Статті в журналах: "Monolithic Catalyst"

1

Chen, Lei, Xiao Dong Zhang, Bao Feng Zhao, Guang Fan Meng, Hong Yu Si, and Min Xu. "Steam Reforming of Biomass Tar Model Compounds over Monolithic Catalysts." Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (December 2012): 374–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.374.

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Biomass tar was an inevitable by-product during biomass pyrolysis and gasification. The existence of biomass tar was a significant drawback for the use of biomass produced gases. At present, catalytic steam reforming was one of the most effective ways for tar conversion and elimination.In this paper, the coke-resistance Nickel-based monolithic catalyst and the Nickel-based monolithic catalyst were prepared, using cordierite as the catalyst carrier. Toluene and n-heptane were selected as two typical tar model compounds for the evaluation of catalyst performance in a fixed-bed reactor. The influences of temperature on the tar conversion efficiency were experimentally investigated. The results show that the two prepared monolithic catalysts have excellent performance for tar conversion. At 800°C, the conversion efficiency of toluene reach 82% and 80.4% over the coke-resistance Nickel-based monolithic catalyst and the Nickel-based monolithic catalyst, respectively. The addition of Cerium as the coke-resistance component remarkably reduces carbon deposition tendency with prolonged catalyst lifetime. monolithic catalysts have excellent performance for tar conversion. At 800°C, the conversion efficiency of toluene reached 82% and 80.4% over the coke-resistance Nickel-based monolithic catalyst and the Nickel-based monolithic catalyst, respectively. The addition of Cerium as the coke-resistance component remarkably reduces carbon deposition tendency with prolonged catalyst lifetime.

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2

Liang, Wenjun, Xiujuan Shi, Qinglei Li, Sida Ren, and Guobin Yin. "Effect of Pd/Ce Loading and Catalyst Components on the Catalytic Abatement of Toluene." Catalysts 12, no. 2 (February 16, 2022): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12020225.

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Monolithic catalysts are widely used in industrial catalysis. However, in the preparation of a monolithic catalyst, the traditional methods have some drawbacks such as low washcoat uploading ratio and poor uniformity. In the present work, the effects of Pd/Ce loading and catalyst components on the catalytic abatement of toluene were investigated. The acid treatment of the substrate, the particle size of the slurry and the dispersant on the uniformity of the washcoat and the catalytic performance were also explored. Characterisation was achieved via BET, SEM, zeta potential and laser grain-size analyses. The results showed that the catalytic activity of the catalyst increased with the increasing of the Ce content. It was found that the 0.2Pd-0.3Ce/γ-Al2O3 catalysts had the best toluene catalytic activity. The pretreatment of the cordierite with 20% HCl could improve the properties of the cordierite. It was also found that reducing the particle size of the washcoat and adding dispersant PAA could effectively improve the stability of the suspension and the uniformity of the washcoat. When 20% HCl pretreatment was used, the toluene catalytic activity of the monolith catalyst prepared by cordierite increased, in which T10 and T90 decreased by about 5 °C. Decreasing the particle size and dispersant also promoted the efficiency of catalytic degradation.

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3

Chen, Jiawei, Fangfang Liu, Yongfeng Li, Yongshen Dou, Sanmao Liu, and Liangjun Xiao. "Self-standing zeolite foam monoliths with hierarchical micro–meso–macroporous structures." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 8 (August 2020): 200981. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200981.

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The zeolite monoliths were synthesized by a facile polymer scaffold template assisted hydrothermal method. The selected foam-shaped template of a polyurethane (PU) foam monolith, was used to prepare the self-standing zeolite foam (ZF) monolithic materials. The obtained ZF products can preserve the same size, shape and macroporous network structure of the original PU foam scaffold template, although the zeolite nano-crystallites had been fully substituted for the PU template to form the new skeleton struts and walls. The as-synthesized ZF products demonstrated abundant hierarchical porosity (involving triple micro-, meso- and macropores). Meanwhile, compared with the conventional zeolite powders, the self-standing ZF monolithic materials exhibited greater total pore volume and nearly three times higher mesopore volume, suggesting wider applications as catalysts, catalyst supports and adsorbents in industry.

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4

Amirsardari, Zahra, Akram Dourani, Mohamad Ali Amirifar, Nooredin Ghadiri Massoom, and Rahim Ehsani. "Development of novel supported iridium nanocatalysts for special catalytic beds." Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry 10, no. 1 (December 26, 2019): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40097-019-00327-8.

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Abstract In the present paper, an experimental study of the catalytic decomposition of hydrous hydrazine was investigated on the different structural forms of the catalyst. The synthesized iridium catalysts have been usually used directly and have not been evaluated in the laboratory reactor. This study includes the preparation of iridium-based catalysts supported on spherical (alumina), honeycomb monoliths (cordierite) and foams (alumina) for the evaluation of catalytic activity in the laboratory reactor. The characterizations of these catalysts were evaluated by the TGA, FESEM and BET analysis. The result of the catalytic characterization of monolithic support was shown a homogeneous distribution of active metal without any problem of sintering (average size 25 nm) on the support surface. While the surface of the spherical and foam supports were shown non-uniform distribution of nanoparticles on the support skeleton (average size 55 nm). The monolithic catalyst exhibits higher decomposition rate and H2 selectivity than other supports due to uniform in shape and particle size distribution. Graphic abstract

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5

Li, Ying Xia, Jian Chen та Zheng Lan Luo. "Honeycomb Shaped Monolithic Fe-β Zeolite Catalyst for N₂O Decomposition". Advanced Materials Research 815 (жовтень 2013): 599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.815.599.

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Honeycomb shaped monolithic Fe-β zeolite catalyst for N2O decomposition prepared by direct extrusion method was investigated. In this paper, we optimized the parameters of the molding process and studied the decomposition properties of the honeycomb catalysts. Monolithic materials could be extruded successfully only with the plasticity ranging from 0.177 to 0.473. The content of SB powder, nitrate and water was shown to have a significant influence on the mechanical strength of the extruded materials. The monolithic samples were characterized by using XRD. Catalytic performances of various monolithic zeolites with diverse density (49 cells/in.2, 81cells/in.2, 169 cells/in.2) were thereafter studied. As shown from the result, catalyst activity increased significantly with the increase of monolithic catalyst density.

