model for software architecture optimization. The model incorporates various software metrics and considers their maximal, minimal or targeted values, as well as upper and lower deviations. The objective is the sum of all deviations, which should be minimal. Considering the presented model, a solution which incorporated multiple monoliths and microservices was defined. This way, the internal structure of the software is defined in a consistent and symmetrical context, while the external software behavior remains unchanged. In addition, an intersection point of monolithic and microservice software architectures, where software metrics obtain the same values, was introduced. Within the intersection point, either one of the architectures can be applied. With the exception of some metrics, an increase in the number of features leads to a value increase of software metrics in microservice software architecture, whilst these values are constant in monolithic software architecture. An increase in the number of features indicated a quality attribute’s importance for the software system should be examined and an appropriate architecture should be selected accordingly. Finally, practical recommendations regarding software architectures in terms of software quality were given. Since each software system needs to meet non-functional in addition to functional requirements, a quality-driven software engineering can be established.

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45

Prabhakaran, D., C. Subashini, and M. Akhila Maheswari. "Synthesis of Mesoporous Silica Monoliths — A Novel Approach Towards Fabrication of Solid-State Optical Sensors for Environmental Applications." International Journal of Nanoscience 15, no. 05n06 (October 2016): 1660014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x16600140.

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Mesoporous silica monoliths are an attractive area of research owing to their high specific surface area, uniform channels and mesoporous size (2–30[Formula: see text]nm). This paper deals with the direct templating synthesis of a mesoporous worm-like silica monolithic material using F127 — a triblock copolymer, by micro-emulsion technique using trimethyl benzene (TMB), as the solvent. The synthesized silica monolith is characterized using SEM-EDAX, XRD, BET, NMR and FT-IR. The monolith shows an ordered worm-like mesoporous structure with tuneable through pores, an excellent host for the anchoring of chromo-ionophores for the naked-eye metal ion-sensing. The mesoporous monoliths were loaded with 4-dodecyl-6-(2-pyridylazo)-phenol (DPAP) ligand through direct immobilization, thereby acting as solid-state naked-eye colorimetric ion-sensors for the sensing toxic Pb[Formula: see text] ions at parts-per-billion (ppb) level in various industrial and environmental systems. The influence of various experimental parameters such as solution pH, limiting ligand loading concentration, amount of monolith material, matrix tolerance level, limit of detection and quantification has been studied and optimized.

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Wang, Rui, Yu Kun Sun, Bao Jia Qi Jiang, Hui Yang, and Xing Zhong Guo. "Preparation of Macroprous C12A7 Mayenite Monoliths via a Sol-Gel Process with Nitrates as Precursors." Key Engineering Materials 768 (April 2018): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.768.211.

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Macroporous Ca12Al14O33(C12A7) mayenite monoliths have been successfully prepared via a sol-gel process in the presence of propylene oxide (PO) and poly (ethyleneoxide) (PEO). Gelation of CaO-Al2O3binary system with nitrates salts as additional precursors is accelerated by PO as an acid scavenger, while PEO works as a phase separation inducer to mediate the phase separation of the system. Appropriate PO and PEO amounts allow the formation of monolithic xerogel with interconnected macropores and co-continuous skeletons. The resultant dried gels are amorphous and the single crystalline phase Ca12Al14O33mayenite forms after heat-treatment at 1100 °C in air, while the macrostructure is preserved with a porosity as high as 78% and smoother and denser skeletons.

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47

He, Ping, Stephen J. Haswell, Paul D. I. Fletcher, Stephen M. Kelly, and Andrew Mansfield. "Scaling up of continuous-flow, microwave-assisted, organic reactions by varying the size of Pd-functionalized catalytic monoliths." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 7 (August 23, 2011): 1150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.7.133.

