Статті в журналах: "Monitor pollution on shores"

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Sharma, Bhavika, Sandeep x. Sandeep Sharma, S. K. Bhardwaj, Lakhvinder Kaur, and Abhay Sharma. "Evaluation of Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) as a tool to monitor pollution and green belt development: A review." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 1637–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i3.1414.

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Air pollution is a global phenomenon arising out of the unsustainable, unplanned and rapid develop-ment. The quality of air is deteriorating day by day because of rising concentrations of various gases in the atmos-phere. Presently, no such system has been developed ever that completely eliminates air pollutants, but nature has created many systems to deal with the harmful results of different anthropogenic activities up to a certain limit. Some plants can survive well with higher pollutant concentrations and act as pollution scavenger. Green plants act as a sink and filter to minimize air pollution by absorption, adsorption, detoxification, accumulation and/or metabolization without sustaining serious decline in growth, thus improving air quality by providing oxygen to the atmosphere. The plants which can withstand higher pollutant concentrations can serve as tolerant species and may be suggested to act as pollution scavengers. In the present study the air pollution tolerance index of some plants has been reviewed which are widely distributed throughout India and may prove helpful for the abatement of elevated air pollution levels such as Mangifera indica, Azardirachta indica, Saraca indica, Ficus religiosa, Ficus benghalensis, Shorea robusta and Bougainvillea spp. The wild indigenous species are superior performers in air pollution reduction as compared to the cultivated non indigenous species. The screening out of tolerant plant species from the sensitive ones can provide a database which may help landscapers to design green belts around industries and National Highways.

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2

Gao, Jing, Xu Wang, Yuefeng Zhao, and Junyong Zhao. "Real-Time Pollution Analysis and Location Based on Vehicle Particle Radar." EPJ Web of Conferences 237 (2020): 03025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023703025.

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This paper first studies the advantages and main observation methods of atmospheric particulate matter lidar in Regional large-scale measurement, and then discusses the measurement principle of lidar and two commonly used methods for inversion of aerosol extinction coefficient.Finally, the mobile observation system consisting of lidar-assisted vehicle particle monitor is used. Anping County is used as the research area.The lidar data of Anping County on September 15 to September 20, 2017 are obtained by means of the combination of navigation and fixed vertical monitoring.The results of fixed detection showes that foreign pollutants begin to be imported around 10 pm on the 15th, and the superimposed pollutants peakes around 2 pm on the 16th.The concentration of particulate matter gradually decreased after 2 pm on the 16th, which is in line with the trend of air quality rising first and then falling in accordance with the trend of the Ministry of Environmental Protection.According to the particle trajectory tracking map of the navigation area, the contaminant transport was analyzed Combined with the meteorological conditions at that time.

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3

Zhou, Fan, Jing Liu, Hang Zhu, Xiaodong Yang, and Yunli Fan. "A Real-Time Measurement-Modeling System for Ship Air Pollution Emission Factors." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 6 (May 31, 2022): 760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10060760.

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The lack of techniques for monitoring ship emissions all day and in all weather conditions to obtain real-time emission factor values is the main problem in understanding the characteristics of ship emissions, and there is still no perfect solution. In this study, a real-time measurement-modeling system was designed and implemented. The system was divided into three parts: (1) a portable exhaust monitoring device, which could be mounted on a drone, aircraft, patrol boat, dock, and bridge crane, as well as on the shore, to conduct all-weather and real-time online monitoring of ship emissions; (2) a monitoring information platform for ship emissions, based on a Spring + Spring MVC + MyBatis (SSM) framework and Vue front-end technology; and (3) a cloud server that received real-time ship emission measurement data and stored it after verification and analysis to calculate the pollutant gas and particulate matter emission factors. Following development, this system was used to monitor the emissions of ocean-going and inland river ships. Analysis of the acquired data showed that the system could effectively measure the emission factors of ship exhausts full-time in a variety of weather scenarios. This system can improve the efficiency of maritime law enforcement and provide technical support for promoting the construction of ship emission control areas. It can also help researchers obtain ship emission data, as well as an improved understanding of the emission characteristics of ships.

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Menon, Nandini, Grinson George, Rajamohananpillai Ranith, Velakandy Sajin, Shreya Murali, Anas Abdulaziz, Robert J. W. Brewin, and Shubha Sathyendranath. "Citizen Science Tools Reveal Changes in Estuarine Water Quality Following Demolition of Buildings." Remote Sensing 13, no. 9 (April 27, 2021): 1683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13091683.

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Turbidity and water colour are two easily measurable properties used to monitor pollution. Here, we highlight the utility of a low-cost device—3D printed, hand-held Mini Secchi disk (3DMSD) with Forel-Ule (FU) colour scale sticker on its outer casing—in combination with a mobile phone application (‘TurbAqua’) that was provided to laymen for assessing the water quality of a shallow lake region after demolition of four high-rise buildings on the shores of the lake. The demolition of the buildings in January 2020 on the banks of a tropical estuary—Vembanad Lake (a Ramsar site) in southern India—for violation of Indian Coastal Regulation Zone norms created public uproar, owing to the consequences of subsequent air and water pollution. Measurements of Secchi depth and water colour using the 3DMSD along with measurements of other important water quality variables such as temperature, salinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) using portable instruments were taken for a duration of five weeks after the demolition to assess the changes in water quality. Paired t-test analyses of variations in water quality variables between the second week of demolition and consecutive weeks up to the fifth week showed that there were significant increases in pH, dissolved oxygen, and Secchi depth over time, i.e., the impact of demolition waste on the Vembanad Lake water quality was found to be relatively short-lived, with water clarity, colour, and DO returning to levels typical of that period of year within 4–5 weeks. With increasing duration after demolition, there was a general decrease in the FU colour index to 17 at most stations, but it did not drop to 15 or below, i.e., towards green or blue colour indicating clearer waters, during the sampling period. There was no significant change in salinity from the second week to the fifth week after demolition, suggesting little influence of other factors (e.g., precipitation or changes in tidal currents) on the inferred impact of demolition waste. Comparison with pre-demolition conditions in the previous year (2019) showed that the relative changes in DO, Secchi depth, and pH were very high in 2020, clearly depicting the impact of demolition waste on the water quality of the lake. Match-ups of the turbidity of the water column immediately before and after the demolition using Sentinel 2 data were in good agreement with the in situ data collected. Our study highlights the power of citizen science tools in monitoring lakes and managing water resources and articulates how these activities provide support to Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets on Health (Goal 3), Water quality (Goal 6), and Life under the water (Goal 14).

