Статті в журналах з теми "Monitor alarms (Medicine) Design and construction"

This paper details the design and construction of a Flood Warning System (FWS) for River Nyamwamba that has been prone to floods of a greater magnitude. The idea was developed on the principle that floods are a meteorological event that develops over time, and thus a need for sufficient time for people to evacuate, and to protect their lives and property. However, the range of existing FWSs have a tangle of conflicting requirements in terms of cost and reliability and have challenges from factors as diverse as technological and social. Built on Computer Embedded Systems, this study provides a cheaper and reliable FWS for a country like Uganda. River Nyamwamba flow was modelled with DEM, Topography sheets, river map, imageries, flow data, stage data, land use maps, and rainfall data. The data sets were conditioned and processed in a GIS environment using ArcGIS software and exported to the HECRAS program to perform a steady flow simulation of the river. High-risk areas were visualized that provided reliable river flow parameters that were used as input values for the design of the FWS. An Arduino programmed microcontrollers were used to control all input and output values regarding the modelled river. An ultrasonic sensor was used to monitor the normal flow, intermediate flow, and peak flood water levels. From this, the river stage was displayed onto an LCD screen at all times, an electronic SMS is sent to operators at intermediate flow, while an alarm is sounded at flood level.

Objectives: (1) To develop a clinical microsystem simulation methodology for alarm fatigue research with a human factors engineering (HFE) assessment framework and (2) to explore its application to the comparative examination of different approaches to patient monitoring and provider notification. Background: Problems with the design, implementation, and real-world use of patient monitoring systems result in alarm fatigue. A multidisciplinary team is developing an open-source tool kit to promote bedside informatics research and mitigate alarm fatigue. Method: Simulation, HFE, and computer science experts created a novel simulation methodology to study alarm fatigue. Featuring multiple interconnected simulated patient scenarios with scripted timeline, “distractor” patient care tasks, and triggered true and false alarms, the methodology incorporated objective metrics to assess provider and system performance. Developed materials were implemented during institutional review board–approved study sessions that assessed and compared an experimental multiparametric alerting system with a standard monitor telemetry system for subject response, use characteristics, and end-user feedback. Results: A four-patient simulation setup featuring objective metrics for participant task-related performance and response to alarms was developed along with accompanying structured HFE assessment (questionnaire and interview) for monitor systems use testing. Two pilot and four study sessions with individual nurse subjects elicited true alarm and false alarm responses (including diversion from assigned tasks) as well as nonresponses to true alarms. In-simulation observation and subject questionnaires were used to test the experimental system’s approach to suppressing false alarms and alerting providers. Conclusions: A novel investigative methodology applied simulation and HFE techniques to replicate and study alarm fatigue in controlled settings for systems assessment and experimental research purposes.

The base transceiver station (BTS)'s continuous power supply has been the subject of a lot of research. The majority of research focuses on increasing power usage effectiveness or adding solar battery systems for BTS stations. Due to the geographical conditions in the North of Vietnam, solar cell efficiency is rather poor and the investment cost is quite high, therefore BTS stations are still relying mostly on battery and generator backup systems. This article presents a design solution to designing the operation monitor of battery of the generator in the base transceiver station. From solution design, the authors designed the hardware and software. The device allows communication and sends alarms to the base transceiver station (BTS) manager. Through the testing process, the system has met the requirements of the problem and is easily integrated into the BTS.

All Fire Alarm Systems essentially operate on the same fundamental principle and framework. It provides audible and visual alarm signals. An alarm is raised if a sensor detects smoke or heat, warns people that there may be a fire, and evacuate the premises immediately. Consequently, concerned individuals may call the fire department to mitigate the emergency at which, at this point of time, the firefighter's Emergency Respond Time (ERT) is vital. ERT is one of the contributing factors to how much fire will consume lives and, or properties. In worst cases, an entire building turns into ashes, lives taken because of a slow ERT. Then there are these casual "false-alarms" caused by the false-positive readings of the installed Fire Alarm Systems. These false alarms cause mass panic and consume firefighters' valuable time and resources. The instances mentioned above are a few reasons why there is a need to implement an efficient city-wide fire alarm system. This study focused on the design, development and testing of a wide-area Smart Fire Monitoring System comprised of major parts, the devices and the system software. Specifically, this study aimed to develop a smart fire alarm device using the Agile Prototyping Methodology (APM) and employ Agile Software Development Methodology (ASDM) for the development of the Smart Fire Monitoring System Software (SFMSS). For the development of the smart fire alarm device, the proponents assembled necessary sensors, electrical components, microcontrollers, and other electrical modules to create a working smart fire alarm device that abled to detect smoke; detect temperature spikes; detect the existence of fire; broadcast a GPS coordinates to the fire department; transmit and receive data through RF signals using long-range radio frequency (RF) module and SMS technology; and, be functional and operational under Low Power mode. Concomitant with this device is its system software, SFMSS, to manage and process the broadcasted data. SFMSS is a centralized system developed for the fire department to monitor the city for a fire outbreak. SFMSS continuously communicates with the fire alarm devices to autonomously monitor fire presence via radio frequency and process SMS notifications containing GPS coordinates, convert them into a readable address, and plot it in a city map in the event of a fire emergency. The proponents conducted a Stress and Reliability Test on the smart fire alarm device and Product Evaluation for Quality, Efficiency, and Usability with the Bureau of Fire Protection Region 6 for the entirety of the system.

Aims, Objectives and BackgroundNoise is a contributing factor to miscommunication, which may be exacerbated by wearing personal protective equipment. There has been little research on noise in the Emergency Department (ED).We aimed to (1) identify the noise levels experienced by staff and patients in different areas of an emergency department over the 24-hour cycle, (2) examine the impact of cubicle doors on the background noise experienced by the patient, and (3) assess the impact of monitor alarms on staff and patient noise levels.Method and DesignUsing a standardised protocol, an observational study monitoring of staff and patient experience of noise was carried out in 3 areas of the ED (a resuscitation room, an area of patient cubicles with solid doors and an area of patient cubicles with curtains).The overall distributions of noise levels in each area were described and circadian variation plotted. The proportion of time that background noise was above key cutoff values known to impair communication was calculated (45dB and 65dB).Non-parametric methods were used to compare: (1) a patient cubicle with curtains compared to a solid door, (2) having the door open or closed, and (3) staff and patient exposure a monitor alarm.Abstract 1559 Table 1AreaOverall noise level (dB).Median (IQ range)Proportion of time >45dB(raised voice)Proportion of time >65dB(shouting)Blue Patient Cubicle (curtain)45 (41 – 51)51%2%Red Patient Cubicle (door)41 (37 – 47)30%2%ER Patient Cubicle (door)50 (49 – 54)100%6%Blue Staff Desk53 (48 – 58)88%7%Red Staff Desk55 (51 – 60)96%7%ER Staff Desk50 (45 – 56)76%5%Results and ConclusionIn a large urban teaching hos„pital’Emergency Department noise was greater than 45dB for staff between 76% and 96% of the time (30% to 100% for patients). There was little difference across the 24hr cycle. A door decreased the noise experienced by patients, but only if left closed. In the resuscitation rooms monitor alarms were much louder for patients than for staff.Noise levels likely to impair communication are present in the ED for most of the time. Staff awareness and improved design of both buildings and equipment might mitigate this negative acoustic environment.

Background: Physiological monitors are increasingly used for patient surveillance. Although nurses play a vital role in the observation, analysis and use of information obtained from these devices, difficulties in their use, coupled with the high frequency of false and nuisance monitor alarms, can lead to negative working conditions and threaten patient safety. Aim: With the purpose of promoting effective monitor use and ensuring patient safety, the aim was to explore both how cardiovascular nurses use monitors in patient surveillance and the effect that the monitors have on the nurses’ work. Methods: A qualitative ethnographic design with semi-structured interviews and a field observation conducted at a 35-bed coronary care unit. A purposive sample was used in selecting participants. Data were analysed using systematic text condensation. Results: Eight registered nurses, all women, aged 27–49 years, were participants. The themes helping device, competence development and distractions and strain reflected both the knowledge on which the nurses drew in working with monitors and their influence on the nurses’ work. False security and collaboration and teamwork discussed how the nurses trust and depend on each other during monitor surveillance and how poor work conditions and unclear responsibility undermine surveillance. Conclusions: Monitors enable nurses to observe critically ill cardiac patients closely and respond quickly to life-threatening changes in their condition. Current work arrangements and limited training diminish the reliability of monitor surveillance. It is imperative to revise the structure of the surveillance and improve education in monitor surveillance to enhance nurses’ clinical competence and patients’ safety.

Genetically engineered plants hold enormous promise for tackling global food security and agricultural sustainability challenges. However, construction of plant-based genetic circuitry is constrained by a lack of well-characterized genetic parts and circuit design rules. In contrast, advances in bacterial synthetic biology have yielded a wealth of sensors, actuators, and other tools that can be used to build bacterial circuitry. As root-colonizing bacteria (rhizobacteria) exert substantial influence over plant health and growth, genetic circuit design in these microorganisms can be used to indirectly engineer plants and accelerate the design-build-test-learn cycle. Here, we outline genetic parts and best practices for designing rhizobacterial circuits, with an emphasis on sensors, actuators, and chassis species that can be used to monitor/control rhizosphere and plant processes.

Artificial Intelligence-based shoe oven design has been carried out to provide an even heating process for leather shoes so that the shoe bends are perfect. The process of making leather shoes is carried out in several stages, namely designing an oven using solid work software, collecting quality tools and materials, making shoe ovens, making Arduino programs and Artificial Intelligence applications using MIT App Inventor, and testing. The shoe oven has two main chambers, namely the combustion chamber and the shoe heating chamber. The shoe oven works with the help of an Artificial Intelligence application that can monitor and control the oven with a maximum distance of 5 meters through the monitoring mode and the input set setting mode. The shoe oven is set to a temperature of (50-55)oC with a heating time of (30-60) minutes and has the ability to withstand constant heat for 45 minutes to dry the leather and perfect the curve of the shoe with the help of Arduino. Artificial Intelligence-based shoe ovens can improve shoe quality in a faster and controlled time.

Abstract Underground cable is one of the main components of urban power supply systems. However, it is often damaged by large machinery in the process of urban road construction. To protect the underground cable, this paper proposes a novel design of a smart vibration device based on a complex embedded system, including the STM32 control chip, vibration sensors, NB-IoT communication module, and charging module. Through vibration signal detection of the excavator and other large-scale mechanical behavior, the vibration device can indicate the direction where the damage is occurring, and send out a warning message to the operation center. Finally, some experiments for vibration monitoring devices are conducted to verify their effectiveness and future application potential prospects.

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and formaldehyde (FA) are important species that maintain redox homeostasis in life and are closely related to many physiological and pathological processes. Therefore, it is of great significance to realize the reversible monitoring of them at the intracellular level. Here, we synthesized a reversible ratiometric fluorescent probe through a reasonable design, which can sensitively monitor SO2 derivatives and FA, and the detection limit can reach 0.16 μM. The probe can specifically target mitochondria and successfully monitor the fluctuations of SO2 and FA in living cells. It also works well in the detection of SO2 and FA in zebrafish. This high-performance probe is expected to find broad in vitro and in vivo applications.

