Дисертації з теми "Monitoring training load"

Athlete load monitoring is standard in high-performance sports environments, and is principally utilised to maximise performance and physiological adaptations, while limiting the deleterious costs of training and competition. Modified wellness questionnaires are a popularly utilised method of load monitoring, and are commonly used to evaluate the athlete training response from a holistic viewpoint. However, there remains a lack of evidence to support their use. This thesis investigated the dosage effects of wellness measures on controlled acute and chronic modulations in training intensity and overall volume; and the associations between wellness and psychological states, load monitoring markers and common performance measures.

Non-intrusive appliance load monitoring (NIALM) is the process of disaggregating a household’s total electricity consumption into its contributing appliances. Smart meters are currently being deployed on national scales, providing a platform to collect aggregate household electricity consumption data. Existing approaches to NIALM require a manual training phase in which either sub-metered appliance data is collected or appliance usage is manually labelled. This training data is used to build models of the house- hold appliances, which are subsequently used to disaggregate the household’s electricity data. Due to the requirement of such a training phase, existing approaches do not scale automatically to the national scales of smart meter data currently being collected. In this thesis we propose an unsupervised training method which, unlike existing approaches, does not require a manual training phase. Instead, our approach combines general appliance knowledge with just aggregate smart meter data from the household to perform disaggregation. To do so, we address the following three problems: (i) how to generalise the behaviour of multiple appliances of the same type, (ii) how to tune general knowledge of appliances to the specific appliances within a single household using only smart meter data, and (iii) how to provide actionable energy saving advice based on the tuned appliance knowledge. First, we propose an approach to the appliance generalisation problem, which uses the Tracebase data set to build probabilistic models of household appliances. We take a Bayesian approach to modelling appliances using hidden Markov models, and empirically evaluate the extent to which they generalise to previously unseen appliances through cross validation. We show that learning using multiple appliances vastly outperforms learning from a single appliance by 61–99% when attempting to generalise to a previously unseen appliance, and furthermore that such general models can be learned from only 2–6 appliances. Second, we propose an unsupervised solution to the model tuning problem, which uses only smart meter data to learn the behaviour of the specific appliances in a given house-hold. Our approach uses general appliance models to extract appliance signatures from a household’s smart meter data, which are then used to refine the general appliance models. We evaluate the benefit of this process using the Reference Energy Disaggregation Data set, and show that the tuned appliance models more accurately represent the energy consumption behaviour of a given household’s appliances compared to when general appliance models are used, and furthermore that such general models can per- form comparably to when sub-metered data is used for model training. We also show that our tuning approach outperforms the current state of the art, which uses a factorial hidden Markov model to tune the general appliance models. Third, we apply both of these approaches to infer the energy efficiency of refrigerators and freezers in a data set of 117 households. We evaluate the accuracy of our approach, and show that it is able to successfully infer the energy efficiency of combined fridge freezers. We then propose an extension to our model tuning process using factorial hidden semi-Markov models to model households with a separate fridge and freezer. Finally, we show that through this extension our approach is able to simultaneously tune the appliance models of both appliances. The above contributions provide a solution which satisfies the requirements of a NIALM training method which is both unsupervised (no manual interaction required during training) and uses only smart meter data (no installation of additional hardware is required). When combined, the contributions presented in this thesis represent an advancement in the state of the art in the field of non-intrusive appliance load monitoring, and a step towards increasing the efficiency of energy consumption within households.

The congested fixture schedules in elite soccer leagues around the world has bought the issue of recovery between games and subsequent performance to the fore in soccer related research. Studies have described the time-course of recovery for numerous biochemical and physiological measures of performance, fatigue and recovery from match-play. However, the research also suggests that there is individual variation in the external load both between players and between matches. The external load measured as distance in match-play has been shown to vary by ~30% between games. However it is the internal training load that will determine the magnitude of the physiological responses on an individual basis. Therefore the major aim of this thesis was to examine the dose-response relationships between measures of training load and the physiological and biochemical responses used as markers of recovery from match-play. The thesis also assessed the relationships between these proposed markers of recovery and soccer specific performance. In meeting the aims of the thesis a number of preliminary studies were conducted. The study in section 3 assesses the extent of fixture congestion in the English Premier League. The results showed over 30% of games for the most successful teams are played with 3 days recovery time, justifying the need for investigating recovery from soccer match-play. Given the variation in soccer match-play section 4 examines the reliability and validity of the modified BEAST90 soccer simulation. A measure of performance with less variance would allow changes in soccer specific performance to be identified with greater certainty in section 7. Section 5 assesses the influence of intermittent exercise on the blood lactate response. Given that the new iTRIMP method of measuring internal training load weights exertion with the blood lactate response it was important to assess the influence exercise mode may have on the calculation of internal training load. The results showed that at higher intensities intermittent exercise produced significantly higher blood lactate responses. Section 6 assesses the dose-response relationships between training and fitness using numerous measures of internal training load over a 6 week training period. The results showed only the iTRIMP method showed a significant relationship with changes in fitness. Section 7 assesses the dose-response relationships between exertion in soccer match-play and various physiological measures of fatigue and recovery. The relationships between these measures and changes in soccer specific performance were also assessed. Finally the internal and external load were integrated and the relationships of this ratio assessed with measures of fitness and performance. The results showed that changes in any of the physiological and biochemical measures used to assess recovery did not relate to changes in performance with the exception of testosterone which showed significant positive relationships with changes in distance covered from the 1st trial of the modified BEAST protocol to 2nd. Testosterone also was the only measure to show a significant relationship during the recovery period with any measure of training load (sRPE). Finally, the novel findings of this thesis is the relationships between the integrated ratio’s of internal and external training load with measures of aerobic fitness is also presented in section 7. The studies provided in this thesis have made a major contribution in demonstrating how data that is routinely collected at elite levels of soccer can be used more appropriately. It has also shown limitations of some the methods currently employed to measure training load. Furthermore changes in many of the markers used to assess recovery of soccer players do not seem to relate to changes in soccer specific performance. This may point to a change in paradigm which is required in both research and practice.

Traditionally, resistance training has been prescribed using percent-based training (PBT) methods that use the loads relative to a maximal load lifted for one repetition (1RM). However, PBT does not take into account possible day-to-day fluctuations in performance that may occur from physical or psychological stressors. One approach to address this limitation is to monitor velocity changes during resistance training, based on research showing that declines in velocity are highly correlated with fatigue. Therefore, velocity-based training (VBT) methods are proposed to provide a more objective method to modify resistance training sessions based on individual differences in day-to-day performance and the rate of training adaptation. However, at the commencement of this dissertation in 2014, no previous research had examined VBT methods in comparison to PBT methods. Thus, this thesis aimed to verify the efficacy of different VBT methods using a resistance-trained population who could lift a minimum of 150% their own body mass for at least one repetition in the full-depth back squat. These parameters were chosen so that the findings of this research were applicable to strength-trained athletes who were likely to employ VBT methods in their resistance training programs. In the first of five research studies, two portable VBT devices were examined for their accuracy to assess peak velocity (PV) and mean velocity (MV) among other kinematic variables. On three separate days, ten strength-trained men performed three 1RM back squat trials that comprised loads of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 90% and 100% of 1RM. Acceptable validity criteria was based on a Pearson moment correlation coefficient >0.70, coefficient of variation (CV) ≤10% and Cohen d effect size (ES) r = 0.94 – 0.97, CV = 2.9 – 5.8%) and MV (r = 0.95 – 0.99, CV = 3.2 – 4.5%) across the relative load spectrum when compared to laboratory testing equipment. Thus, for the remainder of the VBT studies in this PhD thesis project, an LT was used to report the velocity data. In the second study, a novel velocity-based load monitoring method was investigated using 17 strength-trained men who performed three 1RM trials on separate days. Specifically, the reliability and validity of the load-velocity relationship to predict the back squat 1RM was calculated by entering MV at 100% 1RM into individualised linear regression equations which were derived from the load-velocity relationship of three (20%, 40%, 60% of 1RM), four (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% 1RM), or five (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 90% 1RM) incremental warm-up sets. The results showed that this predicted 1RM method was moderately reliable (ICC = 0.72 – 0.92, CV = 7.4 – 12.8%), and moderately valid (r = 0.78 – 0.93, CV = 5.7 – 12.2%). However, it could not be used as a VBT method to accurately modify training loads, since it significantly over-predicted the actual 1RM (SEE = 10.6 – 17.2 kg) due to the large variability of MV at 100% 1RM (ICC = 0.42, SEM = 0.05 m·s-1, CV = 22.5%). Therefore, this 1RM prediction method was no longer utilised as a method of adjusting training load for the remainder of the project. Despite its suggested importance, research had yet to investigate if velocity was stable between training sessions, so that individualised load-velocity profiles (LVP) could be created to track changes in velocity. Thus, the third study attempted to fill this research gap, where 18 strength-trained men performed three 1RM trials, which included warm-up loads pertaining to 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 90% and 100% 1RM, with the velocity of each repetition assessed by LT. It was found that PV, mean propulsive velocity (MPV) and MV were all reliable (ICC > 0.70, CV ≤ 10%, ES < 0.6) for the back squat performed at 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 90% 1RM but not at 100% 1RM for MPV and MV. This meant that all three concentric velocity types could be used to develop LVPs. In addition, the smallest detectable difference was established across the relative load spectrum for PV (0.11 – 0.19 m·s-1), MPV (0.08 – 0.11 m·s-1) and MV (0.06 – 0.11 m·s-1), which then allows coaches to determine meaningful changes in velocity from their athletes between training sessions. Collectively, these results showed that LVPs could be utilised as a VBT method for monitoring sessional changes in velocity and modifying resistance-training loads according to individual differences in day-to-day performance. The fourth study compared the kinetic and kinematic data from three different VBT sessions and a PBT session in order to provide programmatic guidance to strength coaches who may choose to implement these novel methods to adjust resistance training load or volume. Fifteen strength-trained men performed four randomised resistance-training sessions 96 hours apart, which included a PBT session involving five sets of five repetitions at 80% 1RM, a LVP session (verified from Study 3) consisting of five sets of five repetitions with a load that could be adjusted to achieve a target velocity from an individualised LVP regression equation at 80% 1RM, a fixed sets 20% velocity loss threshold FSVL20 session that contained five sets at 80% of 1RM but sets were terminated once MV dropped below 20% of the maximal attainable MV from the first set or when five repetitions were completed, a variable sets 20% velocity loss threshold VSVL20 session that comprised 25 repetitions in total but participants performed as many repetitions in a set until the 20% velocity loss threshold was exceeded or 25 repetitions was completed. During the LVP and FSVL20 sessions, individuals performed repetitions with faster (p < 0.05) sessional MV (ES = 0.81 – 1.05) and PV (ES = 0.98 – 1.12), avoided additional mechanical stress with less time under tension but maintained similar force and power outputs when compared to the PBT session. Therefore, the LVP and FSVL20 methods could be employed in a strength-oriented training phase to diminish fatigue-induced decreases in movement velocity that can occur in PBT. The VBT method employed in the fifth and final study was derived from the results of Study 4. Both the LVP and FSVL20 methods permitted faster repetition velocities throughout a training session compared to PBT, but it was decided that the FSVL20 method could decrease total training volume and reduce the training stimulus, which may be unwarranted. Therefore, in Study 5, the effects of the LVP-VBT approach (VBT) versus PBT on changes in strength, power and sports performance measures following six weeks of back squat training were examined. The study involved 24 strength-trained men who performed back squat training three times per week in a daily undulating format. The training protocols were matched for sets and repetitions but differed in the assigned training load. PBT group trained with relative loads varying from 59% – 85% 1RM, whereas the VBT group trained with loads that could be adjusted to achieve a target velocity from an individualised LVP that corresponded with 59% – 85% 1RM. Pre- and post-training assessments included 1RM, 30% of 1RM countermovement jump (CMJ), 20-m sprint, and 505 change of direction test (COD). Overall, the VBT group performed repetitions with faster velocities during training (p < 0.05, MV = 0.76 m·s-1 vs. 0.66 m·s-1) that were perceived as less difficult (p < 0.05, rating of perceived exertion = 5.1 vs. 6.0), and utilized marginally lower training loads (p < 0.05, ~1.7%1RM) compared to PBT. Both VBT and PBT methods were effective for significantly enhancing 1RM (VBT: 11.3% vs. PBT: 12.5%), CMJ peak power (VBT: 7.4% vs. PBT: 6.0%), 20-m sprint (VBT: -1.9% vs. PBT: -0.9%), and COD (VBT: -5.4% vs. PBT: -3.6%). No significant differences were observed between groups for any testing assessment but likely favourable training effects were observed in 1RM for PBT group, whilst VBT group had likely favourable improvements in 5-m sprint time, and possibly favourable improvements in 10-m sprint time, and COD time. These findings suggest that both VBT and PBT methods are similarly effective; however, PBT may provide a slight 1RM strength advantage whilst VBT may be preferred by some individuals, since it permits faster training velocities, is perceived as less difficult, and is a more objective method for adjusting training load to account for individual differences in the rate of training adaptation. In conclusion, VBT (LVP approach) and PBT are similarly effective for promoting significant improvements in strength, power and sports performance tasks in strength-trained participants. However, even though the LVP-based VBT method did not provide significant increases in strength and power adaptations compared to PBT, it provided similar improvements while avoiding additional mechanical loading which may be important for the better management of training load, particularly with athletes who partake in numerous training modalities which can influence fatigue and recovery. That being said, if all repetitions are performed with maximal intended velocity but not to concentric muscular failure, a well-planned, periodised resistance training program with regular training frequency and progressive overload that accounts for bouts of recovery will provide adequate stimulus to significantly enhance strength, power and performance tasks like sprinting and changes in direction. Future training studies may look to examine the efficacy of VBT methods using multiple exercises (upper and lower body), and with different populations including women, adolescents, older adults, and potentially individuals during rehabilitation from injury so that training progress can be objectively monitored. Furthermore, future studies could look to incorporate multiple VBT methods into a training program such as the LVP method to modify resistance training load and the velocity loss thresholds method to control resistance training volume.