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Fadillah, Arif, Fuad Maulana, and Putra Pratama. "POTENSI PENERAPAN KONSEP ECO PORT PADA RE- DESIGN MASTER PLAN PELABUHAN PERIKANAN MUARA ANGKE." ALBACORE Jurnal Penelitian Perikanan Laut 8, no. 1 (February 14, 2024): 045–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/core.8.1.045-054.

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Pelabuhan menjadi salah satu tempat yang dibangun khusus sebagai tempat bersandar kapal. Pelabuhan dibagi menjadi 2 jenis yaitu pelabuhan khusus dan pelabuhan umum. Pelabuhan Perikanan Muara Angke menjadi salah satu pelabuhan khusus yang ada di Indonesia. Pelabuhan Perikanan Muara Angke pada tahun 2019 direncanakan akan mengalami re-design, dalam perencanaannya hasil re-design perlu adanya penerapan konsep eco port dan penerapan renewable energy sesuai dengan Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 44 Tahun 2014 tentang pelabuhan dan bandar udara yang sehat. Penelitian ini akan merencanakan fasilitas penunjang konsep eco port dan penerapan renewable energy serta analisa perbandingan dengan penggunaan energi konvensional. Untuk menentukan fasilitas penunjang digunakan metode checklist dan gap analysis, PPN Muara Angke perlu menambahkan fasilitas berupa water treatment, reverse osmosis, fire hydrant, shore power connection, air pollution monitor serta EV charging sebagai fasilitas penunjang eco port. Perhitungan kebutuhan solar panel didapatkan 4359 unit dan wind turbine 25 unit. Penggunaan renewable energy tidak dapat mengakomodir kebutuhan daya listrik Pelabuhan Perikanan Muara Angke sehingga harus menggunakan system hybrid yang diperoleh dari sumber energi terbarukan dan energi konvensional. Kata kunci : Eco Port ,Pelabuhan Perikanan Muara Angke, Re-Design, Renewable Energy

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Santos, Dércia, Simone Varandas, João Soares Carrola, Maria José Saavedra, Ana Luzio, Sandra M. Monteiro, and Edna Cabecinha. "Environmental Health Assessment of the Northwest Portuguese Coast—Biochemical Biomarker Responses in the Marine Gastropod Phorcus lineatus." Water 16, no. 1 (December 19, 2023): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16010005.

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Coastal areas are frequently impacted by anthropogenic pollution, due to intense human activity in these zones. Our study aimed to monitor the impacts of anthropogenic pollution in four Portuguese locations on the northwest coast, and to identify the most affected areas and/or seasons by applying a multi-biomarker approach. Water and specimens of Phorcus lineatus were collected on the rocky shore during low tide in four sites along the northwest Portuguese coast (1. Amorosa; 2. Cabo do Mundo; 3. Homem do Leme; 4. S. Félix da Marinha) with different anthropogenic pressures, including an industrial maritime shipyard; an oil refinery; an international airport; and an area with high human population density. The collection took place over two seasons: the summer of 2021 and the winter of 2022. Several biochemical biomarkers, including reactive oxygen species; protein carbonyl content; lipid peroxidation (LPO); carboxylesterase (CE); and antioxidant (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and neurotoxicity—acetylcholinesterase (AChE)) enzymes were measured. The results showed seasonal variation, with the ROS, LPO, CE, and GST activities depending particularly on the season, but the SOD and CAT activities being similar between summer and winter. CAT showed lower activity in Site 1 than in the other sites during both seasons (p < 0.05). The Integrated Biomarker Response (IBR) index showed that biomarker responses were higher in winter. The multivariate analysis confirmed the higher contribution of the factor season to the P. lineatus’ response to pollutants, compared to the spatial variation in the northwest Portuguese coast. Overall, this study shows that P. lineatus can be a suitable bioindicator species for environmental biomonitoring, and that the IBR index allows the identification of temporal contamination patterns.

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Schalm, Olivier, Gustavo Carro, Borislav Lazarov, Werner Jacobs, and Marianne Stranger. "Reliability of Lower-Cost Sensors in the Analysis of Indoor Air Quality on Board Ships." Atmosphere 13, no. 10 (September 27, 2022): 1579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13101579.

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Air quality in and around ships is governed by a variety of pollution sources that are unique for the shipping context. This makes the living and working conditions on ships substantially different from situations in cities or inside buildings. To gain insight into these differences, information about trends and absolute pollutant amounts on board ships is needed. However, the installation of reference instruments to monitor NO2, NO, O3, particulate matter and other environmental parameters is often not possible because of their size, weight or because of safety reasons. For that reason, more compact devices incorporating a variety of sensors are a good alternative. However, the use of such sensors is only possible when their behaviour and performance in a shipping context are well understood. To study this context, we were allowed to compare sensor-based measurements performed on a 36-year old ship dedicated to near shore operations with measurements of reference-grade instruments. Additional behavioural information of sensors is obtained by measuring campaigns organized on several inland ships. This contribution demonstrates that trends registered by gas and particulate matter sensors are reliable but that insufficient detection limits, higher noise, imperfect calibration and sensor errors result in some reliability constraints.

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8

Busler, J., H. Wehn, and L. Woodhouse. "TRACKING VESSELS TO ILLEGAL POLLUTANT DISCHARGES USING MULTISOURCE VESSEL INFORMATION." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-7/W3 (April 30, 2015): 927–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-7-w3-927-2015.

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Illegal discharge of bilge waters is a significant source of oil and other environmental pollutants in Canadian and international waters. Imaging satellites are commonly used to monitor large areas to detect oily discharges from vessels, off-shore platforms and other sources. While remotely sensed imagery provides a snap-shot picture useful for detecting a spill or the presence of vessels in the vicinity, it is difficult to directly associate a vessel to an observed spill unless the vessel is observed while the discharge is occurring. The situation then becomes more challenging with increased vessel traffic as multiple vessels may be associated with a spill event. By combining multiple sources of vessel location data, such as Automated Information Systems (AIS), Long Range Identification and Tracking (LRIT) and SAR-based ship detection, with spill detections and drift models we have created a system that associates detected spill events with vessels in the area using a probabilistic model that intersects vessel tracks and spill drift trajectories in both time and space. Working with the Canadian Space Agency and the Canadian Ice Service’s Integrated Satellite Tracking of Pollution (ISTOP) program, we use spills observed in Canadian waters to demonstrate the investigative value of augmenting spill detections with temporally sequenced vessel and spill tracking information.