The human body requires sufficient oxygen levels for daily life, so it is important for humans to maintain oxygen levels in their bodies. Good oxygen saturation will facilitate the distribution of substances in the body, red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs and are distributed throughout the body. It is very important for humans to keep oxygen within normal limits. Excess oxygen in the blood or hyperoxaemia: above 120 mmHg. The normal limits for oxygen levels in human blood are between: 75-100 mmHg. Lack of oxygen or hypoxaemia is less than 75 mmHg. A blood oxygen level below 60 mmHg indicates a very severe blood deficiency and you need supplemental oxygen. The design of an oxygen saturation monitoring tool through the Thingspeak server with a max 30100 sensor based on nodemcu 8266 aims to make it easier to monitor oxygen levels in the blood so that it can take early anticipation to avoid unwanted things. The design of this tool is equipped with monitoring using a Thingspeak server that can be connected to the internet or WIFI so that we can do it when we are there. This blood tool is designed using a MAX 30100 sensor as an oxygen detector which is clamped on a finger and then connected to NodeMCU 8266. After waiting for a while the sensor detects oxygen levels < 80% >, 100% NodeMCU 8266 sends data to the LCD and Thingspeak. On the Thingspeak server we can observe the oxygen levels in our bodies. We can use this tool far away so we don't need to go to the hospital or health center to measure the oxygen saturation in our bodies.

As an important task of construction project management, construction schedule management is related to the realization of project period, cost, quality, and other objectives. However, in actual construction, problems such as difficulties in plan implementation and management are often encountered, and schedule delays often occur. Moreover, with the increase in the scale and complexity of modern buildings, the management of construction schedules has brought about larger issues and higher requirements have been put forward for the management level of the construction schedule. The traditional timetable management and scheduling is not highly relevant to the project entity. There is no entity change, the project information loss is serious, the tracking and control of the construction timetable is not in place, there is fine management, and the construction timetable management cannot meet the needs of modern construction. In order to ensure the smooth implementation of projects and objectives, it is urgent to explore new management ideas and methods to promote the smooth progress of construction process management. BIM technology has the advantages of visibility, simulation, adjustment, optimization, and advanced data integration, which helps to make up for the shortcomings of previous schedule management and improve the level of construction schedule management. Based on the research situation of large-scale construction project monitoring system and the analysis of information fusion technology, this paper proposes a large-scale construction project monitoring system scheme based on multisensor network information fusion. Through the investigation of the monitoring content, the composition of the multisensor network is determined. This paper is applicable to large-scale construction projects. Through the research and design of hardware modules, software modules, and fusion algorithms, the data acquisition, transmission, calculation, and display functions of the monitoring system based on multisensor network information fusion are realized, which can effectively monitor the entire process of large-scale construction projects.

The Red Rock Hydroelectric Project converted the existing Red Rock Dam near Pella, Iowa, from a non-powered dam into a multi-purpose dam. The existing flood control dam was constructed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in the 1960s on the Des Moines River near Pella, Iowa. The hydroelectric project was developed by Western Minnesota Municipal Power Agency and generates up to 55 MW with an average annual energy output of 178 gigawatt-hours. The new intake, penstock and powerhouse are located immediately adjacent to the spillway. Construction required large excavations into the upstream and downstream sides of the existing embankment dam and two penetrations through the existing gravity dam monoliths. Extensive water and earth-retention systems, prescriptive construction staging, and a robust dam safety surveillance program were designed to maintain and monitor the integrity of the existing dam throughout construction and avoid impacts to active USACE flood control operations. Construction was completed in 2020. This paper provides an overview of the unique challenges involved with the design and construction of a new hydroelectric project at an existing and active flood control dam.

Family farming is of fundamental importance for food supply in the domestic market. It is not enough to monitor the data for a better understanding of the entire operational chain by the small producer. It is also necessary to automate the system actuators, allowing better use of natural resources such as water intended for irrigation and reduced operating costs through adequate control of the system’s energy consumption. This article presents the development design and verification of the functionality of an automated system of a greenhouse prototype using low-cost electronic components and simple implementation. The project made it possible to create a database for future conferences by storing data collected in the cloud using the Google Drive platform and data synchronization via Wi-Fi using the ESP32 microcontroller. The prototype’s efficiency and applicability analysis took place over eight days. Data were collected regarding temperature, soil moisture, relative air humidity, water consumption of the irrigation and humidification system, and electricity consumption. The results obtained allowed the verification of the system’s functionality and the ability to store the data on the Google Drive platform, enabling remote consultation through the web server.

The article outlines the areas of improvement of existing approaches and analytical technologies for identifying the state of the microenvironment of the construction project and its leading participants. The theoretical basis for the functioning of development as an innovation and investment infrastructure of the construction complex is highlighted. The relevance of determining the success potential of the management decision and the success potential of the investment and construction project development is substantiated. Factors and risks that contribute to the failure of development projects in the construction industry are reflected. The results of the work allow top management of contractors to effectively monitor, structure and maneuver the assets of contractors in the process of their operations, provide a reasonable opportunity to adjust the economic strategy and parameters of the production portfolio of construction companies. The substantiation of the content of the leading functions of the "organizational structure" as a temporary enterprise for the organization of construction and development of DBP type (construction project developer) includes: management of logistics, preparation and construction processes, ensuring the transformation of resources of the customer and its institutional partners; coordination and administrative-regulatory function, which is to ensure communications and institutional and organizational design of relations between institutional participants and executors of the project in the form of agreements, contracts and a functioning directorate for project administration; directing the development system and organizational structure of management to timely identify threats to the progress of preparation and construction of facilities. The adaptive methodology of organizational and technological development of the project cycle and its administration by a temporary development company is justified in such a way as to adjust the content of business processes in the middle of the structure to the essence of tasks and work life cycle. The methodology harmonizes the requirements and methodological approaches of the development system in construction with the requirements and standards set by the Project Management Institute, which includes the inclusion of tools for construction, in addition to BIM-modules, and special visual components - "sensitivity maps".

In 1949 the HIBA Group was here to meet the transportation needs of the community. The company's commitment is to provide increased customer satisfaction through professional management and operational team support to the demands of the changing times. HIBA Group offers complete, professional, modern, and integrated transportation services. In addition to providing comprehensive, professional, current, and integrated transportation services, the HIBA Group also provides work comfort to employees, especially for maintenance, construction, and bus bodybuilding. In the construction or maintenance process, each activity must report a work permit or Permit to Work (PTW), whose function is to monitor and analyze the work to be carried out. The analysis is carried out from the workers' health, difficulty, the environment, and work tools (PPE). The reporting process is still manual form or conventional system to slow down the work being done if the work is essential for a tender. The PTW must also be analyzed and reported on the related circumstances so that PTW work tends to be slow. An online-based PTW information system Website design was made to simplify and speed up the PTW reporting to solve this problem. The method used for developing information systems uses the Prototype Model with an object-oriented system approach modeled using the Unified Modeling Language (UML). This research is the design of the PTW information system Website used in the HIBA Group.

Objective: The purpose of this investigation was to identify safety and efficiency-related design features for inclusion in operating room (OR) construction documents. Background: Organizations are confronted with an array of challenges when planning an OR, including inefficiencies in operations, adverse events, and a variety of innovations to choose from. Currently, techniques that can be used in design practice and to inform design decision making for implementable OR solutions are limited. Methods: The project team used a structured focus group format with mixed methods to solicit 19 varying surgical team members' reactions to a three-dimensional video mock-up of a proposed OR. Data from the 19 participants were analyzed using stepwise multiple regression and content analysis of open-ended responses. Results and Discussion: Results demonstrate that several features of the proposed OR design predict meaningful outcomes, including flexibility and satisfaction with the OR setup, adverse event prevention, team performance, and distractions and interruptions. Participants' suggested solutions include universal booms to support anesthetic and perfusion capabilities, a fixed circulating nursing workstation that faces the patient and is at the foot of the operating room table, a wall-mounted monitor across from the surgeon, and wiring to support a touch-screen control arm in OR surgical fields. Conclusions: Findings from structured focus groups with mixed methods lead to implementable design solutions for construction documentation. The expeditious qualities and objectivity of the format are value-adds to the design decision-making process. Future research should use various techniques such as virtual technologies and building information modeling.

Background: To improve railway construction and maintenance, a novel digital twin that helps stakeholders visualize, share data, and monitor the progress and the condition during services is required. Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a digitalization tool, which adopts an interoperable concept that benefits the whole life-cycle assessment (LCA) of the project. BIM’s applications create higher performance on cost efficiency and optimal time schedule, helping to reduce any unexpected consumption and waste over the life cycle of the infrastructure. Methods: The digital twin will be developed using BIM embedded by the lifecycle analysis method. A case study based on Taipei Metro (TM) has been conducted to enhance the performance in operation and maintenance. Life cycles of TM will be assessed and complied with ISO14064. Operation and maintenance activities will be determined from official records provided by TM. Material flows, stocks, and potential risks in the LCA are analyzed using BIM quantification embedded by risk data layer obtained from TM. Greenhouse emission, cost consumption and expenditure will be considered for integration into the BIM. Results: BIM demonstrated strong potential to enable a digital twin for managing railway maintenance and resilience. Based on the case study, a key challenge for BIM in Taiwan is the lack of insights, essential data, and construction standards, and thus the practical adoption of BIM for railway maintenance and resilience management is still in the design phase. Conclusions: This study exhibits a practical paradigm of the digital twin for railway maintenance and resilience improvement. It will assist all stakeholders to engage in the design, construction, and maintenance enhancing the reduction in life cycle cost, energy consumption and carbon footprint. New insight based on the Taipei Mass Rapid Transit system is highly valuable for railway industry globally by increasing the lifecycle sustainability and improving resilience of railway systems.

This paper discusses the problems of designing cloud-based telecommunication network monitoring systems based on the construction and application of models of such networks in the form of knowledge graphs. The proposed monitor-ing systems combine the functions of systems used by various telecommunications network operators. The considered design approach involves the use of a number of common ontologies and domain-level ontologies, such as the tele-communications services domain ontology (TSDO) and the hybrid telecommunications network (ToCo) ontology. To take into account the specifics of networks and operators in the developed monitoring system, an extension of the do-main ontology is provided. The article considers the case of combining telecommunication networks built on the basis of different domain-level ontologies or without using an ontological model, by adding new ontologies, within the framework of one monitoring system. To automate the design process, an algorithm for comparing classes of domain ontologies with components of telecommunication network models is proposed. The application of the proposed ap-proach is shown on the example of the problem of adding a new network segment to the monitoring system of a cable television operator.