This research investigated injuries across and within a training year and career phases in ballet and contemporary dance. The perceptions of artistic and health professionals regarding training practices were also explored. In tertiary dance, 50% of students were injured in the first seven weeks of the program, and certain weeks across the program resulted in higher injury rates. Across one semester, spikes in stress leading to performances, and spikes in load and injury to recommence technique training were observed. Artistic staff were perceived to be responsible for planning training, providing insights for future research into injury prevention in dance.

The purpose of this study was to compare changes in static and countermovement jump variables across a competitive season of collegiate soccer to estimated training load and subjective measures of fatigue. Monitoring data from 21 male collegiate soccer players were retrospectively examined. Nine vertical jump sessions occurred across the season in addition to daily training load assessment and daily mood-state assessment. Group average changes from the first testing session were calculated and compared to the group average training load for the 7 days preceding each vertical jump testing session for static and countermovement jump height and allometrically scaled peak power. Statistical analysis demonstrated strong relationships between changes in vertical jump height for both conditions, allometrically scaled peak power for static jumps, and estimated training load. The results indicate changes in static jump height and allometrically scaled peak power may be more useful athlete fatigue monitoring tools than countermovement jump variables.

Study 1: The intraday reliability of the reactive strength index (RSI) calculated from a drop jump in professional men’s basketball. Purpose: To evaluate the reliability of the reactive strength index (RSI) and jump height (JH) performance from multiple drop heights with elite basketball players. Methods: Thirteen professional basketball players (mean ±SD: age 25.8 ± 3.5 y, height 1.96 ± 0.07 m, mass 94.8 ± 8.2 kg) completed 3 maximal drop jump attempts on to a jump mat at 4 randomly assigned box heights and 3 counter movement jump (CMJ) trials. Results: No statistical difference was observed between three trials for both the RSI and JH variable at all the tested drop heights. The RSI for drop jump heights from 20 cm resulted in a coefficient of variation (CV) = 3.1% and an intraclass correlation (ICCα) =0.96, 40 cm resulted in a CV = 3.0% and an ICCα = 0.95, 50 cm resulted in a CV = 2.1% and an ICCα = 0.99. The JH variable at the 40 cm drop jump height resulted in the highest reliability CV = 2.8% and an ICCα = 0.98. Conclusion: When assessing the RSI the 20, 40 and 50 cm drop heights are recommended with this population. When assessing large groups it appears that only one tria Study 2: Does session RPE relate with reactive strength qualities? A case study investigation within the National Basketball League This investigation aimed to establish the relationship between training loads derived from the sessional rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) and the reactive strength index (RSI) over a 27-week competitive season in elite basketball players. Fourteen professional male basketball players (26 ± 3.6 years; 95.8 ± 9.0 kg; 197.3 ± 7.3 cm) participated in this study. Training load data were modeled against the RSI over a 27-week competitive season with the use of a linear mixed model. The relationship between RSI and training load was only significantly different from baseline (Week 1) at Week 24 (p < 0.05) and Week 26 (p < 0.01). These primarily findings suggest that sRPE and RSI have a weak relationship, whilst the RSI does not appear to accurately reflect the changes in training load that occur during an in-season periodized training program in professional male basketball.

A Ginástica Rítmica (GR) é uma modalidade caracterizada pela a participação de jovens atletas no treinamento sistematizado. Este estudo examinou o efeito de um período de intensificação (IT, 4 semanas, após um período de treinamento habitual, TH) seguido de um período de tapering (TP, 2 semanas) nos hormônios salivares (testosterona - T e cortisol - C), imunoglobulina salivar A (SIgA), severidade das infecções do trato respiratório superior (ITRS), bem-estar (WB), e no desempenho físico e técnico em 23 atletas de ginástca rítmica ( < 11 anos de idade [G1], < 13 anos de idade [G2] e > 13 anos de idade [G3]). A percepção subjetiva de esforço da sessão (PSE da sessão) foi utilizada para quantificar a carga interna de treinamento (CIT) e a razão aguda:crônica da carga de treinamento (ACT). Os questionários WB e WURSS-21 foram preenchidos diariamente. A coleta de saliva e os testes de desempenho físico e técnico foram realizados no início da IT (T1), após IT (T2) e após TP (T3). Foi observada maior CIT para TI em comparação com TP (ES = 2,37). A ACT nas semanas de IT variou de 1,2 (0,3) a 1,4 (0,3). Não foram observadas alterações significantes foi para a concentração de T (206 ± 39, 221 ± 35, 216 ± 51 ?mol/L, para T1, T2 e T3, respectivamente [grupo inteiro]; p = 0,16), concentração de C (5,7 ± 1,0, 5,8 ± 0,8, 5,0 ± 0,7 ?mol/L; p = 0,07) e índice de bem-estar (WB - 19 ± 3, 19 ± 2, 19 ± 2; p = 0,44). O WB para G3 foi significativamente menor em comparação a G1 e G2. Uma maior concentração absoluta de SIgA (SIgAabs [ug/ml]) (F = 7,6; 20 p = 0,001) para pós-IT (234 ± 104) vs pré-IT (173 ± 91) e pós-TP (182 ± 70) e uma maior taxa de secreção de SIgA (SIgAtaxa [ug/min]) (F = 3,4; p = 0,04]) para pós-IT (69 ± 28) vs pré-IT (55 ± 27) e Pós-TP (58 ± 22) foi observada. Quanto à severidade dos sintomas de ITRS, nenhuma alteração significante foi observada (?2 = 2,81; p = 0,24). Houve melhora no desempenho físico para abdominais de T2 a T3 (ES = 0,80) e T1 a T3 (ES = 0,78) e para RFms (flexões de cotovelo) (T2-T3, ES = 0,61; T1-T3, ES = 0,55). Uma melhora desempenho técnico de T1 para T3 (ES = 2,32) também foi observada. Estes resultados sugerem que uma IT de 4 semanas seguida por TP (2 semanas) parece ser uma abordagem útil para melhorar o desempenho físico e técnico em jovens ginastas de GR, mantendo a percepção de WB, das repostas hormonais, podendo inclusive, induzir adaptações positivas nos sistemas orgânicos, em particular a função da imunidade da mucosa oral de ginastas prépuberes. Ademais, os presentes resultados podem indicar que a razão ACT de 1,2-1,4 possa servir como um valor de referência para organizar de forma efetiva e segura a intensificação das cargas de treinamento
Rhythmic Gymnastics (RG) is a modality characterized by participation of young athletes in systematized training. This study examined the effect of an intensification period (IT; 4 weeks; after a habitual training period; HT) followed by a tapering period (TP; 2 weeks) on salivary hormones (testosterone - T and cortisol - C), salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA), severity of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), wellbeing (WB), and physical and technical performance in 23 rhythmic gymnasts (RG; Under-11 group [G1], Under-13 group [G2], and > 13 group [G3]). The session-rating of perceived exertion (RPE session) was used to quantify the daily internal training load (ITL) and the acute:chronic workload ratio (ACW). The WB and WURSS-21 questionnaire were completed daily. Saliva sampling, physical and technical performance tests were carried out at the beginning of the IT (T1), after IT (T2), and after TP (T3). A higher ITL was observed for IT compared to TP (ES=2.37). The ACW for the IT weeks varied from 1.2 (0.3) to 1.4 (0.3). No significant change was detected for T concentration (206 ± 39, 221 ± 35, 216 ± 51 ?mol/L, for T1, T2, and T3, respectively [whole group]; p = 0.16), C concentration (5.7 ± 1.0, 5.8 ± 0.8, 5.0 ± 0.7 ?mol/L; p = 0.07), and WB (19 ± 3, 19 ± 2, 19 ± 2; p = 0.44). A significant lower WB score was observed for the G3. A higher SIgA absolute concentration (SIgAabs [ug/ml) (F=7.6; 20 p=0.001) for post-IT (234±104) vs pre-IT (173±91), and post-TP (182±70), and a higher SIgA secretion rate (SIgArate [ug/min]) (F=3.4; p=0.04]) for post-IT (69±28) vs pre-IT (55±27), and post-TP (58±22) were observed. No significant change was observed for severity of URTI symptoms (?2=2.81; p=0.24). Physical performance increased for sit-ups from T2 to T3 (ES = 0.80), and T1 to T3 (ES = 0.78) and for pushups (T2-T3; ES = 0.61; T1-T3; ES = 0.55). Technical performance also increased from T1 to T3 (ES = 2,32). These results suggest that a 4-week IT followed by TP (2-week) seems to be a useful approach to improve physical and technical performance of youth RG, while maintaining the perception of WB, the hormonal milieu, even affording to induce positive adaptations in body systems, in particular, the mucosal immune function, in youth RG. In addition, the results may indicate the ACW ratio of 1.2-1.4 might be used to organize an effective and safety intensification of training loads