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9

Kiyemba, Hussein, Bernard Barasa, Joyfred Asaba, Paul Makoba Gudoyi, and Gertrude Akello. "Water Hyacinth’s Extent and Its Implication on Water Quality in Lake Victoria, Uganda." Scientific World Journal 2023 (March 31, 2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/4947272.

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Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) degrades and obstructs the integrity of freshwater ecosystems. However, little attention has been paid to monitoring water hyacinth’s spatial extent, its determinants, and its effects on water quality in Lake Victoria, Uganda. The specific objectives of this paper are to (i) assess the spatial extent and distribution of water hyacinth; (ii) examine the determinants of water hyacinth distribution, and (iii) assess its impact on water quality. High-resolution satellite images (2016–2019) were obtained and used to monitor the spatial extent of the water hyacinth, a household survey was conducted to examine the determinants of the water hyacinth’s extent and patterns while water samples were drawn and analysed for physicochemical properties. Results show that the coverage and distribution of water hyacinth varied over space and time. Water hyacinth coverage primarily increased with a decrease in water surface area. The perceived factors that triggered the water hyacinth spread included the morphology of the Bay, effluent discharge, strong winds, speed of water current, water-level changes, ferry navigation, and construction activities at the shore. Water parameters significantly impacted by hyacinth were pH, TP, BOD, COD, DO, turbidity, and transparency. This study recommends the strict development and implementation of integrated weed control measures, catchment management plans, and point and nonpoint pollution source control.

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Qin, Yongqiang, Xiaoyü Ren, Hanye Ju, Yankun Zhang, Jin Liu, Jiliang Zhang, and Xiaoping Diao. "Occurrence and Distribution of Antibiotics in a Tropical Mariculture Area of Hainan, China: Implications for Risk Assessment and Management." Toxics 11, no. 5 (May 1, 2023): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11050421.

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With the rapid global demand for mariculture products in recent years, the use of antibiotics has increased intensively in the mariculture area. Current research on antibiotic residues in mariculture environments is limited, and less information is available on the presence of antibiotics in tropical waters, limiting a comprehensive understanding of their environmental presence and risk. Therefore, this study investigated the environmental occurrence and distribution of 50 antibiotics in the near-shore aquaculture waters of Fengjia Bay. A total of 21 antibiotics were detected in 12 sampling sites, including 11 quinolones, 5 sulfonamides, 4 tetracyclines, and 1 chloramphenicol; the quinolones pyrimethamine (PIP), delafloxacin (DAN), flurofloxacin (FLE), ciprofloxacin (CIP), norfloxacin (NOR), pefloxacin (PEF), enrofloxacin (ENO), and minocycline (MNO) of the tetracycline class were detected in all sampling points. The total antibiotic residue concentrations in the study area ranged from 153.6 to 1550.8 ng/L, the tetracycline antibiotics were detected in the range of 10 to 1344.7 ng/L, and the chloramphenicol antibiotics were detected in the range of 0 to 106.9 ng/L. The detected concentrations of quinolones ranged from 81.3 to 136.1 ng/L, and the residual concentrations of sulfonamide antibiotics ranged from 0 to 313.7 ng/L. The correlation analysis with environmental factors revealed that pH, temperature, conductivity, salinity, NH3−-N, and total phosphorus had a strong correlation with antibiotics. Based on PCA analysis, the main sources of antibiotic pollution in the area were determined to be the discharge of farming wastewater and domestic sewage. The ecological risk assessment indicated that the residual antibiotics in the water environment of the near-shore waters of Fengjiawan had certain risks to the ecosystem. Among them, CIP, NOR, sulfamethoxazole (TMP), ofloxacin (OFL), enrofloxacin (ENO), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and FLE showed medium to high risk. Therefore, it is recommended to regulate the use of these antibiotics and the discharge and treatment of culturing wastewater, and measures should be taken to reduce the environmental pollution caused by antibiotics and to monitor the long-term ecological risk of antibiotics in the region. Overall, our results provide an important reference for understanding the distribution and ecological risk of antibiotics in Fengjiawan.

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11

Moore, Jon, Peter Taylor, and Keith Hiscock. "Rocky shores monitoring programme." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 103 (1995): 181–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026972700000600x.

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SynopsisRocky shores in Sullom Voe were first surveyed in 1976 and, apart from a break of two years (1982–83), have been surveyed annually since. The aim of the surveys is to monitor the health of the rocky shore communities by identifying any major changes in the abundance of the fauna and flora and distinguishing anthropogenic effects from natural fluctuations. The 23 primary sites are spread around Sullom Voe, from Mavis Grind, at the head, to Mioness, just outside the entrance. A belt transect method is employed, and categorical abundances of conspicuous species on a checklist are recorded. Graphical analysis of the data for selected species and sites is presented to illustrate the most important changes that have been observed.The rocky shore communities in Sullom Voe are dynamically stable, except where physical disturbance has not allowed them to reach a state of long-term stability. The effects of, and the recovery from, the 1979 Esso Bernicia oil spill and its clean-up are described. While recovery of communities was rapid on shores where no clean-up was attempted, the communities on shores which were mechanically cleaned were showing continued effects in 1993. The deterioration of dogwhelk populations affected by the antifouling paint additive tributyltin (TBT) has been followed in recent years. Dogwhelk populations close to the terminal jetties are very small and are dominated by adults. Natural fluctuations in abundances of barnacles, dogwhelks, limpets, fucoid algae and littorinid gastropods over the period 1976 to 1992 are also described.

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12

Morton, Brian. "Our resilient seas and shores." Marine Pollution Bulletin 50, no. 11 (November 2005): 1147–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.05.010.

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Roesch, Ezra, Jack H. Rosencrans, Kent A. Hatch, and Robert W. Thacker. "Inventory of Shallow-Water Fouling Invertebrates of Long Island, New York." Oceans 5, no. 4 (November 1, 2024): 825–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/oceans5040047.