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6

Touati, Houcine, Sabine Valange, Marc Reinholdt, Catherine Batiot-Dupeyrat, Jean-Marc Clacens, and Jean-Michel Tatibouët. "Low Temperature Catalytic Oxidation of Ethanol Using Ozone over Manganese Oxide-Based Catalysts in Powdered and Monolithic Forms." Catalysts 12, no. 2 (January 28, 2022): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12020172.

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Catalytic oxidation of low concentrations of ethanol was investigated in dry and humid air streams at low temperature (60 °C) over manganese oxide-based catalysts supported on a meso–macrostructured TiO2 using ozone as the oxidant. Ethanol was selected as a representative model VOC present in indoor air, and its concentration was fixed to 10 ppm. For that purpose, a series of Mn/TiO2 powder and monolithic catalysts was prepared, some doped with 0.5 wt% Pd. Whatever the catalyst, the presence of water vapor in the gas phase had a beneficial effect on the conversion of ethanol and ozone. The Pd–Mn/TiO2 catalyst containing 0.5 wt% Pd and 5 wt% Mn exhibited superior oxidation efficiency to the Mn/TiO2 counterparts by increasing ozone decomposition (77%) while simultaneously increasing the selectivity to CO2 (85%). The selectivity to CO2 approached nearly 100% by increasing the amount of catalyst from 20 to 80 mg. In a further step, alumina wash-coated cordierite honeycomb monoliths were coated with the 0.5Pd–5Mn/TiO2 catalyst. Full conversion of ethanol to CO2 without residual O3 emitted (less than 10 ppb) could be attained, thereby demonstrating that the proposed Pd–Mn/TiO2 monolithic catalyst fulfills the specifications required for onboard systems.

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7

Sabarudin, Akhmad, Shin Shu, Kazuhiro Yamamoto, and Tomonari Umemura. "Preparation of Metal-Immobilized Methacrylate-Based Monolithic Columns for Flow-Through Cross-Coupling Reactions." Molecules 26, no. 23 (December 3, 2021): 7346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237346.

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With the aim of developing efficient flow-through microreactors for high-throughput organic synthesis, in this work, microreactors were fabricated by chemically immobilizing palladium-, nickel-, iron-, and copper-based catalysts onto ligand-modified poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) [poly(GMA-co-EDMA)] monoliths, which were prepared inside a silicosteel tubing (10 cm long with an inner diameter of 1.0 mm) and modified with several ligands including 5-amino-1,10-phenanthroline (APHEN), iminodiacetic acid (IDA), and iminodimethyl phosphonic acid (IDP). The performance of the resulting microreactors in Suzuki−Miyaura cross-coupling reactions was evaluated, finding that the poly(GMA-co-EDMA) monolith chemically modified with 5-amino-1,10-phenanthroline as a binding site for the palladium catalyst provided an excellent flow-through performance, enabling highly efficient and rapid reactions with high product yields. Moreover, this monolithic microreactor maintained its good activity and efficiency during prolonged use.

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8

Lachman, Irwin M., and Jimmie L. Williams. "Extruded monolithic catalyst supports." Catalysis Today 14, no. 2 (May 1992): 317–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5861(92)80032-i.

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9

Padilla, Ornel, Jessica Munera, Jaime Gallego, and Alexander Santamaria. "Approach to the Characterization of Monolithic Catalysts Based on La Perovskite-like Oxides and Their Application for VOC Oxidation under Simulated Indoor Environment Conditions." Catalysts 12, no. 2 (January 28, 2022): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12020168.

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Catalysts are very important in controlling the pollutant emissions and are used for hundreds of chemical processes. Currently, noble metal-based catalysts are being replaced for other kinds of materials. In this study, three lanthanum-based perovskite-like oxides were synthesized (LaCo, LaCoMn, and LaMn) by the glycine-combustion method. The powder catalysts obtained were supported onto cordierite ceramic monoliths using an optimized washcoating methodology to obtain the subsequent monolithic catalysts (LaCo-S, LaCoMn-S, and LaMn-S). Sample characterization confirmed the formation of the perovskite-like phase in the powder materials as well as the presence of the perovskite phase after supporting it onto the monolithic structure. The XPS analysis showed a general decrease in lattice oxygen species for monolithic catalysts, mainly caused by the colloidal silica used as a binder agent during the washcoating process. Additionally, some variations in the oxidation state distribution for elements in Co-containing systems suggest a stronger interaction between cordierite and such catalysts. The catalytic activity results indicated that powder and monolithic catalysts were active for single-component VOC oxidation in the following order: 2-propanol > n-hexane ≅ mixture > toluene, and there was no evidence of loss of catalytic activity after supporting the catalysts. However, LaMn-S had a better catalytic performance for all VOC tested under dry conditions, achieving oxidation temperatures between 230–420 °C. The oxidation efficiency for the VOC mixture was strongly affected by the presence of moisture linking the oxidation efficiency at wet conditions to the VOC chemical nature. Additionally, for higher VOC concentrations, the catalyst efficiency decreased due to the limited number of active sites.

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10

Rossetti, Ilenia, Elnaz Bahadori, Antonio Tripodi, and Gianguido Ramis. "Structured Monolithic Catalysts vs. Fixed Bed for the Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane." Materials 12, no. 6 (March 16, 2019): 884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12060884.

