Дисертації: "Monitoring of Land cover/Land use"

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Maus, Victor Wegner. "Land use and land cover monitoring using remote sensing image time series." Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), 2016. http://urlib.net/sid.inpe.br/mtc-m21b/2016/06.01.14.07.

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Land system change has a wide range of impacts on Earth system components. Tropical forests in particular have been identified as crucial ecosystems for climate regulation, global biodiversity, and hydrological cycling. The Brazilian Amazon has experienced a high rate of deforestation in the last decade and it is the main source of Brazils anthropogenic CO$_{2}$ emissions. The growing global population will further increase the demand for food and therefore increase the pressure on agricultural systems. High quality, fine resolution, and near-real time land use and land cover monitoring systems play a crucial role in generating information to advance our understanding of human impact on land cover. Earth Observation satellites are the only source that provides a continuous and consistent set of information about the Earth${'}$s land. The current large-scale classification systems such as MODIS Land Cover and GLC 2000 have limitations and their accuracy is not sufficient for land change modeling. Therefore, new techniques for improving land system products are urgently needed. The contribution of this thesis to Earth System Science is threefold. Firstly, the thesis presents a new method for analysis of remote-sensed image time series that improves spatio-temporal land cover data sets and has a substantial potential for contributing to land system change modeling. The developed Time- Weighted Dynamic Time Warping (TWDTW) method is a time-constraint variation of the well-known Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) method, which has in the extensive literature proved to be a robust time series data mining. Secondly, this thesis contributed to open and reproducible science by making the algorithms available for larger audience. TWDTW is implemented in an open source R package called dtwSat available in the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN). Thirdly, this thesis presents an analysis of land cover changes in the Amazon, focusing on the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso that has gone through high rate of deforestation and cropland expansion in the last decade. This study identified and estimated the land cover change using MODIS image time series, contributing to better understand the land dynamics in the Brazilian Amazon. In the study area the pasture is the dominant land use after deforestation, whereas most of the single cropping area comes from pasture, and the cropping system is undergoing intensification from single to double cropping. Moreover, the regenerative secondary forest comes mainly from pasture. The study showed the potential of the TWDTW method for large-scale remote sensing data analysis, which could be extended to other Brazilian biomes to help understand land change in the whole Brazilian territory.
Mudanças na superfície da terra têm uma ampla gama de impactos sobre o sistema terrestre. Florestas tropicais, em particular, são ecossistemas cruciais para regulação climática, manutenção da biodiversidade, a ciclo hidrológico. Na última década a Amazônia brasileira tem experimentado uma alta taxa de desmatamento, sendo a principal fonte de emissões antropogênicas de CO$_{2}$ no Brasil. O crescimento da população mundial vai aumentar ainda mais a demanda por alimentos e, portanto, aumentar a pressão sobre agrícultura e pecuária. Dados com alta qualidade, melhor resolução espacial e temporal, e o desenvolvimento de sistemas de monitoramento desempenham um papel crucial na geração de informações para avançar nossa compreensão sobre os impactos humanos na cobertura da terra. Os satélites de observação da Terra são a única fonte que fornece um conjunto contínuo e consistente de informações sobre nosso planeta. Sistemas de classificação em grande escala, como MODIS Land Cover e GLC 2000 têm limitações e sua acurácia não é suficiente para a modelagem de mudanças de use da terra. Portanto, são necessárias novas técnicas para melhoramento dos dados de use e cobertura da terra. Esta tese traz três contribuições para a Ciência do Sistema Terrestre. Primeiramente, esta tese apresenta um novo método para análise de séries temporais de imagens satélite que melhora a classificação de cobertura da terra. O método tem grande potencial para contribuir para a modelagem de mudanças do sistema terrestre. O método desenvolvido, Time-Weigted Dynamic Time Warping (TWDTW), é uma adaptação ponderada por tempo do método clássico Dynamic Time Warping (DTW), que tem em uma extensa literatura provando ser um método robusto para mineração de dados em séries temporais. Em segundo lugar, esta tese contribuiu para a ciência aberta e reprodutível, tornando algoritmos disponíveis para o público. TWDTW está implementado em um pacote R de código aberto chamado dtwSat disponível no Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN). Em terceiro lugar, esta tese apresenta uma análise as mudanças do uso e cobertura da terra na Amazônia, com foco no estado do Mato Grosso, que passou por alta taxa de desmatamento e expansão agrícola na última década. Este estudo identificou e estimou mudanças de cobertura da terra com séries temporais de imagens MODIS, contribuindo para melhor compreender a dinâmica de ocupação da terra na Amazônia brasileira. Na área de estudo, a pastagem é o uso dominante após o desmatamento, ao passo que a maior parte da área de cultivo com um ciclo anual provem da área de pasto, com o sistema de cultivo passando por intensificação, mudando de cultivo simples para cultivo duplo. Além disso, áreas de regeneração vêm, principalmente, de áreas de pastagem. O estudo mostrou o potencial do método de TWDTW para análise de dados de sensoriamento remoto em grande escala, que poderia ser estendido a outros biomas brasileiros para ajudar a entender as mudanças da terra em todo o território brasileiro.

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Ek, Edgar. "Monitoring Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Belize, 1993-2003: A Digital Change Detection Approach." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2004. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1102520727.

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Qi, Zhixin, and 齐志新. "Short-interval monitoring of land use and land cover change using RADARSAT-2 polarimetric SAR images." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/194623.

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Land use and land cover (LULC) change information is essential in urban planning and management. With the rapid urbanization in China, many illegal land developments have emerged in some rapidly developing regions and have caused irreversible environmental problems, posing a threat to sustainable urban development. Short-interval monitoring of LULC change therefore is necessary in these regions to control and prevent illegal land developments at an early stage. Conventional optical remote sensing is limited by weather conditions and has difficulties collecting timely data in tropical regions characterized by frequent cloud cover. Radar remote sensing, not affected by clouds, is therefore a potential tool for collecting timely LULC information in these regions. Polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) is more suitable than single-polarization SAR for monitoring LULC change because it can discriminate different types of scattering mechanisms. The overall objective of this study is to conduct short-interval monitoring of LULC change using RADARSAT-2 PolSAR images. Classification methods that achieve high accuracy for PolSAR images are essential in monitoring LULC change. In this study, a new method, based on the integration of polarimetric decomposition, PolSAR interferometry, object-oriented image analysis, and decision tree algorithms, is proposed for LULC classification using RADARSAT-2 PolSAR data. A comparison between the proposed classification method and Wishart supervised classification which is commonly used for the classification of PolSAR data showed that the proposed method can significantly improve LULC classification accuracy. Polarimetric decomposition, PolSAR interferometry, object-oriented image analysis, and decision tree algorithms have been determined to contribute to the improvement achieved by the proposed classification method. Selection of appropriate incidence angle is important in LULC classification using PolSAR images because incidence angle influences the intensity and patterns of radar return. Based on the proposed classification method, the present study further investigates the influence of incidence angle on LULC classification using RADARSAT-2 PolSAR images. LULC classifications using incidence angles of 31.50 and 37.56° were conducted separately. The influence of incidence angle on the classification was investigated by comparing the results of the two independent classifications. The comparison showed that large incidence angle performs much better than small incidence angle in the classification of different vegetation types, whereas small incidence angle outperforms large incidence angle in reducing the confusion between urban/built-up areas and vegetation, that between vegetable and barren land, and that among barren land, water, and lawn. Considering that the detection of urban/built-up areas and barren land is important in monitoring illegal land developments, small incidence angle is more suitable than large incidence angle in monitoring illegal land developments. Change detection methods that achieve high accuracy for PolSAR data are also essential in monitoring LULC change. The current study proposes a new method for LULC change detection using RADARSAT-2 PolSAR images. The proposed change detection method combines change vector analysis (CVA) and post-classification comparison (PCC) to detect LULC changes using object-oriented image analysis. The classification of PolSAR images is based on the proposed classification method. Compared with the PCC based on Wishart supervised classification, the proposed change detection method can achieve much higher accuracy for LULC change detection. Further investigation indicated that CVA, PCC, and object-oriented image analysis all contribute to the higher accuracy achieved by the proposed change detection method. Short-interval monitoring of LULC change was carried out using a time series of RADARSAT-2 PolSAR images. The monitoring was based on monthly LULC change detection using the proposed change detection method and appropriate incidence angle. The influence of environmental factors on short-interval monitoring of LULC change was investigated by analyzing the monthly change detection results. Paddy harvesting and planting, seasonal crop growth, and change in soil moisture and surface roughness were found to exert significant influence on the short-interval monitoring of LULC change. High accuracy can be achieved for short-interval monitoring of construction sites and bulldozed land using RADARSAT-2 PolSAR images. However, paddy harvesting and growth still cause false alarms on the monitoring of these two LULC classes. The study indicated that conducting short-interval monitoring of LULC change using RADARSAT-2 PolSAR images is effective. High accuracy can be achieved for short-interval monitoring of construction sites and bulldozed land using the proposed change detection and classification methods, which can provide important information for the control and prevention of illegal land developments at an early stage.
published_or_final_version
Urban Planning and Design
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

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Liu, Qingling, and Fanting Gong. "Monitoring land use and land cover change: a combining approach of change detection to analyze urbanization in Shijiazhuang, China." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för Industriell utveckling, IT och Samhällsbyggnad, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-13715.

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Detecting the changes of land use and land cover of the earth’s surface is extremely important to achieve continual and precise information about study area for any kinds of planning of the development. Geographic information system and remote sensing technologies have shown their great capabilities to solve the study issues like land use and land cover changes. The aim of this thesis is to produce maps of land use and land cover of Shijiazhuang on year 1993, 2000 and 2009 to monitor the possible changes that may occur particularly in agricultural land and urban or built-up land, and detect the process of urbanization in this city. Three multi-temporal satellite image data, Thematic Mapper image data from year 1993, Enhanced Thematic Mapper image data from 2000 and China Brazil Earth Resource Satellite image data from 2009 were used in this thesis. In this study, supervised classification was the major classification approach to provide classified maps, and five land use and land cover categories were identified and mapped. Post-classification approach was used to improve the qualities of the classified map. The noises in the classified maps will be removed after post-classification process. Normalized difference vegetation index was used to detect the changes of vegetated land and non-vegetated land. Change detection function in Erdas Imagine was used to detect the urban growth and the intensity of changes surrounding the urban areas. Cellular automata Markov was used to simulate the trends of land use and cover change during the period of 1993 to 2000 and 2000 to 2009, and a future land use map was simulated based on the land use maps of year 2000 and 2009. From this performance, the cross-tabulation matrices between different periods were produced to analyze the trends of land use and cover changes, and these statistic data directly expressed the change of land use and land cover. The results show that the agricultural land and urban or built-up land were changed a lot, approximately half of agricultural land was converted into urban or built-up land. This indicates that the loss of agricultural land is associated with the growth of urban or built-up land. Thus, the urbanization took place in Shijiazhuang, and the results of this urban expansion lead to the loss of agricultural land and environmental problems. During the process of detecting the land use and cover change, obtaining of high-precision classified maps was the main problem.

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Almutairi, Abdullah. "Monitoring land-cover change detection in an arid urban environment a comparison of change detection techniques /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1410.

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Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2000.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 77 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 74-77).