Aiming at the situation that multiple sensing devices in the sensing layer sense the same sensing quantity, multiple redundant measurement data will be generated. In this paper, an improved Kalman filtering algorithm is used. The algorithm combines with numerical test theory to remove abnormal error data before filtering, thereby reducing the error of filtering result and improving its reliability. The parallel multiprotocol processing mechanism of the gateway is designed, and the IoT gateway has a hierarchical modular processing design for different protocol signals of the heterogeneous perception layer. The web interaction function with good platform versatility is designed to provide a visual interaction interface for the application layer, which is convenient for the application layer terminal to monitor and manage the perception layer equipment. This paper realizes the retrieval and query function of keywords, wrong sentences, and English character errors. This corpus enriches the less existing Madagascar corpus and establishes a separate English character error query database. This paper describes the overall process of corpus from preliminary preparation to establishment and the related use instructions of corpus, makes a statistical analysis of the current corpus data, and puts forward some suggestions for building a computer English corpus according to the analysis results.

The article analyzes the natural processes in the corridor of pipeline routes that can cause defects or accidents after the completion of construction or during the operation of the pipeline system. In the transition to a digital form of management of the processes of design, construction and operation of pipeline transport facilities, one of the most important tasks is to identify and control the dynamics of natural hazards processes (NHP). Because the system has significant impact on the flow of natural processes in corridor of the highway, they can become more active and cause accidents. The sources of negative impact on the main oil pipelines are exogenous and endogenous geological processes, as well as atmospheric processes, in the zone of influence of which the oil pipeline is located. It is advisable to use laser scanning to identify and monitor of hazards geological processes (HGP). Filling the NHP database is performed in stages: first, collection and synthesis of all available materials about geology, geomorphology, tectonics, engineering geology, hydrogeology, climate and vegetation of the researcher area is performed; then a digital terrain model (DEM) is created based on air laser scanning (VLS) and aerial photography (AP) by direct decoding features with the allocation of contours of territories subject to natural processes with the classification of their types; and, finally, lists, schemes, maps compiled by result of analysis qualitative and quantitative characteristics of geological processes that have received status of NHP or HGP for designed or operated structure. Decoding of dangerous geological processes according by VLS data performed in two stages: identification of the process and determination of its type by a set of decoding features, then comparison with the standard model from the catalog by location of identification primitives on the DEM and the reference model.

This study focuses on dam structures in Nigeria, its availability, features, usefulness, benefits and costs, functionality and sustainability. The gap found in World Commission on Dams (WCD) Report on Dam Development being inability to proffer solutions to problems encountered by the downstream population was highlighted and discussed also. The procedure for this research work involved use of journals, books and other related literature. It was observed that many dam projects in Nigeria are lacking in areas of feasibility studies, design and construction procedure, operation and maintenance, which resulted to dam related problems like flooding and sometimes collapse of some dams. Downstream population rather than reaping abundant dam benefits record costs since their means of livelihood is hampered, affecting their social, environmental and economic well-being. This study observed that Nigeria has large, medium and small dams which are also single and multipurpose. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is recommended for each dam project and a committee should be set-up to monitor its implementation to the later, from inception to end of the project for its sustainability. This paper recommends fresh attention to dam impacts on upstream and downstream population to enable them benefit immensely from these river valley projects.

Context: The evaluation of air quality in Colombia is localized; it does not go beyond determining whether the level of the polluting gas at a specific point of the monitoring network has exceeded a threshold, according to a norm or standard, in order to trigger an alarm. It is not committed to objectives as important as the real-time identification of the dispersion dynamics of polluting gases in an area, or the prediction of the newly affected population. From this perspective, the presence of polluting gases was evaluated on the university campus of Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio Garavito, located north of the city of Bogotá, and the affected population was estimated for the month of October, 2019, using the Kriging geostatistical technique. Method: This study is part of the design and construction of an auxiliary mobile station that monitors and reports complementary information (CO and SO2 gases) to that provided by the Guaymaral meteorological station, located in the north of Bogotá. This information is transmitted through an IoT network to a server, where a database is created which stores the information on polluting gases reported by the 14 stations of the Bogotá air quality monitoring network, the information sent by the auxiliary station, and the statistical information of the population present on the university campus. Pollutant gas data and population information recorded from October 1st to 31st, 2019, are the input for data analysis using the Kriging interpolation method and predicting the affected population on said campus. Results: There is a particulate matter concentration of 29 µg/m3 of PM10 in the coliseum and 12,6 µg/m3 of PM2,5 in building G, in addition to 9,8 ppb of O3 in building I, 14,9 ppb of NO2 in that same building, 0,79 ppb of CO in building C, and 0,65 ppb of SO2 also in building C, thus allowing to infer, according to the Bogotá air quality index, a favorable air quality for a population of 2.131 people who visited the campus university during the aforementioned period. Conclusions: The correct integration of the data in the web server and their analysis, carried out in the R language, allowed determining the approximate indicators of the polluting factors around Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio Garavito. Additionally, to determine the affected population, these indicators were correlated with the information on the registered population that entered the campus during the period under study. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that the air quality on the campus of Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio Garavito is favorable, and that 2.131 people benefited daily from these conditions.

Swimming monitoring based on acceleration sensor is an emerging research direction in the field of human motion recognition. As a public sport, swimming has a wide audience. The swimming monitoring system can facilitate people to monitor and record their own swimming data, so as to formulate a reasonable training plan. Aiming at the defects of single modal information representation ability, high contingency, and easy to be influenced by the outside world, this paper adopts the underwater posture training model of swimmers to perform multimodal information fusion. In this paper, a multimodal information fusion method based on evolutionary neural network is proposed, and an intelligent perception information processing model of the intelligent subject system is constructed. Aiming at the defect that the accuracy and speed of the underwater posture monitoring of swimmers cannot be guaranteed in a complex environment, an evolutionary neural network optimized by a multimodal adaptive genetic algorithm is constructed to perform multimodal information fusion to ensure the effectiveness of the system in the face of complex information. Regarding attitude detection, it mainly uses the three dimensions of the angle of movement, the influence of gravity, and the strength and speed of the movement to measure. The MPU6050 module processor has a wide range of applications and is a mold processing tool with high performance and level. It completes the data processing, data calculation, and data storage of the inspection system in this paper. This paper further studies the working principle, structure, and operation process of this module and adjusts the time error in the detection of carrier motion and attitude so that the processing function of this module can play an optimal state. Four kinds of swimming posture measurement experiments were carried out on the swimmers, and the experimental data were analyzed. The whole system is controlled by the host computer man-machine interaction software remotely and in real time through commands. The experimental results show that the system realizes the detection of the basic posture, meets the basic requirements of the system design, and provides a certain foundation for the follow-up research.

The experimental work revealed the disconnection between students’ knowledge and their abilities and skills, i.e. knowledge of the means of carrying out the activity does not yet indicate mastery of the work. Adolescents absorb the entire volume of information about the graphic and design features of the stages of design activity very quickly, but the most interesting (at this stage) cognitive component of the activity is already behind, there remains work on the formation of special abilities and skills, which requires patience, diligence, willpower, accuracy, perseverance, etc. This is a longer stage than the stage of the assimilation of knowledge. If the lessons are built in such a way that the same design technique is repeated for a long time in action, then children lose interest in knowledge. The monotony of activity is tiring, and this contradicts the psychological characteristics of teenagers. It is not possible to achieve high professionalism in design and construction activities even when performing several works (within the same design) in a row.That is why the system of creative tasks developed by us is built in such a way that the cyclical repetition of the structures being developed and the execution of technical modeling at a higher level of complexity are carried out. In addition, in the process of developing a model at all successive stages of design activity (designing a model, developing a design and performing technical modeling of a product), the students’ skills are constantly improved.It is necessary to constantly monitor the fact that the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and abilities is carried out through the personal interest of schoolchildren. For this purpose, we have developed and proposed, in addition to the main, a set of variable tasks, unconventional for performing model design, as part of the school program.The following generalized directions have been established, according to which we propose to evaluate the peculiarities of the organization of special activities for schoolchildren in the lessons of labor training: the organization of activities that promotes the development of creative abilities of the individual at each stage of design activity; organization of independent participation of schoolchildren in special activities; creation of conditions for activation of creative abilities; humanistic approach to the educational process. Keywords: design; drawing; creativity; task; cards; ability; activity; model; subject; product.

The research is devoted to the development of an automatic complex that is being transformed with an autonomous power system. . This problem is now the most urgent one because the bicycle has become one of the ultra-high-speed vehicles in a big city.In this work, the experimental design of an automated bicycle parking is considered: a gripping device that must capture the bicycle and hold it during transportation to the storage place inside the parking lot; a device for lifting and transporting, provides lifting and moving the vehicle during operation; place of direct storage of vehicles. Moving element - the automated operator’s boom is equipped with a surveillance camera so that so that the user has the opportunity to monitor the operation of the system personally on the screen of the control panel. To ensure ease of construction, the main part of the operator is made of aluminum, which gives a preference for lightness by 40%, in contrast to the Steel counterpart, while maintaining the same strength. It also makes it possible to use engines of lower power and lower weight, as a result of which the design is cheaper. During the development of automated bicycle parking, a module of the solar power station was added, this made it possible to ensure autonomous operation of the system. The developed design has several sizes, starting from the basic one level and ending with the maximum possible five levels, so the system capacity changes, from 120 to 600 seats. In addition to various types of bicycles, automated bicycle parking may include different variety of electric scooters of the proposed design and weight.The resulting design of an automated modular bicycle parking is higher than existing analogues, automated bicycle parking is higher by two times, and in saving space by three and a half times. Also, the modularity of the design is unique and has no analogues now. The use of alternative technologies allowed us to make the system autonomous and ecological, which allows us to place it both in the city center and in the forest conservation area or Ecopark

Strategic Performance Management System (SPMS) aims to facilitate improvement on how management determines the performance of employees. The system is designed to develop a centralized tool to create, supervise, and monitor the performance of employees and heads of offices who are both teaching and non-teaching staff through the completion of their Office Performance Commitment Review (OPCRs) and Individual Performance Commitment and Review (IPCRs). The system used the Rapid Application Development (RAD) methodology of developing the project. It is a development lifecycle designed to give faster development and higher-quality results than those achieved with the traditional lifecycle. The prototype development process consists of a series of design and builds steps in which the users have the opportunity to fine-tune the requirements and review the resulting software implementation. In addition to the tested software, construction stage deliverables include documentation and instructions necessary to operate the new application, routines, and procedures needed to put the system into operation. The web-based SPMS is user-friendly which means the suggested forms for organizational and individual commitments and performance are similar and easy to complete. The office, division, and individual major final outputs and success indicators are aligned to cascade organizational goals to individual employees and harmonize organizational and staff performance ratings.