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The deposition of V-based catalysts for the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propene on cordierite honeycomb monoliths was optimised as a strategy to decrease the contact time in a structured reactor with respect to a conventional fixed bed one. 10 wt% VOx supported over SiO2 or Al2O3 were used as catalysts, deposed over the monolith using silica or alumina as primer, respectively. Both the alumina supported catalyst and the bohemite primer precursor were effectively deposed by dip-coating from stable powder suspensions, whereas insufficient adhesion was obtained when loading pre-synthesised SiO2 over the cordierite. A new method based on sol-gel production of SiO2 from tetraethylortosilicate (TEOS) over the monolith surface was set up. A correlation was derived for the prevision of the amount of silica deposed depending on the amount of TEOS. Both primer and catalyst loading were optimised as for uniformity and stability of the coating and resulted 0.5–1 wt % primer and 0.15 wt % of catalyst. Activity testing confirmed the strong improvement of propene productivity by increasing the time factor (i.e. Ncm3 of flowing reactant/min gcat), which ended in a one order of magnitude increase of productivity for the honeycomb-supported samples with respect to the fixed bed configuration.

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11

Marinkovic, Jakob Maximilian, Stefan Benders, Eduardo J. Garcia-Suarez, Alexander Weiß, Carsten Gundlach, Marco Haumann, Markus Küppers, Bernhard Blümich, Rasmus Fehrmann, and Anders Riisager. "Elucidating the ionic liquid distribution in monolithic SILP hydroformylation catalysts by magnetic resonance imaging." RSC Advances 10, no. 31 (2020): 18487–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra09515b.

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The action of the liquid catalyst phase in monolithic silicon carbide supported ionic liquid-phase (SILP) Rh-catalysts provide important insight toward industrial upscaling for gas-phase hydroformylation.

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12

Derrouiche, S., D. Bourdin, P. Roche, B. Houssais, C. Machinal, M. Coste, J. Restivo, et al. "Process design for wastewater treatment: catalytic ozonation of organic pollutants." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 6 (September 1, 2013): 1377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.384.

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Emerging micropollutants have been recently the target of interest for their potential harmful effects in the environment and their resistance to conventional water treatments. Catalytic ozonation is an advanced oxidation process consisting of the formation of highly reactive radicals from the decomposition of ozone promoted by a catalyst. Nanocarbon materials have been shown to be effective catalysts for this process, either in powder form or grown on the surface of a monolithic structure. In this work, carbon nanofibers grown on the surface of a cordierite honeycomb monolith are tested as catalyst for the ozonation of five selected micropollutants: atrazine (ATZ), bezafibrate, erythromycin, metolachlor, and nonylphenol. The process is tested both in laboratorial and real conditions. Later on, ATZ was selected as a target pollutant to further investigate the role of the catalytic material. It is shown that the inclusion of a catalyst improves the mineralization degree compared to single ozonation.

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13

Zhang, Zhao, and Sheng Fu Ji. "Preparation of Li/MgO Monolithic Catalysts and their Performance for Oxidative Coupling of Methane." Advanced Materials Research 1004-1005 (August 2014): 648–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1004-1005.648.

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A series of Li/MgO/Al2O3/FeCrAl monolithic catalyst with different Li contents were prepared by a wetness impregnation method. The effects of Li contents in the catalysts and reaction conditions such as GHSV and CH4/O2 on the OCM reaction were investigated. The results show that the conversion of CH4 and selectivity of C2 was 38.3% and 27.1%, respectively, which were obtained on the 5%Li/MgO/Al2O3/FeCrAl monolithic catalysts at 850 oC with a GHSV of 24000 mL·g-1·h-1 and CH4/O2 of 2.

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14

Stanchovska, Silva, Georgy Ivanov, Sonya Harizanova, Krasimir Tenchev, Ekaterina Zhecheva, Anton Naydenov, and Radostina Stoyanova. "New Insight into the Interplay of Method of Deposition, Chemical State of Pd, Oxygen Storage Capability and Catalytic Activity of Pd-Containing Perovskite Catalysts for Combustion of Methane." Catalysts 11, no. 11 (November 18, 2021): 1399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11111399.

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Elaboration of Pd-supported catalysts for catalytic combustion is, nowadays, considered as an imperative task to reduce the emissions of methane. This study provides new insight into the method of deposition, chemical state of Pd and oxygen storage capability of transition metal ions and their effects on the catalytic reactivity of supported catalysts for the combustion of methane. The catalyst with nominal composition La(Co0.8Ni0.1Fe0.1)0.85Pd0.15O3 was supported on SiO2-modified/γ-alumina using two synthetic procedures: (i) aerosol assisted chemical vapor deposition (U-AACVD) and (ii) wet impregnation (Imp). A comparative analysis shows that a higher catalytic activity is established for supported catalyst obtained by wet impregnation, where the PdO-like phase is well dispersed and the transition metal ions display a high oxygen storage capability. The reaction pathway over both catalysts proceeds most probably through Mars–van Krevelen mechanism. The supported catalysts are thermally stable when they are aged at 505 °C for 120 h in air containing 1.2 vol.% water vapor. Furthermore, the experimentally obtained data on La(Co0.8Ni0.1Fe0.1)0.85Pd0.15O3—based catalyst, supported on monolithic substrate VDM®Aluchrom Y Hf are simulated by using a two-dimensional heterogeneous model for monolithic reactor in order to predict the performance of an industrial catalytic reactor for abatement of methane emissions.

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15

Pakdehi, Shahram Ghanbari, Mozaffar Salimi, and Maryam Rasoolzadeh. "Co-Ni Bimetallic Catalysts Coated on Cordierite Monoliths for Hydrazine Decomposition." Advanced Materials Research 936 (June 2014): 981–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.981.

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The preparation conditions to obtain cobalt-nickel monolithic catalyst with high loading and homogeneous distribution are studied. Washcoating of raw monolith with gamma alumina solution was examined and characterized by SEM. A uniform layer of alumina washcoat as a support for active phase was achieved in this process. Also the effect of the molarity of solution and the number of impregnation were studied to obtain different loading of active phase on monolith walls. Catalysts with 38.81, 20.44 and 3.22 wt.% of loading were obtained by four steps of impregnation in active phase solution with 3.33, 1.42, 0.3 of molarity, respectively. It was found that increase in concentration of active phase loading leads to increase in active phase loading but reduces the uniformity of active phase distribution.

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16

Baharudin, Luqmanulhakim, Alex Chi-Kin Yip, Vladimir Golovko, and Matthew James Watson. "Potential of metal monoliths with grown carbon nanomaterials as catalyst support in intensified steam reformer: a perspective." Reviews in Chemical Engineering 36, no. 4 (May 26, 2020): 459–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revce-2018-0007.