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Hunt, John W. "Monitoring and resource management : streams, land cover, and the use of water quality information in public policy /." Diss., Digital Dissertations Database. Restricted to UC campuses, 2009. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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James, Tosin. "Changes in Land Use Land Cover (LULC), Surface Water Quality and Modelling Surface Discharge in Beaver Creek Watershed, Northeast Tennessee and Southwest Virginia." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3747.

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Beaver Creek is an impaired streams that is not supporting its designated use for recreation due to Escherichia coli (E.coli), and sediment. To address this problem, this thesis was divided into two studies. The first study explored changes in Land Use Land Cover (LULC), and its impact on surface water quality. Changes in E.coli load between 1997-2001 and 2014-2018 were analyzed. Also, Landsat data of 2001, and 2018 were examined in Terrset 18.31. Mann-Whitney test only showed a significant reduction in E.coli for one site. Negative correlation was established between E.coli load, and Developed LULC, Forest LULC, and Cultivated LULC. The second study modelled discharge for Beaver Creek watershed using HEC-HMS. This study simulated discharge in an upstream sub-watershed of Beaver Creek, and the full Beaver Creek with a Nash-Sutcliffe of 0.007, and R2 0.20. Sub-basins with high discharge were identified for further examination for possible high sediment load.

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Mlotha, McArd Joseph. "Analysis of Land Use/Land Cover Change Impacts Upon Ecosystem Services in Montane Tropical Forest of Rwanda: Forest Carbon Assessment and REDD+ Preparedness." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1527773591460797.

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Villarreal, Miguel Luis. "Land Use and Disturbance Interactions in Dynamic Arid Systems: Multiscale Remote Sensing Approaches for Monitoring and Analyzing Riparian Vegetation Change." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195061.

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Riparian systems are comprised of interacting aquatic and terrestrial elements that contribute distinctively to the natural capital of arid landscapes. Riparian vegetation is a major component of riparian systems, providing the ecosystem services required to support watershed health. The spatial and temporal distributions of riparian vegetation are influenced by hydrologic and disturbance processes operating at scales from local to regional. I believe both these processes are well suited to monitoring using synoptic and multitemporal approaches.The research in this dissertation is presented as 3 related studies. The first study focused on historical riparian dynamics related to natural disturbance and land use. Using current and historical riparian vegetation maps, we examined vegetation change within catchments of varying land use intensity. Results suggest that land use activities and wastewater subsidy affect the rate of development and diversity of riparian community typesThe second study used moderate resolution satellite imagery to monitor changes in riparian structure and pattern within a land cover change framework. We classified Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite imagery of the Upper Santa Cruz River watershed using Classification and Regression Tree (CART) models. We tested the ability of our models to capture change at landscape, floodplain, and catchment scales, centering our change detection efforts on a riparian tree die-off episode and found they can be used to describe both general landscape dynamics and disturbance-related riparian change.The third study examined historical and environmental factors contributing to spatial patterns of vegetation following two riparian tree die-offs. We used high resolution aerial imagery to map locations of individual live and dead trees and collected a suite of environmental variables and historical variables related directly and indirectly to land use and disturbance history. We tested for differences between groups of live and dead trees using Multi-response Permutation Procedures and found strong relationships between historical factors and mortality incidence.The results from these studies demonstrate the importance of examining historical information and spatial linkages across scales when monitoring riparian vegetation. From a land management perspective, the results identify the need for landscape-level, ecosystem-based management programs to maintain functioning and spatially connected riparian systems.

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Leeper, Ronnie. "Near-surface Atmospheric Response to Simulated Changes in Land-cover Vegetation Fraction, and Soil Moisture over Western Kentucky." TopSCHOLAR®, 2009. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/108.

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A series of land-use-land-cover-change (LULCC) based sensitivity experiments, including changes in vegetation type, fractional vegetation (FV), and soil moisture (SM), over Western Kentucky were conducted to investigate atmospheric response to land-use. The choice of land-use for this study was chosen in the context of Western Kentucky’s historical LULCC. For this study, vegetation types considered were grassland, forest, and bare soil with further variations in FV for grassland and forest at 25, 50, 75, and 100 % and systematic increases and decreases in volumetric SM of 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 m3 m-3. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first assessment of its kind that incorporates these types of LULCC in a single study. In addition, typical anthropogenic land-use change often incorporates several types of LULCC. Moreover, this assessment provides a robust analysis of the impacts LULCC has on atmospheric processes over Western Kentucky. To simulate the importance of land-use on atmospheric processes, a well known meso-scale model developed by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and the Pennsylvania State University (PSU) MM5 coupled with an intermediately complex land surface model (LSM) Noah was used. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of multiple types of LULCC on planetary boundary layer (PBL) evolution, PBL stability, near surface 3D-wind fields, temperature, and moisture. Furthermore, it is anticipated that multiple types of LULCC will provide more insight into the complex nonlinear land-atmosphere interactions from atmospheric, air quality, and climatology perspectives. Modeling analysis revealed the importance of land-use on atmospheric processes. Changes in all three types of LULCC (land-cover, FV, and SM) altered the distribution of surface energy and moisture, PBL structure, 3D-wind fields, and PBL stability. In general, it was found that LULCC that enhanced (diminished) ET rates reduced (increased) sensible heat flux, atmospheric temperature and, and PBL heights below (above) control (CTRL). For instance, the conversion of land-cover from CTRL to grassland reduced 2 m temperature and PBL heights by 0.60 °C and 228 m respectively compared to CTRL due to an evaporative advantage (lower stomata resistance). Multiple types of land-use change were found to either offset or enhance overall modeled response to LULCC. A reduction in FV to 25 % over grassland diminished ET despite the evaporation advantage of grassland and increased 2 m temperature and PBL heights with respect to CTRL by 3.3 °C and 504 m. These results significantly altered horizontal and vertical wind fields, affecting moisture advection and the development of meso-scale circulations. Compared to CTRL, these differences were enhanced over drier soils, but muted over moist soils. Moreover, the impact of LULCC on atmosphere evolution was not only dependent on the type of LULCC, but also on the current state of other unaltered land surface features such as vegetation type, FV, and SM. Alterations to modeled PBL development, as a result of LULCC, can have important impacts on a region’s climatology and air quality. Simulated changes in typical PBL moisture and temperature through time can affect local and regional climatology. Depending on the type of LULCC, these alterations in climate may lead to localized cooling. In addition, it was further hypothesized that changes in PBL height can affect air quality. Given the capping inversion layer at the top of the PBL, changes in PBL heights can significantly affect air quality with lower (higher) PBL heights diminishing (enhancing) air quality. Moreover, this research prescribes the importance of considering LULCC in atmospheric assessments of climatology and air quality, including pollutant dispersion and trajectory modeling.

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Mahmoud, El-Abbas Mustafa Mustafa. "Assessing, monitoring and mapping forest resources in the Blue Nile Region of Sudan using an object-based image analysis approach." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-161511.