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Invasive marine invertebrates are increasingly recognized as a potential disturbance to coastal ecosystems. We sought to better document the taxonomic composition of subtidal communities around Long Island to obtain a baseline that can be used to monitor current and future invasions of non-indigenous species. We placed settlement blocks at 18 sites along the coast of Long Island, New York, for three months. After recovering blocks at 12 sites, we analyzed the taxonomic composition of fouling communities on the blocks. We observed 64 invertebrate and 3 algal taxa, with large variation in taxon richness among sites. Multivariate analyses revealed that although taxon composition was significantly dissimilar between north and south shores, variation in dissimilarity did not differ significantly between shores. The high variability in taxon composition observed among sites indicates that additional research is needed to expand our knowledge of invertebrate diversity in the waters surrounding Long Island. Adding more sites and replicate blocks within sites could improve future sampling designs. This research will benefit continuing efforts to monitor, manage, and prevent the establishment of marine invasive species.

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14

Nur, Mustafe Said, Ameria Nabukonde, and Alex Barakagira. "Uncovering the Anthropogenic Influences on Water Quality: A Case of Lake Victoria Shores, Entebbe, Uganda." Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology 23, no. 11 (November 5, 2024): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajee/2024/v23i11623.

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Lakes serve as vital ecosystems, providing freshwater resources and habitats for diverse species. However, human activities, particularly around lakeshores, have led to significant environmental degradation, including heavy metal contamination. Lake Victoria, the second-largest freshwater lake globally, has been severely impacted by pollution from industrial, agricultural, and urban sources. This research aims at examining the influence of the anthropogenic activities on the water quality of Lake Victoria. Specifically, the study tried to determine the activities undertaken at the Lake shores of Lake Victoria; determined the physico-chemical parameters of the water from the shores and the heavy metal concentration in the water samples obtained from the shores of Lake Victoria. This study utilized a cross-sectional and experimental research designs to assess water quality and anthropogenic influences around Lake Victoria. A total of 150 residents from selected communities were surveyed using a semi-structured questionnaire to gather demographic information, perceptions of water quality and the activities carried out within the shores of Lake Victoria. Water samples were collected from multiple sites along the lake shores for analysis of heavy metals using the Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Water quality parameters were determined In-situ using a multi-parameter water testing kit and Hanna instrument. Results showed that the anthropogenic activities that could have contributed to water degradation include: fishing, transport, agriculture and construction among others. Apart from pH which was outside the permissible limits, all the other water parameters were within the WHO permissible limits. Considering the heavy metal concentration, all the sampled sites apart from one inlet, had the concentrations above the WHO permissible levels an indication of significant heavy metal contamination in the Lake Victoria shores. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted pollution control measures and regular monitoring to mitigate further environmental degradation. Effective interventions, including stricter regulations and sustainable land use practices within the Victoria shores are essential for safeguarding the lake's ecosystem and the health of surrounding communities.

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15

Ryabov, Yu G. "Electrostatic mechanisms for the spread of coronaviruses." Hygiene and sanitation 100, no. 1 (February 12, 2021): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-1-77-82.

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Clothing of a person in motion electrifies and causes around his body intensive reproduction of particles of air ions, atoms, and air molecules, aerosols (similar in size to particles of coronaviruses), which are non-contact, in moments of discharge from clothing, currents of displacement and transmission (or air flow) are transferred to the environment, similar to the processes of inhalation of electroaerosols or powder. Waveform recorded outbreaks of coronal discharges (CD) - (pulses of more than 25.0 kV/m) the electrostatic field intensity tension (EFI) recorded by the IRI-04M device on human clothing in casual clothing and shoes, and non-contact (0.4-1.2) m of communication of people in the process of movement in the winter road. In the process of human interaction in antistatic clothing and footwear, current emissions (pulses less than 3.0 kV/m), almost not recorded, indicates the absence of outbreaks of CD. The most likely mechanical attachment (the first phase of absorption) to the target cell was shown to be performed by negatively charged (rather than neutral) particles of coronaviruses. The peak of the spread of coronaviruses in the premises occurs in the conditions of the heating period. In the environment, the peak of distribution depends on seasonal conditions of atmospheric electricity - in autumn and spring higher, in winter and summer being 3-5 times lower. Recommendations are given to normalize anti-static conditions in the premises and to monitor the safety of the clothes of the medical worker at the entrance to the danger zone. The method, the self-control tool (the instrument IRI-04M, located on the sternum of the body) and the criterion of safe electrification of the human - a tension of less than 4.5 kV/m, when there is still no reproduction and transfer of coronavirus particles with a diameter of more than 30 nm.

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Chaban, V. V. "IMPACT OF EROSION ON TRIMMER REDISTRIBUTION OF TECHNICAL ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION IN GEOLOGICAL." Odesa National University Herald. Geography and Geology 18, no. 1(17) (November 18, 2013): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2303-9914.2013.1(17).184149.

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The results of the study of the effect of beam erosion on the redistribution of man-made pollutants in the soil, on the shores of Lake Saki. Geomorphological characteristics described ravine area network to facilitate intense accumulation of pollutants.

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Matsak, S., Yu Vakal, and G. Kasyanenko. "INVESTIGATION OF THE PHENOMENON OF MIGRATION OF MOBILE FLUORINE COMPOUNDS IN THE SOILS OF THE COASTAL ZONE IN THE GUSKA RIVER." Ukrainian Journal of Natural Sciences, no. 3 (October 11, 2023): 144–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/naturaljournal.3.2023.144-154.