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AbstractA monolithic catalytic support is potentially a thermally effective system for application in an intensified steam reforming process. In contrast to ceramic analogues, metal monoliths exhibit better mechanical strength, thermal conductivity and a thermal expansion coefficient equivalent to that of the reformer tube. A layer of carbon nanomaterials grown on the metal monolith’s surface can act as a textural promoter offering sufficient surface area for hosting homogeneously dispersed catalytically active metal particles. Carbon nanomaterials possess good thermal conductivities and mechanical properties. The future potential of this system in steam reforming is envisaged based on hypothetical speculation supported by fundamental carbon studies from as early as the 1970s, and sufficient literature evidence from relatively recent research on the use of monoliths and carbon in catalysis. Thermodynamics and active interaction between metal particle surface and carbon-containing gas have resulted in coke deposition on the nickel-based catalysts in steam reforming. The coke is removable through gasification by increasing the steam-to-carbon ratio to above stoichiometric but risks a parallel gasification of the carbon nanomaterials textural promoter, leading to nickel particle sintering. We present our perspective based on literature in which, under the same coke gasification conditions, the highly crystallised carbon nanomaterials maintain high chemical and thermal stability.

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17

Kucharczyk, Barbara, Bogdan Szczygieł, and Jacek Chęcmanowski. "The effect of catalyst precursors and conditions of preparing Pt and Pd-Pt catalysts on their activity in the oxidation of hexane." Open Chemistry 15, no. 1 (July 26, 2017): 182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2017-0020.

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AbstractThe effectiveness of under-air n-hexane oxidation over monolithic catalysts made of heat-resistant foil, containing Pt, Pd or Pt-Pd, was compared. Pt and Pd precursors, either containing chlorine or devoid of chlorine, were used to prepare the catalysts. The chlorine- containing Pt (H2PtCl6) and Pd (PdCl2) precursors were found to lower the activity of the catalysts in hexane oxidation. Studies of the effect of 0.15% Pt/Al2O3 catalyst (using H2PtCl6 as the precursor) calcination conditions on catalyst activity showed the catalyst calcined in static air at 500°C to be the most active. Airflow calcination of the catalyst does not change its catalytic properties. In comparison with the 0.5% Pd/Al2O3 catalyst obtained from Pd(NO3)2, the use of a bimetallic 0.5% Pd/0.1% Pt/Al2O3 catalyst, in which the precursors were Pd(NO3)2 and Pt(NO3)4, resulted in the lowering of 10% and 50% n-hexane temperature by 15°C and 10°C.

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18

Brovko, R., L. Mushinskii, and V. Doluda. "Catalytic Methanol to Hydrocarbons Transformation Particularities in Case of Micro Structured Flows Application." Bulletin of Science and Practice 8, no. 1 (January 15, 2022): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/74/02.

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The methanol into hydrocarbons transformation is a complex catalytic reaction accompanied by the formation of a wide range of hydrocarbons and proceeding on the surface of acid sites of various zeolites. Zeolite H-ZSM-5 considered to be most often used catalyst for this process. H-ZSM-5 is a highly dispersed material with a crystal diameter of 1–20 microns, which complicates its direct use in reactors with a fixed catalyst bed due to the high hydraulic pressure drop of the catalytic bed. Traditionally in industry, this issue is solved by using complex reactor systems with a fluidized bed, which is justified for large-scale production. In small and medium-size plants, the use of fluidized bed systems is not economically feasible. One of the possible solutions to this problem is the use of a monolithic catalyst with a supported layer of H-ZSM-5 zeolite. This article presents a study of the catalytic activity of a zeolite-containing microstructured monolith in methanol into hydrocarbons transformation. The monolith was synthesized by pressing a zeolite-containing mass followed by drying, calcining, and secondary growth of the zeolite on the monolith surface. A sample of a monolith with an average channel diameter of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mm were synthesized this way. Samples of the microstructured catalyst were tested at varying temperatures from 250 to 450 °C and at varying the specific methanol feed rate from 0.65 to 2.3 kg (MeOH)/(kg (Cat) h). For this purpose, the monolithic catalyst was placed in a reactor for testing microstructured catalysts, which consisted of a pump, a temperature controller, a catalytic reactor, a condenser, a separating funnel, and a chromatograph. Varying the conditions showed that for the preferential production of gaseous C1–C4 hydrocarbons, it is advisable to carry out the reaction under the following conditions: the average diameter of the catalyst channels is 2 mm, the reaction temperature is 350 °C, the methanol feed rate is 1.65 kg (MeOH)/(kg (Cat) h). For the predominant formation of liquid hydrocarbons of the C5–C8 fraction, it is advisable to carry out the transformation of methanol into hydrocarbons under the following conditions: the average diameter of the catalyst channels is 1 mm, the reaction temperature is 350 °C, the methanol feed rate is 0.65 kg (MeOH) / (kg (Cat) h). For the predominant formation of liquid hydrocarbons of the C9–C12 fraction, it is advisable to carry out the transformation of methanol into hydrocarbons under the following conditions: the average diameter of the catalyst channels is 0.5 mm, the reaction temperature is 350 °C, and the methanol feed rate is 0.65 kg (MeOH) / (kg (Cat) h).

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19

Miyoshi, N., S. Matsumoto, and H. Muraki. "Monolithic catalyst for exhaust gas purification." Zeolites 11, no. 3 (March 1991): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0144-2449(05)80251-9.

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20

Leonov, A. N., O. L. Smorygo, and V. K. Sheleg. "Monolithic catalyst supports with foam structure." Reaction Kinetics and Catalysis Letters 60, no. 2 (March 1997): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02475687.

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21

LACHMAN, I. M., and J. L. WILLIAMS. "ChemInform Abstract: Extruded Monolithic Catalyst Supports." ChemInform 23, no. 36 (August 21, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199236032.