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Following the hierarchical nature of forest resource management, the present work focuses on the natural forest cover at various abstraction levels of details, i.e. categorical land use/land cover (LU/LC) level and a continuous empirical estimation of local operational level. As no single sensor presently covers absolutely all the requirements of the entire levels of forest resource assessment, multisource imagery (i.e. RapidEye, TERRA ASTER and LANDSAT TM), in addition to other data and knowledge have been examined. To deal with this structure, an object-based image analysis (OBIA) approach has been assessed in the destabilized Blue Nile region of Sudan as a potential solution to gather the required information for future forest planning and decision making. Moreover, the spatial heterogeneity as well as the rapid changes observed in the region motivates the inspection for more efficient, flexible and accurate methods to update the desired information. An OBIA approach has been proposed as an alternative analysis framework that can mitigate the deficiency associated with the pixel-based approach. In this sense, the study examines the most popular pixel-based maximum likelihood classifier, as an example of the behavior of spectral classifier toward respective data and regional specifics. In contrast, the OBIA approach analyzes remotely sensed data by incorporating expert analyst knowledge and complimentary ancillary data in a way that somehow simulates human intelligence for image interpretation based on the real-world representation of the features. As the segment is the basic processing unit, various combinations of segmentation criteria were tested to separate similar spectral values into groups of relatively homogeneous pixels. At the categorical subtraction level, rules were developed and optimum features were extracted for each particular class. Two methods were allocated (i.e. Rule Based (RB) and Nearest Neighbour (NN) Classifier) to assign segmented objects to their corresponding classes. Moreover, the study attempts to answer the questions whether OBIA is inherently more precise at fine spatial resolution than at coarser resolution, and how both pixel-based and OBIA approaches can be compared regarding relative accuracy in function of spatial resolution. As anticipated, this work emphasizes that the OBIA approach is can be proposed as an advanced solution particulary for high resolution imagery, since the accuracies were improved at the different scales applied compare with those of pixel-based approach. Meanwhile, the results achieved by the two approaches are consistently high at a finer RapidEye spatial resolution, and much significantly enhanced with OBIA. Since the change in LU/LC is rapid and the region is heterogeneous as well as the data vary regarding the date of acquisition and data source, this motivated the implementation of post-classification change detection rather than radiometric transformation methods. Based on thematic LU/LC maps, series of optimized algorithms have been developed to depict the dynamics in LU/LC entities. Therefore, detailed change “from-to” information classes as well as changes statistics were produced. Furthermore, the produced change maps were assessed, which reveals that the accuracy of the change maps is consistently high. Aggregated to the community-level, social survey of household data provides a comprehensive perspective additionally to EO data. The predetermined hot spots of degraded and successfully recovered areas were investigated. Thus, the study utilized a well-designed questionnaire to address the factors affecting land-cover dynamics and the possible solutions based on local community's perception. At the operational structural forest stand level, the rationale for incorporating these analyses are to offer a semi-automatic OBIA metrics estimates from which forest attribute is acquired through automated segmentation algorithms at the level of delineated tree crowns or clusters of crowns. Correlation and regression analyses were applied to identify the relations between a wide range of spectral and textural metrics and the field derived forest attributes. The acquired results from the OBIA framework reveal strong relationships and precise estimates. Furthermore, the best fitted models were cross-validated with an independent set of field samples, which revealed a high degree of precision. An important question is how the spatial resolution and spectral range used affect the quality of the developed model this was also discussed based on the different sensors examined. To conclude, the study reveals that the OBIA has proven capability as an efficient and accurate approach for gaining knowledge about the land features, whether at the operational forest structural attributes or categorical LU/LC level. Moreover, the methodological framework exhibits a potential solution to attain precise facts and figures about the change dynamics and its driving forces
Da das Waldressourcenmanagement hierarchisch strukturiert ist, beschäftigt sich die vorliegende Arbeit mit der natürlichen Waldbedeckung auf verschiedenen Abstraktionsebenen, das heißt insbesondere mit der Ebene der kategorischen Landnutzung / Landbedeckung (LU/LC) sowie mit der kontinuierlichen empirischen Abschätzung auf lokaler operativer Ebene. Da zurzeit kein Sensor die Anforderungen aller Ebenen der Bewertung von Waldressourcen und von Multisource-Bildmaterialien (d.h. RapidEye, TERRA ASTER und LANDSAT TM) erfüllen kann, wurden zusätzlich andere Formen von Daten und Wissen untersucht und in die Arbeit mit eingebracht. Es wurde eine objekt-basierte Bildanalyse (OBIA) in einer destabilisierten Region des Blauen Nils im Sudan eingesetzt, um nach möglichen Lösungen zu suchen, erforderliche Informationen für die zukünftigen Waldplanung und die Entscheidungsfindung zu sammeln. Außerdem wurden die räumliche Heterogenität, sowie die sehr schnellen Änderungen in der Region untersucht. Dies motiviert nach effizienteren, flexibleren und genaueren Methoden zu suchen, um die gewünschten aktuellen Informationen zu erhalten. Das Konzept von OBIA wurde als Substitution-Analyse-Rahmen vorgeschlagen, um die Mängel vom früheren pixel-basierten Konzept abzumildern. In diesem Sinne untersucht die Studie die beliebtesten Maximum-Likelihood-Klassifikatoren des pixel-basierten Konzeptes als Beispiel für das Verhalten der spektralen Klassifikatoren in dem jeweiligen Datenbereich und der Region. Im Gegensatz dazu analysiert OBIA Fernerkundungsdaten durch den Einbau von Wissen des Analytikers sowie kostenlose Zusatzdaten in einer Art und Weise, die menschliche Intelligenz für die Bildinterpretation als eine reale Darstellung der Funktion simuliert. Als ein Segment einer Basisverarbeitungseinheit wurden verschiedene Kombinationen von Segmentierungskriterien getestet um ähnliche spektrale Werte in Gruppen von relativ homogenen Pixeln zu trennen. An der kategorische Subtraktionsebene wurden Regeln entwickelt und optimale Eigenschaften für jede besondere Klasse extrahiert. Zwei Verfahren (Rule Based (RB) und Nearest Neighbour (NN) Classifier) wurden zugeteilt um die segmentierten Objekte der entsprechenden Klasse zuzuweisen. Außerdem versucht die Studie die Fragen zu beantworten, ob OBIA in feiner räumlicher Auflösung grundsätzlich genauer ist als eine gröbere Auflösung, und wie beide, das pixel-basierte und das OBIA Konzept sich in einer relativen Genauigkeit als eine Funktion der räumlichen Auflösung vergleichen lassen. Diese Arbeit zeigt insbesondere, dass das OBIA Konzept eine fortschrittliche Lösung für die Bildanalyse ist, da die Genauigkeiten - an den verschiedenen Skalen angewandt - im Vergleich mit denen der Pixel-basierten Konzept verbessert wurden. Unterdessen waren die berichteten Ergebnisse der feineren räumlichen Auflösung nicht nur für die beiden Ansätze konsequent hoch, sondern durch das OBIA Konzept deutlich verbessert. Die schnellen Veränderungen und die Heterogenität der Region sowie die unterschiedliche Datenherkunft haben dazu geführt, dass die Umsetzung von Post-Klassifizierungs- Änderungserkennung besser geeignet ist als radiometrische Transformationsmethoden. Basierend auf thematische LU/LC Karten wurden Serien von optimierten Algorithmen entwickelt, um die Dynamik in LU/LC Einheiten darzustellen. Deshalb wurden für Detailänderung "von-bis"-Informationsklassen sowie Veränderungsstatistiken erstellt. Ferner wurden die erzeugten Änderungskarten bewertet, was zeigte, dass die Genauigkeit der Änderungskarten konstant hoch ist. Aggregiert auf die Gemeinde-Ebene bieten Sozialerhebungen der Haushaltsdaten eine umfassende zusätzliche Sichtweise auf die Fernerkundungsdaten. Die vorher festgelegten degradierten und erfolgreich wiederhergestellten Hot Spots wurden untersucht. Die Studie verwendet einen gut gestalteten Fragebogen um Faktoren die die Dynamik der Änderung der Landbedeckung und mögliche Lösungen, die auf der Wahrnehmung der Gemeinden basieren, anzusprechen. Auf der Ebene des operativen strukturellen Waldbestandes wird die Begründung für die Einbeziehung dieser Analysen angegeben um semi-automatische OBIA Metriken zu schätzen, die aus dem Wald-Attribut durch automatisierte Segmentierungsalgorithmen in den Baumkronen abgegrenzt oder Cluster von Kronen Ebenen erworben wird. Korrelations- und Regressionsanalysen wurden angewandt, um die Beziehungen zwischen einer Vielzahl von spektralen und strukturellen Metriken und den aus den Untersuchungsgebieten abgeleiteten Waldattributen zu identifizieren. Die Ergebnisse des OBIA Rahmens zeigen starke Beziehungen und präzise Schätzungen. Die besten Modelle waren mit einem unabhängigen Satz von kreuz-validierten Feldproben ausgestattet, welche hohe Genauigkeiten ergaben. Eine wichtige Frage ist, wie die räumliche Auflösung und die verwendete Bandbreite die Qualität der entwickelten Modelle auch auf der Grundlage der verschiedenen untersuchten Sensoren beeinflussen. Schließlich zeigt die Studie, dass OBIA in der Lage ist, als ein effizienter und genauer Ansatz Kenntnisse über die Landfunktionen zu erlangen, sei es bei operativen Attributen der Waldstruktur oder auch auf der kategorischen LU/LC Ebene. Außerdem zeigt der methodischen Rahmen eine mögliche Lösung um präzise Fakten und Zahlen über die Veränderungsdynamik und ihre Antriebskräfte zu ermitteln

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12

Rocha, Genival Fernandes. "Trajetória e contexto espacial dos desmatamentos no bioma cerrado." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/4986.

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The Cerrado biome, occupying approximately 25% of the Brazilian territory, is distinguished for its rich biodiversity and for being a major water producer for the the most important South American basins (e.g. Amazonian, São Francisco, Tocantins-Araguaia and Paraná). With vast flat areas, it is a major industrial food producer and the main agricultural frontier in the country. On the other hand, the large-scale land conversion made the Cerrado one of the 34 biodiversity hotspots in the world, i.e. regions under severe environmental pression due to the reduction and fragmentation of the natural landscapes. The remote sensing monitoring of the Cerrado is very recent, with only two systems currently in operation: the warning deforestation system (SIAD Cerrado), developed by the Image Processing and GIS Lab of the Federal University of Goiás (LAPIG – UFG) and the Satellite Deforestation Monitoring of the Brazilian Biomes Project (PMDBBS), an initiative of the Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (MMA – IBAMA). Specifically, this doctoral thesis pursued the following goals: 1) comparative evaluation of these two monitoring initiatives; 2) analysis of ten years of SIAD deforestation data, the only Cerrado deforestation time-series available; 3) assessment of possible alternatives aiming at the improvement of SIAD-like semi-automated monitoring systems. Our results demonstrate that both the SIAD and PMDBBS deforestation spatial distribution patterns are very similar and complementary. The analysis of SIAD data for the 2002 – 2012 period indicates that the remnant decreased from 61.2% to 58.5% relatively to the biome area (~ 2 million km2), with about 80% of the total cleared area constrained to terrains with mild slopes (< 3%) and concentrated in only 100 of the 1,384 municipalities. It is worth mentioning that the states with highest deforestation rates are also the ones with the largest native vegetation remnants, suggesting that key agricultural frontiers are still very active. Potential improvements for making systems like SIAD more robust and reliable include the use of time-series and spatial heuristics criteria for filtering the automated generated deforestation warnings, which demand very time-consuming visual inspection approaches. We estimate that about 506,906 km2 of remnant vegetative cover are highly vulnerable and under risk of being converted over the years. Thus, improving the current systems and monitoring models, in order to make them more reliable and capable of operating at multiple scales of observation, is fundamental for the effective territorial governance of the Cerrado biome.
O bioma Cerrado ocupa aproximadamente 25% do território nacional e se destaca por sua rica biodiversidade e como “produtor de água” para as bacias Amazônica, do São Francisco, do Tocantins-Araguaia e do Paraná. Com vastas áreas de terras predominantemente planas e de fácil manejo, destaca-se também pela produção de alimentos em escala industrial, sendo hoje a principal fronteira agropecuária do país. Por outro lado, e com aproximadamente 50% do seu território convertido em áreas de agricultura e pecuária, é também reconhecido como um dos 34 hotspots de biodiversidade, i.e. regiões do mundo severamente comprometidas do ponto de vista ambiental, por conta da redução e fragmentação das paisagens naturais. O monitoramento por sensoriamento remoto do bioma Cerrado é recente, sendo que até o momento há dois sistemas em operação: o Sistema Integrado de Alerta de Desmatamentos (SIAD Cerrado), desenvolvido pelo Laboratório de Processamento de Imagens e Geoprocessamento da Universidade Federal de Goiás (LAPIG – UFG) e o Projeto de Monitoramento do Desmatamento dos Biomas Brasileiros por Satélite (PMDBBS), uma iniciativa do Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (MMA – IBAMA). Especificamente, esta tese buscou: 1) avaliar, comparativamente estas duas iniciativas; 2) analisar 10 anos de dados de desmatamento SIAD, única série temporal sobre desmatamentos no bioma Cerrado existente e disponível e 3) avaliar alternativas e melhorias possíveis, com vistas ao aprimoramento de sistemas de monitoramento semi-automatizados, a exemplo do SIAD. Os nossos resultados demonstram que os padrões de distribuição espacial dos desmatamentos detectados pelo SIAD e PMDBBS são muito semelhantes e complementares. Por sua vez, a análise de dados SIAD para o período entre 2002 e 2012, indica que a vegetação remanescente ao longo dos 2 milhões de km²do bioma diminuiu de 61,2% para 58,5%, sendo que aproximadamente 80% da área total desmatada, condicionada principalmente pelo relevo (i.e. declividades < 3%), concentrou-se em apenas 100 dos 1.384 municípios do Cerrado. Interessante observar que os estados com as maiores áreas de remanescentes de vegetação natural de Cerrado são,coincidentemente, os que mais desmataram nos últimos dez anos, o que demonstra a existência de fronteiras agropecuárias ativas. Possíveis melhorias para tornar sistemas aexemplo do SIAD mais robustos e confiáveis incluem o uso de séries temporais e associações heurísticas como critérios de filtragem de alertas de desmatamentos gerados automaticamente e sujeitos amorosos processos de inspeção visual. Estimamos que aproximadamente 506.906 km2 da cobertura vegetal remanescente encontram-se vulneráveis e sob risco de serem convertidas ao longo dos próximos anos. Assim, o aprimoramento dos atuais sistemas e modelos de monitoramento, com vistas atorná-los cada vez mais robustos, confiáveis e capazes de operar em múltiplas escalas de observação, é imprescindível à efetiva governança territorial e ambiental do bioma Cerrado.

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13

Lam, Chi-Nguyen. "Méthodes de Machine Learning pour le suivi de l'occupation du sol des deltas du Viêt-Nam." Thesis, Brest, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BRES0074.