Social processes taking place in society put forward new requirements for the formation and development of personality. The urgent need of the hour is the manifestation of creativity, the search for rational, non-standard ways of solving tasks in any field of activity, increasing the intellectual potential of every member of society, and maximizing the development of human creative abilities. Our research makes it possible to assert that the effectiveness of the development of students' creative abilities in labor training lessons can be significantly increased if the educational process organized by the teacher is specially focused on the formation of a whole complex of personality properties and qualities that give it the opportunity to be creative in any way human activity. If the lessons are built in such a way that the same design technique is repeated for a long time in action, then children lose interest in knowledge. The monotony of activity is tiring, and this contradicts the psychological characteristics of teenagers. It is not possible to achieve high professionalism in design and construction activities even when performing several works (within the same design) in a row. That is why the system of creative tasks developed by us is built in such a way that cyclic repetition of constructions is carried out, technical modeling is performed at a higher level of complexity. In addition, in the process of developing a model at all successive stages of design activity (designing a model, developing a design and performing technical modeling of a product), the students' skills are constantly improved and improved. It is necessary to constantly monitor that the formation of knowledge, abilities and skills is carried out through the personal interest of schoolchildren. For this purpose, we have developed and proposed, in addition to the main, a set of variable tasks, unconventional for performing model design, as part of the school program. The following generalized directions have been established, according to which we propose to evaluate the peculiarities of the organization of special activities of schoolchildren in the lessons of labor training: the organization of activities that promotes the development of creative abilities of the individual at each stage of design activity; organization of independent participation of schoolchildren in special activities; creation of conditions for activation of creative abilities; humanistic approach to the educational process.

Selective separations are needed in a wide variety of industrial and commercial applications where discharge to publicly owned treatment works (POTW) requires certain metals concentrations to be sufficiently low to protect public health and the surrounding environment. Metals such as lead (Pb), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) represent a non-exhaustive list of compounds requiring removal for discharge regulations. Typically, coagulants such as iron and aluminum combined with precipitation chemistry or ion exchange processes are used to meet these regulations.1 However, these methods are not particularly selective and can produce sizable sludge waste that must be disposed of properly. Size-selective membranes are one alternative approach, but the pretreatment requirements for these membranes further complicates the water treatment process. Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging water treatment option as well with notable advances in recent years, but it currently lacks the selectivity needed for many industrial streams.2 Therefore, alternative methods are being sought to realize these separations. The use of electrochemical processes offers a number of benefits such as a defined interface for interaction with the metal of interest, the ability to modulate the interface easily and quickly through changes in localized voltage, use of the electrical current to monitor system conditions, and the in situ generation of chemical species that can aid in the separation. Of particular interest in a wide variety of industrial applications is the removal or Cu from water being discharged to the POTW. Cu is found in waste streams emanating from electroplating, electronics, semiconductor, and battery manufacturing operations. While coagulation approaches mentioned above can often be used to meet effluent regulations, metal recovery through an electrochemical process can be highly effective and efficient, reaching current efficiencies in excess of 95% in many applications. The ability to plate Cu at a cathode under highly localized conditions affords the removal of Cu down to levels <100 ppb. Electrowinning has been used for over a century in the creation of purified metals such as Cu, so the concept is not entirely new, but the design of electrode materials and overall cell construction capable of removing Cu to such low concentrations in streams that have conductivities <1 mS/cm opens up new avenues for water treatment in industrial and commercial waste. In this talk, electrochemical cell design and operation as well as feed water conditions will be reviewed towards the development of selective metal removal technologies. Copper removal will be highlighted as an example, but the concept will also be applied to other metals of interest, demonstrating the more ubiquitous nature of the approach. References: Azimi, A. Azari, M. Rezakazemi and M. Ansarpour, Removal of Heavy Metals from Industrial Wastewaters: A Review, ChemBioEng Reviews, 4, 37-59 (2017). Gao, A. Omosebi, J. Landon, and K. Liu, Energy Environ. Sci., 8 (3), 897-909 (2015). Boehme, C. Lippert, and J. Landon. “Faradaic Porosity Cell.” U.S. Patent 16/520,340 & PCT/US2019/043129, filed July 23, 2019. Figure 1

Abstract Tailor welded blanks (TWBs) are becoming widespread in the automotive industry due to their advantages, such as the possibility of weight reduction or the material usage optimising, resulting from the application. However, their main disadvantage is that the construction design and the simulation of the mechanical processes (like weld line movement, sheet springback, etc) are more complex. Predicting the mechanical response can only be done by accurately estimating the weld properties, which greatly increases the material testing requirements. Moreover, it often does not coincide with the matter of the field of material forming. In this study we focus on the simplified description of the springback of TWBs, to reveal which parameters have the primary influence on this process. Three kinds of DP steels with different strengths were welded to a mild steel grade one by one. Using these pairs we have varied both the strength difference between each sides and the average strength of the blanks, too. Uniaxial tensile tests were performed for the mechanical characterisation of each material, as well as right-angled bends perpendicular to the weld line were carried out to monitor the springback tendency of the samples. Our results show that a transition zone develops near to the weld line, independently from the strength difference between the TWB’s components. This zone is well-defined by linear functions, in which, the parameters are consistent with the physical content of the springback phenomenon.

Cloud systems are currently the most popular concept of information systems and are the result of the evolution of a chain of methods for their construction. The main task of cloud technologies is to create a virtual cloud system consisting of virtual distributed resources. These resources provide remote provisioning of cloud access services with the required level of customer service Analysis and load balancing in cloud systems is quite an urgent task, as most open access cloud systems use simple load schedulers for their physical servers. The problem of load balancing requires a solution not when the server unexpectedly failed in the process of working on the task, which discourages users from using such a product, but at the very beginning of the project. In the early stages of design, it is acceptable to increase capacity by connecting new servers or using code optimization algorithms. But when a certain limit is reached, these measures become insufficient. The article reviews the methods of load balancing in cloud systems. It is shown that the existing methods of load balancing of cloud systems have limited use and currently there is no universal load balancing system. In addition, none of the considered methods takes into account such important components of systems as network and disk subsystem. Load balancing methods for cloud systems require improvement, the purpose of which should be the ability to fully monitor the system to meet the requirements of users and developers.

Fusion energy is a promising solution for the expected energy problems in the mid-term future. This technology is expected to use deuterium and tritium, two hydrogen isotopes, as fuel. Deuterium can be obtained from natural sources, but tritium, which is a non-stable hydrogen isotope, must be in situ generated. To assure the correct monitoring of both isotopes, it will be required the design and qualification of high-temperature sensors. The construction of H2 sensors based on solid-state electrolytes can be the first step towards the development of new analytical tools able to monitor hydrogen isotopes in that aggressive environment. In previous work [1], amperometric sensors based on BaCe0.6Zr0.3Y0.1O3-α (BCZY) solid-state electrolyte have shown good analytical parameters for hydrogen monitoring. However, these materials need high temperatures during sintering to obtain full density due to their refractory nature. This lack of densification can affect their electrochemical response due to their low ionic conductivity. The use of sintering aids, like ZnO, can improve the densification of these ceramics at lower temperatures. In the present work, hydrogen sensors based on BCZY were constructed and evaluated in potentiometric mode. Different sintering conditions for this electrolyte were tested and their potentiometric response was compared. The following disk-shaped electrolytes were prepared for that purpose: 1400 ºC – 30 h, 1650 ºC – 6h. Simultaneously, BCZY was sintered at 1400 ºC -12 h with 5 mol% of ZnO as a sintering aid. Samples were characterized using XRD (to determine the crystallographic phases) and SEM (for microstructural defects and sintering). Then, disks were platinized and sealed with a glass binder to alumina tubes for sensor construction. Measurements were performed at 400 and 500 ºC. The hydrogen concentration in the RE was 1000 ppm H2 in Ar. The response obtained with the three sensors was compared with the theoretical Nernst potential. [1] A. Hinojo, I. Soriano, J. Abellà, S. Colominas, Evaluation of High-Temperature Hydrogen Sensors Based on BaCe0.6Zr0.3Y0.1O3-α and Sr(Ce0.9Zr0.1)0.95Yb0.05O3-α Perovskites for Industrial Applications, Sensors. 20 (2020) 7258. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20247258.

Cellulose has attracted much interest, particularly in medical applications such as advanced biosensing devices. Cellulose could provide biosensors with enhanced biocompatibility, biodegradability and non-toxicity, which could be useful for biosensors. Thus, they play a significant role in environmental monitoring, medical diagnostic tools, forensic science, and foodstuff processing safety applications. This review summarizes the recent developments in cellulose-based biosensors targeting the molecular design principles toward medical detection purposes. The recognition/detection mechanisms of cellulose-based biosensors demonstrate two major classes of measurable signal generation, including optical and electrochemical cellulosic biosensors. As a result of their simplicity, high sensitivity, and low cost, cellulose-based optical biosensors are particularly of great interest for including label-free and label-driven (fluorescent and colorimetric) biosensors. There have been numerous types of cellulose substrates employed in biosensors, including several cellulose derivatives, nano-cellulose, bacterial cellulose, paper, gauzes, and hydrogels. These kinds of cellulose-based biosensors were discussed according to their preparation procedures and detection principle. Cellulose and its derivatives with their distinctive chemical structure have demonstrated to be versatile materials, affording a high-quality platform for accomplishing the immobilization process of biologically active molecules into biosensors. Cellulose-based biosensors exhibit a variety of desirable characteristics, such as sensitivity, accuracy, convenience, quick response, and low-cost. For instance, cellulose paper-based biosensors are characterized as being low-cost and easy to operate, while nano-cellulose biosensors are characterized as having a good dispersion, high absorbance capacity, and large surface area. Cellulose and its derivatives have been promising materials in biosensors which could be employed to monitor various bio-molecules, such as urea, glucose, cell, amino acid, protein, lactate, hydroquinone, gene, and cholesterol. The future interest will focus on the design and construction of multifunctional, miniaturized, low-cost, environmentally friendly, and integrated biosensors. Thus, the production of cellulose-based biosensors is very important.

Taking the entire education system in Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, Central China, as an example, this paper uses the questionnaire survey method to analyze the effect of artificial intelligence (AI) on role cognition in the education system. The education system targeted by this questionnaire survey involves 8 categories: preschool education, primary education, secondary education, higher education, adult education, computer network education, enterprise education, and social education; the respondents include 368 teachers, 402 students or learners, 118 school managers, and 124 family members of students or learners in all above education categories. The questionnaire design has a total of 34 question classified into 6 role cognition items, with a 5-level score; a total of 1012 questionnaires were distributed, and 978 were recovered with a recovery rate of 96.64%, in which 957 were valid questionnaires with an effective rate of 97.85%. The study results show that the learning of AI-assisted courses is strongly dependent on course role cognition, and the construction of role cognition is related to the understanding of course content, teaching methods, and activity methods. Therefore, the effect of AI on role cognition in the education system needs to be systematically analyzed from the aspects of function realization form, resource presentation method, supporting hardware form, teacher-student interaction method, and representation method of works. As connecters, teacher’s role cognition is limited by the degree of understanding learners, the amount of resources, and data processing capabilities, but the advantage is that they can flexibly monitor and adjust. AI technology is flexible and diverse, it functions in learning and teaching activities in a variety of ways, and there is no agreement on the terminology to describe its role in role recognition. The results of this paper provide a reference for further researches on the effect of AI on role cognition in the education system.