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Today, there is significant contamination of soils with various chemical substances due to the action of the anthropogenic factor. Fluorine compounds are one of the dangerous pollutants contaminating the soil. The main source of their entry into the soil is the application of phosphate fertilizers, which contain fluorides in the form of impurities. In Ukraine, the problem of soil contamination with fluorides is particularly relevant due to the significant volumes of agro-industrial production. Fluorine compounds pose a particular danger due to the ability of their mobile (soluble) forms to spread (migrate) over considerable distances in the soil solution. This leads to the possibility of contamination of territories that were not directly fertilized. The article describes the importance of fluorine compounds for living organisms, as well as the consequences of their lack and excess in plant and animal organisms. Forms of the existence of Fluorine compounds in soils have been established: mobile form (soluble fluorides: NaF, KF) and immobile form (insoluble fluorides: CaF2, AlF3, FeF3), which are in constant dynamic equilibrium. The main factors affecting the relationship between the specified forms in the soil are described. In the course of the research, the content of mobile compounds of Fluorine in the soils of the coastal zone of the Huska River was measured. During the analysis of soil samples in 2021, a significant level of contamination was revealed. Exceeding the MPC was found in 9 samples out of 18 (MPC of mobile fluorides in soils – 2.8 mg/kg). On average, the samples exceeding the MPC had a fluoride content of 4.95 mg/kg. In 2022, none of the 20 samples exceeded the MPC of mobile fluorides. During the analysis of the obtained results, the phenomenon of migration of mobile compounds of Fluorine was investigated. To detect the phenomenon of migration of mobile compounds of Fluoride in the soils of the coastal zone of the Huska River, a sampling scheme was drawn up in order to monitor the content of fluorides along the potential direction of their migration. That is why the soil samples were taken in pairs: "field" - "shore", where "field" is the territory where phosphate fertilizers were applied, and "shore" is the coastal area that is close to the point of sampling from the field. Therefore, according to the results of research in 2021, a significant level of migration of mobile compounds of Fluorine was revealed. In particular, in 3 out of 9 pairs of samples, the MPC was exceeded both on the territory of the "field" and on the "shore" site. This indicates a certain contribution of the phenomenon of migration to the pollution of the environment by mobile compounds of Fluorine. Thus, according to the results of the study, the presence of the phenomenon of migration of mobile fluorides in these territories was revealed. This is evidenced by the exceedance of the MPC of fluorides in areas where fertilizers were not applied. A likely factor contributing to migration is the topography of the studied area.

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Kirichenko-Babko, Marina, Yaroslav Danko, Małgorzata Franus, Witold Stępniewski, and Roman Babko. "Riparian Ground Beetles (Coleoptera) on the Banks of Running and Standing Waters." Water 12, no. 6 (June 23, 2020): 1785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061785.

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Rivers and their floodplains offer a wide variety of habitats for invertebrates. River ecosystems are subject to high anthropic influence: as a result the channel morphology is changed, swamps are drained, floodplains are built up, and rivers are polluted. All this has radically changed the environment for the inhabitants of the floodplains, including riparian stenotopic species. Although riparian arthropods are oriented primarily to the production of hydro-ecosystems, the type of water body—lentic or lotic—has a determining effect in the structure of communities. Most riparian arthropods have evolutionarily adapted to riverbanks with significant areas of open alluvial banks. This paper considered the structure of assemblages of ground beetles associated with the riverbanks and the shores of floodplain lakes and their differences. The banks of rivers and the shores of floodplain lakes were considered separately due to the differences in the habitats associated with them. Our results showed that riverbanks, which experience significant pollution, were actively colonized by vegetation and were unsuitable for most riparian ground beetles. The shores of floodplain lakes, being an optional habitat for riparian arthropods, cannot serve as refugia. Thus, the transformation of floodplain landscapes and river pollution creates a problem for the biological diversity of floodplain ecosystems, since riparian stenotopic species of the riverbanks become rare and disappear.

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19

Onyango, Dancan O., Christopher O. Ikporukpo, John O. Taiwo, and Stephen B. Opiyo. "Monitoring the extent and impacts of watershed urban development in the Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya, using a combination of population dynamics, remote sensing and GIS techniques." Environmental & Socio-economic Studies 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/environ-2021-0007.

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Abstract Several urban centres of different sizes have developed over time, and continue to grow, within the basin of Lake Victoria. Uncontrolled urban development, especially along the lake shore, puts environmental pressure on Lake Victoria and its local ecosystem. This study sought to monitor the extent and impacts of urban development (as measured by population growth and built-up land use/land cover) in the Lake Victoria basin, Kenya, between 1978 and 2018. Remote sensing and GIS-based land use/land cover classification was conducted to extract change in built-up areas from Landsat 3, 4, 5 and 8 satellite imagery obtained for the month of January at intervals of ten years. Change in population distribution and density was analysed based on decadal census data from the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics between 1979 and 2019. A statistical regression model was then estimated to relate population growth to built-up area expansion. Results indicate that the basin’s built-up area has expanded by 97% between 1978 and 2018 while the population increased by 140% between 1979 and 2019. Urban development was attributed to the rapidly increasing population in the area as seen in a positive statistical correlation (R2=0.5744) between increase in built-up area and population growth. The resulting environmental pressure on the local ecosystem has been documented mainly in terms of degradation of lake water quality, eutrophication and aquatic biodiversity loss. The study recommends the enactment and implementation of appropriate eco-sensitive local legislation and policies for sustainable urban and rural land use planning in the area. This should aim to control and regulate urban expansion especially in the immediate shoreline areas of the lake and associated riparian zones.

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20

Anderson, Roger. "Directional sediment and pollution monitor." Environment International 18, no. 4 (January 1992): II. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-4120(92)90097-n.

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21

Mohamed-Ahmed, M. M., and A. Odulaja. "Diel activity patterns and host preferences of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (Diptera:Glossinidae) along the shores of Lake Victoria, Kenya." Bulletin of Entomological Research 87, no. 2 (April 1997): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300027334.

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AbstractDiurnal activity patterns and host preference of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Newstead were studied in forest and linear habitats along Lake Victoria shore, Kenya. The objective was to identify the preferred hosts of G. f. fuscipes, the emanations of which may be attractive to this species. Hourly catches of flies in biconical traps were related to changes in the weather and the prevalence of hosts in the vicinity of traps. Flies were mainly active between 0800 and 1600 h, with males peaking around 1100 h and females around 1300 h. Activity of flies correlated directly with light intensity and temperature, but indirectly with relative humidity. Humans, livestock and the monitor lizard, Varanus niloticus, were the predominant hosts, although a significant positive correlation with fly catches could only be established with the prevalence of lizards. Blood meal identification by microscopic and serological methods showed that 73—98% of G. f. fuscipes fed on monitor lizards irrespective of host prevalence, season or location. The significance and possible epidemiological importance of the relationship between G. f. fuscipes and monitor lizards are discussed.

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22

Parikh, Amit, Vishal Shah, and Datta Madamwar. "Cyanobacterial Flora from Polluted Marine Shores." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 120, no. 1-3 (June 7, 2006): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-005-9070-z.

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23

Brown, J. S. "Hydrocarbon and pollutant levels in the Cromarty Firth." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 91 (1986): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000009416.