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22

Ryu, Seung-Hee, Cheol Hong Hwang, Hojin Jeong, Giyeong Kim, Sung Il Ahn, Joon Sik Park та Joon-Hwan Choi. "Enhanced Adhesion Strength of Pt/γ-Al2O3 Catalysts on STS-444 Substrate via γ-Al2O3 Intermediate Layer Formation: Application for CO and C3H6 Oxidation". Catalysts 12, № 1 (30 грудня 2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12010038.

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Pt/γ-Al2O3 catalysts coated on honeycomb-shaped stainless STS-444 steel substrates with a γ-Al2O3 intermediate layer were prepared using a conventional washcoating method. The intermediate layer was formed on the substrate surface through oxidation using pack cementation. The monolithic catalysts with the intermediate layer were fabricated for potential applications to pre-turbocharger catalysts, which suffer from severe conditions such as vibrations of the engine and high flow rates of exhaust gas. Adhesive strength tests and simultaneous oxidation reactions of CO and C3H6 were carried out for the Pt/γ-Al2O3 monolithic catalysts with and without the intermediate layer. The catalysts with an intermediate layer showed much stronger adhesion than the catalysts without an intermediate layer. Thus, the formation of a γ-Al2O3 intermediate layer by surface oxidation through pack cementation facilitated a significant enhancement of the catalyst adhesion strength without catalytic performance degradation.

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23

Qian, Huang, Shao Qianwen, Zhang Qi, Ni Yanhui та Wu Yongqiang. "Development of mesh-type Fenton-like Cu/Fex/γ-Al2O3/Al catalysts and application for catalytic degradation of dyes". Water Science and Technology 81, № 10 (15 травня 2020): 2057–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.261.

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Abstract The application of nanoparticle heterogeneous Fenton-like catalysts is limited due to the requirement of filtration after reaction and possible secondary pollution. In this work, a novel mesh-type monolithic Fenton-like Cu/Fex/γ-Al2O3/Al catalyst was developed for the degradation of dyes. The Cu and Fe species are uniformly dispersed on the mesh-type anodic monolithic γ-Al2O3 supports, and the results of scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry analysis show that Fe can reduce the particle size of Cu over γ-Al2O3. The activity results show that the degradation rate of rhodamine B (RhB) reached 99.5% within 1 h using 4 × 6 cm Cu12.0/Fe2.0/γ-Al2O3/Al catalyst with 1,200 ppm H2O2 at 50 °C. The important role of •OH as a reactive oxidant was confirmed through electron spin-resonance spectroscopy and radical scavenging experiment. The hydrogen temperature programmed reduction suggests the high redox ability of Cu/Fe bimetallic catalyst is beneficial to the production of •OH. The Cu/Fe bimetallic catalyst shows excellent recyclability in a 10-cycle experiment, the degradation rate of RhB was maintained at 98% and the leaching amount of metals was lower than 0.7 mg/L. The mesh-type catalyst will be easily applied for the continuous wastewater treatment because it does not need filtration for recovery.

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Ibáñez-de-Garayo, Alejandro, Mikel Imizcoz, Maitane Maisterra, Fernando Almazán, Diego Sanz, Fernando Bimbela, Alfonso Cornejo, Ismael Pellejero, and Luis M. Gandía. "The 3D-Printing Fabrication of Multichannel Silicone Microreactors for Catalytic Applications." Catalysts 13, no. 1 (January 9, 2023): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13010157.

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Microstructured reactors (MSRs) are especially indicated for highly demanding heterogeneous catalysis due to the small channel dimensions that minimize diffusional limitations and enhance mass and heat transport between the fluid and the catalyst. Herein, we present the fabrication protocol of the fused filament 3D printing of silicone monolithic microreactors based on a multichannel design. Microchannels of 200 to 800 µm in width and up to 20 mm in length were developed following the scaffold-removal procedure using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) as the material for the 3D-printed scaffold fabrication, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as the building material, and acetone as the ABS removing agent. The main printing parameters such as temperature and printing velocity were optimized in order to minimize the bridging effect and filament collapsing and intercrossing. Heterogeneous catalysts were incorporated into the microchannel walls during fabrication, thus avoiding further post-processing steps. The nanoparticulated catalyst was deposited on ABS scaffolds through dip coating and transferred to the microchannel walls during the PDMS pouring step and subsequent scaffold removal. Two different designs of the silicone monolithic microreactors were tested for four catalytic applications, namely liquid-phase 2-nitrophenol photohydrogenation and methylene blue photodegradation in aqueous media, lignin depolymerization in ethanol, and gas-phase CO2 hydrogenation, in order to investigate the microreactor performance under different reaction conditions (temperature and solvent) and establish the possible range of applications.

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25

Komori, Shingo, Aihua Chen, Toshihiro Miyao, Kazutoshi Higashiyama, Hisao Yamashita, and Masahiro Watanabe. "Metal-monolithic Catalyst for Selective CO Methanation." Journal of the Japan Petroleum Institute 54, no. 1 (2011): 50–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1627/jpi.54.50.

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26

Baharudin, Luqmanulhakim, and Matthew James Watson. "Monolithic substrate support catalyst design considerations for steam methane reforming operation." Reviews in Chemical Engineering 34, no. 4 (July 26, 2018): 481–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revce-2016-0048.

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Abstract This paper reviews the research undertaken to study the design criteria that address the monolithic support structure requirements in steam reforming operation for the effective mass transfer of process gases to the active sites and effective conductive heat transfer through tube wall to the active catalytic areas, as well as low pressure drop operation. Design considerations include selection of substrate materials that possess good mechanical strength to withstand the severe reaction conditions and prevent catalyst crushing that would lead to carbon formation and catalyst deactivation, and excessive heating of the tube that results in hot spots which is fatal to tube lifetime. The support’s mechanical properties are listed for the purpose of providing guidelines on verifying the structure durability. The practical aspect of packaging and stacking the monolith structures in the reformer tube for ease of loading and discharge is discussed to understand its readiness in industrial application.