It is well recognized that the ability to rapidly generate high levels of force is an important factor underpinning vertical jump performance. Recently, it has become popular to use forcevelocity (FV) and load-velocity (LV) profiles created from progressively loaded squat jumps (SJs) to guide the resistance training process. By creating FV profiles, the coach can determine if the athlete has a force or velocity deficit and then create an individualized training program based upon the determined deficit. Alternatively, the LV profile can be used to monitor performance and as a method for prescribing training load. While several recent studies have explored the efficacy of the use of training methods based on the FV or LV profile, there is limited research examining the various methodologies and technologies that are commonly used to create these profiles with SJs. Therefore, the primary purpose of this thesis project was to investigate the reliability and validity of various methods for assessing the FV and LV profile during the SJ. In Study 1, progressively loaded SJs were performed on a force plate in order to determine the overall reliability of the FV and LV profiles. After this was completed, Study 2 was used to compare three methods of determining the FV and LV profiles. Specifically, the FV and LV profiles created from data collected with the PUSH BandTM 2.0 (PUSH) and GymAware (GYM) were compared with the profiles created from data collected with a force plate in order to determine if the velocities determined with these methods agreed. In Study 3, the FV and LV profiles created with two accelerometers (Bar Sensei [BS] and Beast Sensor [BEAST]) were compared with a laboratory based four-linear position transducer system (4- LPT) in order to determine if the velocities measured with these devices agreed and were reliable. In Study 4, the mode of exercise (free-weight or Smith Machine) was compared to determine if there was agreement between the FV and LV profiles created with each mode. Finally, in Study 5, SJs that were performed with free-weights and the Smith Machine were compared in order to determine if there was agreement between the FV and LV profiles created with a force plate, the PUSH, and GYM. The primary finding of this thesis was that the FV and LV profiles created from SJs with a force plate were unreliable regardless of which mode of exercise was utilized. Additionally, the PV quantified with the GYM agreed with the PV determined with the force plate regardless of whether the SJ was performed with free-weights or a Smith Machine. Conversely, the PV determined with the PUSH did not agree with the force plate regardless of which mode of exercise was performed. Finally, the PVs determined with the BEAST agreed with the 4-LPT system, whilst the BS did not. Based upon these findings, it is important that coaches are aware that there is a lack of reliability with these profiles and that velocities measured by different devices do not always agree.

O controle da carga de treinamento é apontado como um desafio na atualidade, principalmente no esporte coletivo, onde existe uma busca pelo avanço nessa área de conhecimento em diferentes centros de pesquisa no mundo. Esses pesquisadores se utilizam da aplicação de ferramentas biomecânicas, fisiológicas, bioquímicas, imunológicas e psicobiológicas para visando esse controle, apesar de pouco entendimento efetivo ter sido alcançado até o presente momento, justificando a continuidade dessa busca. Baseando-se nessa lacuna presente no estado da arte traçamos uma estratégia onde inicialmente devido à existência de pontos conflitantes na literatura em relação ao uso do salto com contramovimento (SCM), foi realizada uma meta-análise para verificar qual deveria ser a estratégia para aplicação dessa ferramenta biomecânica. A partir desse ponto, os demais estudos experimentais da presente tese foram conduzidos com o objetivo de verificar as possibilidades da aplicação de ferramentas biomecânicas para o controle de carga de treinamento em atletas. Os três experimentos foram realizados com a participação de atletas de futsal (n = 18; idade: 15,2 ± 0,9 anos; massa corporal: 62,3 ± 13,1 kg; estatura: 1,71 ± 0,1 m). Os voluntários realizaram o processo de familiarização com o SCM e, em seguida, foi verificada a confiabilidade do desempenho, utilizada para determinar a diferença mínima individual (DMI) do mesmo. Todos os voluntários realizaram as coletas iniciais (T0), avaliando o desempenho do SCM, por intermédio de medidas cinemáticas (tapete de contato e câmeras optoeletrônicas), dinâmicas (plataforma de força), além das antropométricas (balança com estadiômetro e antropômetros). Após a primeira etapa experimental, os voluntários foram distribuídos de maneira aleatória em dois grupos: Grupo Regulação (GR; n = 9) e Grupo Controle (GC; n = 9). Os voluntários realizaram quatro semanas de intensificação do treinamento, logo em seguida foi realizada a avaliação intermediária (T1), com mais duas semanas para o tapering e a reavaliação (T2). O monitoramento semanal ocorreu no início de cada microciclo a partir da DMI do SCM com o tapete de contato, assim todos os voluntários eram avaliados, mas os ajustes ocorriam somente para o GR. A meta-análise revelou que altura média do SCM foi a variável mais sensível e adequada para acompanhar os efeitos da fadiga e supercompensação. Para o experimento 01, o treinamento autorregulado no GR resultou em uma carga de treinamento significantemente mais elevada na semana 3 (tamanho de efeito \"TE\" = 0,6) e semana 4 (TE = 2,3) comparando com o GC. Entretanto, a carga de treinamento final não foi significativamente diferente entre os grupos (p = 0,082). Como resultado do aumento de carga durante a indução ao overreaching, o GR reduziu a altura do SCM entre T0-T1 (TE = -0,31). Entre T1-T2, o GR teve um aumento significativo na altura do SCM (TE = 0,61), e da mesma forma, outro aumento significativo na altura do SCM entre T0-T2 foi observado (TE = 0,30). As alterações na altura do SCM para o GC não foram significativas: T0-T1 (TE = -0,19); T1-T2 (TE = 0,41) e T0-T2 (TE = 0,07). No experimento 02, as alterações na altura do SCM foram acompanhadas pelas seguintes alterações nos parâmetros dinâmicos; durante a redução de desempenho ocorreu um aumento do momento de quadril na rotação externa/interna e durante o aumento de desempenho ocorreu um aumento da energia e do momento de quadril na flexão/extensão. Quanto ao experimento 03, durante a flexão/extensão; a energia de quadril (r² = 56%), o pico de potência de quadril (r² = 46%), a média do momento de joelho (r² = 50%) e o pico de potência de joelho (r² = 43%) foram correlacionados significativamente com as alterações na altura do SCM. Com esses achados, podemos concluir que o uso de ferramentas biomecânicas permitiu o controle de carga de treinamento de atletas de futsal, utilizando a altura média do SCM com a DMI para regular o treino e alcançar o overreaching funcional. Além disso, as alterações ocorridas nos parâmetros dinâmicos do SCM respaldam a utilização dessa abordagem
The training load control is identified as a challenge today, especially in team sports, where there is a search for the breakthrough in the area of knowledge in different research centers in the world. These researchers are using biomechanical markers, physiological markers, biochemical markers, immunological markers and psychobiological markers for its implementation, although little understanding and effectiveness be achieved to date. Thus we performed a strategy which initially due to the existence of conflicting points in the literature regarding the use of the countermovement jump (CMJ), a meta-analysis was performed to determine which should be the approach to application of biomechanical markers: From that point, the experimental studies of this thesis were conducted in order to verify the possibilities of application of biomechanical markers for training load control in athletes. The three experiments were carried out with the participation of futsal athletes (n = 18; age: 15.2 ± 0.9 years; body mass: 62.3 ± 13.1 kg; height: 1.71 ± 0.1 m). The volunteers perform the familiarization process with the CMJ and then its reliability was verified and used to determine the minimal individual differences (MID). All volunteers performed the initial assessment (T0) for evaluating the performance of CMJ, through kinematic measurements (contact mat and optoelectronic cameras), dynamic (force plate), and anthropometric (scale with stadiometer and anthropometers). After the first experimental stage, volunteers were randomly distributed into two groups: regulated group (RG; n = 9) and control group (CG, n = 9). The volunteers performed four weeks of intensified training, an intermediate evaluation (T1), then two weeks for tapering and finally the reassessed (T2). The weekly monitoring occurred at the beginning of each microcycle from the MID of CMJ with the jump mat, all volunteers performed this assessment, but the adjustments were performed just for RG. The meta-analysis showed that average of CMJ height was the most sensitive and appropriate variable to monitor the effects of fatigue and supercompensation. For the experiment 01, the auto-regulated training in RG resulted in a significantly higher training load at week 3 (effect size \"ES\" = 0.6) and week 4 (ES = 2.3) compared to the CG. However, the final training load was not significantly different between the groups (p = 0.082). As a result of the increased load during the induction overreaching, RG reduced CMJ height between T0-T1 (ES = -0.31). Between T1-T2, RG had a significant increase in the CMJ height (ES = 0.61), and similarly, another significant increase in the CMJ height between T0-T2 was observed (ES = 0.30). Changes in the height of the CMJ for CG were not significant: T0-T1 (ES = -0.19); T1-T2 (ES = 0.41) and T0-T2 (ES = 0.07). In the experiment 02, we found that changes in the CMJ height were followed by the following changes in dynamic parameters; reduction performance by increasing the hip moment (external/internal rotation) and increase performance by increasing hip energy and moment (flexion/extension). For experiment 03, during flexion/extension; hip energy (r² = 56%), peak hip power (r² = 46%), mean knee moment (r² = 50%) and peak knee power (r² = 43%) were correlated significantly with changes in the CMJ height. With these findings, we conclude that the use of biomechanical markers allowed the training load control of the futsal players using the average of CMJ height with MID to regulate the training and achieve functional overreaching. Moreover, the changes in the dynamic parameters of the CMJ support the use of this approach