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SynopsisData on hydrocarbon levels in sediments and waters of the Cromarty Firth are presented for samples collected during the period 1979–81. Use of this data as a baseline for subsequent studies on hydrocarbon levels in the firth is discussed. Data are presented on organic pollution of the firth by industrial and domestic wastes and on a chronic pollution incident involving polychlorinated biphenyls. In general, hydrocarbon levels are low and have remained low with increasing industrial expansion on the shores of the firth. Organic pollution is localised but significant. Pollution from polychlorinated biphenyls appears to be diminishing but requires further investigation.

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24

Austin, H. M. "Chesapeake Bay Stock Assessment: Who are they, and Where are they?" Water Science and Technology 26, no. 12 (December 1, 1992): 2705–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0371.

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The Chesapeake Bay, while a significant habitat for fisheries resources, is in actuality an aquatic “bedroom community”, as many of the economically important species are seasonally transient. The pressure on these resources due to their demand for human consumption and recreation, proximity to extensive industrial activity along the shores, and climate scale environmental fluctuations has resulted in stock declines by most important species. Our inability to separate natural population fluctuations from those of anthropogenic origin complicates management efforts. The only way to make these separations, and subsequent informed management decisions is by supporting long-term stock assessment programs (monitoring) in the Bay which allow us to examine trends, cycles and stochastic processes between resource and environment. These programs need to monitor both recruitment and fishing mortality rates of the economically important species, and to identify and monitor the environmentally sensitive “canary” species.

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25

Jackson, Lynette Frances, and Steven Richard Lipschitz. "SENSITIVITY MAPPING: AN AID TO CONTINGENCY PLANNING ON SOUTHERN AFRICAN SHORES." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1985, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1985-1-223.

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ABSTRACT Oil pollution poses a significant threat to the coastline of southern Africa, necessitating the development of contingency plans for the region. Since the main objective of such plans is to minimize environmental damage, the compilation of sensitivity maps detailing coastal resources and assessing them in terms of oil pollution were seen as the first steps in such a project. The sensitivity maps covering the southern African coastline have been incorporated in an atlas. Each map features a coastal strip color coded on the basis of a geomorphological classification/sensitivity index and various superimposed symbols designating natural and socioeconomic resources. Detailed notes accompanying each map provide the rationale for establishing priorities. Experience gained during the Castillo de Bellver incident in 1983 showed that such information is invaluable in obtaining cooperation with tanker insurance representatives and is essential for preparing successful contingency plans.

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26

Barbosa, Romina Vanessa, Marion Jaud, Cédric Bacher, Yann Kerjean, Fred Jean, Jérôme Ammann, and Yoann Thomas. "High-Resolution Drone Images Show That the Distribution of Mussels Depends on Microhabitat Features of Intertidal Rocky Shores." Remote Sensing 14, no. 21 (October 29, 2022): 5441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14215441.

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In this study, we used orthomosaics and a digital surface model (DSM) generated from drone surveys to (1) characterize the distribution of mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) aggregations at high resolution (centimeters), and (2) evaluate the role of topographic features, intertidal height, slope, and orientation angle in determining mussel distribution on two rocky shores oriented differently on both sides of a beach on the French Brittany coast. We first developed and tested a mussel visualization index (MVI) for mapping mussel aggregations from drone images. Then, we analyzed mussel distribution on the two shores. The results showed a contrasted total mussel-occupied area between the two rocky shores, with a higher occupation rate and a clear pattern of distribution depending on topographic features on the rocky shore oriented to the west. Intertidal height, and its associated immersion time, was the main factor determining mussel distribution. An optimum intertidal height was found in the center of the distribution height range, at c.a. 4.5 m above the lowest astronomical tide (LAT), where individuals are under immersion phase on average 43% of the time. Within this optimum, the occupation rate of the mussels was significantly higher in microhabitats facing south and west, particularly at intermediate slope angles. These results demonstrate the role of microhabitat topographic features on the development of intertidal mussels and their final distribution. Furthermore, the results highlight the importance of mesoscale structures of habitats (e.g., 100 m), which seem to be responsible for the differences we observed between the two shores. Our methodological approach highlights the main advantage of using high-resolution drone images to address ecological processes in intertidal ecosystems. Indeed, drone imagery offers the possibility to assess small-scale interactions between individuals and habitat conditions over a wide area, which is technically infeasible from fieldwork approaches or by using satellite remote sensing due to their lower resolution. Scale integration and methodological complementarity are powerful approaches to correctly represent the processes governing the ecology of intertidal ecosystems. We suggest using this methodology to monitor long-term changes of sentinel sessile species.

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27

Alava, Juan Jose. "Monitor sea pollution to stop strandings." Nature 486, no. 7403 (June 2012): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/486323d.

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28

Vijayakumar, S., and V. Santhi. "Speckle Noise Reduction in SAR Images Using Fuzzy Inference System." International Journal of Fuzzy System Applications 8, no. 4 (October 2019): 60–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijfsa.2019100104.

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In recent years, image processing has played a vital role in major research areas. In this article, a new approach using a fuzzy inference system is proposed for speckle reduction in SAR images. In general, SAR images are predominantly used to monitor coastal regions to detect oil spills, ship wake, sea shores and climate changes. In this article, a gamma distribution model is used in a fuzzy inference system to remove speckle noise from SAR images. The performance of the proposed model is tested using fuzzy inference systems, such as mamdani and sugeno. The experimental results proved the efficiency of the proposed system through objective metrics.

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29

Abu-Hilal, Ahmad H., and Tariq Al-Najjar. "Litter pollution on the Jordanian shores of the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea)." Marine Environmental Research 58, no. 1 (July 2004): 39–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2003.12.003.

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30

Seip, Knut L., Kjell Arne Brekke, Kari Kveseth, and Harald Ibrekk. "Models for calculating oil spill damages to shores." Oil and Chemical Pollution 3, no. 1 (January 1986): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0269-8579(86)80014-4.

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31

Velez, Nadja, Gerardo I. Zardi, Roberto Lo Savio, Christopher D. McQuaid, Ugo Valbusa, Brahim Sabour, and Katy R. Nicastro. "A baseline assessment of beach macrolitter and microplastics along northeastern Atlantic shores." Marine Pollution Bulletin 149 (December 2019): 110649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110649.

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32

Willoughby, N. G. "Man-made litter on the shores of the Thousand Island archipelago, Java." Marine Pollution Bulletin 17, no. 5 (May 1986): 224–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(86)90605-3.