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27

Deng, Jifeng, Bingxue Sun, Jinrong Xu, Yu Shi, Lei Xie, Jie Zheng, and Xingguo Li. "A monolithic sponge catalyst for hydrogen generation from sodium borohydride solution for portable fuel cells." Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 8, no. 1 (2021): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0qi00911c.

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A monolithic sponge catalyst for onsite H₂ generation from the hydrolysis of NaBH₄ for fuel cells, featuring a quasi-solid state, unrestricted reactor orientation and easy catalyst recycling.

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28

Kovacev, Nikolina, Sheng Li, Weining Li, Soheil Zeraati-Rezaei, Athanasios Tsolakis, and Khamis Essa. "Additive Manufacturing of Novel Hybrid Monolithic Ceramic Substrates." Aerospace 9, no. 5 (May 7, 2022): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9050255.

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Additive manufacturing (AM) can revolutionise engineering by taking advantage of unconstrained design and overcoming the limitations of traditional manufacturing capabilities. A promising application of AM is in catalyst substrate manufacturing, aimed at the enhancement of the catalytic efficiency and reduction in the volume and weight of the catalytic reactors in the exhaust gas aftertreatment systems. This work addresses the design and fabrication of innovative, hybrid monolithic ceramic substrates using AM technology based on Digital Light Processing (DLP). The designs are based on two individual substrates integrated into a single, dual-substrate monolith by various interlocking systems. These novel dual-substrate monoliths lay the foundation for the potential reduction in the complexity and expense of the aftertreatment system. Several examples of interlocking systems for dual substrates were designed, manufactured and thermally post-processed to illustrate the viability and versatility of the DLP manufacturing process. Based on the findings, the sintered parts displayed anisotropic sintering shrinkage of approximately 14% in the X–Y direction and 19% in the Z direction, with a sintered density of 97.88 ± 0.01%. Finally, mechanical tests revealed the mechanical integrity of the designed interlocks. U-lock and Thread configurations were found to sustain more load until complete failure.

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29

Li, Yong Feng, Yan Ting Huang, Tan Ting Lin, Qian Yu, Lin Yu, and Lun Fu Wu. "Complete Toluene Oxidation over Palladium-Based Monolithic Catalyst Prepared via a New Electroless Plating Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 2653–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.2653.

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The palladium-based catalyst of 0.36wt%Pd/cordierite honeycomb ceramics (CHC) without alumina interlayer film was prepared via a new electroless plating method. The results of activity test for complete toluene oxidation showed that the prepared catalysts had good catalytic activity and temperature resistance. The total oxidation temperature (T99) for toluene was at 230°C for the catalyst calcined at 500°C. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results indicated that the particles of palladium phases were small and well dispersed on the CHC substrate surface. And the X-ray photoelectron spectrum (XPS) further revealed that both PdO state and adsorbed oxygen species participated and played a more important role in toluene oxidation reaction.

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30

Nagaki, A., K. Hirose, Y. Moriwaki, K. Mitamura, K. Matsukawa, N. Ishizuka, and J. Yoshida. "Integration of borylation of aryllithiums and Suzuki–Miyaura coupling using monolithic Pd catalyst." Catalysis Science & Technology 6, no. 13 (2016): 4690–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cy02098k.

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31

Lee, Jeongmin, and Ji Young Chang. "Synthesis of a palladium acetylide-based tubular microporous polymer monolith via a self-template approach: a potential precursor of supported palladium nanoparticles for heterogeneous catalysis." RSC Advances 8, no. 45 (2018): 25277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra03275k.

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32

Edvinsson, Rolf, and Said Irandoust. "Hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene in a monolithic catalyst reactor." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 32, no. 2 (February 1993): 391–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie00014a016.

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33

Psyllos, Apostolos, and Constantine Philippopoulos. "Modelling of monolithic converters with axial catalyst distribution." Applied Mathematical Modelling 17, no. 9 (September 1993): 459–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0307-904x(93)90087-w.

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34

Araki, Sadao, Naoe Hino, Takuma Mori, and Susumu Hikazudani. "Autothermal reforming of biogas over a monolithic catalyst." Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry 19, no. 5 (September 2010): 477–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-9953(09)60102-x.

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35

van Gulijk, C., M. J. G. Linders, T. Valdés-Solís, and F. Kapteijn. "Intrinsic channel maldistribution in monolithic catalyst support structures." Chemical Engineering Journal 109, no. 1-3 (May 2005): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2005.03.013.

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36

Wallace, K., and H. J. Viljoen. "Modeling of a monolithic catalyst with reciprocating flow." AIChE Journal 41, no. 5 (May 1995): 1229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410518.

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37

Yakoumis, Iakovos, Εkaterini Polyzou, and Anastasia Maria Moschovi. "PROMETHEUS: A Copper-Based Polymetallic Catalyst for Automotive Applications. Part II: Catalytic Efficiency an Endurance as Compared with Original Catalysts." Materials 14, no. 9 (April 26, 2021): 2226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092226.

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PROMETHEUS catalyst, a copper-based polymetallic nano-catalyst has been proven to be suitable for automotive emission control applications. This novel catalyst consists of copper, palladium and rhodium nanoparticles as active phases, impregnated on an inorganic oxide substrate, CeO2/ZrO2 (75%, 25%). The aim of PROMETHEUS catalyst’s development is the substitution of a significant amount (85%) of Platinum Group Metals (PGMs) with copper nanoparticles while, at the same time, presenting high catalytic efficiency with respect to the commercial catalysts. In this work, an extensive investigation of the catalytic activity of full scale PROMETHEUS fresh and aged catalyst deposited on ceramic cordierites is presented and discussed. The catalytic activity was tested on an Synthetic Gas Bench (SGB) towards the oxidation of CO and CH4 and the reduction of NO. The loading of the washcoat was 2 wt% (metal content) on Cu, Pd, Rh with the corresponding metal ratio at 21:7:1. The concentration of the full-scale monolithic catalysts to be 0.032% total PGM loading for meeting Euro III standard and 0.089% for meeting Euro IV to Euro VIb standards. The catalytic activity of all catalysts was tested both in rich-burn (λ = 0.99) and lean-burn conditions (λ = 1.03).