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Le développement socio-économique au Vietnam est associé à l'existence des grands deltas fluviaux. En outre, les facteurs environnementaux tels que la sécheresse et l’inondation jouent un rôle important dans le changement de l’occupation du sol au niveau de ces deltas. Ces changements ne sont pas sans impact sur l’équilibre naturel et économique du pays. Dans cette optique, cette thèse a pour objectifs de proposer des méthodes de traitement des données satellites pour une cartographie et suivi efficaces de l’occupation du sol au niveau des deux principaux deltas du Viêt- Nam, fleuve rouge et du Mékong. En effet, un travail expérimental a été effectué en vérifiant et évaluant l’apport du traitement d’images multi-capteurs par de nombreuses approches de segmentation d’image et d’apprentissage automatique peu profond et profond. Ainsi, un modèle de Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) adapté au contexte de l’étude, a démontré sa robustesse pour la détection et la cartographie de l’occupation du sol afin de caractériser l’aléa de l’inondation et d’analyser les enjeux
Socio-economic development in Vietnam is associated with the existence of large fluvial deltas. Furthermore, environmental factors such as dryness and flooding have an important role in the change of land use/land cover within these deltas. These changes have an impact on the natural and economic balance of the country. In this perspective, the objectives of the present thesis are to suggest processing methods of satellite data for an efficient mapping and monitoring of land use in the two main deltas of Vietnam, the Red River and the Mekong Delta. Indeed, experimental work has been carried out by verifying and evaluating the contribution of multi-sensor image processing through various image segmentation approaches and machine/deep learning algorithms. Thus, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model adapted to the context of the study demonstrated its robustness for the detection and mapping of land use in order to characterise the flood hazard and analyse the issues at risk

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14

Skelsey, Chris. "A system for monitoring land cover." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361785.

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Underlying the majority of remotely-sensed data analysis is the assumption that geographical phenomena, such as rivers, heather-moors and the dynamics associated with such objects, can be adequately detected and identified through the use of spectral and other visual information alone. There is a common misconception that any major deficiencies of quantitative analyses are "hardware problems": that by increasing the spectral, spatial, radiometric and temporal resolutions of sensors, geographical phenomena will be identified with similarly increasing accuracy and reliability. This, however, is an unrealistic viewpoint. This thesis has developed a prototype of an automated system based on the principle that by considering the "real-world" properties of the land, a more effective and robust analysis of its dynamic nature can ensue. SYMOLAC is an automated SYstem for MOnitoring LAnd Cover based upon theories of artificial intelligence. It has been developed within a specifically designed hybrid software environment called ETORA, an Environment for Task-Orientated Analysis. This prototype environment allows SYMOLAC to utilise disparate sources of spatial data, to reason with both quantitative and qualitative knowledge, to model disparate domain uncertainties, and to exploit the functionality of third-party software components. Unlike standard approaches, it allows an automated analysis to focus on each particular domain task and how it may best be performed with the available data, knowledge and software resources. The detection of forest felling and the subsequent update of the Land Cover of Scotland (1988) dataset forms the initial application of SYMOLAC. It is concluded that the system's approach is flexible, extensible and adaptable, and demonstrates one way in which satellite imagery can offer potential to the future monitoring of complex land cover change without the need for human intervention.

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15

Leach, Nicholas Persak. "Hydrologic response of land use and land cover changes." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1870.

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Throughout the years, land use and land cover (LULC) changes have directly impacted the water cycle in Iowa. To better understand the hydrological response to LULC change, the Hydrological Simulation Program - FORTRAN (HSPF) model will be used to qualitatively evaluate the effects of different LULC’s and quantify the associated adjustments to model parameters. Anecdotal and observational evidence of the hydrologic response will be employed to define how model parameters should be adjusted to represent certain LULC changes. The hydrologic assessment will be of the Turkey River Watershed located in northeast Iowa, which covers approximately 1,693 square miles.

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16

Maluki, Peter Masavi. "MAPPING LAND COVER LAND USE CHANGE IN MBEERE DISTRICT, KENYA." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1187030316.

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17

Guardiola-Claramonte, Maria Teresa. "EFFECTS OF LAND USE / LAND COVER CHANGE ON THE HYDROLOGICAL PARTITIONING." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/145730.

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Current global population growth and economic development accelerates the land cover conversion in many parts of the world and compromises the natural environment. However, the impacts of this land cover change on the hydrologic cycle at local to regional scales are poorly understood. The thesis presented here investigates the hydrologic implications of land use conversion in two different settings using two different approaches. The first study focuses in Southeast Asia and the expansion of rubber monocultures in a middle-sized basin. Field measurements suggest rubber has distinct dynamics compared to the area's native vegetation, depleting and exhausting the local water balance more than native vegetation. A phenology based evapotranspiration function is developed and used in a hillslope based hydrologic model to predict the implications of rubber expansion at a basin scale. The second study is centered in the semi-arid southwestern United States. This study challenges the traditional assumption that deforestation increases water yield at regional scales. Observations of water yield in basins affected by a regional piñon pine die-off show a decline in water yield during several years after die-off. These results suggest an increase in landscape sensitivity to vegetation disruption in semi-arid ecosystems as scale increases. Consequences of both studies have important implications for land and water managers in these different ecosystems.

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18

陳章偉 and Cheung-Wai Jonathan Chan. "A neural network approach to land use/land cover change detection." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31238166.

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19

Chan, Cheung-Wai Jonathan. "A neural network approach to land use/land cover change detection /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21415067.

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20

Knorn, Jan. "Studying land-use and land-cover change with high resolution data." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät II, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16513.

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Naturschutzgebiete sind ein essentieller Bestandteil zur Wahrung natürlicher Lebensräume. Oft verfehlt die Einrichtung solcher Schutzzonen jedoch den erwarteten Effekt. Die größte Gefahr liegt hierbei neben dem Klimawandel im direkten Einfluss des Menschen. Besonders in Phasen sozioökonomischen Umschwungs und damit verbundenen Landnutzungsveränderungen oder auch illegaler Nutzung natürlicher Ressourcen, sind Naturschutzgebiete in ihrer Funktion gefährdet. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist somit, Ursachen des Landnutzungswandels sowie dessen Auswirkungen und Ausmaß am Beispiel des rumänischen Teils der Karpaten-Ökoregion abzuleiten. Das Untersuchungsgebiet ist ein wichtiges Zentrum für Biodiversität und in ihm befindet sich Osteuropas größte gemäßigte Waldregion sowie einige der letzten europäischen Urwälder. Rumänien umschließt mehr als die Hälfte der Karpaten und es ist hiernach von besonderem Interesse, Gründe und Auswirkungen des rezenten post-sozialistischen Landschaftswandels zu untersuchen. Mit Hilfe von Landsat Aufnahmen sowie einer ad hoc entwickelten Methode zur Klassifizierung großräumiger Gebiete, wurden Veränderungen in der Waldbedeckung für die post-sozialistische Zeit abgeleitet. Die Ergebnisse offenbaren großflächige Forstveränderungen, auch innerhalb von Naturschutzgebieten und Urwäldern. Institutionelle Umbrüche und eine rapide Umgestaltung in den Eigentumsverhältnissen, wurden als Hauptursachen herausgestellt. Rumänische Naturschutzgebiete erreichen nicht die gewünschte Effektivität und Urwäldern werden weiterhin dezimiert. Die Arbeit verdeutlicht den Einfluss sozioökonomischer Veränderungen auf die Entstehung von Raubbau und legt Defizite in der Effektivität von Schutzbemühungen zum Erhalt der Biodiversität und verbundener Ökosystemleistungen offen.
Protected areas are one cornerstone of conservation efforts to safeguard natural habitats from destruction and overexploitation. Still, many of these areas remain less effective than initially envisioned. Besides climate change, main threats originate from enduring human activities. Protected areas are particularly at risk during periods of rapid socio-economic changes, which can trigger widespread land-use change and illegal resource use. The main goal of this thesis is to assess the extend and underlying causes of land-use change in protected areas and forest habitats within the Carpathian Ecoregion. The Romanian Carpathians were selected as a focus area in this study, because they comprise Eastern Europe’s largest continuous temperate forest region as well as some of the last and largest tracts of European old-growth forests, and they are a major hotspot of biodiversity. Romania comprises more than half of the Carpathian Ecoregion and it is of particular interest to study the causes and effects of land-use changes, which have emerged after the collapse of socialism in 1989. Post socialist forest cover change was quantified for the last 25 years using Landsat images and an ad hoc developed large area classification technique. Results show widespread forest disturbances, even inside protected areas and old-growth forests. Drivers of these disturbances can be related to institutional change and changes in ownership. The effectiveness of Romania’s protected area network in terms of its ability to safeguard biodiversity is most likely decreasing, and intact old-growth forests continue to disappear. This thesis reveals how rapid socio-economic changes may lead to overexploitation, and highlights substantial shortcomings in the effectiveness of protection efforts to safeguard biodiversity and related ecosystem services.

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21

Batunacun. "Modelling land use and land cover change on the Mongolian Plateau." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/21796.

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Der Bezirk Xilingol wurde als geeignetes Beispiel ausgewählt, weil es zu einem großen Flächenanteil von Grassteppe bedeckt ist und fast alle Phasen der Umweltpolitik Chinas durchlaufen hat. Es wurden zwei deutlich voneinander abgrenzbare Phasen identifiziert, von 1975 bis 2000 und von 2000 bis 2015. Während der ersten Phase, bis 2000, war Landdegradation der dominante Landnutzungswandelprozess, der 11.4 % der Gesamtfläche betraf. In dieser Phase war die menschliche Einflussnahme der Hauptfaktor in acht Landkreisen, die sich ändernden Wasserverhältnisse war es in sechs Landkreisen. Während der zweiten Phase, ab 2000, setzte ein spürbare Erholung des Zustandes auf 12 % des Gesamtgebietes ein, während die Degradation jedoch weiter voranschritt und zusätzliche 9,5 % des Landes veränderte. Während dieser Phase wurde die Städtebildung zum dominanten Treiber für die Landdegradierung in sieben Landkreisen, während der Einfluss menschlicher Störungen und der Wasserverfügbarkeit wieder zurückging. Nach der Identifizierung der Haupttreiber für die Landdegradation, wurde die komplexe Beziehung zwischen verschiedenen Treibern und der Grassteppen-Degradation untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Beziehung zwischen dicht bedeckter, moderat bedeckter, und spärlich bedeckter Grassteppe und die Dichte des Schafbesatzes für die Degradationsdynamik in der Grassteppe verantwortlich waren. In dieser Arbeit wurden die Methoden der Clusteranalyse, der Partial-Order-Theorie, und der Hasse Diagramme eingesetzt, um die Haupttreiber der Landdegradation auf Landkreisebene zu identifizieren. Dann wurde ein Ansatz aus dem maschinellen Lernen, XGBoost (eXtreme Gradient Boosting) verwendet, um die Dynamik der Grassteppen-Degradation vorauszusagen. Darüber hinaus wurde SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) eingesetzt, um das von XGBoost erstellte Black-Box-Modell zu in seine Bestanteile zu zerlegen und für jedes Degradations-Pixel in der Karte den Haupttreiber zu extrahieren.
The aims of this thesis are to gain an integrated and systematic understanding of the processes and determinants of land degradation on the Mongolian Plateau. Xilingol was chosen as a suitable example, mainly since it is covered by vast grassland, and has experienced almost all ecological policies that have been implemented in China. Two distinct phases were identified in this region: 1975-2000 and 2000-2015. During the first phase (up to 2000), land degradation was the dominant land use change process, accounting for 11.4% of the total area. During this phase, human disturbance was the major driver in eight counties, whereas the water condition was the dominant driver in six counties. During the second phase (post-2000), land restoration increased (12.0% of the total area), whereas degradation continued, resulting in a further 9.5% of degraded land. During this phase, urbanisation became the dominant driver of land degradation in seven counties, while effects resulting from human disturbance and water availability decreased after 2000. After identifying the major drivers of degradation, the complex relationships between drivers and grassland degradation were captured. The results indicated that the distance to dense, moderately dense grass and sparse grass and sheep density were responsible for the grassland degradation dynamics. In this thesis, a clustering method, partial order theory and Hasse diagram techniques were first used to identify the major drivers of land degradation at the county level. Subsequently, an approach from machine learning, XGBoost (eXtreme Gradient Boosting), was used to predict the dynamics of grassland degradation. Moreover, SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) values were used to open up the black box model, and the primary driver was extracted for each pixel showing degradation.