The number of GPS devices brands, commercially available to football teams has risen significantly in the past two decades. As players continue to change between teams such as club, country, youth, professional, their activity may be tracked with two or more brands. Discrepancies between device brand reporting can affect the decisions to adjust individual training load and place players at a higher risk of injury when multiple brands are being used. This project of research has investigated discrepancies between commercial GPS brands and provided a correction tool to be used when comparing GPS derived data between different brands.

In any competitive sporting environment, it is crucial to a team's success to have the maximum number of their players free from injury and illness and available for selection in as many games as possible throughout the season. The training programme of the club, and therefore training load, can have an impact on the incidence of injury and illness amongst the players. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the training load and the incidence of injury and illness over an entire pre-season at an Australian Football League (AFL) club. Sixteen players were subjects; all full time professional male AFL players (mean + or - standard deviation; age 23.8 + or - 5.1 years; height 188.9 + or - 7.4 m; weight 90.9 + or - 9.2 kg). A longitudinal research design was employed, where training load, injury and illness were monitored over a 15 week pre-season and Pearson Correlation Coefficients were used to examine relationships.

In any competitive sporting environment, it is crucial to a team's success to have the maximum number of their players free from injury and illness and available for selection in as many games as possible throughout the season. The training programme of the club, and therefore training load, can have an impact on the incidence of injury and illness amongst the players. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the training load and the incidence of injury and illness over an entire pre-season at an Australian Football League (AFL) club. Sixteen players were subjects; all full time professional male AFL players (mean + or - standard deviation; age 23.8 + or - 5.1 years; height 188.9 + or - 7.4 m; weight 90.9 + or - 9.2 kg). A longitudinal research design was employed, where training load, injury and illness were monitored over a 15 week pre-season and Pearson Correlation Coefficients were used to examine relationships.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da manipulação do espaço (dimensão da quadra) de jogo reduzidos (JRs) na demanda física, fisiológica e perceptual em jovens jogadores de basquetebol. Doze jogadores da categoria sub19 (18,6 ± 0,5 anos, 88,8 ± 14,5 kg e 192,6 ± 6,5 cm) participaram voluntariamente do estudo. Todos os atletas realizaram os dois protocolos de JRs, em dias distintos (procedimento cross-over); a variável manipulada nos JRs foi o espaço de jogo (dimensão da quadra). No primeiro protocolo, o JR foi realizado em uma quadra com tamanho oficial (28x15m; JR28x15), e no segundo, em uma quadra com a largura reduzida, 28x9m (JR28x9). Os JRs foram realizados em uma dinâmica de 3x3 (3 jogadores em cada equipe), com 4 períodos de 4 minutos intercalados por 3 minutos de intervalo. Antes e após os JRs foram realizados os testes de sprints repetidos (TSR; 12 sprints de 20m com 20s de intervalo entre os sprints) e salto vertical (SV). Amostras de sangue para a análise da concentração de lactato [Lac] foram coletadas, a) antes do jogo (Pré-JR), b) imediatamente após o jogo (Pós-JR), c) depois do TSR após o JR (Pós-TSR-JR), e d) 30 minutos após o término do JR (Pós-30min). A frequência cardíaca (FC) foi registrada durante todo o jogo em ambos os protocolos e utilizada, posteriormente, para o cálculo do \"impulso de treinamento\" (TRIMP); 30 minutos após o término dos JRs os jogadores registraram a percepção subjetiva do esforço da sessão (PSE da sessão). Uma medida de carga interna de treinamento (CIT) foi gerada e registrada através do método da PSE da sessão. Para análise dos dados, utilizou-se uma ANOVA de medidas repetidas de dois fatores (Protocolos de JR x Momento) para avaliar o desempenho nos testes físicos, [Lac] e a FC medida em cada período de jogo e intervalos de recuperação. Para a análise da FC média, PSE da sessão, TRIMP e CIT foi utilizado um test t de student para amostras pareadas. O nível de significância foi estabelecido em 5%. O tamanho de efeito foi estimado através do d de Cohen. Não foram observadas diferenças do momento pré para pós, como também entre os protocolos de JR para as variáveis de desempenho dos testes físicos; a [Lac] apresentou um aumento do momento pré-JR para pós-JR, sem diferença estatística entre os protocolos. Foram observados valores médios de 88,1 ± 3,2% e 90,2 ± 3,1% para FC relativa (%FC pico), 97,3 ± 4,9 e 100,5 ± 7,8 UA para TRIMP, 171,9 ± 31,2 e 172,2 ± 29,2 UA para CIT, 7,2 ± 1,4 e 6,7 ± 1,3UA para a PSE da sessão e 5,4 ± 2,6 e 5,9 ± 2 mmol·l-1 para a [Lac] pós-JR (JR28x15 e JR28x9, respectivamente). Porém não foram observadas diferenças significantes entre os protocolos para nenhumas das medidas apresentadas. Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que: 1) a manipulação do espaço não acarreta em diferentes respostas psicofisiológicas; 2) a demanda induzida pelo JRs não foi suficiente para induzir uma queda na capacidade de desempenho de sprints repetidos e no salto vertical; 3) a demanda induzida pelo JR nos parâmetros psicofisiológicos foi similar aquela reportada para jogos oficiais
The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of court size manipulation of smallsided games (SSG) on physical, physiological and perceptual demand in young basketball athletes. Twelve players from an under-19 team (18.6 ± 0.5 yrs, 88.8 ± 14.5 kg e 192.6 ± 6.5 cm) voluntarily participated in this study. All athletes performed two SSG protocols in different days (cross-over design); the manipulated variable was court area. In the first protocol, SGG was played at official court area (28x15m; SSG28x15), and in the second protocol was played at a court with reduced width area (28x9m; SSG28x9). SSG\'s were performed with a 3-a-side dynamic, with four game periods of four minutes, and three minutes of active rest between periods. Before and after SSG players were submitted to a repeated sprint test (RST; 12sprints of 20m with 20s recovery) and a vertical jump test. Blood samples were provided to lactate concentration [Lac] analysis at: a) before game (Pre-SSG), b) Immediately after game (Post-SSG), c) after RST performed post SSG (Post-RSTSSG), and d) 30 minutes after SSG (Post-30min). The heart rate (HR) was monitored during the SSG and used to calculate SSG mean HR and to calculate training impulse (TRIMP); 30 minutes after the ending of SSG player answered the rate of perceived exertion of the session (Session-RPE). Internal training load (ITL) was calculated by the Session-RPE method. For data analysis a Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures (SSG\'s protocols x Moments) was conducted to evaluate tests performance, [Lac], and mean HR for each game period and rest interval. In order to analyze the game\'s mean HR, Session-RPE, TRIMP and ITL were utilized a student t-test for repeated measures. The significance level was set at 5%. Effect size was estimate through Cohen\'s d. No statistical difference was observed between pre and post measures, or between protocols to tests performance variables. [Lac] showed and increased from pre-SSG to post-SSG, with no difference between protocols. Psychophysiological variables present mean values of 88.1 ± 3.2% and 90.2 ± 3.1% to relative HR (% peak HR), 97.3 ± 4.9 and 100.5 ± 7.8 AU to TRIMP, 171.9 ± 31.2 and 172.2 ± 29.2 AU to ITL, 7.2 ± 1.4 and 6.7 ± 1.3 AU to Session-RPE and 5.4 ± 2.6 and 5.9 ± 2 mmol·l-1 to Post-SSG [lac] (SSG28x15 and SSG28x9, respectively). However, it was not observed any difference between SSG protocols and any measure. The results from the present study indicates: 1) Court size manipulation does not elicit different psychophysiological responses; 2) SSG demand was not sufficient to impair repeated sprints ability or jump ability; 3)SSG psychophysiological demand was similar to those reported to official basketball games

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the best predictor of training and/or match load using session RPE. Design and Methods: 20 NCAA DI male soccer players participated in the study during the 2014 and 2015 competitive seasons. Players completed 15.20 ± 1.05 matches for a total of 304 individual data points and 29.90 ± 1.89. training sessions for a total of 598 individual data points. GPS variables (total distance, High-intensity running distance, and Player load) were analyzed with session RPE using Pearson product-moment correlations. To evaluate various methods of session RPE, “match duration” was recorded using eight different definitions: total match duration including warm-up and half-time, total match duration and warm-up, total match duration and half-time, total match duration only, minutes played including warm-up and half-time, minutes played and warm-up, minutes played and half-time, and minutes played only. A one-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used to determine if differences existed between the eight session RPE calculations. Results: Results from the ANOVA showed that all session RPE measures were significantly different from one another (P < 0.05). Very large correlations were reported between session RPE calculated using minutes played and total distance (0.81), while session RPE calculated using match duration showed less magnitude (0.57). Conclusions: Minutes played should be used to calculate session RPE as it was found to most closely reflect the actual workloads incurred during competitive matches.