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38

Logemann, Morten, Jakob Maximilian Marinkovic, Markus Schörner, Eduardo José García-Suárez, Corinna Hecht, Robert Franke, Matthias Wessling, Anders Riisager, Rasmus Fehrmann, and Marco Haumann. "Continuous gas-phase hydroformylation of but-1-ene in a membrane reactor by supported liquid-phase (SLP) catalysis." Green Chemistry 22, no. 17 (2020): 5691–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0gc01483d.

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39

Nagaki, Aiichiro, Katsuyuki Hirose, Yuya Moriwaki, Masahiro Takumi, Yusuke Takahashi, Koji Mitamura, Kimihiro Matsukawa, Norio Ishizuka, and Jun-ichi Yoshida. "Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Using Monolithic Pd Reactors and Scaling-Up by Series Connection of the Reactors." Catalysts 9, no. 3 (March 25, 2019): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9030300.

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The space integration of the lithiation of aryl halides, the borylation of aryllithiums, and Suzuki–Miyaura coupling using a Pd catalyst supported by a polymer monolith flow reactor without using an intentionally added base was achieved. To scale up the process, a series connection of the monolith Pd reactor was examined. To suppress the increase in the pressure drop caused by the series connection, a monolith reactor having larger pore sizes was developed by varying the temperature of the monolith preparation. The monolithic Pd reactor having larger pore sizes enabled Suzuki–Miyaura coupling at a higher flow rate because of a lower pressure drop and, therefore, an increase in productivity. The present study indicates that series connection of the reactors with a higher flow rate serves as a good method for increasing the productivity without decreasing the yields.

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40

Hao, Shijie, Yandi Cai, Chuanzhi Sun, Jingfang Sun, Changjin Tang, and Lin Dong. "High Resistance of SO2 and H2O over Monolithic Mn-Fe-Ce-Al-O Catalyst for Low Temperature NH3-SCR." Catalysts 10, no. 11 (November 16, 2020): 1329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10111329.

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Monolithic Mn-Fe-Ce-Al-O catalyst with honeycomb cordierite ceramic as a carrier was reported for the first time for low temperature deNOx application. In the reaction of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with NH3, a NO conversion of above 80% at 100 °C was obtained. Notably, the catalyst also showed excellent resistance against SO2 and H2O. About 60% NO conversion was maintained after successive operation in the mixed stream of SO2 and H2O for 168 h. The Brunner−Emmet−Teller (BET) measurement, SEM, EDS, thermogravimetric analysis (TG), FT-IR, and XPS results of the used catalysts indicated that certain amounts of ammonium sulfate was formed on the surface of the catalyst. XPS results revealed that partial of Fe2+ was oxidized to Fe3+ during the reaction process, and Fe2+ species have strong redox ability, which can explain the decrease in activity after reaction. In addition, SO2 and H2O induced a transformation of Ce from Ce4+ to Ce3+ on the surface of the catalyst, which increased the amount of chemisorbed oxygen. Owing to these factors, the addition of Ce and Fe species contributes to excellent resistance of the catalyst to SO2 and H2O.

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41

Chu, Yingying, Zixuan Huang, Kang Liang, Jia Guo, Cyrille Boyer, and Jiangtao Xu. "A photocatalyst immobilized on fibrous and porous monolithic cellulose for heterogeneous catalysis of controlled radical polymerization." Polymer Chemistry 9, no. 13 (2018): 1666–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7py01690e.

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42

Merino, David, Oihane Sanz, and Mario Montes. "Effect of catalyst layer macroporosity in high-thermal-conductivity monolithic Fischer-Tropsch catalysts." Fuel 210 (December 2017): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.08.040.

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43

Friberg, Ida, Aiyong Wang, and Louise Olsson. "Hydrothermal Aging of Pd/LTA Monolithic Catalyst for Complete CH4 Oxidation." Catalysts 10, no. 5 (May 7, 2020): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10050517.

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Palladium-based catalysts are known to provide high CH4 oxidation activity. One drawback for these materials is that they often lose activity in the presence of water vapor due to the formation of surface hydroxyls. It is however possible to improve the water vapor tolerance by using zeolites as support material. In this study, we have investigated Pd supported on thermally stable LTA zeolite with high framework Si/Al ratio (Si/Al = ~44) for CH4 oxidation and the effect of hydrothermal aging at temperatures up to 900 °C. High and stable CH4 oxidation activity in the presence of water vapor was observed for Pd/LTA after hydrothermal aging at temperatures ≤ 700 °C. However, aging at temperatures of 800–900 °C resulted in catalyst deactivation. This deactivation was not a result of structural collapse of the LTA zeolite as the LTA zeolite only showed minor changes in surface area, pore volume, and X-ray diffraction pattern after 900 °C aging. We suggest that the deactivation was caused by extensive formation of ion-exchanged Pd2+ together with Pd sintering. These two types of Pd species appear to have lower CH4 oxidation activity and to be more sensitive to water deactivation compared to the well dispersed Pd particles observed on the LTA support prior to the hydrothermal aging. By contrast, Pd/Al2O3 was generally sensitive to water vapor no matter of the aging temperature. Although the aging caused extensive Pd sintering in Pd/Al2O3, only minor deterioration of the CH4 oxidation activity was seen. The results herein presented show that Pd/LTA is a promising CH4 oxidation catalyst, however Pd rearrangement at high temperatures (≥800 °C) is one remaining challenge.

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44

Qi, Kai, Jun Lin Xie, Feng Xiang Li, and Feng He. "Experimental Study on Preparation and Operating Conditions over a Promising Monolithic Catalysts for NO_x Removal: MnO_x/TiO₂/Cordierite." Materials Science Forum 898 (June 2017): 1905–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.898.1905.