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22

Saxena, Rishu. "Towards a Polyalgorithm for Land Use and Land Cover Change Detection." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/93177.

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Earth observation satellites (EOS) such as Landsat provide image datasets that can be immensely useful in numerous application domains. One way of analyzing satellite images for land use and land cover change (LULCC) is time series analysis (TSA). Several algorithms for time series analysis have been proposed by various groups in remote sensing; more algorithms (that can be adapted) are available in the general time series literature. However, in spite of an abundance of algorithms, the choice of algorithm to be used for analyzing an image stack is presently an open question. A concurrent issue is the prohibitive size of Landsat datasets, currently of the order of petabytes and growing. This makes them computationally unwieldy --- both in storage and processing. An EOS image stack typically consists of multiple images of a fixed area on the Earth's surface (same latitudes and longitudes) taken at different time points. Experiments on multicore servers indicate that carrying out meaningful time series analysis on one such interannual, multitemporal stack with existing state of the art codes can take several days. This work proposes using multiple algorithms to analyze a given image stack in a polyalgorithmic framework. A polyalgorithm combines several basic algorithms, each meant to solve the same problem, producing a strategy that unites the strengths and circumvents the weaknesses of constituent algorithms. The foundation of the proposed TSA based polyalgorithm is laid using three algorithms (LandTrendR, EWMACD, and BFAST). These algorithms are precisely described mathematically, and chosen to be fundamentally distinct from each other in design and in the phenomena they capture. Analysis of results representing success, failure, and parameter sensitivity for each algorithm is presented. Scalability issues, important for real simulations, are also discussed, along with scalable implementations, and speedup results. For a given pixel, Hausdorff distance is used to compare the distance between the change times (breakpoints) obtained from two different algorithms. Timesync validation data, a dataset that is based on human interpretation of Landsat time series in concert with historical aerial photography, is used for validation. The polyalgorithm yields more accurate results than EWMACD and LandTrendR alone, but counterintuitively not better than BFAST alone. This nascent work will be directly useful in land use and land cover change studies, of interest to terrestrial science research, especially regarding anthropogenic impacts on the environment, and in much broader applications such as health monitoring and urban transportation.
M. S.

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23

Bates-Lanclos, Melissa Marie. "Assessing urban land use/land cover change in Springfield, Missouri 1972-2000 /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1426046.

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24

Bradley, Andrew Vincent. "Land-use and land-cover change in the Chapare region of Bolivia." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/9586.

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This research examines the impacts of coca leaf cultivation (an ingredient for cocaine paste) on land-use and land-cover change (LULCC) in a colonised, humid-tropical forest area of central Bolivia. The socio-economic driving forces affecting the way farmers have utilised their land and the resulting effects on land-cover change are studied. Satellite imagery from 1975 to 2000, methods of participatory rural appraisal and socio-economic data has been combined to determine deforestation patterns, changes and the driving forces of LULCC. Three communities were studied: Arequipa, dominated by coca production and alternative development crops; Bogota, a cattle rearing community; and Caracas where fruit cultivation dominated. Three major periods were determined from a land-management synopsis in each community: (i) pre-coca dominant, driven by weak national policies and economics, with high rates of deforestation; (ii) coca-dominant, influenced by the international coca / cocaine economy, with the lowest rates of forest clearance; and (iii) post coca-dominant, driven by strong international anti-narcotics policies, when forest clearance accelerated again. The deforestation trajectories (rates) differ from published models and the variations are attributed to the rising dominance of coca being ascended by an enforced substitute economy. These driving forces have been conceptualised at local, national and international levels. Specific fragmentation patterns developed because of the spatial arrangement of plots planned in the 1960s and the subsequent variations in land-use management strategies between, as well as, within individual plots over time. A five stage conceptual model has been constructed to represent forest fragmentation at the community level. Overall, in the pursuit of global social gains, anti-narcotics policies caused rapid consumption of limited land resources and because of non-conservationist planning the connectivity between montane and humid tropical forests at the margins of a biodiversity hotspot is severely compromised -a message to planners and policymakers where conservation and development currently conflict in humid tropical regions.

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Anibas, Kyle Lawrence. "Land cover, land use and habitat change in Volyn, Ukraine : 1986-2011." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/17682.

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Master of Science
Department of Geography
Douglas G. Goodin
Volyn Oblast in Western Ukraine has experienced substantial land use/land cover change over the last 25 years as a result of a change in political systems. Remote sensing provides a framework to quantify this change without extensive field work or historical land cover records. In this study, land change is quantified utilizing a post-classification change detection technique comparing Landsat imagery from 1986-2011(Post-Soviet era began 1991). A variety of remote sensing classification methods are explored to take advantage of spectral and spatial variation within this complex study area, and a hybrid scheme is ultimately utilized. Land cover from the CORINE classification scheme is then converted to the EUNIS habitat classification scheme to analyze how land cover change has affected habitat fragmentation. I found large scale agricultural abandonment, increases in forested areas, shifts towards smaller scale farming practices, shifts towards mixed forest structures, and increases in fragmentation of both forest and agricultural habitat types. These changes could have several positive and negative on biodiversity, ecosystems, and human well-being.

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26

Tizora, Petronella Chenayi. "Modelling land use and land cover change in the Western Cape Province." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65948.

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The Western Cape Province is currently faced with population growth, declining household sizes, increasing household numbers, high levels of migration, urbanization and escalating development pressures. These factors have consequently triggered changes in land use and land cover (LULC) and incited issues such as urban sprawl, marginalization of the poor, limited public access to resources, land degradation and climate change. Furthermore, the issues surrounding LULC in the Province emanate from past inequities in access to land coupled with unsustainable land use practices. This poses a challenge to the government which strives for a sustainable nation that safeguards democracy by providing basic access to services, managing limited resources and advancing effective and efficient integrated planning whilst maintaining ecosystem functions. Understanding drivers of LULC change and how various factors influence LULC is important in meeting this challenge. Models which integrate and evaluate diverse factors of LULC change can be used to guide planners in making more informed decisions and achieving a balance between urban growth and preservation of the natural environment. The implementation of these models at a regional scale is however very limited in South Africa. LULC change models are valuable if their structures are based on deep knowledge of the system under investigation and if they produce credible results. This study therefore investigates the suitability of LULC change models in simulating LULC changes at a regional scale by quantifying changes in LULC in the Western Cape Province, determining the driving factors of LULC changes and exploring and implementing a regional land use change model. An investigation of changes in LULC was conducted by integration of a desktop study of LULC maps using the 1990 and 2013-2014 South African National LULC datasets; document analysis; and expert opinion in the form of semi-structured interviews with municipality town planners. An adapted Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) Framework was used to analyse and present LULC changes in the study area. A literature review was conducted in shortlisting of models and further evaluations involved analysis of the models using selection criteria which focused on the model’s relevance to the study area, linkage potential to other models or software, transferability, user friendliness, data requirements and cost. The results of this study show that LULC changes in the Western Cape Province are driven by political, economic, technological, demographic, environmental and cultural factors which must be considered in strategies and policies in future planning to avoid detrimental impacts on the environment whilst maintaining socio-economic benefits. These factors were integrated in a hybrid model that was successfully implemented in the study area by combining Dyna-CLUE and Markov concepts. The hybrid model produced probability maps and simulation maps for the years between 1990 and 2014. Validation of the simulated maps was conducted using both visual and statistical analysis and the results indicated that the simulated maps were in good agreement with the validation map. Data availability was observed as the main drawback which influenced both the implementation of other suitable models and the accuracy of simulated maps. This study however contributes to the understanding of driving factors of LULC change and implementation of LULC change models at a regional scale in the South African context. Knowledge derived from this study can be used by planners as a guide to effectively gauge the impacts that planning policies and other driving factors might have on future LULC patterns in the Western Cape Province.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2018.
Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology
MSc
Unrestricted

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27

Bhattarai, Shreejana. "Understanding the relationship between land use/land cover and malaria in Nepal." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/96214.

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Malaria is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity globally. Land use/land cover (LULC) change have been found to affect the transmission and distribution of malaria in other regions, but no study has attempted to examine such relationships in Nepal. Therefore, this study was conducted in Nepal to assess LULC change between 2000 and 2010, to study the spatial and temporal trend of malaria incidence rate (MIR) between 1999 and 2015, and to understand the relationship between LULC and malaria. The land cover types used for this study are forest, water bodies, agriculture, grassland, shrubland, barren areas, built-up areas and paddy areas. Change detection techniques were used to study LULC change. The temporal trend of MIR in 58 districts, and the relationship between MIR and LULC were evaluated using Poisson and negative binomial regression. Forest, water bodies, snow cover, and built-up area increased in Nepal by 28.5%, 2.96%, 55.12% and 21.19% respectively while the rest of the LULC variables decreased. MIR decreased significantly in 21 districts; however, four districts namely Pyuthan, Kaski, Rupandehi and Siraha had a significantly increasing trend of MIR. During 2001, 2002, and 2003, MIR was positively related to water bodies and paddy areas. Similarly, MIR of 2010 was negatively related to grassland. However, there was no relationship between LULC and MIR in 2000, 2011, 2012 and 2013. It may be because MIR is decreasing significantly in the country and thus the influence of LULC change is also decreasing.
MS

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Almeyda, Angelica M. "Land use and land cover in Iñapari, Peru, and Assis Brazil, Brazil, southwest Amazonia." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0005480.

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Samaniego, Eguiguren Luis E. "Hydrological consequences of land use, land cover and climatic changes in mesoscale catchments." Stuttgart : Inst. für Wasserbau, 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=968806724.

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Samaniego-Eguiguren, Luis Eduardo. "Hydrological consequences of land use - land cover and climatic changes in mesoscale catchments." [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB10720630.

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31

GuimarÃes, ClÃcia Cristina Barbosa. "Landscape hitherland: land use/ land cover and adequability in central sertÃo of CearÃ." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9497.