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Introdução: o jogo de futebol exige dos jogadores uma grande capacidade física. Assim, faz-se necessário que os mesmos estejam regularmente envolvidos no processo de treinamento para que possam aprimorar sua condição física. O estresse provocado pelas cargas de cada sessão de treinamento pode acarretar alterações positivas ou negativas nas respostas fisiológicas, psicológicas, bioquímicas e hematológicas. Estas podem proporcionar a melhora do rendimento do atleta ou a queda do mesmo com uma possibilidade de ocorrência do overreaching ou do overtraining. Assim, o melhor entendimento destas respostas e a utilização das mesmas no controle dos treinamentos podem ser de grande valia no futebol. Objetivo: verificar os efeitos da carga de treinamento sobre variáveis fisiológica, psicológicas, bioquímicas e hematológica durante uma pré-temporada no futebol profissional. Métodos: oito jogadores profissionais de futebol (22,1 ± 2,2 anos, 9,37 ± 1,19 % de gordura e velocidade de limiar anaeróbico - 13,53 ± 0,79 Km/h) foram monitorados durante 21 dias de uma pré-temporada e submetidos a 4 avaliações (T1, T2, T3 e T4). Foram realizados os seguintes procedimentos nas avaliações: coleta de sangue para análise da hemoglobina (Hgb), creatina quinase (CK) e lactato desidrogenase, aplicação do questionário de POMS (vigor e fadiga) e a mensuração dos intervalos RR em repouso para análise da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) no domínio do tempo e da frequência. A carga de cada sessão de treino foi quantificada pelo TRIMP modificado (Stagno et al., 2007). Resultados: A CK aumentou significativamente (p<0,05) em T2 e T3 em relação a T1. As outras variáveis não apresentaram diferença significativa em nenhuma das avaliações realizadas e não foi observada correlação entre as mesmas. Conclusão: a CK parece ser a variável mais reativa à carga de treino em relação às outras e, assim, sua utilização no monitoramento do treinamento seria mais confiável. Os valores da VFC no domínio da freqüência apresentaram uma tendência de resposta às alterações da carga que merece atenção. Outros estudos são necessários para confirmar estes resultados.
Introduction: The soccer game demands from players a great physical capacity. Thus, it is necessary the regular and controlled involvement in training process to improve their physical condition. The stress generated by the training load of each session may cause positive and negative changes on physiological, psychological, biochemical and hematological responses. These responses can provide the improvement of athletes’ performance or its decrement, when overreaching or overtraining can occur. Therefore, a better understanding of physiological, psychological, biochemical and hematological responses and the use of them in training control would have a great value in soccer. Objective: To verify the effects of training load on physiological, psychological, biochemical and hematological variables during a pre season in professional soccer. Methods: Eight professional soccer players (22,1 ± 2,2 years, 9,37 ± 1,19 % body fat and anaerobic threshold velocity - 13,53 ± 0,79 Km/h) were monitored during 21 days during a pre season and were submitted to four evaluations (T1, T2, T3 and T4). The following procedures were carried out: blood sample collection to analyze of hemoglobin concentration (Hgb), creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehidrogenase (LDH), application of POMS questionnaire (fatigue and vigor) and the measurement of resting RR intervals to analyze the heart rate variability (HRV) in time and frequency domain. Training load of each session was quantified by modified TRIMP. Results: CK significantly increased (p<0,05) in T2 and T3 in relation to T1, following the training load behavior. The other variables did not present significant differences (p>0,05) in any of the evaluations and significant correlations among the variables were not observed. Conclusion: It seems that CK is a more sensitive variable to training load compared to other variables, so its use in training monitoring would be more reliable. HRV values in frequency domain a trend to respond training load changes what deserves attention for future studies that are necessary to confirm these results.

L’entraînement dans les sports d’endurance à haut niveau passe traditionnellement par des périodes de très fortes charges visant à imposer de forts stress. La littérature suggère que ces périodes seront d’autant plus intéressantes si elles sont associées à un important niveau de fatigue et à une diminution de performance (surmenage fonctionnel, SF). Cependant, il n’a jamais été comparé à une surcharge d’entraînement sans diminution de performance (fatigue aigüe, FA). La première partie a montré que la surcompensation de performance au cours de l’affûtage peut répondre de façon Gaussienne à la charge d’entraînement imposée avant l’affûtage. Plus précisément, les résultats ont démontré que l’augmentation de la charge d’entraînement avant l’affûtage peut maximiser la réponse positive à l’entraînement, seulement à condition que le stress d’entraînement ne dépasse pas la capacité de récupération de l’athlète et ne précipite pas de SF. Par ailleurs, il s’avère que les réponses d’affûtage semblent individuelles et non influencées par le niveau de fatigue généré en amont. Ces différences de performance s’expliquent notamment par une bonne adaptation à l’entraînement après une période de surcharge sans SF, quand un état de SF sera à l’inverse associé à une moins bonne adaptation et à une plus grande survenue d’états de santé infectieux. La seconde partie a suggéré que la fatigue observée au sein du groupe SF pouvait également avoir été causée par un phénomène de fatigue cardiaque. En effet, le développement du SF chez l’athlète entraîné est associé à une réduction des valeurs de débit cardiaque à l’exercice
The purpose of this work is to examine whether performance supercompensation during taper is maximized in endurance athletes after experiencing overreaching during an overload training period. This first study showed that 1) greater gains in performance and V˙O2max can be achieved when higher training load is prescribed before the taper but not in the presence of functional overreaching (F-OR); 2) peak performance is not delayed during taper when heavy training loads are completed immediately prior; and 3) F-OR provides higher risk for training maladaptation, including increased infection risks. The second study confirms sleep disturbances and increased illness in endurance athletes who present with symptoms of F-OR during periods of high volume training. The third study shows a lower cardiac output and systolic blood pressure with greater arteriovenous O2 difference were reported in F-OR subjects at all exercising intensities, while no significant change was observed in the control and acute fatigue (AF) groups. A concomitant decrease in epinephrine excretion was reported only in the F-OR group. All values returned to baseline at Post. Following an overload endurance training program leading to F-OR, the cardiac response to exhaustive exercise is transiently impaired, possibly due to reduced epinephrine excretion. This finding is likely to explain the complex process of underperformance syndrome experienced by F-OR endurance athletes during heavy load programs

Master’s Thesis International M.Sc. in Performance Analysis of Sport (IMPAS)
The aim of this study was to investigate changes in training load, neuromuscular readiness, perceptual fatigue and competition performance in junior track and field athletes during an outdoor season. To fulfil this purpose, data from six athletes (age 17.5 ± 1.7 years; height 172.6 ± 9.9cm; body mass 62.1 ± 6.4kg) were collected from both training sessions and athletics competitions during a 16-week period, divided into a preparation (week 1 to 8) and a competitive period (week 9 to 16). Training load was computed through training diaries, the countermovement jump and the repeated jump test were executed on a weekly-basis, and perceptual fatigue measures were collected using a wellness questionnaire. At the end, a hierarchical cluster analysis was conducted to identify similarities and differences between the two periods. The results showed a substantial reduction in training load during the competitive phase. The countermovement jump and sleep quantity were associated with the best competition performance of the competitive season and indicated a positive development during the outdoor season. The others variables showed different patterns between athletes. This outcomes can be used as framework for implementing athlete monitoring system with young athletes involved in track and field sprint-power events.

This dissertation examined the application of a monitoring system in football(soccer). An observational design was adopted to analyse training load (TL) andphysical fitness measurements of two professional male football teams duringtheir regular training and match routines. During the competitive period, a highertraining volume was observed before and after playing against top-levelopponents (1st to 5th in the league rank), and after losing a match. Additionally, theamount of high-intensity activity performed during training was higher whenpreparing a game against a top-level opponent. Regarding TL-induced effects onphysical fitness, training volume was associated to a reduction of heart rateresponse during the submaximal Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test - level 1,indicating improved cardiorespiratory fitness. Regarding the proper choice ofexternal TL quantification method, the use of arbitrary or individualised speedbasedintensity zones adjusted to player's physical fitness (maximal aerobicspeed and maximal sprinting speed) showed similar sensitivity in the estimationof external TL magnitude (based on correlation) but differed at their absolute level(based on measurement bias). Notwithstanding, when external TL was adjustedto individual physical fitness, it revealed slightly stronger associations withperceptual responses to training, rather than when calculated using arbitraryintensity zones. Additionally, reporting external TL values as percentage valuesof distance does not inform about player's perceptual responses to training. Thepresent findings can be considered by coaching and medical departments, andanyone involved with fitness testing and TL monitoring in football players.
Na presente dissertação foi examinada a aplicação de um sistema de avaliaçãoe controlo do treino em futebol. Os dados de carga de treino (CT) e a aptidãofísica foram recolhidos em duas equipas de futebol masculino profissional noâmbito das rotinas de treino e de jogo. Durante o período competitivo foiobservado um volume de treino mais elevado nas semanas antes e depois dacompetição contra adversários de topo (entre as primeiras 5 equipas daclassificação da liga) e depois dos jogos cujo resultado final foi a derrota.Adicionalmente, o volume de atividade intensa durante o treino foi mais elevadonas semanas antecedentes aos jogos contra adversários de topo. O volume detreino mostrou-se associado à redução na resposta da frequência cardíaca naversão submáxima do teste Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test - level 1,sugerindo uma melhor aptidão cardiorrespiratória. Relativamente aos cuidadosa ter na escolha do método de quantificação da CT externa (CTE), a utilizaçãode zonas de intensidade baseadas em velocidades determinadas de formaarbitrária ou individualizada (ajustadas à aptidão física [velocidade aeróbiamáxima e velocidade máxima do jogador]) mostrou sensibilidade semelhantecom o cálculo da magnitude da CTE (estudo da correlação), mas diferiu emtermos de cálculo absoluto da CTE (estudo do viés de medição). A perceção daintensidade da sessão associou-se mais fortemente com a CTE ajustada áaptidão física individual do que quantificada com zonas de intensidade arbitrária.Além disto, a interpretação da CTE baseada em percentagens de distância nãoinformou acerca da perceção da carga em resposta ao treino. Estes resultadospodem ser considerados por profissionais envolvidos na área da avaliação físicae fisiológica do jogador de futebol.Palavras chave: Fisiologia, Desempenho, Aptidão física, Fadiga, Avaliação.