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A product-scalable, catalytically mediated flow system has been developed to perform Suzuki–Miyaura reactions under a microwave heating regime, in which the volumetric throughput of a Pd-supported silica monolith can be used to increase the quantity of the product without changing the optimal operating conditions. Two silica monoliths (both 3 cm long), with comparable pore diameters and surface areas, were fabricated with diameters of 3.2 and 6.4 mm to give volumetric capacities of 0.205 and 0.790 mL, respectively. The two monoliths were functionalized with a loading of 4.5 wt % Pd and then sealed in heat-shrinkable Teflon® tubing to form a monolithic flow reactor. The Pd-supported silica monolith flow reactor was then placed into the microwave cavity and connected to an HPLC pump and a backpressure regulator to minimize the formation of gas bubbles. The flow rate and microwave power were varied to optimize the reactant contact time and temperature, respectively. Under optimal reaction conditions the quantity of product could be increased from 31 mg per hour to 340 mg per hour simply by changing the volumetric capacity of the monolith.

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48

Touati, Houcine, Sabine Valange, Marc Reinholdt, Catherine Batiot-Dupeyrat, Jean-Marc Clacens, and Jean-Michel Tatibouët. "Low Temperature Catalytic Oxidation of Ethanol Using Ozone over Manganese Oxide-Based Catalysts in Powdered and Monolithic Forms." Catalysts 12, no. 2 (January 28, 2022): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12020172.

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Catalytic oxidation of low concentrations of ethanol was investigated in dry and humid air streams at low temperature (60 °C) over manganese oxide-based catalysts supported on a meso–macrostructured TiO2 using ozone as the oxidant. Ethanol was selected as a representative model VOC present in indoor air, and its concentration was fixed to 10 ppm. For that purpose, a series of Mn/TiO2 powder and monolithic catalysts was prepared, some doped with 0.5 wt% Pd. Whatever the catalyst, the presence of water vapor in the gas phase had a beneficial effect on the conversion of ethanol and ozone. The Pd–Mn/TiO2 catalyst containing 0.5 wt% Pd and 5 wt% Mn exhibited superior oxidation efficiency to the Mn/TiO2 counterparts by increasing ozone decomposition (77%) while simultaneously increasing the selectivity to CO2 (85%). The selectivity to CO2 approached nearly 100% by increasing the amount of catalyst from 20 to 80 mg. In a further step, alumina wash-coated cordierite honeycomb monoliths were coated with the 0.5Pd–5Mn/TiO2 catalyst. Full conversion of ethanol to CO2 without residual O3 emitted (less than 10 ppb) could be attained, thereby demonstrating that the proposed Pd–Mn/TiO2 monolithic catalyst fulfills the specifications required for onboard systems.

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Orlova, Tatiana S., Vitaly V. Shpeizman, Nadejda V. Glebova, AndreyA Nechitailov, Andrey A. Spitsyn, Dmitry A. Ponomarev, Antonio Gutierrez-Pardo, and Joaquin Ramirez-Rico. "Environmentally Friendly Monolithic Highly-Porous Biocarbons as Binder-Free Supercapacitor Electrodes." REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE 55, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rams-2018-0027.

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Abstract A simple, low-cost and environmentally friendly method has been used to obtain highly porous biomorphic carbon monoliths with a good combination of interconnected macro-, mesoand microporosity, and good electrical conductivity and mechanical strength, making these biocarbon materials interesting for electrochemical applications as binder-free electrodes. Highly porous monolithic biocarbons were obtained from beech wood precursors through pyrolysis and subsequent surface modification in a steam heated to 970°C with different activation times. The obtained biocarbons demonstrated good electrical conductivity and mechanical strength. They were studied as electrodes for supercapacitors in half cell experiments, demonstrating maximum gravimetric capacitance of 200 F g-1 in a basic media at scan rate 1 mV s-1. Galvanostatic charge-discharge experiments showed maximum capacitance of 185 F g-1 at current density of 0.15 A g-1 and ~100 F g-1 at current density of 0.75 A g-1. It has been shown that in addition to the developed porous surface, the micropores with diameters exceeding 1 nm play a key role for the enhanced electrochemical capacity. Long-cycling experiments demonstrated excellent stability of the monolithic biocarbon electrodes with no reduction of the initial capacitance values after 600 cycles in voltammetry.

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50

Kim, Chonghwa. "Achieving Esthetics in Anterior Region using Monolithic Zirconia Restoration." Journal of the Korean Academy of Esthetic Dentistry 25, no. 1 (June 30, 2016): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15522/jkaed.2016.25.1.4.

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Статті в журналах з теми "Monolithics"

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