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The unit fitoecogeografic called Caatinga is unique and characteristic of the brazilian semiarid region. Its natural landscape, formed by various mosaics, has been losing its primary characteristics due unplanned socioeconomic activities, hindering sustainable development. In recente years, it has been observing an extreme landscape modificationâs caused by strong anthropic activity manifested by soil erosion, microclimate changes, loss of biodiversity and agricultural productivity reduction. Landscapeâs Ecology studies, Land use/Land Coverâs maps and suitability of land use are importante for better management in the region. Thus, in this study, I evaluated how suitable is the land use in specifc central semiarid region of CearÃ State and I have qualified the landscape fragmentation. For this, I drew up land use and land coverâs map and I crossed this map with agricultural suitability and slope informations, using Geografic Information System and Remoting Sensing, which allowed me to assess the land use suitability. I used landscapeâs metrics of the structure on the same land use and land coverâs map to characterize and evaluate the landscape fragmentation process. The results show the region presents itself with land used inappropriately and inappropriate use could become an increasingly common practice due to greater need of land for local population subsistence. There isnât environmental planning for land use suitable and, beyond the problems caused to soil conservation, the natural landscape is becoming increasingly fragmented.
A unidade fitoecogeogrÃfica denominada Caatinga Ã Ãnica e caracterÃstica do semiÃrido brasileiro. Sua paisagem natural, formada por diversos mosaicos, vem perdendo suas caracterÃsticas primÃrias em funÃÃo das atividades socioeconÃmicas mal planejadas, dificultando o desenvolvimento sustentÃvel. Nos Ãltimos anos, vem se observando uma extrema modificaÃÃo da paisagem ocasionada pela intensa aÃÃo degradadora antrÃpica que se manifesta pela erosÃo dos solos, alteraÃÃes microclimÃticas, perda da biodiversidade e produtividade agrÃcola reduzida. Estudos que envolvam a Ecologia de Paisagens e levantamentos do uso e cobertura e adequabilidade do uso da terra, a partir de mapas, sÃo importantes para um melhor manejo na regiÃo. Assim, neste trabalho, avaliou-se quÃo adequado estÃ sendo o uso da terra em um polÃgono localizado no SertÃo Central do Estado do CearÃ e caracterizou-se a fragmentaÃÃo da paisagem. Para isso, foi feito o mapa de uso e cobertura das terras e cruzou-se as informaÃÃes resultantes desse mapa com outras de declividade, fazendo-se uso de Sistema de InformaÃÃo GeogrÃfica e Sensoriamento Remoto, que possibilitou avaliar a adequabilidade do uso das terras. Aplicando-se mÃtricas de estrutura da paisagem sobre o mesmo mapa de uso e cobertura foi possÃvel caracterizar e avaliar o estado de fragmentaÃÃo da paisagem. Percebe-se, pelos resultados encontrados, que a regiÃo apresenta-se com terras inadequadamente utilizadas e o uso inadequado pode se tornar uma prÃtica cada vez mais comum, uma vez que hÃ a necessidade crescente de terras para satisfazer as necessidades das populaÃÃes locais. NÃo hÃ um planejamento ambiental para o uso adequado da terra e, desta forma, alÃm dos problemas ocasionados Ã conservaÃÃo do solo, a paisagem natural estÃ se tornando cada vez mais fragmentada.

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32

Jack, Sam. "Changing land use / land cover around an urban estuary : implications for ecosystem functioning." Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/24958.

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The changing spatial and temporal patterns in land use/land cover surrounding Zandvlei estuary were investigated over the period 1944 to 2005. Changes in the extent of four terrestrial and two aquatic land use/land cover categories were mapped from high quality aerial photographs using ArcView GIS. Basic spatial analyses were performed to quantify changes in area, 'edge-effects' and relative dominance through time. Semi-natural and seasonally inundated classes accounted for over 70% of land cover in 1944, but declined steadily as urban land use and permanently inundated land cover expanded to a present-day extent of 42% and 19% respectively. The following major drivers of change were identified: 1) the construction of the railway embankment bisecting Westlake wetland and Zandvlei estuary, which led to sedimentation and a change in plant species composition of the wetland, but decreased nutrient inflows into the vlei; 2) agricultural practices within the catchment at the start of the 20th century which increased sediment and nutrient inflows; 3) elevated water levels due to dredging operations between 1947 and 1961, which resulted in a significant loss of seasonally inundated land cover with concomitant changes in species composition and nutrient dynamics; and 4) urban development surrounding the vlei (with particular reference to Marina da Gama), which has expanded at the expense of semi-natural areas and significantly increased effluent and litter inputs into the vlei. A socially and ecologically balanced management policy governing the entire catchment is required to mitigate future impacts.

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Magee, Kevin S. "Segmentation, Object-Oriented Applications for Remote Sensing Land Cover and Land Use Classification." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1298040118.

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Lawrence, Peter. "Climate impacts of Australian land cover change /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18055.pdf.

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35

Pearlman, Daniel I. "Patterns and Processes of Land Use/Land Cover Change, 1975-2011, at Mt. Kasigau, Kenya." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1416571718.

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36

Donnelly, Shanon P. "Linking land use, land cover, and land ownership at the parcel scale in the midwest United States." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3380075.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Geography, 2009.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Jul 12, 2010). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-12, Section: A, page: 4807. Adviser: Tom P. Evans.

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37

Johnson, Adam Bradford. "THE USE OF REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS TO CREATE LAND USE AND LAND COVER MAPS AND TO DETERMINE THE CHANGES IN THE LAND USE AND LAND COVER OVER A TEN YEAR PERIOD." MSSTATE, 2005. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-07072005-193332/.

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Construction of land use and land cover (LULC) maps was accomplished through the use of remote sensing and GIS. Remote sensing and GIS were used to classify 1990 Landsat 5 and 2000 Landsat 7 Mississippi Gulf Coast imagery into six LULC classes: urban, barren, forested vegetation, non-forested vegetation, marsh, and water. An accuracy assessment was performed on the 2000 LULC map to determine the reliability of the map. Finally, GIS software was used to quantify and illustrate the various LULC conversions that took place over the ten year span of time. The paper concludes that remote sensing and GIS can be used to create LULC maps. It also notes that the maps generated can be used to delineate the changes that take place over time.

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Alavi, Shoushtari Niloofar. "Land Use and Land Cover Change Detection in Isfahan, Iran Using Remote Sensing Techniques." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/22848.

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Rapid urban growth and unprecedented rural to urban transition, along with a huge population growth are new phenomena for both high and low income countries, which started in the mid-20th century. However, urban growth rates and patterns are different in developed countries and developing ones. In less developed countries, urbanization and rural to urban transition usually takes place in an unmanaged way and they are associated with a series of socioeconomical and environmental issues and problems. Identification of the city growth trends in past decades can help urban planners and managers to minimize these negative impacts. In this research, urban growth in the city of Isfahan, Iran, is the subject of study. Isfahan the third largest city in Iran has experienced a huge urban growth and population boom during the last three decades. This transition led to the destruction of natural and agricultural lands and environmental pollutions. Historical and recent remotely sensed data, along with different remote sensing techniques and methods have been used by researchers for urban land use and land cover change detection. In this study three Landsat TM and ETM+ images of the study site, acquired in 1985, 2000 and 2009 are used. Before starting processing, radiometric normalization is done to minimize the atmospheric effects. Then, processing methods including principal component analysis (PCA), vegetation indices and supervised classification are implemented on the images. Accuracy assessment of the PCA method showed that the first PC was responsible for more than 81% of the total variance, and therefore used for analysis of PCA differencing. ΔPC1t1-t2 shows the amount of changes in land use and land cover during the period of study. In this study ten vegetation indices were selected to be applied to the 1985 image. Accuracy assessments showed that Transformed Differencing Vegetation Index (TDVI) is the most sensitive and accurate index for mapping vegetation in arid and semi-arid urban areas. Hence, TDVI was applied to the 2000 and 2009 images. ΔTDVIt1-t2 showed the changes in land use and land cover especially the land use transformation from vegetation cover into the urban class. Supervised classification is the last method applied to the images. Training sites were assigned for the selected classes and accuracy was monitored during the process of training site selection. The results of classification show the expansion of urban class and diminishment in natural and agricultural lands.

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39

Carneiro, Tiago Garcia de Senna. "Nested-ca: a foundation for multiscale modelling of land use and land cover change." Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 2006. http://urlib.net/sid.inpe.br/mtc-m17@80/2007/01.03.11.57.

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Este trabalho apresenta a base matemática do modelo chamado Autômatos Celulares Aninhados (Nested-CA), um modelo de computação destinado ao desenvolvimento de modelos de mudança de uso e cobertura do solo em múltiplas escalas. As principais propriedades do modelo nested-CA são descritas e comparadas aos modelos de computação baseados em agentes e em autômatos celulares. O modelo nested-CA foi implementado em uma ambiente computacional, chamado TerraME, que oferece uma linguagem de alto nível para a descrição de modelos, um conjunto de estruturas de dados espaço-temporais para a representação e simulação dos modelos, um modulo para o gerenciamento e análise de dados espaço-temporais integrado a um sistema de informações geográficas, e um conjunto de funções para calibração e validação dos modelos. As decisões de projetos envolvidas no desenvolvimento do ambiente de modelagem TerraME são descritas. A arquitetura do ambiente é detalhada e suas principais propriedades são comparadas com outras plataformas de modelagem: Swarm, STELLA, e GEONAMICA. Finalmente, o conceito de nested-CA e o ambiente TerraME são demonstrados em duas aplicações de mudança de cobertura do solo para a Amazônia brasileira.
This work presents the mathematical foundations of the Nested Cellular Automata (nested-CA) model, a model of computation for multiple scale Land Use and Land Cover Change studies. The main properties of nested-CA model are described and compared to the agent-based and cellular automata models of computation. The nested- CA model has been implemented in a software environment, called TerraME (Terra Modeling Environment), which provides a high-level modeling language for model description, a set of spatiotemporal data structures for model representation and simulation, a module for spatiotemporal data management and analysis integrated to a geographic information system, and a set of functions for model calibration and validation. We describe the main design choices involved in the development of the TerraME modeling environment. Its architecture is detailed and the main properties are compared with other modeling tools: Swarm, STELLA, and GEONAMICA. Finally, the concept of nested-CA and the TerraME architecture are demonstrated in two applications of land cover change in the Brazilian Amazon.

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White, Claire McKenzie. "Analysis and Comparison of a Detailed Land Cover Dataset versus the National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD) in Blacksburg, Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46322.

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While many studies have completed accuracy assessments on the National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD), little research has utilized a detailed digitized land cover dataset, like that available for the Town of Blacksburg, for this comparison. This study aims to evaluate the information available from a detailed land cover dataset and compare it with the National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD) at a localized scale. More specifically, it utilizes the detailed land cover dataset for the Town of Blacksburg to analyze the land cover distribution for varying land uses including single-family residential, multi-family residential, and non-residential. In addition, an application scenario assigns an area-weighted curve number to watersheds based on each land cover dataset. This study exhibits the importance of obtaining detailed land cover datasets for cities and towns. Furthermore, it shows the comprehensive information and subsequent quantifications that can be surmised from a detailed land cover dataset.
Master of Science

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41

Tylka, Megan L. "Interactions between Lake Water Quality and Urban Land Cover." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2009. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/TylkaML2009.pdf.

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42

Rodríguez, Eraso Nelly. "Land-cover and land-use change and deforestation in Colombia: spatial dynamics, drivers and modelling." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/84004.