This dissertation examined the application of a monitoring system in football(soccer). An observational design was adopted to analyse training load (TL) andphysical fitness measurements of two professional male football teams duringtheir regular training and match routines. During the competitive period, a highertraining volume was observed before and after playing against top-levelopponents (1st to 5th in the league rank), and after losing a match. Additionally, theamount of high-intensity activity performed during training was higher whenpreparing a game against a top-level opponent. Regarding TL-induced effects onphysical fitness, training volume was associated to a reduction of heart rateresponse during the submaximal Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test - level 1,indicating improved cardiorespiratory fitness. Regarding the proper choice ofexternal TL quantification method, the use of arbitrary or individualised speedbasedintensity zones adjusted to player's physical fitness (maximal aerobicspeed and maximal sprinting speed) showed similar sensitivity in the estimationof external TL magnitude (based on correlation) but differed at their absolute level(based on measurement bias). Notwithstanding, when external TL was adjustedto individual physical fitness, it revealed slightly stronger associations withperceptual responses to training, rather than when calculated using arbitraryintensity zones. Additionally, reporting external TL values as percentage valuesof distance does not inform about player's perceptual responses to training. Thepresent findings can be considered by coaching and medical departments, andanyone involved with fitness testing and TL monitoring in football players.
Na presente dissertação foi examinada a aplicação de um sistema de avaliaçãoe controlo do treino em futebol. Os dados de carga de treino (CT) e a aptidãofísica foram recolhidos em duas equipas de futebol masculino profissional noâmbito das rotinas de treino e de jogo. Durante o período competitivo foiobservado um volume de treino mais elevado nas semanas antes e depois dacompetição contra adversários de topo (entre as primeiras 5 equipas daclassificação da liga) e depois dos jogos cujo resultado final foi a derrota.Adicionalmente, o volume de atividade intensa durante o treino foi mais elevadonas semanas antecedentes aos jogos contra adversários de topo. O volume detreino mostrou-se associado à redução na resposta da frequência cardíaca naversão submáxima do teste Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test - level 1,sugerindo uma melhor aptidão cardiorrespiratória. Relativamente aos cuidadosa ter na escolha do método de quantificação da CT externa (CTE), a utilizaçãode zonas de intensidade baseadas em velocidades determinadas de formaarbitrária ou individualizada (ajustadas à aptidão física [velocidade aeróbiamáxima e velocidade máxima do jogador]) mostrou sensibilidade semelhantecom o cálculo da magnitude da CTE (estudo da correlação), mas diferiu emtermos de cálculo absoluto da CTE (estudo do viés de medição). A perceção daintensidade da sessão associou-se mais fortemente com a CTE ajustada áaptidão física individual do que quantificada com zonas de intensidade arbitrária.Além disto, a interpretação da CTE baseada em percentagens de distância nãoinformou acerca da perceção da carga em resposta ao treino. Estes resultadospodem ser considerados por profissionais envolvidos na área da avaliação físicae fisiológica do jogador de futebol.Palavras chave: Fisiologia, Desempenho, Aptidão física, Fadiga, Avaliação.

博士
中國文化大學
體育學系運動教練碩博士班
103
Purpose: The purposes of this study were to investigate the conse-cutive four weeks plyometric training, and were to aim to monitor plyometric training load and explore the effects of plyometric training onthe lower-limb explosive strength of 11-year-old boys. Methods: Our main research subjects were 29 boys whose average age were eleven years old. The subjects were divided into two groups which were plyometric training group (PTG) and control group (CG). PTG were trained three days per week during four weeks section, and performed various plyometric exercises intensities with S-RPE monitoring. The subsequent detraining period were lasting 2 weeks (T3) and 4 weeks(T4). However, all subjects had been conti-nuing their formal physical education program. Vertical jumping height, sprint running time and S-RPE data improving were calculated: T1-T2 (Pre-test-Posttest), T2-T3 (Detraining 0-2 weeks) , T3-T4 (Detraining 3-4 weeks).The mix design two way ANOVA (group×time) were applying for data analysis and the significant level α were set at .05. Results:(1) The ave-rage difference of the PTG on the10M, 10-20M,20M sprint, 20 CM drop jump the four test scores were 0.04±0.02s,0.06±0.09s,0.14±0.11s, -1.72±0.41cm, which had statistical significant difference(p<0.05). (2) Both two- week and four-week training suspension in the 20CM drop jump, 10M, 10-20M sprint test scores showed on average as -0.58±0.4cm, 0.01±0.02s,0.05±0.04s, respectively, which had no significant difference (p> 0.05). (3)S-RPE scores with physical education program during Detraining period (T2-T4) showed an average difference between PTG and CG as 268±96.7, which did reach statistical significant difference (p< 0.05).Conclusion: Under the practice of the four weeks plyometric training, the elementary school boys showed enhancements on the vertica jump, 20M sprinting performance, while the two-week and four-week training suspension showed retention effects.During detraining period, PTG’s larger S-RPE scores which were compared with CG did tell stories.

碩士
中國文化大學
體育學系運動教練碩博士班
102
Purpose：The purpose of this study was to investigate the different of training load changes on psychological stress and recovery in senior high women basketball team. Methods：There were 15 players from Tamshui vocational high school women basketball team as subjects in the study. In the preparation stage, pre-competition stage, competition stage and transitional stage, the RESTQ-52 Sport questionnaire was applied as research tool which included general stress and recovery social stress and recovery, psychological stress and recovery and physiological stress and recovery. And collect data and observe the players in different training period the recovery and stress scenarios. One-way ANOVA was applied to analyze collected data and α level was set at .05. Result：Players in different training load period, its pressure and recovery stated psychological pressure dimensions vary. Conclusion：Athletes got stress, anxiety, and nervous in pre-competitive and main competitive because competition was getting close and they did high exercise intensity. So their general stress and recovery, psychological stress and recovery, physiological stress and recovery were higher than other training phase. This study was to investigate the relationship between stress and recovery, hoping that coaches and athletes attach importance to the problem of overtraining as they are monitoring stress and recovery in training.