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33

Ito, Kazuhiko, Samantha De Leon, George D. Thurston, Arthur Nádas, and Morton Lippmann. "Monitor-to-monitor temporal correlation of air pollution in the contiguous US." Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology 15, no. 2 (June 16, 2004): 172–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500386.

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34

Bat, Levent, Fatih Şahin, Ayşah Öztekin, and Elif Arici. "Element Contamination and Probable Ecological Concern in Surface Sediments of the Black Sea’s Iğneada Coasts." Trends in Sciences 19, no. 9 (April 30, 2022): 3974. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2022.3974.

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Enrichments of metals in surface sediments from Iğneada shores of the Black Sea were analysed to define the level of contamination in the region. For this purposes, Cd, Hg, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn, Mn, Al and Fe levels in surface sediments were studied from 6 stations. Sediment samples were collected using a Van Veen grab. Elemental analyses in sediments were measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The concentrations of metals varied from 0.031 to 0.091 for Cd; 0.025 to 0.064 for Hg; 3.32 to 7.88 for Pb; 5.75 to 13.42 for Cu; 25.63 to 40.07 for Cr; 14.8 to 28.2 for Ni; 18.29 to 33.21 for Zn; 268 to 377 for Mn; 10,987 to 17,101 for Al; and 11,521 to 20,700 mg·kg₋1 for Fe mg·kg₋1 dry wt. Metal levels were found to be much lower than recommended levels when compared to Sediment Quality Criteria for surface sediments. Enrichment Factors (EF), Geo-Accumulation Index (Igeo) and Pollution Load Index (PLI) were applied to the data for assessing the sediment quality. EF values were nearly between 0.33 and 2.4. Mostly EF for metals were less than 2, may be come from natural weathering processes or crustal substances, indicate no enrichment. However, some results of EF values slightly exceeding 2 indicate moderate enrichment. These rates aren’t thought to be important. Igeo values for all metals were less than 0 at all stations, suggesting that the Iğneada shores was uncontaminated by these studied metals. PLI values ranged from 0.410 in station I to 0.747 in station IV, indicating that Iğneada shores in the Black Sea were less impacted by these metals. PLI value for zone was found as 0.553665002. The Igeo and PLI values also suggest that surface sediments in Iğneada shores of the Black Sea is uncontaminated. HIGHLIGHTS Metal enrichments in surface sediments from the Black Sea coasts of İğneada were studied to determine the level of contamination in the area EF values less than or equal to 2 indicate that there is no contamination, and that the concentration is within the natural background prediction range. Only the EF values for Cr and Ni were between 2 and 5, indicating moderate enrichment The Igeo analyses revealed that the İğneada shores sediments were unpolluted for all studied metal levels at all stations All PLI values in the stations were between 0 and 1, indicating that İğneada shores were less impacted by these metals GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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35

Pappalardo, Marta, Elena Maggi, Chiara Geppini, and Federica Pannacciulli. "Bioerosive and bioprotective role of barnacles on rocky shores." Science of The Total Environment 619-620 (April 2018): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.281.

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36

Price, A. R. G., T. J. Wrathall, and S. M. Bernard. "Occurrence of tar and other pollution on the Saudi Arabian shores of the gulf." Marine Pollution Bulletin 18, no. 12 (December 1987): 650–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(87)90399-7.

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37

Pereira, Fábio, David Piló, André N. Carvalho, Marta Rufino, Paula Moura, Paulo Vasconcelos, and Miguel B. Gaspar. "Epibiont assemblages on limpet shells: Biodiversity drivers in intertidal rocky shores." Marine Environmental Research 174 (February 2022): 105556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105556.

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38

Wilding, Thomas A., Edwin J. L. Palmer, and Nicholas V. C. Polunin. "Comparison of three methods for quantifying topographic complexity on rocky shores." Marine Environmental Research 69, no. 3 (April 2010): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2009.09.005.

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39

Read, Paul. "The intertidal benthos and sediments of particulate shores in the Firth of Forth, Scotland, with particular reference to waste water discharges." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 93, no. 3-4 (1987): 401–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000006849.

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SynopsisThe paper summarises and briefly discusses published and unpublished data relating to the physicochemical characteristics of the sediments and the occurrence and distribution of the intertidal macrobenthos of paniculate shores in the Firth of Forth. In general, the shores described are poor faunistically and in some areas this results partly from the influence of waste water discharges. Detailed information is available for only a limited number of the numerous beaches in the Firth of Forth. In consequence, this paper focusses attention on the results of a long term study of four beaches along the south shore of the firth which was undertaken as part of an environmental impact assessment in relation to the introduction of improved sewage treatment and disposal for the City of Edinburgh. Edinburgh Sewage Scheme and the firth into which it discharges are briefly described and data pertaining to changes in the intertidal sediments and the intertidal macrobenthic communities, which occurred in the Seafield Bay area of the firth following pollution abatement, are presented and discussed.

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40

Boyle, Alan E. "Marine Pollution under the Law of the Sea Convention." American Journal of International Law 79, no. 2 (April 1985): 347–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2201706.

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It is now 30 years since the conclusion of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil marked the international community’s first serious attempt to cope with the increasing scale of marine pollution. Since then, pollution of the seas by oil, chemicals, nuclear waste and the effluent of urban industrial society has continued to grow and to cause ever more serious damage to the living resources and ecology of the marine environment and to the shores of coastal states. The control, reduction and elimination of marine pollution has become one of the major issues in the contemporary law of the sea and it has proved to be a complex task, requiring the creation of a new and growing body of international law. This process, though in certain respects still incomplete, has reached its potentially most significant stage of codification and development through the provisions of the Law of the Sea Convention of 1982.

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41

Burkhardt, Mark R., Martin P. Buhr, John D. Ray, and Donald H. Stedman. "A continuous monitor for nitric acid." Atmospheric Environment (1967) 22, no. 8 (January 1988): 1575–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(88)90384-8.

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42

Thompson, R. C., T. P. Crowe, and S. J. Hawkins. "Rocky intertidal communities: past environmental changes, present status and predictions for the next 25 years." Environmental Conservation 29, no. 2 (June 2002): 168–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892902000115.