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Este estudio analiza el cambio en la cobertura y uso del suelo con énfasis en los procesos de deforestación en dos regiones contrastantes de Colombia: Andes y Guyana, entre 1985 y 2005. Se aplicó un enfoque espacial y temporal a partir del análisis del cambio de uso y cobertura del suelo (LULCC) para evaluar y predecir los procesos de cambios asociándolos a variables explicativas y junto con métricas del paisaje y sistemas de información geográfica se analizaron patrones y tendencias de deforestación. La utilización del suelo es el resultado de la interacción de una serie de factores biofísicos, económicos, tecnológicos, institucionales, culturales, etc, que operan en un rango de escalas espaciales y temporales y se correlacionan con los procesos y patrones del paisaje. Dado que los cambios en el uso de la tierra son cada vez más rápidos, es necesario comprender las fuerzas que impulsan esos cambios y predecir sus efectos sobre los procesos del ecosistema o del ambiente global La información de cobertura del suelo para el presente estudio se basó en la interpretación de imágenes satelitales y las variables explicativas incluyeron datos biofísicos y socioeconómicos provenientes de una amplia gama de fuentes de información. Para la región de los Andes, el enfoque se dirigió a la aplicación de modelos de cambio de la tierra y de deforestación entre bosques montanos (montane forest) y bosques de piedemonte (lowland forest), usando enfoques espacialmente explícitos (Land Change Modeler-LCM) y modelos lineales generalizados (GLM). A nivel de la región de la Guayana, se estudiaron los patrones de deforestación en los modelos de ocupación típicos de la región, comparando tasas de cambio, patrones del paisaje y efectividad de figuras de conservación. Finalmente se modelizo el potencial de cambio futuro en ambas regiones prediciendo su evolución e identificando zonas de alto riesgo de deforestación y sus implicaciones frente a la conservación de la biodiversidad. Las tasas de deforestación varían entre las regiones y al interior de ellas. Para los Andes la tasa anual de deforestación fue de 1.41%, mientras que para Guayana de 0.25%; sin embargo en Guyana se evidenciaron las mayores tasas asociadas con una fase rápida e intermedia de pérdida de bosque en un modelo de transición de colono a establecimientos permanentes. Los modelos utilizados en esta tesis, sugiere que el modelo espacial de LCM basado en probabilidades de Markov tiene un mejor respuesta para explicar los cambios en el uso del suelo que los modelos lineales generalizados. La variable explicativa que mayor incide en los procesos de cambio de uso del suelo y deforestación es la distancia de las carreteras, pero existen variables como la actividad económica, pendiente, distancia a pastos y precipitación que impulsan procesos de cambio y el peso de estas variables depende del tipo de bosques y la región. Los resultados de esta tesis mostraron que algunas figuras de protección como el sistema de parques naturales nacionales y los resguardos indígenas pueden ser efectivas para frenar procesos de deforestación y que las zonas de transición entre Andes y Amazonia, Orinoquia y Magdalena Medio se encuentran bajo una mayor amenaza de conversión probable debido a su accesibilidad y migración de la población. Finalmente, una mejor comprensión de la dinámica de LULCC en Colombia, es un paso importante en el desarrollo de estrategias de planificación del territorio y conservación de la región y las investigaciones futuras deberán evaluar la incidencia de las políticas nacionales tales como tenencia de la tierra, REDD, políticas sectoriales, económicas y energéticas ante cambios en el uso del suelo y la deforestación.
This study analyzes the land cover change with emphasis on the deforestation processes in two contrasting regions of Colombia: Andes and Guyana between 1985 and 2005. A spatial and temporal statistical approach was applied from the analysis of land cover change to evaluate and predict the processes of change associated with explanatory variables and together with metrics of landscape and systems of information patterns and tendencies of deforestation were analyzed. Land use is the result of the interaction of a series of biophysical, economic, technologic, institutional and cultural factors, among others, that operate in a level of spatial and temporal scales and correlate with landscape processes and partners. Given land change are faster and faster, it is necessary to understand the strengths that drive those changes and predict their effects on the processes of the ecosystem or the global environment. Land use information for this study was based on the interpretation of satellite images and the explanatory variables including biophysical and socioeconomic data from a wide range of source of information. For the Andean region, the approach was directed towards the application of land change and deforestation models in montane and lowland forests, using Land Change Modeler – LCM and Generalized Lineal Models (GLM). At the level of La Guyana region, the patterns of deforestation were studied in the models of typical occupation of the region, comparing change rates, landscape patterns and effectiveness of figures of conservation. Finally the potential of change was modeled in both regions predicting its evolution and identifying zones of high risk of deforestation and their implications in the conservation of the biodiversity. The rates of deforestation vary in the regions and in the inside of them. For the Andean region the annual rate of deforestation was 1.41%, whereas for Guyana was 0.25%; however in Guyana the highest rates were showed associated with a fast and intermediate stage of loss of forest in a transition model from settler to permanent establishment. The models used in this thesis, suggest that the spatial model of LCM based on probabilities of Markov has a better response to explain land use changes than the generalized lineal models. The explanatory variable that greatly affect in land use change processes is the distance of roads, but variables like the economic activity, slope, distance to pasture and precipitation exist and drive processes of change and the burden of these variables depend on the type of forests and the region. The results of this thesis showed that some figures of protection like the system of National Natural Parks and the indigenous reserves can be effective to hold deforestation processes back and that the transition zones between Andes and Amazonia, Orinoquia and Magdalena Medio are under a greater threat of conversion probably because of their accessibility and migration of the population. Finally, a better understanding of the dynamic of LULCC in Colombia, is an important step in the development of strategies of planning of the territory and conservation of the region and the future investigations must evaluate the incident of the national policies, like land ownership, REDD, sectorial, economic and energetic policies in the view of land use change and the deforestation.

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43

Day, Karis L. "Assessing the impact of highway development on land use/land cover change in Appalachian Ohio." Ohio : Ohio University, 2006. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1149852252.

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44

Chingombe, Wisemen. "Effects of land-cover - land-use on water quality within the Kuils - Eerste River catchment." Thesis, University of Western Cape, 2012. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5893_1373463134.

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The most significant human impacts on the hydrological system are due to land-use change. The conversion of land to agricultural, mining, industrial, or residential uses significantly alters the hydrological characteristics of the land surface and modifies pathways and rates of water flow. If this occurs over large or critical areas of a catchment, it can have significant short and long-term impacts, on the quality of water. While there are methods available to quantify the pollutants in surface water, methods of linking non-point source pollution to water quality at catchment scale are lacking. Therefore, the research presented in this thesis investigated modelling techniques to estimate the effect of land-cover type on water quality. The main goal of the study was to contribute towards improving the understanding of how different land-covers in an urbanizing catchment affect surface water quality. The aim of the research presented in this thesis was to explain how the quality of surface runoff varies on different land-cover types and to provide guidelines for minimizing water pollution that may be occurring in the Kuils-Eerste River catchment. The research objectives were
(1) to establish types and spatial distribution of land-cover types within the Kuils-Eerste River catchment, (2) to establish water quality characteristics of surface runoff from specific land-cover types at the experimental plot level, (3) to establish the contribution of each land-cover type to pollutant loads at the catchment scale. Land-cover characteristics and water quality were investigated using GIS and Remote Sensing tools. The application of these tools resulted in the development of a land-cover map with 36 land classifications covering the whole catchment. Land-cover in the catchment is predominantly agricultural with vineyards and grassland covering the northern section of the catchment. Vineyards occupy over 35% of the total area followed by fynbos (indigenous vegetation) (12.5 %), open hard rock area (5.8 %), riparian forest (5.2 %), mountain forest

(5 %), dense scrub (4.4 %), and improved grassland (3.6 %). The residential area covers about 14 %. Roads cover 3.4 % of the total area. Surface runoff is responsible for the transportation of large quantities of pollutants that affect the quality of water in the Kuils-Eerste River catchment. The different land-cover types and the distribution and concentration levels of the pollutants are not uniform. Experimental work was conducted at plot scale to understand whether land-cover types differed in their contributions to the concentration of water quality attributes emerging from them. Four plots each with a length of 10 m to 12 m and 5 m width were set up. Plot I was set up on open grassland, Plot II represented the vineyards, Plot III covered the mountain forests, and Plot IV represented the fynbos land-cover. Soil samples analyzed from the experimental plots fell in the category of sandy soil (Sa) with the top layer of Plot IV (fynbos) having loamy sand (LmSa). The soil particle sizes range between fine sand (59.1 % and 78.9 %) to coarse sand (between 7 % and 22 %). The content of clay and silt was between 0.2 % and 2.4 %. Medium sand was between 10.7 % and 17.6 %. In terms of vertical distribution of the particle sizes, a general decrease with respect to the size of particles was noted from the top layer (15 cm) to the bottom layer (30 cm) for all categories of the particle sizes. There was variation in particle size with depth and location within the experimental plots.Two primary methods of collecting water samples were used
grab sampling and composite sampling. The quality of water as represented by the samples collected during storm events during the rainfall season of 2006 and 2007 was
used to establish
water quality characteristics for the different land-cover types. The concentration of total average suspended solids was highest in the following land-cover types, cemeteries (5.06 mg L^-1), arterial roads/main roads (3.94 mg L^-1), low density residential informal squatter camps (3.21 mg L^-1) and medium density residential informal townships (3.21 mg L^-1). Chloride concentrations were high on the following land-cover types, recreation grass/ golf course (2.61 mg L^-1), open area/barren land (1.59 mg L^-1), and improved grassland/vegetation crop (1.57 mg L^-1). The event mean concentration (EMC) values for NO₃-N were high on commercial mercantile (6 mg L^-1) and water channel (5 mg L^-1). The total phosphorus concentration mean values recorded high values on improved grassland/vegetation crop (3.78 mg L^-1), medium density residential informal townships (3mgL^-1) and low density residential informal squatter camps (3 mg L^-1). Surface runoff may also contribute soil particles into rivers during rainfall events, particularly from areas of disturbed soil, for example areas where market gardening is taking place. The study found that different land cover types contributed differently to nonpoint source pollution. A GIS model was used to estimate the diffuse pollution of five pollutants (chloride, phosphorus, TSS, nitrogen and NO₃-N) in response to land cover variation using water quality data. The GIS model linked land cover information to diffuse nutrient signatures in response to surface runoff using the Curve Number method and EMC data were developed. Two models (RINSPE and N-SPECT) were used to estimate nonpoint source pollution using various GIS databases. The outputs from the GIS-based model were compared with recommended water quality standards. It was found that the RINSPE model gave accurate results in cases where NPS pollution dominate the total pollutant inputs over a given land cover type. However, the N-SPECT model simulations were too uncertain in cases where there were large numbers of land cover types with diverse NPS pollution load. All land-cover types with concentration values above the recommended national water quality standard were considered as areas that needed measures to mitigate the adverse effects of nonpoint pollution. The expansion of urban areas and agricultural land has a direct effect on land cover types within the catchment. The land cover changes have adverse effect which has a potential to contribute to pollution.

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45

Erlien, Christine M. Walsh Stephen J. "Household and community effects on land use/land cover dynamics in the northern Ecuadorian Amazon." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,2124.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Feb. 17, 2009). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Geography." Discipline: Geography; Department/School: Geography.

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46

Kandel, Hari P. "Land Use /Land Cover Driven Surface Energy Balance and Convective Rainfall Change in South Florida." FIU Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2198.