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The samples of MnOx/TiO2 catalysts supported on cordierite honeycomb ceramics were prepared by a sol-gel-impregnation method, and evaluated for low-temperature (353-473 K) selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with NH3. The influences of pretreatment on cordierite and catalyst dosage were investigated at first and optimized as follows: pickling for cordierite honeycomb ceramics with 1 mol/L HNO3 for 3 h prior to loading procedure as well as the catalyst dosage of 3-5 wt.%. The activity results indicated that there was an optimum working condition for MnOx/TiO2/cordierite catalysts: NH3/NO molar ratio=1.1, [O2]=3 vol.%, GHSV=5514 h-1, the highest activity of nearly 100% NO conversion could be obtained. As a comparison, the performances of commercialized vanadium-based honeycomb catalyst were also employed, which revealed the narrower scope of application of GHSV and the higher active temperature window. In conclusion, it turns out that the prepared MnOx/TiO2/cordierite catalysts are more applicable as a low-temperature SCR catalyst for NOx removal in a more complicated application environment.

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45

Yang, Libin, Feng Xin, Junzhong Lin, Zhuang Zhuang, and Rui Sun. "Continuous heterogeneous cyclohexanone ammoximation reaction using a monolithic TS-1/cordierite catalyst." RSC Adv. 4, no. 52 (2014): 27259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra01789g.

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46

Liu, Tingting, Kunyang Wang, Gu Du, Abdullah M. Asiri, and Xuping Sun. "Self-supported CoP nanosheet arrays: a non-precious metal catalyst for efficient hydrogen generation from alkaline NaBH4 solution." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 34 (2016): 13053–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta02997c.

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47

Gao, Zhi Juan, Wei Ren Bao, Li Ping Chang, and Jian Cheng Wang. "In Situ Synthesis of Cu-SAPO-34/Cordierite with Ultrasonic Treatment and its Property of NOx Removal." Materials Science Forum 743-744 (January 2013): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.743-744.449.

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A Cu-SAPO-34/cordierite monolithic catalyst was prepared by in-situ hydrothermal method. The effects of ultrasonic treatment were mainly investigated during the preparing process. The removal of NOX was evaluated using a fixed-bed reactor. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the samples showing that the crystallinity of Cu-SAPO-34 molecular sieve have increased after ultrasonic treatment. The Cu-SAPO-34/cordierite prepared by ultrasonic treatment showed higher de-NOx activity and stronger anti-aging property. NOx conversion could reach more than 80% between 440 and 560°C over the fresh Cu-SAPO-34/cordierite catalyst with ultrasonic treatment (600 W, 2 h) and the highest conversion was 86%, however, the highest conversion was only 76% over the Cu-SAPO-34/cordierite catalyst without ultrasonic treatment. After aging (treated for 15 h at 720 °C in the presence of 200 ppm SO2 and 10% vapor), NOx conversion reached more than 45% between 400 and 520 °C over the catalyst with ultrasonic treatment and the highest conversion was 57%, however, the highest conversion was only 43% over the catalyst without ultrasonic treatment. The XRD and SEM results indicated that the structure and morphology of Cu-SAPO-34/cordierite monolithic catalyst kept in good condition after aging.

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48

Eremeev, Nikita, Alexey Krasnov, Yuliya Bespalko, Ludmilla Bobrova, Oleg Smorygo, and Vladislav Sadykov. "An Experimental Performance Study of a Catalytic Membrane Reactor for Ethanol Steam Reforming over a Metal Honeycomb Catalyst." Membranes 11, no. 10 (October 18, 2021): 790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100790.

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The present study deals with the combination of ethanol steam reforming over a monolithic catalyst and hydrogen separation by membrane in a lab-scale catalytic membrane reactor (CMR). The catalyst was comprised of honeycomb thin-walled Fechralloy substrate loaded with Ni + Ru/Pr0.35Ce0.35Zr0.35O2 active component. The asymmetric supported membrane consisted of a thin Ni-Cu alloy–Nd tungstate nanocomposite dense permselective layer deposited on a hierarchically structured asymmetric support. It has been shown that the monolithic catalyst-assisted CMR is capable of increasing the driving potential for hydrogen permeation through the same membrane as compared with that of the packed bed catalyst by increasing the retentate hydrogen concentration. Important operating parameters responsible for the low carbon deposition rate as well as the amount of hydrogen produced from 1 mol of ethanol, such as the temperature range of 700–900 °C, the water/ethanol molar ratio of 4 in the feed, have been determined. Regarding the choice of the reagent concentration (ethanol and steam in Ar), its magnitude may directly interfere with the effectiveness of the reaction-separation process in the CMR.

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49

Rojo, Maria Victoria, Lucie Guetzoyan, and Ian R. Baxendale. "A monolith immobilised iridium Cp* catalyst for hydrogen transfer reactions under flow conditions." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 13, no. 6 (2015): 1768–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ob02376e.

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50

Li, Yanxia, Chaoming Luo, Zhongliang Liu, and Feng Lin. "Experimental Study on Catalytic Combustion of Methane in a Microcombustor with Metal Foam Monolithic Catalyst." Catalysts 8, no. 11 (November 12, 2018): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8110536.

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Utilizing catalysts in microcombustors is probably an excellent practical solution to stabilize fuel combustion because of the relatively fast reaction speed. In the present work, the monolithic catalyst Pd/A2O3/Fe-Ni with metal foam as matrix was used inside a 5 mm in diameter microcombustor. Then the effects of inlet velocity and equivalent ratio on catalytic combustion characteristics of methane were studied experimentally. The results showed that the methane and air mixture with the stoichiometric ratio Φ = 1.0 could be ignited at v = 0.2–0.6 m/s. The velocity of premixed mixture had a great influence on the catalytic combustion of methane. The larger the inlet velocity, the higher the temperature and the brighter the flame were. The experiment results also showed that the equivalence ratio had a large essential impact on the catalytic combustion, especially for the lean mixture of methane and air. It seemed the addition of the porous matrix with catalysts could significantly extend the limits of stable combustion. In the detection of exhaust gas, CO selectivity increased and CO2 selectivity decreased with the equivalence ratio. When Φ was between 0.94 and 1.0 m/s, a little amount of hydrogen was produced due to the lack of oxygen. The measured conversion of methane to CO and CO2 was very high, usually greater than 99%, which indicated the excellent performance of the catalyst.

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