Il processo di allenamento può essere descritto attraverso i risultati ottenuti dalle valutazioni funzionali (i test) ma anche attraverso il continuo monitoraggio del carico di allenamento. Gli obiettivi della seguente tesi sono di condurre degli studi che possono fornire maggiori indicazioni sia nella valutazione del processo di allenamento attraverso l’uso dei test (studio 1, 2) sia nel controllo del carico di allenamento (studi 3,4,5). Molti dei test utilizzati secondo quanto suggerito da Impellizzeri e Marcora non sono appropriatamente validati. Un test per essere considerato valido deve soddisfare alcuni criteri senza i quali non può essere utilizzato: il modello concettuale o teorico, la validità, la ripetibilità, la responsività e l’interpretabilità. Lo Yo-Yo Intermittent recovery test (YYIRT) è probabilmente il test da campo più utilizzato nel calcio e anche quello più supportato scientificamente. Lo YYIRT è un test intermittente incrementale, è correlato con la capacità di percorrere distanza ad alta intensità (> 15 km/h-1) durante la partite, differenzia tra diversi livelli competitivi, posizioni di gioco e cambia in seguito ad allenamento. Di questo test sono state proposte due versioni: una più aerobica il livello 1 (YYIRTL1) e una più anaerobica (YYIRTL2). Inoltre è stata proposta una versione sottomassimale del livello1 (YYIRTL-sub) che potrebbe essere utile durante il processo di recupero nei giocatori infortunati o quando non è possibile fare test massimali. Il carico di allenamento è spesso identificato con il numero di ripetizioni effettuate di un determinato esercizio, con la durata dell’allenamento o con le distanze percorse. Tuttavia questi sono indicatori di carico esterno quindi lo stimolo che allenatore e/o preparatore hanno voluto dare alla squadra. L’effetto che questo stimolo unitamente alle condizioni individuali (per esempio genetiche, psicologiche, etc.) ha avuto sui giocatori è il carico interno ed è quest’ultimo che fornisce indicazione per gli adattamenti che potranno alterare la forma fisica dei giocatori. Sommariamente, lo stesso il carico esterno è proposto a tutti i giocatori (per esempio 4’ x 4 ripetizioni di 1000 m di corsa) ma non fornisce lo stesso stimolo allenante al livello individuale. Gli indicatori di carico interno sono il consumo di ossigeno, la frequenza cardiaca, il lattato ematico e la percezione dello sforzo. La percezione dello sforzo (RPE) è un indicatore d’intensità molto utilizzato anche perché è estremamente vantaggioso sia in termini economici sai in termini di tempo richiesto per l’analisi. La session-RPE è il metodo per la quantificazione del carico interno utilizzato nel calcio in cui si moltiplica il volume (minuti) per l’intensità (RPE) della seduta, la sua validità è stata dimostrata in molti studi. La RPE è misurata utilizzando la scala di Borg (CR10). Recentemente Elisabet Borg ha prodotto e validato un’altra scala la CR100 avente le stesse proprietà psicofisiche della precedente ma con la peculiarità di essersi dimostrata più finemente graduata. Lo scopo della seconda parte della tesi è quello di condurre alcuni studi sul controllo del carico interno di allenamento misurando la percezione dello sforzo con la CR100. Lo scopo dello studio1 della tesi è di confrontare le versioni dello YYIRT in base a ripetibilità, responsività e intercambiabilità. I risultati mostrano come i due test hanno simile ripetibilità assoluta (standard error) e relativa (ICC), anche se differente responsività. I cambiamenti indotti dall’allenamento e di conseguenza anche il rapporto segnale (cambiamenti) rumore (errore della misura) sono stati superiori nello YYIRTL1. Il cambiamento minimo considerato (SWC) importante nei due test mostra come entrambi siano poco adatti a misurare piccole variazioni a livello individuale. Inoltre, anche se i due test sono correlati, misurano aspetti differenti come mostrato dalla bassa correlazione tra i cambiamenti dopo un periodo di allenamento e quindi non sono intercambiabili. Quindi i test dovrebbero essere utilizzati entrambi. Dovendo scegliere lo YYIRTL1 fornisce informazioni più utili. Lo scopo dello studio2 è di misurare la validità longitudinale, verificare la validità di costrutto e la responsività interna dello YYIRTL1 nella versione massimale e sottomassimale. La versione massimale dello YYIRTL1 ha mostrato validità longitudinale (anche chiamata responsività esterna) quindi i cambiamenti nel test dopo allenamento riflettono la possibilità percorrere maggior alta intensità nelle competizioni (attributo indispensabile di ogni test). Inoltre come precedentemente sottolineato in altri studi, lo YYIRTL1 ha mostrato di avere sia validità di costrutto sia responsività interna. La versione sottomassimale dello YYIRTL1 non ha soddisfatto gli attributi richiesti di validità sia longitudinale sia di costrutto e responsività interna. Da un punto di vista pratico la versione sottomassimale dovrebbe essere utilizzata con molta cautela data l’assenza di validità longitudinale. Negli studi 3,4,5 gli scopi sono stati di approfondire alcuni aspetti nel controllo del carico interno misurato con session-RPE nel calcio. Nello studio3 la scala di Borg CR100 è stata validata come strumento di misura per calcolare la session-RPE (carico interno) in un gruppo di giocatori di alto livello professionistico (serie A). Inoltre le due scale sono intercambiabili e i dati raccolti con la CR10 possono essere convertiti sulla CR100. I rating forniti con la CR100 sono meno raggruppati sulle ancore verbali rispetto alla CR10. La CR100 quindi può essere utilizzata nel controllo del carico di allenamento nel calcio. Tuttavia altri problemi si possono verificare nella pratica quotidiana. La RPE (secondo istruzioni) dovrebbe raccolta 30 min dopo la fine della seduta per evitare che sia influenzata dalla intensità percepita nella ultima parte del allenamento. Tuttavia questo possibile effetto non è stato studiato negli sport di squadra, inoltre dopo 30 min alcuni giocatori potrebbero aver già lasciato la struttura di allenamento. Nello studio4 si dimostra come non vi sia effetto delle differenti distribuzioni d’ intensità sulla RPE e quindi sul carico interno della seduta, inoltre la RPE è risultata uguale indipendentemente dal fatto che il rating sia raccolto a fine allenamento o dopo 30 min. Questi risultati mostrano come sia possibile progettare sedute di allenamento in cui attività ad alta intensità sono posizionate all’inizio, al centro o a fine allenamento senza per questo influenzare il carico interno. Un altro aspetto pratico riguardante il controllo del carico interno riguarda la raccolta del rating dopo la gara, dove solitamente i giocatori sono poco predisposti e collaborativi soprattutto se il risultato e la prestazione non sono stati in linea con le aspettative. Una possibile soluzione potrebbe essere quella di chiedere il rating al primo allenamento utile dopo la partita, solitamente dopo 48 ore. Lo stesso problema di raccolta del rating di RPE si potrebbe presentare in allenamento, anche se per cause differenti. Per rispondere a queste domande è necessario indagare due aspetti come il “response shift” (RS) e il “recall bias” (RB). Il RS è un fenomeno complesso spesso indagato in studi clinici longitudinali e che riguarda il cambiamento della percezione riferita al un construtto di interesse dopo un periodo di tempo dovuto a ri-concettualizzazione, ri-prioritizzazione, ri-calibrazione. Il RB riguarda la capacità’ di ricordare il rating fornito e potrebbe influenzare il RS. Nello studio5 è stata verificata l’ assenza di RS e RB tramite differenti design in due sottostudi. Il RS è stato indagato sia tramite il “then test” che è un metodo molto utilizzato in studi clinici basato sul rating retrospettivo, sia tramite un cross-over design. I risultati mostrano come non sia presente RS e RB e quindi la RPE può essere raccolta anche 48 dopo senza influenzare il carico di allenamento.
Training can be described as its outcomes (tests) and process (training load control). The training process involves the repetitions of exercises in order to improve technical skills, tactical situations and develop the ability to cope with physical requests of the competitions. Coaches, physical trainers and sport scientists generally use physiological tests to evaluate the fitness of players and to assess training outcome. The daily monitoring of training load is important to control all the process and to allow the achievement of optimal physical condition. This model requires the quantification of both training loads and outcomes. The aims of this thesis were to fully validate one of most used soccer test (the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery test, YYIRT) and to examine some measurement properties and methodological issues of the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) method to measure the training load (TL). As suggested by Impellizzeri and Marcora the tests used in soccer are probably not appropriately validated, at least not to the same extend like in other field such as medicine, psychology and social sciences. Indeed, the tests should be developed and validated using a rigorous approach and methods such as those derived from psychometrics or clinimetrics (an area focusing on the quality of clinical measurements). The Scientific Advisory Committee of the Medical Outcomes Trust for Health Status and Quality of Life instruments have proposed eight attributes by which instruments would be reviewed. In sport science at least five should be verified: conceptual and measurement model; validity; reliability; responsiveness; interpretability. The Session-RPE is frequently used to monitor and control the training process, as a valid measure of internal training load in soccer. Nevertheless some important aspects that could influence the session-RPE are not studied yet: a) the validity of the new Borg CR100 Scale and its interchangeability with the most used CR10, b) the effect of collection, c) the presence of response shift and recall bias in RPE. The Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test (YYIRT) is certainly the most valid soccer-specific endurance test; it is correlated to the high-intensity activity performed during a match, differentiates between competitive levels and playing positions, and is responsive to training. In addition, it is the only test for which some evidence of external validity has been provided. There are two versions of this test suggested to assess different physiological characteristics: the level 1 (YYIRTL1, more aerobic) and the level 2 (YYIRTL2, more anaerobic). In addition there is also a sub-maximal version of the YYIRTL1, that may be useful during rehabilitation process in injured players or when it is not possible to evaluate athletes with maximal tests such as during congested competitive period. The aim of the first part of the research project is to conduct two studies to examine the redundancy of these YYIRT versions by comparing their reliability, responsiveness and interchangeability (convergent validity) (first study) and to assess the longitudinal validity or external responsiveness (second study). The absolute and relative reliability of the two tests (YYIRTL1 and YYIRTL2) was found similar, but the improvement induced by training was higher for YYIRTL1 compared to YYIRTL2, therefore the signal-to-noise ratio of YYIRTL1 is better than YYIRTL2 for detecting training changes. However, the minimal detectable change values in both tests suggested a limited ability to detect substantial changes at individual level. The two tests are correlated but they measure different physical characteristics (low convergent validity) and therefore they are not interchangeable. Therefore, the two tests could be both used, although the YYIRTL1 appears to be superior in terms of measurement properties. In the second study the YYIRTL1 showed longitudinal validity (external responsiveness) and therefore it is able to detect changes in the potential to run at high intensity in a match after training. In addition the construct validity of the YYIRTL1 was confirmed. The sub-maximal version of the YYIRTL1 seems to be less responsive to training effect compared to YYIRTL1. Unfortunately the YYIRTL1-sub did not show adequate longitudinal and construct validity. Therefore, its use cannot be recommended and other studies are necessary before its use in the routine assessment. The second part of this project focused on the control of the training load and some studies were conducted to examine some methodological aspects of session-RPE assessed with the new Borg CR100 scale®. The rating of perceived exertion has been showed to be a valid indicator of intensity and it is used to assess training loads in sport by multiplying its value for the duration of the session (session-RPE). The most used scale to assess RPE in research and routine practice is the Borg CR10 scale but a new scale has been recently developed. The new Borg CR100 has been suggested to be more fine-graded and to provide ratings less clustered around the verbal anchors. However, the CR100 has not been validated in soccer players and therefore before its validity should be verified. The CR100 (third study) was found to be valid and can thus be used for calculating the S-RPE in top-level soccer players. The two scales are interchangeable and, importantly from a practical point of view, the data collected with the previous scale can be appropriately converted on a CR100 score. In addition, the scores given using the CR100 tended to cluster less on the verbal anchors suggesting this scale may allow more accurate training load determination given it is more fine-graded than the CR10. As a consequence the new CR100 scale can improve the quality of monitoring the training process. The session-RPE was suggested to be assessed 30 min after the end of the session to avoid the influence of the exercise intensity of the activities performed. However the effect of different intensity distributions and time delay on session-RPE has not been examined. The results of the fourth study showed that session-RPE was not influenced neither by exercise intensity distribution nor by the time delay (the rating given immediately after is the same as the one given 30 min after the end of the exercise irrespectively from the intensity distribution of the session). Another methodological aspect that is important in the routine use of session-RPE is the possibility to collect RPE after 48 hours instead of immediately after the training or match, particularly when players are not too collaborative as can happen after a match. To answer this question, it is needed to investigate two attributes: response shift and recall bias (fifth study). Response shift is a complex factor concerning the change in perception due to reconceptualization, reprioritization, scale recalibration after a period of time. Recall bias concern the ability to remember the RPE given and can influenced the retrospective assessment of RPE. The session-RPE provided after 48 hours was not influenced by response shift and recall bias. Therefore it is possible to collect RPE also after 48 hours in both matches and training sessions.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar se existe variação dos parâmetros que caraterizam a atividade motora de jogadores de futebol em treino, obtidos através do Viper Software STATSports, ao longo de vários microciclos (MCs) integrando o período preparatório (PP) e o início do período competitivo (PC), assim como, averiguar a associação existente entre a variação destes parâmetros, MC a MC, e a Perceção Subjetiva do Esforço Sessão (PSE-sessão) respetiva, e verificar, ainda, se existe correlação entre estes parâmetros e a PSE, em cada MC do período considerado. A amostra do estudo foi constituída por 13 jogadores (idade: 25 ± 1,78 anos) de futebol do sexo masculino a competir no escalão de Séniores da Associação Futebol de Setúbal. A recolha de dados ocorreu durante o PP (4 semanas) e o PC (4 semanas). Os jogadores incluídos no estudo cumpriram o único critério definido: a realização total das sessões de treino previstas. Os instrumentos utilizados durante o processo foram o sistema Viper (Viper Software v.1.2, STATSports), integrando um GPS 10 Hz, acelerómetro 100 Hz, cardiofrequencímetro e a escala de PSE adaptada por Foster. Verificou-se elevada variabilidade no comportamento dos parâmetros no PP, mas não nos 3 últimos MCs já integrados no PC. Verificamos forte associação entre os parâmetros Distância Explosiva (r=0,762), Nº Esforços de Elevada Carga Metabólica (r=0,714), Nº Acelerações (r=0,714), Nº Desacelerações (r=0,762) e a PSE-sessão (p˂0,05). O parâmetro com maior potencial preditor de elevados valores da PSE-sessão é a Distância Explosiva (p˂0,001). Por fim, não encontramos uma associação regular entre os parâmetros e a PSE-sessão em cada MC. Os valores de PSE-sessão apresentados durante o estudo são semelhantes a valores apresentados em outros estudos no futebol profissional. Conclui-se que no PP ocorreu a variabilidade de todos os parâmetros e estabilização no PC da Distância Total, Distância de Elevada Carga Metabólica, Distâcia Explosiva, Nº Esforços de Elevada Carga Metabólica e PSE-sessão. A PSE-sessão depende dos parâmetros Distância Explosiva, Nº Esforços de Elevada Carga Metabólica, Nº Acelerações e Nº Desacelerações, i.e., as ações de elevada exigência metabólica e neuromuscular explicam a relação existente entre os parâmetros de carga e a PSE-sessão como indicador global de carga interna. A utilização do sistema Viper possibilita a recolha de parâmetros que descrevem as exigências fisícas a que os jogadores estão sujeitos e fornece informação fundamental para o planeamento do treino em conjunto com a recolha sistemática da PSE-sessão.
The aim of this study was to determine whether there is variation in the parameters that characterize the motor activity training in soccer players, obtained by Viper Software STATSports, over several microcycles (MCs) integrating the preparatory period (PP) and the beginning of competition period (CP), so as to determine the association between the variation of these parameters, between MCs, and the respective Rate Perceived Exertion Session, and check, if there is a correlation between these parameters and the Rate Perceived Exertion Session, in each MC period considered. The study sample consisted of 13 male soccer players (age: 25 ± 1,78 years) that compete in the Setúbal Soccer Association. The data collection occurred during the PP (4 weeks) and CP (4 weeks). Players included in the study fulfilled the only criterion defined: the full realization of the planned training sessions. The instruments used in the process were the Viper system (Viper Software v.1.2, STATSports), integrating a 10 Hz GPS, 100 Hz accelerometer, heart rate monitor and the Rate Perceived Exertion scale adapted by Foster. There was high variability in the parameters in the PP, but not in the last 3 MCs already integrated into the CP. We found a strong association between the parameters Explosive Distance (r=0,762), Nº High Metabolic Load Efforts (r=0,714), Nº Accelerations (r=0,714), Nº Decelerations (r=0,762) and Rate Perceived Exertion Session (p˂0,05). The parameter with the greatest potential predictor of high Rate Perceived Exertion Session values is the Explosive Distance (p˂0,001). Finally, we didn´t found a regular association between the parameters and the Rate Perceived Exertion Session on each MC. The Rate Perceived Exertion Session values presented during the study are similar to figures reported in other studies in professional soccer. We concluded that there was high variability of all parameters and stabilization in the CP of the Total Distance, High Metabolic Load Distance, Explosive Distance, Nº High Metabolic Load Efforts and Rate Perceived Exertion Session. The Rate Perceived Exertion Session depends of the following parameters, Explosive Distance, Nº High Metabolic Load Efforts, Nº Accelerations and Nº Decelerations. The actions of high metabolic and neuromuscular requirement explain the relationship between the load parameters and the Rate Perceived Exertion Session as a global indicator of internal load. The use of the Viper system allows the collection of parameters that describe the physical demands that players are subject to and provides essential information for planning together with the systematic collection of Rate Perceived Exertion Session.