Asset corrosion is a huge problem for the construction and other industries with an estimated cost of approximately GBP 300 billion in the EU in 2013 [1]. To mitigate this cost and protect metal substrates from corrosion, organic coatings are often used. In 2017 the EU produced 4 million metric tonnes of organically coated steel, a large quantity of which is used for the production of building cladding material [2]. Cladding material is widely used in construction of both commercial, industrial, and residential buildings due to its convenience, speed of construction as well as aesthetic and weather resistant properties. Architects and customers are increasingly using pre-finished coated steel panels to provide a sleek modern design. In order to maintain the required aesthetic value offered by these panels, it is of crucial importance that the coatings provide appropriate protection from the harsh conditions faced by building facades. It is paramount that manufacturers of the cladding can provide reassurances of the long-term coating performance to provide confidence to the end customer. Despite this, coating performance is only currently estimated by accelerated lab-based tests and some short-term outdoor exposure testing. These tests are carried out in conditions that produce results that are often not representative of real life, leading to earlier than expected failure of the product in some conditions. The ability to monitor the environments that the coatings are exposed to, as well as the actual real-time performance of the coating itself, would provide a far better avenue to determine the expected lifetime of the coated product as well as maintenance scheduling and failure prevention. Furthermore, it would reduce the requirement for human inspection and allow remedial maintenance before the damage becomes too significant to warrant replacement. The advantages of in-situ, real time monitoring has long been recognized by the oil and gas industry, however, at this point in time they are the only sector deploying significant corrosion and coating monitoring techniques. However, as we move to a more connected world, with an increase in devices and IOT systems there is increased interest by the construction section in sensing. There has been significant research effort to develop corrosion sensing of concrete embedded rebar [3–5] and it is clear there is an appetite to grow the field of asset monitoring. The research undertaken develops novel deployments of existing techniques as well as new techniques to detect both corrosion of metallic substrates and degradation and failure of the organic coatings. The overall aim is to produce a sensor system that can work autonomously over long periods. This presented difficulties in terms of, powering, communication, durability, deployment, and sensitivity. The ideas explored include capacitive based sensing, magnetic flux leakage, RFID EMI based corrosion sensing and radiofrequency based dielectric sensing. The designed sensors show promise in detecting early stages of corrosion and coating failure as well as indicating the severity of such changes. The work presented will discuss the challenges faced and how they were/are being overcome as well as the current sensor development and results. Koch GH, Varney J, Thompson N, Moghissi O, Gould M, et al. (2012) International measures of prevention, application, and economics of corrosion technologies study. NACE International, Houston. Eurofer. European Steel in Figures 2008-2017. 2018. James A, Bazarchi E, Chiniforush AA, Panjebashi Aghdam P, Hosseini MR, Akbarnezhad A, et al. Rebar corrosion detection, protection, and rehabilitation of reinforced concrete structures in coastal environments: A review. Constr Build Mater [Internet]. 2019;224:1026–39. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061819319208 Xie L, Zhu X, Liu Z, Liu X, Wang T, Xing J. A rebar corrosion sensor embedded in concrete based on surface acoustic wave. Measurement [Internet]. 2020;165:108118. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263224120306564 Fan L, Shi X. Techniques of corrosion monitoring of steel rebar in reinforced concrete structures: A review. Struct Heal Monit [Internet]. 0(0):14759217211030912. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/14759217211030911

The paper is dedicated to architectural structures modeling by means of computer-graphics. Images on the monitor represent perspective. That’s why the images could be assessed from the most convenient points as viewer’s position is considered to be the perspective center. Non-rectilinear profile makes the structure the most impressive. The hyperbolic paraboloid surface is researched. Parabolas and hyperbolas are the only forms of its sections except for tangent planes cases. Parabolas as contact lines are reviewed. Hyperbolic paraboloid is an infinite surface that’s why only a portion of it could be modeled. Four link space zigzag ({4l} indicator) is its best representation. In such case the non-rectilinear profile should be represented as a curve of second order semicircular arc. Modeling of a limited section does not affect the final modeling because the {4l} representation makes the depiction of all surface in that frame of axis that have the identified hyperbolic paraboloid looks like a cone. The paper’s objective is development of imaging technique using parabolic contact lines to design hyperbolic paraboloid surface and applicable to several surfaces of the same construction. To do so, parameter analysis of the task is conducted, the applicable theory is identified, and the hyperbolic paraboloid imaging technique using the set profile line in the form of any curve of second order is conducted, namely the imaging technique for contact parabola and the set of hyperbolic paraboloids which it set forth. The set of plans that may contain the parabolic contact line set is two-parameter. However, in general, the position of those planes is remains unknown. Thus, the task is as follows: find the third point of the plane that intersects the given wrapping cone along the parabola when the two points are given. These two points must belong to the same forming line on the cone. The imaging requires 7 parameters whereas the hyperbolic paraboloid has 8 parameters. That’s why with one parabolic contact line and given wrapping cone of the second order one-parameter set of hyperbolic paraboloids could be imaged. The paper shows how to image the contact line if the profile line is given as a parabola, ellipse, or hyperbola. The portion of one hyperbolic paraboloid may imaged when the parameters are aligned and any other bisecant of same perspective line of shape. Two portions of parabola conjugated due to the joint wrapping cone hyperbolic paraboloid imaging is demonstrated.

Binding of a protein at a ligand-modified ion channel can lead to closure or distortion of the channel, resulting in a digital on/off response of the ion flux. This principle could be applied as a strategy for sensor design using artificial membrane ligands or receptors. Important details of modeling and a technique of realization of the new molecular electronic sensor device are presented. The response of the sensor induced by analyte binding depends on the analyte's size and ability to close or distort the ion channel. Testing different ion channels in a typical single molecule-binding event modifies the membrane current by about 0.2 to 20 pA. The gated channel-based sensor is set up by using elements from different fields. It consists of a stable transmembrane channel (for example, a chemically engineered 6.3 helix peptide antibiotic) with a ligand covalently bound at the peptide channel entrance, an electrochemical sensor chip with a photostructurized hydrophobic polymer frame, a hydrophilic ion-conducting membrane support, a lipid membrane incorporating the engineered ion channel, and a sensitive membrane current amplifier or a sensitive fluorescence monitor. Detection of channel opening or closure can either be obtained directly by monitoring membrane conductivity or by monitoring a transient change in pH or ion concentration within the membrane compartment. This transient change can be induced by various means, and its decay is directly correlated to the ion permeability of the membrane. Nonspecific binding at a lipid membrane does not interfere with the ion flux through ion channels. This is a basic advantage of this principle compared to that of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), or hybridization of labeled DNA/RNA probes. Furthermore, because nonspecific binding events are mainly transient, specific binding events directly at the ion channel can be separated from them by evaluating the current peak time scale. Theoretically, the sensitivity of such a device can approach one molecule. Under practical conditions, the sensitivity is limited by the diffusion process of the analyte to the receptor ligand but not by the molecular electronic device. The new type of biosensor combines sensor design and technology from immunoassays and biorecognition assays with automated analysis systems and knowledge from the field of nanotechnology. Based on the detection principle, miniaturized portable sensor chips with either electronic or optical detection are under construction. These may have capabilities exceeding those of existing analytical instruments (for example, ELISA tests, medical analyzer, and high-pressure liquid chromatography [HPLC].