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Modification of land use/land cover in South Florida has posed a major challenge in the region’s eco-hydrology by shifting the surface-atmosphere water and energy balance. Although drainage and development in South Florida took place extensively between the mid- and late- 20th century, converting half of the original Everglades into agricultural and urban areas, urban expansion still accounts for a dominant mode of surface cover change in South Florida. Changes in surface cover directly affect the radiative, thermophysical and aerodynamic parameters which determine the absorption and partitioning of radiation into different components at the Earth surface. The alteration is responsible for changing the thermal structure of the surface and surface layer atmosphere, eventually modifying surface-induced convection. This dissertation is aimed at analyzing the extent and pattern of land cover change in South Florida and delineating the associated development of urban heat island (UHI), energy flux alteration, and convective rainfall modification using observed data, remotely sensed estimates, and modeled results. Urban land covers in South Florida are found to have increased by 10% from 1974 to 2011. Higher Landsat-derived land surface temperatures (LST) are observed in urban areas (LSTu-r =2.8°C) with satisfactory validation statistics for eastern stations (Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient =0.70 and R2 =0.79). Time series trends, significantly negative for diurnal temperature range (DTR= -1°C, p=0.005) and positive for lifting condensation level (LCL > 20m) reveal temporal and conspicuous urban-rural differences in nocturnal temperature (ΔTu-r = 4°C) shows spatial signatures of UHI. Spatially higher (urban: 3, forest: 0.14) and temporally increasing (urban: 1.67 to 3) Bowen’s ratios, and sensible heat fluxes exceeding net radiation in medium and high-intensity developed areas in 2010 reflect the effect of urbanization on surface energy balance. Radar reflectivity-derived surface-induced convective rainfall reveals significantly positive mean differences (thunderstorm cell density: 6/1000 km2and rain rate: 0.24 mm/hr/summer, p < 0.005) between urban and entire South Florida indicating convective enhancement by urban covers. The research fulfils its two-fold purposes: advancing the understanding of post-development hydrometeorology in South Florida and investigating the spatial and temporal impacts of land cover change on the microclimate of a subtropical city.

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47

Berakhi, Robel Ogbaghebriel. "IMPLICATION OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON LAND USE LAND COVER DYNAMICS IN KAGERA CATCHMENT, EAST AFRICA." OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1317.

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The Kagera basin in East Africa has experienced major land surface loss in tropical forests, woodlands, and savannas due to the conversion of land for agricultural purposes. This has resulted in soil degradation, siltation, eutrophication, desertification, biodiversity loss, and climate change. Damages in the Kagera have also led to pollution and sedimentation in Victoria Lake which receives water from the basin. These environmental changes have an effect on people in this region who largely depend on the natural resources. It has been indicated that these problems are mainly due to population growth as this region has the highest population growth and density when compared to sub-Saharan countries. However, previous studies conducted in this region have not investigated the spatial relationship between population growth and LULC changes. The aim of this study was to quantify LULC changes that occurred from 1984 to 2011, and predict future scenarios. Another goal of this study was to investigate the spatial relationship between population growth/density and LULC changes, and its socioeconomic influences. A post classification change detection method and Markov chain model of LULC change were used to analyze the past and future LULC dynamics. Administrative level census data of Kagera was used to calculate population growth and density, and these were overlaid to LULC change. The assessment of change for the period of 1984-2011 overall showed a major expansion of agriculture at the expense of woodland savanna. This was mainly attributed to demographic and socioeconomic/political changes prior to and during the study period. Population growth and density were linked to transitions to agriculture, and agriculture dominance during the study period. In addition, the oil price shocks of the 1970's that led to the adoption of Structural Adjustment Program were implicated as the major global macroeconomic influence in the use of resources, mainly in the agriculture sector. Internal policies such as Tanzania's "Ujama" villagization of production, and biophysical factors such as precipitation and proximity to water bodies were also implicated to the LULC changes. The findings in this study imply that understanding inter-relationship of factors is critically important, and the issue of LULC change must be approached in a holistic manner.

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48

Khan, Abdul Sattar. "Urban expansion, land use land cover change and human impacts : a case study of Rawalpindi." Thesis, Durham University, 2013. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/8480/.

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Urbanization in Pakistan has increased rapidly from 25% in 1972 to 42% in 2012. Peripheral zones are being pushed by urbanization much beyond their previous extents. Moreover, dispersed developments along the highways/motorways and unplanned expansion of existing urban centres is instigating a substantial loss of vegetation and open spaces. This research is an effort to analyse the relationship between urban expansion and land use/cover change using a combination of remote sensing, census and field data. Rawalpindi has been chosen as a study area because of its rapidly changing population density and land cover over the last few decades, and availability of satellite and census data. Landsat MSS and TM images of 1972, 1979, 1998 and 2010 which are compatible with the 1972, 1981, 1998 and 2012 Census of Pakistan dates were classified using the Maximum Likelihood classifier. The results of the assessment of classification accuracy yielded an overall accuracy of 75.16%, 72.5%, for Landsat MSS 1972, 1979 images and 84.5% and 87.1% for Landsat TM 1998 and 2010 images. Results reveal that the built up area of the study area has been increased from 7,017 hectares to 36,220 hectares during the 1972 -2012 period. This expansion has been accompanied by the loss of agricultural and forest land. There has been a decrease of approximately 10,000 hectares in cropped area and 2,000 hectares in forest land of the study area during the 1998-2012 inter-censal period. Corroboration of official census data, remote sensing results and field based qualitative data supports the view that high population growth rate, industrialization, better educational and transportation facilities and proximity of the study area to the capital (Islamabad) are the major factors of urban expansion and resulting land cover changes The present research is expected to have significant implications for other rapidly urbanizing areas of Pakistan in particular, and the Global South in general, in delivering baseline information about long term land use/cover changes.

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49

Yin, He. "Understanding land use and land cover change in Inner Mongolia using remote sensing time series." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät II, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17081.

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Mittels umweltpolitischer Programme von weltweit einzigartigem Ausmaß versucht China sowohl den menschlichen Druck auf die Landbedeckung zu mindern als auch eine nachhaltige Landnutzung zu fördern. Als Hotspot globaler Umweltveränderungen wurden insbesondere für die Innere Mongolei erhebliche Investitionen zur Renaturierung von Landoberflächen von der chinesischen Zentralregierung getätigt. Die Fernerkundung ist ein effektiver Ansatz für ein flächendeckendes Monitoring des Landnutzungswandels. Jedoch erschweren die limitierte Datenverfügbarkeit und das Fehlen verfügbarer Veränderungsanalysemethoden die Anwendung fernerkundlicher Techniken zum Monitoring von Landnutzung und ihrer Veränderungen. Um den Landnutzungswandel in der Inneren Mongolei verlässlich zu kartieren, wurden daher in einem ersten Schritt Möglichkeiten und Grenzen von Zeitreihen räumlich grob aufgelöster Fernerkundungsdaten für das Monitoring von Langzeitveränderungen der Landbedeckung untersucht. Im zweiten Schritt wurde ein Ansatz zur Erfassung von jährlichen Veränderungen zwischen mehreren Landnutzungsklassen entwickelt und angewandt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die chinesische Landnutzungspolitik seit dem Jahr 2000 wirksam zum Erhalt und zur Regenerierung von Waldökosystemen in der Inneren Mongolei beiträgt. Abnehmende Entwaldung und ein Zuwachs von Waldflächen sind insbesondere in jenen Regionen zu finden, in welchen die landnutzungspolitischen Maßnahmen umgesetzt wurden. Die Konvertierung von Ackerland zu Grasland wurde zumeist innerhalb anfälliger, klimatisch und topographisch ungeeigneter Gebiete beobachtet. Die vorliegende Dissertation veranschaulicht sowohl den Einfluss politischer Maßnahmen und zugrunde liegender sozio-ökonomischer Treiber auf die Landoberfläche als auch die Bedeutung von grob aufgelösten Fernerkundungsdaten und Zeitreihenanalysen für das Monitoring des Landnutzungswandels in großräumigen Gebieten.
Monitoring land use and land cover change (LULCC) support better interpretation about how land surfaces are impacted by human decisions. The overall aim of this thesis is to gain a better understanding about LULCC in Inner Mongolia using remote sensing under consideration of China’s land use policies. With the largest scale land restoration programs in the world, China aims to reduce human pressure on lands and promote sustainable land use. As a hot-spot of environmental change, Inner Mongolia received the heaviest investment from the central government for land restoration. Yet the effectiveness and consequences of China’s land use policies in Inner Mongolia remain unclear. Remote sensing is an effective tool for monitoring land use and land cover change across broad scales, yet data limitations and a lack of available change detection methods hampers the capacity of researchers to apply remote sensing techniques for LULCC monitoring. To reliably map LULCC in Inner Mongolia, the opportunities and limitations of using coarse resolution imagery time series for monitoring long-term land changes was first examined. Second, an approach detecting annual changes between multiple land categories was developed and applied in Inner Mongolia. Results indicate that China’s land use policies effectively preserved and recovered forest ecosystems in Inner Mongolia after the year 2000. The decreasing trends of deforestation and forest gain are obvious in the regions that implement China’s land use policies, which reflect the positive influence of the policy. Cropland retirement was mostly found in ecologically fragile areas where climate and topographic conditions are unsuitable for cultivation. This thesis reveals how political factors and other underlying social-economic drivers impact a country''s land surface, and highlights the values of using coarse resolution imagery and time series analysis for LULCC monitoring across large areas.

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50

Gibson, Glen R. "War and Agriculture: Three Decades of Agricultural Land Use and Land Cover Change in Iraq." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27671.

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The main objective of this dissertation was to assess whether cultivated area in Iraq, as estimated using satellite remote sensing, changed during and as a result of war and sanctions. The first study used MODIS NDVI data during OIF and the end of UN sanctions to study changes in cultivated area for Iraq as a whole and to identify spatial patterns. The results revealed significant changes in cultivated area for Iraq as a whole, with cultivated area decreasing over 35,000 ha per year. Regionally, there was little change in cultivated area in northern governorates in the Kurdish Autonomous Region, significant decreases in governorates in central Iraq, and initial increases in governorates containing the southern marshlands followed by decreases related to drought. The second study used Landsat images converted to NDVI to study changes in cultivated area in central Iraq for four periods of conflict, and relates those changes to effects on food security. The results indicated that cultivated area changed little between the Iran-Iraq War (1980 to 1988) and the Gulf War (1990 to 1991), increased by 20 percent (from 1.72 to 2.04 Mha) during the period of United Nations sanctions (1990 to 2003), and dropped to below pre-sanction levels (1.40 Mha) during Operation Iraqi Freedom (2003 to 2011). Finally, the third study builds on findings from the second study to address patterns of agricultural land abandonment in central Iraq. The largest areas of abandoned land were those cultivated during the Late Sanctions period (2000-2003). Further, the results indicate that proximity to surface water and roads are strong indicators of continuity of agricultural land use, and that abandoned lands are positioned in peripheral regions more distant from surface water and the transportation grid. We also found that surface soil salinity is increasing in the cultivated lands of central Iraq, regardless of whether it was cultivated during every period or during only a single period. The overall findings indicate that the UN sanctions had the greatest impact on cultivated area, which increased during sanctions, when food imports all but ceased, and then decreased after sanctions ended and food imports resumed.
Ph. D.

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Дисертації з теми "Monitoring of Land cover/Land use"

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