O presente estudo pretendeu monitorizar a carga de treino de Guarda-Redes (GR) de futebol com o objetivo de: (1) definir um perfil de treino do GR através da variação dos parâmetros obtidos por Global Positioning System (GPS) e Perceção Subjetiva de Esforço (PSE); (2) analisar a relação existente entre a distância total (DT) percorrida e a carga interna (CI) nos diferentes microciclos (MC); (3) verificar se a CI oscila significativamente ao longo do MC; (4) verificar se há diferenças significativas entre a CI do treino especifico (TE) e integrado (TI). A amostra foi constituída por dois atletas masculinos (n=2) de uma equipa de futebol júnior, que competia na primeira divisão do Campeonato Nacional, na época 2017-2018, (idade: 17,5 ± 0,7; altura: 1,88 ± 0,05m; massa corporal: 74,8 ± 1,8 kg). O posicionamento dos atletas foi recolhido a 10Hz, usando o dispositivo de GPS FieldzWiz (Paudex, Switzerland). A PSE foi obtida através da escala CR10 (Day, McGuigan, Brice, & Foster, 2004). Os principais resultados mostraram que o TE tem uma grande importância na CI. Todos os parâmetros de carga recolhidos, apresentaram valores máximos no dia de recuperação (48h pós jogo). A CI apresentou valores máximos na sessão de força (72h após o jogo) (965 ± 83). Verificou-se que a CI total, quando comparada com a DT do TE teve uma relação direta. Determinou-se também que o GR atingiu uma velocidade máxima superior no TE que no TI (23 vs 22 Km/h). Conclusões: perante a reduzida informação disponível sobre o treino de GR, o presente estudo vem contribuir para um melhor conhecimento na temática de treino do GR em Sub-19. O treino de GR deve ser pensado, planeado e operacionalizado tendo em conta as necessidades individuais dos atletas, mas sem descurar o estimulo dado nas sessões conjuntas com a equipa.
The present study aimed to monitor the training load of soccer goalkeepers (GK) with the propuse of: (1) define GK training profile through the variation of the parameters obtained by Global Positioning System (GPS) and Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE); (2) analyze the relationship between the total distance (TD) and the internal load (IL) in the different microcycles (MC); (3) investigate if the IL change significantly over the MC; (4) verify if there are significant differences between the IL of the specific training (ST) and integrated (IT). The sample was two male athletes (n=2) of a under19 soccer team, who competed in the first division of the National Championship in the 2017-2018 season (age: 17,5 ± 0,7; height: 1,88 ± 0,05m; body mass: 74,8 ± 1,8 kg). The positioning of the athletes was collected at 10Hz, using the GPS FieldzWiz (Paudex, Switzerland). RPE was obtained through the CR10 scale (Day, McGuigan, Brice, & Foster, 2004). The main results showed that the ST is important in the IL. All load parameters collected showed maximum values on the recovery day (48h post game). IL had maximum values in the strength session (72h after the game) (965 ± 83). It was verified that the total IL when compared to the DT of the ST had a direct relation. GK achieved a higher top speed in the ST than in the IT (23 vs 22 Km/h). Conclusions: given the limited information available on GK training, the present study contributes to a better understanding of GK U-19 training topics. GK training should be thought out, planned and operationalized considering the individual needs of the athletes, without forget the stimulus in the integrated sessions with the team.

A realização deste estágio curricular teve como objetivo final a conclusão do Mestrado em Treino Desportivo, proporcionando ao estagiário a aplicação prática dos conhecimentos adquiridos no decorrer do Mestrado. O estágio foi realizado na área do treino desportivo na modalidade de futebol, mais especificamente na área da fisiologia. Assim, este documento relata a planificação e operacionalização de um plano de desenvolvimento atlético de longo prazo, num contexto de futebol jovem de elite. O documento é composto por uma breve introdução que procura descrever o contexto do estágio e especificar os objetivos definidos à partida para este processo. De seguida, com o objetivo de ir ao encontro de uma prática profissional baseada em evidência, o relatório apresenta uma revisão de literatura que suporta todas as decisões tomadas ao longo da época. Adicionalmente, é feita a descrição de todas as tarefas realizadas pelo estagiário, e apresentado um projeto de investigação realizado no decorrer do estágio, cujo objetivo foi comparar as características antropométricas e o desempenho físico em diversas avaliações físicas, entre jovens jogadores de diferentes posições. Em último lugar, é feita uma descrição e consequente reflexão acerca do Sports Science Day realizado no Caixa Futebol Campus, evento este que corresponde à operacionalização da área de relação com a comunidades descrita neste documento.
The completion of this curricular internship had as its final objective the conclusion of the Master in Sports Training, providing the trainee with the practical application of the knowledge acquired during the course of the Master. The internship was carried out in the field of sports training in soccer, specifically in the field of physiology. Thus, this document reports on the planning and operationalization of a long-term athletic development plan in a context of elite youth soccer. The document consists of a brief introduction that seeks to describe the context of the internship and to specify the objectives defined at the outset for this process. Then, in order to meet a professional practice based on evidence, the report presents a literature review that supports all the decisions made throughout the time. In addition, a description of all the tasks performed by the trainee is presented, and a research project carried out during the internship was presented, which aimed to compare the anthropometric characteristics and the physical performance in several physical evaluations among young players of different positions. Lastly, a description and consequent reflection about the Sports Science Day carried out at Sport Lisboa e Benfica academy is made, an event that corresponds to the operationalization of the area of relation with the communities described in this document.

AABBSSTTRRAACCTT TTiitteell:: Use and selection of monitoring system in special physical training of Army of the Czech Republic GGooaallss:: The goal of this thesis is to give a complex, integrated and comprehensive overview about functional options and effective utilization of Monitoring System in selected areas of special physical training of Czech Army. MMeetthhooddss:: Study, analysis, synthesis and comparison of published findings of professionals from the fields of Geography, Geodesy and Special Physical Training were used in this thesis. Secondary research consisted of interviews with experts on mentioned areas and disciplines. RReessuullttss:: The main subject of this work is the utilization of Monitoring System in special physical training process. Usage of MS in selected areas of special physical training will result in effective support in terms of planning, safety and overall evaluation of its individual parts. KKeeyy wwoorrddss:: GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) GPS (Global Positioning System) GIS (Geographic Information System) Special physical training Load Monitoring system Date