Abstract STUDY QUESTION Is it possible to establish a new in-vitro activation (IVA) protocol for infertility treatment? SUMMARY ANSWER A new IVA procedure is an efficient and easily performed approach for infertility treatment of patients with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR). WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY IVA of primordial follicles with or without stimulators has been developed to treat patients with primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) successfully. However, the efficiency of the procedure is still very low. There is a requirement to optimize the protocol with increased efficiency for clinical application. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Newborn mouse ovaries were used to establish a new 1-h IVA protocol with the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) stimulator phosphatidic acid (PA, 200 µM) and the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) stimulator 740Y-P (250 µg/ml); a prospective observational cohort study in POI patients was performed on 15 POI patients and 3 poor ovarian response (POR) patients in three different centers of reproductive medicine in China. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS One-third of ovarian cortex was removed and processed into bigger strips (1 × 1 cm2, 1–2 mm thickness). Strips were then sutured back after treatment. The new approach only requires one laparoscopic surgery. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Follicular activation and development increased in cultured mouse and human ovarian tissues after 1 h of stimulator treatment. Compared with tiny ovarian cortex pieces (1 × 1 mm2), large ovarian strips (1 × 1 cm2) showed the lowest apoptotic signals after incubation. We applied the orthotropic transplantation procedure with large strips in the clinic, and 9 of 15 POI patients showed at least one-wave follicular growth during the monitoring period. One patient was reported with one healthy delivery after natural conception and another patient with a healthy singleton delivery after IVF. All the contacted patients (n = 13) responded with no side effects on their health 2–4 years after IVA procedure. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Further clinical trials with a large number of well-defined patients are required to compare different IVA protocols. A long-term follow-up system should be set up to monitor patient’s health in the future cohort study. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS By using stimulators, the findings in the study provide a more efficient IVA protocol for the treatment of patients with DOR. It requires only one laparoscopic surgery and thus minimizes patients’ discomfort and costs. This strategy could be useful for patients diagnosed with POI and desire pregnancy as soon as possible after the operation. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFC1003703 and 2018YFC1004203); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81871221); Co-construction of Provincial Department (201601006). The authors have no conflict of interest to disclose. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ChiCTR2000030872.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Electronic health records have become the fulcrum for efforts by institutions to reduce errors, improve safety, reduce cost, and improve compliance with recommended guidelines. In recent times they are also being considered as a potential game changer for improving patient recruitment for clinical trials (CT). Although the use of CDS for clinical care is partially understood, its use for CT patient identification and recruitment is young and a great deal of experimental and theoretical research is needed in this area to optimize the use of CDS tools that personalize patient care by identifying relevant clinical trials and other research interventions. The use of CDS tools for CT recruitment offers a great deal of possibilities, but some initial usage has been disappointing. This may not be surprising because, while the implementation of these interventions is somewhat simple, ensuring that they are embedded into the right point of the care providers workflow is highly complex and may affect many actors in a clinical care setting, including patients, nurses, physicians, clinical coordinators, and investigators. Overcoming the challenges of alerting providers regarding their patient’s eligibility for clinical trials is an important and difficult challenge. Translating that effort into effective recruitment will require understanding of the psychological and workflow barriers and facilitators for how providers respond to automated alerts requesting patient referrals. Evidence from using CDS for clinical care that shows alerts become increasingly ignored over time or with more exposure (1, 2). The features, timing, and method of these alerts are important usability factors that may influence effectiveness of the referral process. Focus group methods capture the shared perspectives of a phenomenon and have been shown to be an effective method for identifying perceptions, attitudes, information needs, and other human factors effecting workflow (3, 4). Our objective was to develop a generalizable method for measuring physician and clinic level factors defining a successful point of care recruitment program in an outpatient care setting. To achieve this we attempted to (a) Characterize provider’s attitudes regarding CTs referrals and research. (b) Identify perceived workflow strategies and facilitators relevant to CT recruitment in primary care. (c) Develop and test a pilot instrument. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The methods had 3 phases: focus groups, development of item pool, and tool development. Focus group topics were developed by 4 experienced investigators, with training in biomedical informatics, cognitive psychology, human factors, and workflow analysis, based upon a knowledge of the literature. A script was developed and the methods were piloted with a group of 4 clinicians. In all, 16 primary care providers, 5 clinic directors, and 6 staff supervisors participated in 6 focus groups, with an average of 5 participants each, to discuss clinical trial recruitment at the point of care. Focus groups were conducted by the development team. Audio recording were content coded and analyzed to identify themes by consensus of 3 authors. Item Pool generation involved extracting items identified in the focus group analysis, selecting a subset deemed most interesting based on knowledge of the recruitment literature and iteratively writing and refining questions. Instrument development consisted of piloting an initial 7-item questionnaire with a local primary provider sample. Questions were correlated with the item pool and limited to reduce provider burden, based on those that the study team deemed most applicable to information technology supported recruitment. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed on the pilot survey results. An online survey was developed based on the findings of the focus groups and emailed to 127 primary care providers who were invited to participate. In total, 36 questionnaires were completed. This study was approved by the University of Utah Institutional Review Board. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The results section is organized into 3 sections: (a) Focus groups, (b) Item generation; and (c) Questionnaire pilot. (I) (1) Focus Groups. Themes identified through a qualitative review are presented below with illustrative comments of participants. The diversity of attitudes and willingness to support clinical trial recruitment varied so substantially that no single pattern emerged. Attitudes ranged from enthusiastic support, to interest in some trials to disinterest or distrust in trials in general. Compensation for time spent, which could be monetary, informational, or through professional recognition; and provider relationship with the study team or pre-selection of specific trials by a clinic oversight committee, and importance to providers practice positively affected willingness to help recruit. “I would love to get people into clinical trials as much as possible... If it works for them you are going to help a whole lot of other people.” If we felt like we have done every possible thing that was already established as evidence-based and it didn’t work out, then we would consider the trials. I think that studies are more beneficial for specific specialists... There might be a whole slew of things that I never deal with or don’t care about because it’s not prevalent for my patient population. Local and reputable... A long distance someone asking to do something is just not the same as someone in the trenches with you. The bottom line is how much work is involved at our end and if there is going to be any compensation for that. I think also the providers would like have feedback on what they referred them to. And how did it go? So did we pick the right patient? ... It helps us to know, did they even sign up for the study? Getting your name on a research paper would be nice too. Lack of information regarding trials reduced support for recruitment of patients. Providers stated that they do not know how to quickly find information about studies, nor do they have time to find the information, and therefore cannot efficiently council patients regarding trial participation. Notifications regarding clinical trials that were deemed to be important included: Trial coordinator intention to recruit patients, enrollment of a patient in a clinical drug trial, trial progress and result updates, and reports of effectiveness of provider recruitment efforts. Perceived information needs regarding trials that providers are referring patients to included: trial purpose, design, benefits and risks, potential side effects, intervention details, medication class (mechanism of action), drug interactions with study drug, study timeline, coordinator contact information, link to print off patient handouts, enrollment instructions, and a link to study website. (2) It’s just we don’t know any of the information ... and it can’t take any of our time. ... I don’t have time to research it. Sometimes the patients ask me questions about it and I would like to be in a position where I have some information about it before I am asked. It would be nice to be notified if they [my patients] are enrolled in the trial, when it turns into actual recruitment. I do like to know if they’re in [a trial] so that when they come in for problems, I at least know that they might be on a study medication so I can be safe. I’ll get an ER message, “The patient got admitted. There blood pressure’s, you know, tanked, because they’re on a study drug I didn’t know anything about.” if there’s certain side effects that I need to be watching out for. It would also be good to have a contact person from the study in case we need to notify them of. “this person’s possible having an adverse event. Look into it more.” (3) Provider burden associated with patient recruitment appeared to be a deterrent. These burdens included adding to the providers task list, increasing the time required to complete a visit, and usurpation of control over the patients care plan with the associated effect on provider quality scores. We don’t have time. I mean, we don’t even take a lunch break. I have 15 minutes and now this is taking this many minutes away from my 15 minutes. I am just sick of extra work. We already have so much extra work. It’s just more stuff to do. We are maxed out on stuff to do. Right now, part of our compensation depends on having our patients A1Cs controlled. And so if we’re taking a chance that maybe they’re getting a medicine, maybe they’re not, maybe it’ll help, maybe it won’t, its gonna further delay our ability to get paid. Cause they’re like “I’m not going to let you go mess up my patient and I’m going to have to deal with the consequences is kind of the way they think. If you’re going to put the patient in a study, being able drop them from our registry so we don’t get penalized for a negative outcome [is important]. (4) Patient’s needs were a priority among factors influencing likelihood to help recruitment patients. Providers considered perceived benefit or risk to the patient, such as additional healthcare services, increased monitoring, financial assistance, or access to new treatments when other options have been ineffective, important; as well as continuance of established care that has proven effective, and ethical recruitment that addresses language and mental health to ensure that patients can make decisions regarding study participation. If there’s something great that’s gonna benefit a patient, I would definitely wanna know about it to give them that option. You know that’s what we wanna try to do is make our patients better. Someone who is really well controlled and doing well, I would not tend to put them toward the study. Just keep going with what’s working right now. Sometimes there’s financial incentives for them to participate, so you know, if its a good fit its easy to at least offer that to the patient. They get treatment maybe that they can’t afford. You don’t want to be seen as somebody who's forcing a patient... if their provider is telling them this is a good idea you are more likely to get your patient to do it. I think they have to understand what a clinical trial is, first of all, in that it’s a trial. Right? We’re trying to figure out if a certain treatment is good or not. It may not work. It may work. With many patients, they don’t only have medical problems, but significant mental illness that sometimes interferes a lot with just our treatment of them here for their clinical problems. And so, that probably would interfere with someone’s ability to understand and consent to a trial. And the patients have the right to make that choice. I don’t need to be—I don’t mind influencing them on things I know about, I think are invaluable, but I don’t need to be a barrier to them. (5) Perceived responsibility in trial recruitment varied substantially, from no involvement at all, to prescreening, counseling, or recruiting patients. Some providers felt that they should have the right to say “no” to recruitment of their patients while others believed prescreening was an unnecessary burden, outside of their role as a primary care provider. if someone prescreens and thinks its appropriate and gives me that judgment call to say, do you think it would be a good fit? I think one of them, they sent, and I said, Oh, I don’t think it would be a good fit because of this...So that would be fine. I don’t think I need to be a gatekeeper for studies. I mean, if there’s people that qualify for a study, and there’s a great study that’s been approved, and they can recruit them without me knowing, that doesn’t bother me in the slightest. I liked how it was—I could do a simple referral ... someone else figured out the qualifications. if we knew of ongoing studies and if we thought a certain patient may qualify for a certain study, we just contact the coordinator, and then they just take care of the rest. I think that appropriate ... from our perspective, would be, “Are you interested?” “This is the number for a person who can sit with you, talk with you about a trial, tell you everything about it, answer your questions, and then you can make a decision.” I’m not going to let you go mess up my patient and I’m going to have to deal with the consequences. (6) A clinic-implementation approach that systemizes workflow, limits the number of trials providers are asked to recruit for, and minimizes provider time burden is needed. Suggested methods for informing providers of patient clinical trial eligibility included: email, alerts, in-basket messages, texts, phone-calls, and in-person contact. People are so sick of change, change, change, change ... if there’s no stability whatsoever, then people get frustrated and start to burn out. Having my staff remember how to do it correctly and I remember what studies we have going ... it becomes somewhat of a burden... it’s hard for us to remember as we are flying through our day. There just needs to be a clear understanding with those roles... Who does the patient call? We don’t want to look like we don’t know what we are doing. There probably should be a selection committee put together from various people who have stakes in the community, at least who can say, “This would be applicable for xx clinic.” (7) Provider Suggestions Providers had multiple suggestions regarding notification methods. (II) Development of item pool and construction of questionnaire The specific items were constructed from literature review on physician’s attitudes and results from the focus group. The overarching concern was on readability, brief questionnaire size, and relevance. A large item were constructed and then reduced through piloting. (III) Questionnaire Pilot Results: The 7-item pilot questionnaire was completed by 36 physicians (28% response rate). In this section, we report the empirical results. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Discussion Relevance of Methods. Overall, the described methods for determining components for a recruitment program in primary care shows early promise. The focus groups that consisted of providers, staff and administrators resulted in insights as to workflows, attitudes, and clinical processes. These insights significantly varied across clinics. This variation supported the need for an individualized clinic-based approach that will meet local needs. During the course of the study, participants were willing to participate in all activities (although some requested payment). We were able to conduct the focus groups as scheduled and obtained the desired input. The analysis of the focus group transcripts was performed using iterative discussions and did not needed any special adaptation for this area of study. The pilot survey response rate was within the expected for this type of study. Focus groups can rapidly provide rich information regarding attitudes and other factors affecting provider participation at the point of care. However, findings from focus groups must always be confirmed through larger studies. It is important to keep the focus groups small and to hold multiple focus groups to offset the more vocal participants that may influence comments of others. This study shows that using our 3-step approach it is possible to gather important information on clinician’s and staff perceptions and needs to participate in point of care patient recruitment for CT. The focus groups also provide an important step for survey construction. Designing surveys empirically requires multiple validation efforts, which will be conducted in the future. However, we can draw preliminary conclusions from the results of the pilot study which are quite informative and they are discussed below. Near future work will be to expand the response rate through additional local survey and conduct formal psychometric testing and validation both locally and nationally. A final validation will be proposed through the CTSA consortiums. Variation in responses. There was a lack of normal curves in our survey results. This points to the need to target education and recruitment efforts by provider type (with similar perspectives). Identification of these types would be useful. Some specific points regarding variability that should be considered in program design. Preferences for trail recruitment methods. Many trial recruitment notification methods have the potential to be successful when used judiciously and done well, particularly if the trial coordinator/provider relationship is supported by reciprocal benefits to the provider. Consistency in workflow within seems paramount to success. Providers can pull some notifications at a time they choose, while other notifications interrupt and must be used sparingly. Some allow review of multiple patients at the same time, and some foster easy access to the patient’s medical record. Conclusions. The authors recommend that recruitment HIT be customizable at the clinic and provider level by responsibility and interest to allow selection of level of information, delivery method, that is, email, text, in-basket, alert, dashboard, mail; frequency of notification, and an opt out feature. These customizable options will allow for better support of clinic workflow or goals. There is the potential with machine learning technology to monitor provider interactions with trial notifications and for the system to automatically make adjustments to the method and level that best supports each physician. Limitations: The major limitation is the focus on one site only and one delivery system (university based). The low response makes generalization difficult. Efforts to improve the rate are underway. Many populations are under-represented in Utah. Full psychometric analysis was not conducted but will part of the final project.