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Rocky shores occur at the interface of the land and sea. Typically they are open ecosystems, with steep environmental gradients. Their accessibility to man has rendered them susceptible to a variety of impacts since prehistoric times. Access can be regulated, however, and they are more amenable to management than open ocean habitats. This review uses examples from throughout the world to demonstrate the extent to which rocky shores have been, and are currently, affected by pollution (examples used are endocrine disrupters, oil, eutrophication), over-collection of living resources, introduced alien species, modification of coastal processes (coastal defences, siltation) and global change (climate, sea level). These impacts are put into the context of natural fluctuations in time and variability in space of both the environment and the organisms. The relative magnitudes of some anthropogenic disturbances differ between the industrialized, developed world and the developing world. For example, in developed, industrialized countries pollution based impacts should diminish over the next 25 years due to improved regulation and a reduction in older ‘dirtier’ heavy industry. Conversely, in many developing countries pollution will increase as a consequence of growth in the human population and industrialization. Except for large-scale disasters such as oil spills, pollution tends mainly to influence embayed coastlines. Chronic effects such as eutrophication can have broader-scale impacts over whole coastlines and elevated nutrient levels have also been implicated in a trend of increasing frequency of catastrophic kills due to harmful algal. Direct removal of living resources has had major effects on coastlines at both local and regional scales and is likely to increase over the next 25 years, especially in developing countries where rapidly expanding human populations will put further pressure on resources. Impacts from recreational activities are likely to increase with greater leisure time in wealthier regions of the world, and cheaper travel will spread these impacts to poorer regions. Invasions by alien species have increased in frequency during the last 20 years leading to some dramatic effects on native assemblages. Problems associated with alien species, especially pathogens, will continue to increase over the next few decades. The proportion of the coastline modified by artificial structures (breakwaters, seawalls, groynes) will increase because of coastal development and defences against sea-level rise and the greater frequency of storms. This will increase connectivity between areas of rocky habitat. Siltation will continue to increase due to urbanization of catchments and estuaries, and changes in agricultural practice. This may have considerable impacts at local and regional scales, favouring sediment tolerant organisms such as turf algae and anemones. In the future, greater frequency of environmental extremes is likely, including large-scale events such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Global change in temperature, sea-level rise and increases in the frequency of storms will affect rocky shores throughout the world, but this will occur over long time scales; over the next 25 years most of the responses by rocky shore communities will mostly be quite subtle. Thus rocky shores will be subject to increasing degradation over the next 25 years. They are, however, less vulnerable than many other aquatic habitats due to their hard substratum (rock), their relative lack of large biogenic structures and to their generally open nature. They are also remarkably resilient, and recovery can occur rapidly due to recruitment from unaffected areas. Their susceptibility to both terrestrial and marine disturbances does make them more vulnerable than sublittoral and offshore habitats. There are considerable gaps in knowledge, particularly of certain microhabitats such as crevices, boulders, sand-scoured areas and rock pools. These have been much less studied than more accessible assemblages on open, freely draining rock. More research is needed to establish the effects of increasing sediment loads, ultraviolet radiation and introduced species on rocky shore communities. Strategic and applied research programmes should integrate field experiments and carefully selected monitoring programmes to verify management regimes. Hindcasting from the palaeo-record would be valuable, to compare rates of predicted change with periods when change was rapid in the past. This information could, in principle, be used to help conserve rocky shores through networks of marine protected areas and a general reduction of environmental pollution.

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43

Rabari, Vasantkumar, Heris Patel, Krupal Patel, Ashish Patel, Snehal Bagtharia, and Jigneshkumar Trivedi. "Quantitative assessment of microplastic contamination in muddy shores of Gulf of Khambhat, India." Marine Pollution Bulletin 192 (July 2023): 115131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115131.

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44

Gestoso, Ignacio, Eva Cacabelos, Patrício Ramalhosa, and João Canning-Clode. "Plasticrusts: A new potential threat in the Anthropocene's rocky shores." Science of The Total Environment 687 (October 2019): 413–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.123.

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45

Wallenstein, Francisco M., Ana I. Neto, Rita F. Patarra, Afonso C. L. Prestes, Nuno V. Álvaro, Armindo S. Rodrigues, and Martin Wilkinson. "Indices to monitor coastal ecological quality of rocky shores based on seaweed communities: simplification for wide geographical use." Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada 13, no. 1 (March 2013): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5894/rgci365.

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46

Gusmao, Joao Bosco, Leonardo Sandrini-Neto, and Paulo Lana. "Distance from rocky shores affects infaunal recolonization in a subtropical tidal flat." Hydrobiologia 835, no. 1 (March 29, 2019): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-019-3938-3.

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47

Miller, B. S. "Mussels as biomonitors of point and diffuse sources of trace metals in the clyde sea area, Scotland." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 12 (June 1, 1999): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0551.

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Following a series of international conferences on pollution of the North Sea, the UK Government committed itself in 1990 to reducing the inputs of certain dangerous substances reaching the aqueous environment from point and diffuse sources. The target was a 50% reduction in loadings over the period 1985-95. Metals loadings from rivers and sewage works to the Clyde Sea Area are presented for the period 1990-97. These are compared to trace metals body burdens in mussels collected from shores throughout the Clyde Sea Area over the period 1980-97. For most metals, no clear trend either increasing or decreasing was observed in metals loadings from point sources or in mussel body burdens. The exceptions were cadmium, which showed downward trends with time in loadings and in concentrations in Clyde Estuary mussels, and lead, which showed a downward trend in mussel concentrations. Metals loadings from point sources may have reached baseline levels, below which further reductions will be difficult to achieve. Elevated mussel body burdens of specific metals provided good evidence that some shores are severely affected by point source inputs, others by bulk contamination from far-field point sources, and others by diffuse sources of metals.

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48

UEDA, Fukiko, and Mariko MOCHIZUKI. "Wildlife as a Monitor for the Environmental Pollution." Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 53, no. 11 (2000): 723–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12935/jvma1951.53.723.

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49

Brownridge, James D. "Use of tree bark to monitor radionuclide pollution." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 35, no. 1 (July 1985): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01636498.

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50

Llanos, Elizabeth Noemi, María Andrea Saracho Bottero, María Lourdes Jaubet, Rodolfo Elías, and Griselda Valeria Garaffo. "Functional diversity in the intertidal macrobenthic community at sewage-affected shores from Southwestern Atlantic." Marine Pollution Bulletin 157 (August 2020): 111365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111365.

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