Background: Adherence to medications and recommended lifestyle changes are effective strategies to reduce recurrent stroke, yet implementation remains sub-optimal. We lack information from the stroke survivor’s perspective about effective ways to promote engagement in managing risk. The aim was to explore their experiences in risk factor control and identify opportunities for using health information technology (HIT) to support self-management. Methods: Using a mixed methods design, focus groups (n=8) were convened to explore management of risk after stroke. Results from the focus groups guided the development of a survey, administered to a new group of stroke survivors (n=82) to collect information specifically about blood pressure (BP) management and use of HIT. Results: Focus group participants described stroke as a call to action to improve health. Themes consistent across groups were: recognizing signs/symptoms of stroke and feeling efficacious to act, knowing risk factors and doing the right things, and challenges and support for doing the right things. Most described using some form of HIT to support risk factor management, such as home BP monitoring, setting phone alarms for medications, and accessing information online. Among survey respondents, 60% reported uncontrolled BP at the time of stroke, with only 37% taking BP medications regularly before stroke and improvement to 75% following stroke. Of those with a home BP monitor (50%), most reported regular monitoring and were 6.2 times (95% CI: 2.1, 18.2) more likely to know their target BP than those without a monitor. Almost all participants reported mobile phone ownership (93%), mostly Smartphones (66%). While 43% use the internet to access health information, only 18% had visited stroke specific sites such as the American Stroke Association. The majority (80%) identified roles for technology and was interested in HIT to support their risk factor control. Conclusions: Stroke survivors described challenges related to managing risk factors after stroke as well as potential opportunities for HIT. We need to do more to engage stroke survivors and the wide of adoption of mobile phones suggests an innovative method for motivating and supporting stroke survivors in self-management of risk factors.

The unpredictable nature of seizures is challenging for caregivers of epileptic dogs, which calls the need for other management strategies such as seizure detection devices. Seizure detection devices are systems that rely on non-electroencephalographic (non-EEG) ictal changes, designed to detect seizures. The aim for its use in dogs would be to provide owners with a more complete history of their dog's seizures and to help install prompt (and potentially life-saving) intervention. Although seizure detection via wearable intracranial EEG recordings is associated with a higher sensitivity in humans, there is robust evidence for reliable detection of generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS) using non-EEG devices. Promising non-EEG changes described in epileptic humans, include heart rate variability (HRV), accelerometry (ACM), electrodermal activity (EDA), and electromyography (EMG). Their sensitivity and false detection rate to detect seizures vary, however direct comparison of studies is nearly impossible, as there are many differences in study design and standards for testing. A way to improve sensitivity and decrease false-positive alarms is to combine the different parameters thereby profiting from the strengths of each one. Given the challenges of using EEG in veterinary clinical practice, non-EEG ictal changes could be a promising alternative to monitor seizures more objectively. This review summarizes various seizure detection devices described in the human literature, discusses their potential use and limitations in veterinary medicine and describes what is currently known in the veterinary literature.

Purpose: Unlike other projects, disputes are not avoidable on road projects. The study was focused to assess the causes of disputes management practices on road construction project performance under the department of roads. Design/Methodology/Approach: Based on convenient sampling eight (8) construction sites were chosen for the contextual analysis. After the serious audits of accessible writing on the reasons for debates in the development businesses, one set questionnaire study was completed among the principal partners engaged with the road sites to evaluate the reasons for questions. Semi-organized interviews were led with the stakeholders. Findings/Result: The main seeds of disputes were attributed due to Delays in works progress, Design error, Financial failures of contractors, Quality of works, Technical inadequacy of contractors, Payment delays, Semi-structured, Change in scope, Extension of Time (EoT) and Financial difficulties. Claims arising from delay in work progress can be reduced by realistic work schedule with resource deployment plan. The employer should closely monitor the activities with approved work schedule and provide appropriate solution for the issues arises from disputes / claims. Claims arising from delay in payment can be reduced by systematic disbursement of payment or directly payment to the people working groups under contractor. The cash flow management of contractors can be control by control mechanism for the use of mobilization fund on the same project works. Consultants ought to guarantee BOQ and contract periods, determined in the bid archives, are practical and according to existing site conditions. Originality/Value: The study is significant for professionals to overcome identified causes effectively to create zero dispute projects based on real time causes. Paper Type: Research paper

Abstract Objective. Histopathology image segmentation can assist medical professionals in identifying and diagnosing diseased tissue more efficiently. Although fully supervised segmentation models have excellent performance, the annotation cost is extremely expensive. Weakly supervised models are widely used in medical image segmentation due to their low annotation cost. Nevertheless, these weakly supervised models have difficulty in accurately locating the boundaries between different classes of regions in pathological images, resulting in a high rate of false alarms. Our objective is to design a weakly supervised segmentation model to resolve the above problems. Approach. The segmentation model is divided into two main stages, the generation of pseudo labels based on Class Residual Attention Accumulation Network (CRAANet) and the semantic segmentation based on Pixel Feature Space Construction Network (PFSCNet). CRAANet provides attention scores for each class through the Class Residual Attention (CRA) module, while the Attention Accumulation (AA) module overlays the attention feature maps generated in each training epoch. PFSCNet employs a network model containing an inflated convolutional residual neural network and a multi-scale feature-aware module as the segmentation backbone, and proposes Dense Energy Loss (DE Loss) and Pixel Clustering (PCL) are modules based on contrast learning to solve the pseudo-labeling-inaccuracy problem. Main results. We validate our method using the lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD-HistoSeg) dataset and the breast cancer (BCSS) dataset. The results of the experiments show that our proposed method outperforms other state-of-the-art methods on both datasets in several metrics. This suggests that it is capable of performing well in a wide variety of histopathological image segmentation tasks. Significance. We propose a weakly supervised semantic segmentation network that achieves approximate fully supervised segmentation performance even in the case of incomplete labels. The proposed attention accumulation and pixel-level contrast learning also make the edges more accurate and can well assist pathologists in their research.

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. BACKGROUND Patients often need to use their arms to assist with functional activities, but after open-heart surgery, pushing with the arms is often limited to &lt;10 lb (4.5 kg), to minimize force across the healing sternum. Restricting arm use often limits patient functional independence which can contribute to longer hospital stays and greater need for care after hospitalization. Therefore, appropriate arm use is important for return to function. Currently, no method exists to measure patient upper extremity weight bearing (UEWB) forces objectively in clinical settings. The ultimate goal was to develop a walker that provides UEWB force feedback to patients recovering from median sternotomy. This research project included three interrelated parts that sequentially built on each other. PART 1 First, I conducted a secondary data analysis comparing UEWB force and Pectoralis Major Muscle EMG during functional mobility in younger vs. older subjects (n = 65). Results showed that the mean arm force was &gt;10 lb before feedback training during all functional mobility tasks for both groups. There were significant differences in UEWB force and EMG between groups (young vs. old) and trials (pre- vs. post-feedback training). There was significantly greater improvement (change) in the UEWB force in the older than younger subjects. We also found a significantly greater reduction in EMG activity in the older subjects than younger subjects for all tasks except during stand-to-sit. Results suggested that patients, particularly older ones, may not accurately estimate UEWB force &lt;10 lb, and feedback training is effective for improving accuracy. This established proof-of-concept, the need for a Clinical Force Measuring (CFM) walker, and the efficacy of its use with feedback training. PART 2 Next, I completed a qualitative study to obtain critiques of a CFM walker prototype from rehabilitation professionals through structured interviews that were recorded and transcribed. I coded key statements and phrases that allowed "themes" to emerge (Table 1), which guided device revisions. PART 3 Lastly, I fabricated and tested a second CFM Walker prototype (Figure 1) based on key design elements including: 1) integrated vertical force measuring capability, 2) ergonomic handles, 3) simple visual and auditory feedback with upper limit alarms, 4) streamline, stable, and manoeuvrable frame, 5) lightweight construction, 6) minimal drag, 7) adjustable height, 8) ability to disinfect, and 9) affordable cost. CONCLUSIONS The CFM Walker could help patients recover safer and faster from open heart surgery, especially elderly adults.

Instead Of Earning A Small Fee On A Building Project, A Materials Testing Laboratory Can Instead Become Involved In Litigation Which Could Cost It And Its Liability Insurers An Amount Many Times The Fee. But More Than This, There Could Also Be An Infinitely Greater Amount Of Time Spent Defending The Firm Than Was Ever Spent In Performing The Tests. In The Majority Of Cases The Tests Are Performed To Either Supply Design Information Or Monitor Compliance With Project Specifications And/Or Building Code Requirements. However, If Problems Develop And Litigation Begins, Then The Project File Information Becomes Evidence Of What Took Place On The Project. In Some Cases, However, The Laboratory Is Employed After Litigation Has Begun, Or The Probability Of A Lawsuit Is High, And The Testing Is Performed To Provide Evidence. In Any Event, The Results Of These Tests Are Taken As Essential Facts Which Will Be Reviewed By The Attorneys And Their Forensic Engineering Experts. Sometimes The Technicians Or Managers Of The Firm Providing These Field Or Laboratory Results Will Be Deposed, And Every Raw Data Sheet, Report And Log In The File May Be Examined In Great Detail By The Various Parties. If One Error Is Found, It May Be Contended That There May Be Other Errors Which Have Not Been Found Yet. If It Develops That Any Errors Or Suspected Errors Were Made, Then The Laboratory May Become Party To The Lawsuit.

Introduction Figure 1 The counter-Terrorism advertising campaign of London’s Metropolitan Police commodifies some everyday items such as mobile phones, computers, passports and credit cards as having the potential to sustain terrorist activities. The process of ascribing cultural values and symbolic meanings to some everyday technical gadgets objectifies and situates Terrorism into the everyday life. The police, in urging people to look out for ‘the unusual’ in their normal day-to-day lives, juxtapose the everyday with the unusual, where day-to-day consumption, routines and flows of human activity can seemingly house insidious and atavistic elements. This again is reiterated in the Met police press release: Terrorists live within our communities making their plans whilst doing everything they can to blend in, and trying not to raise suspicions about their activities. (MPA Website) The commodification of Terrorism through uncommon and everyday objects situates Terrorism as a phenomenon which occupies a liminal space within the everyday. It resides, breathes and co-exists within the taken-for-granted routines and objects of ‘the everyday’ where it has the potential to explode and disrupt without warning. Since 9/11 and the 7/7 bombings Terrorism has been narrated through the disruption of mobility, whether in mid-air or in the deep recesses of the Underground. The resonant thread of disruption to human mobility evokes a powerful meta-narrative where acts of Terrorism can halt human agency amidst the backdrop of the metropolis, which is often a metaphor for speed and accelerated activities. If globalisation and the interconnected nature of the world are understood through discourses of risk, Terrorism bears the same footprint in urban spaces of modernity, narrating the vulnerability of the human condition in an inter-linked world where ideological struggles and resistance are manifested through inexplicable violence and destruction of lives, where the everyday is suspended to embrace the unexpected. As a consequence ambient fear “saturates the social spaces of everyday life” (Hubbard 2). The commodification of Terrorism through everyday items of consumption inevitably creates an intertextuality with real and media events, which constantly corrode the security of the metropolis. Paddy Scannell alludes to a doubling of place in our mediated world where “public events now occur simultaneously in two different places; the place of the event itself and that in which it is watched and heard. The media then vacillates between the two sites and creates experiences of simultaneity, liveness and immediacy” (qtd. in Moores 22). The doubling of place through media constructs a pervasive environment of risk and fear. Mark Danner (qtd. in Bauman 106) points out that the most powerful weapon of the 9/11 terrorists was that innocuous and “most American of technological creations: the television set” which provided a global platform to constantly replay and remember the dreadful scenes of the day, enabling the terrorist to appear invincible and to narrate fear as ubiquitous and omnipresent. Philip Abrams argues that ‘big events’ (such as 9/11 and 7/7) do make a difference in the social world for such events function as a transformative device between the past and future, forcing society to alter or transform its perspectives. David Altheide points out that since September 11 and the ensuing war on terror, a new discourse of Terrorism has emerged as a way of expressing how the world has changed and defining a state of constant alert through a media logic and format that shapes the nature of discourse itself. Consequently, the intensity and centralisation of surveillance in Western countries increased dramatically, placing the emphasis on expanding the forms of the already existing range of surveillance processes and practices that circumscribe and help shape our social existence (Lyon, Terrorism 2). Normalisation of Surveillance The role of technologies, particularly information and communication technologies (ICTs), and other infrastructures to unevenly distribute access to the goods and services necessary for modern life, while facilitating data collection on and control of the public, are significant characteristics of modernity (Reiman; Graham and Marvin; Monahan). The embedding of technological surveillance into spaces and infrastructures not only augment social control but also redefine data as a form of capital which can be shared between public and private sectors (Gandy, Data Mining; O’Harrow; Monahan). The scale, complexity and limitations of omnipresent and omnipotent surveillance, nevertheless, offer room for both subversion as well as new forms of domination and oppression (Marx). In surveillance studies, Foucault’s analysis is often heavily employed to explain lines of continuity and change between earlier forms of surveillance and data assemblage and contemporary forms in the shape of closed-circuit television (CCTV) and other surveillance modes (Dee). It establishes the need to discern patterns of power and normalisation and the subliminal or obvious cultural codes and categories that emerge through these arrangements (Fopp; Lyon, Electronic; Norris and Armstrong). In their study of CCTV surveillance, Norris and Armstrong (cf. in Dee) point out that when added to the daily minutiae of surveillance, CCTV cameras in public spaces, along with other camera surveillance in work places, capture human beings on a database constantly. The normalisation of surveillance, particularly with reference to CCTV, the popularisation of surveillance through television formats such as ‘Big Brother’ (Dee), and the expansion of online platforms to publish private images, has created a contradictory, complex and contested nature of spatial and power relationships in society. The UK, for example, has the most developed system of both urban and public space cameras in the world and this growth of camera surveillance and, as Lyon (Surveillance) points out, this has been achieved with very little, if any, public debate as to their benefits or otherwise. There may now be as many as 4.2 million CCTV cameras in Britain (cf. Lyon, Surveillance). That is one for every fourteen people and a person can be captured on over 300 cameras every day. An estimated £500m of public money has been invested in CCTV infrastructure over the last decade but, according to a Home Office study, CCTV schemes that have been assessed had little overall effect on crime levels (Wood and Ball). In spatial terms, these statistics reiterate Foucault’s emphasis on the power economy of the unseen gaze. Michel Foucault in analysing the links between power, information and surveillance inspired by Bentham’s idea of the Panopticon, indicated that it is possible to sanction or reward an individual through the act of surveillance without their knowledge (155). It is this unseen and unknown gaze of surveillance that is fundamental to the exercise of power. The design and arrangement of buildings can be engineered so that the “surveillance is permanent in its effects, even if it is discontinuous in its action” (Foucault 201). Lyon (Terrorism), in tracing the trajectory of surveillance studies, points out that much of surveillance literature has focused on understanding it as a centralised bureaucratic relationship between the powerful and the governed. Invisible forms of surveillance have also been viewed as a class weapon in some societies. With the advancements in and proliferation of surveillance technologies as well as convergence with other technologies, Lyon argues that it is no longer feasible to view surveillance as a linear or centralised process. In our contemporary globalised world, there is a need to reconcile the dialectical strands that mediate surveillance as a process. In acknowledging this, Giles Deleuze and Felix Guattari have constructed surveillance as a rhizome that defies linearity to appropriate a more convoluted and malleable form where the coding of bodies and data can be enmeshed to produce intricate power relationships and hierarchies within societies. Latour draws on the notion of assemblage by propounding that data is amalgamated from scattered centres of calculation where these can range from state and commercial institutions to scientific laboratories which scrutinise data to conceive governance and control strategies. Both the Latourian and Deleuzian ideas of surveillance highlight the disparate arrays of people, technologies and organisations that become connected to make “surveillance assemblages” in contrast to the static, unidirectional Panopticon metaphor (Ball, “Organization” 93). In a similar vein, Gandy (Panoptic) infers that it is misleading to assume that surveillance in practice is as complete and totalising as the Panoptic ideal type would have us believe. Co-optation of Millions The Metropolitan Police’s counter-Terrorism strategy seeks to co-opt millions where the corporeal body can complement the landscape of technological surveillance that already co-exists within modernity. In its press release, the role of civilian bodies in ensuring security of the city is stressed; Keeping Londoners safe from Terrorism is not a job solely for governments, security services or police. If we are to make London the safest major city in the world, we must mobilise against Terrorism not only the resources of the state, but also the active support of the millions of people who live and work in the capita. (MPA Website). Surveillance is increasingly simulated through the millions of corporeal entities where seeing in advance is the goal even before technology records and codes these images (William). Bodies understand and code risk and images through the cultural narratives which circulate in society. Compared to CCTV technology images, which require cultural and political interpretations and interventions, bodies as surveillance organisms implicitly code other bodies and activities. The travel bag in the Metropolitan Police poster reinforces the images of the 7/7 bombers and the renewed attempts to bomb the London Underground on the 21st of July. It reiterates the CCTV footage revealing images of the bombers wearing rucksacks. The image of the rucksack both embodies the everyday as well as the potential for evil in everyday objects. It also inevitably reproduces the cultural biases and prejudices where the rucksack is subliminally associated with a specific type of body. The rucksack in these terms is a laden image which symbolically captures the context and culture of risk discourses in society. The co-optation of the population as a surveillance entity also recasts new forms of social responsibility within the democratic polity, where privacy is increasingly mediated by the greater need to monitor, trace and record the activities of one another. Nikolas Rose, in discussing the increasing ‘responsibilisation’ of individuals in modern societies, describes the process in which the individual accepts responsibility for personal actions across a wide range of fields of social and economic activity as in the choice of diet, savings and pension arrangements, health care decisions and choices, home security measures and personal investment choices (qtd. in Dee). While surveillance in individualistic terms is often viewed as a threat to privacy, Rose argues that the state of ‘advanced liberalism’ within modernity and post-modernity requires considerable degrees of self-governance, regulation and surveillance whereby the individual is constructed both as a ‘new citizen’ and a key site of self management. By co-opting and recasting the role of the citizen in the age of Terrorism, the citizen to a degree accepts responsibility for both surveillance and security. In our sociological imagination the body is constructed both as lived as well as a social object. Erving Goffman uses the word ‘umwelt’ to stress that human embodiment is central to the constitution of the social world. Goffman defines ‘umwelt’ as “the region around an individual from which signs of alarm can come” and employs it to capture how people as social actors perceive and manage their settings when interacting in public places (252). Goffman’s ‘umwelt’ can be traced to Immanuel Kant’s idea that it is the a priori categories of space and time that make it possible for a subject to perceive a world (Umiker-Sebeok; qtd. in Ball, “Organization”). Anthony Giddens adapted the term Umwelt to refer to “a phenomenal world with which the individual is routinely ‘in touch’ in respect of potential dangers and alarms which then formed a core of (accomplished) normalcy with which individuals and groups surround themselves” (244). Benjamin Smith, in considering the body as an integral component of the link between our consciousness and our material world, observes that the body is continuously inscribed by culture. These inscriptions, he argues, encompass a wide range of cultural practices and will imply knowledge of a variety of social constructs. The inscribing of the body will produce cultural meanings as well as create forms of subjectivity while locating and situating the body within a cultural matrix (Smith). Drawing on Derrida’s work, Pugliese employs the term ‘Somatechnics’ to conceptualise the body as a culturally intelligible construct and to address the techniques in and through which the body is formed and transformed (qtd. in Osuri). These techniques can encompass signification systems such as race and gender and equally technologies which mediate our sense of reality. These technologies of thinking, seeing, hearing, signifying, visualising and positioning produce the very conditions for the cultural intelligibility of the body (Osuri). The body is then continuously inscribed and interpreted through mediated signifying systems. Similarly, Hayles, while not intending to impose a Cartesian dichotomy between the physical body and its cognitive presence, contends that the use and interactions with technology incorporate the body as a material entity but it also equally inscribes it by marking, recording and tracing its actions in various terrains. According to Gayatri Spivak (qtd. in Ball, “Organization”) new habits and experiences are embedded into the corporeal entity which then mediates its reactions and responses to the social world. This means one’s body is not completely one’s own and the presence of ideological forces or influences then inscribe the body with meanings, codes and cultural values. In our modern condition, the body and data are intimately and intricately bound. Outside the home, it is difficult for the body to avoid entering into relationships that produce electronic personal data (Stalder). According to Felix Stalder our physical bodies are shadowed by a ‘data body’ which follows the physical body of the consuming citizen and sometimes precedes it by constructing the individual through data (12). Before we arrive somewhere, we have already been measured and classified. Thus, upon arrival, the citizen will be treated according to the criteria ‘connected with the profile that represents us’ (Gandy, Panoptic; William). Following September 11, Lyon (Terrorism) reveals that surveillance data from a myriad of sources, such as supermarkets, motels, traffic control points, credit card transactions records and so on, was used to trace the activities of terrorists in the days and hours before their attacks, confirming that the body leaves data traces and trails. Surveillance works by abstracting bodies from places and splitting them into flows to be reassembled as virtual data-doubles, and in the process can replicate hierarchies and centralise power (Lyon, Terrorism). Mike Dee points out that the nature of surveillance taking place in modern societies is complex and far-reaching and in many ways insidious as surveillance needs to be situated within the broadest context of everyday human acts whether it is shopping with loyalty cards or paying utility bills. Physical vulnerability of the body becomes more complex in the time-space distanciated surveillance systems to which the body has become increasingly exposed. As such, each transaction – whether it be a phone call, credit card transaction, or Internet search – leaves a ‘data trail’ linkable to an individual person or place. Haggerty and Ericson, drawing from Deleuze and Guattari’s concept of the assemblage, describe the convergence and spread of data-gathering systems between different social domains and multiple levels (qtd. in Hier). They argue that the target of the generic ‘surveillance assemblage’ is the human body, which is broken into a series of data flows on which surveillance process is based. The thrust of the focus is the data individuals can yield and the categories to which they can contribute. These are then reapplied to the body. In this sense, surveillance is rhizomatic for it is diverse and connected to an underlying, invisible infrastructure which concerns interconnected technologies in multiple contexts (Ball, “Elements”). The co-opted body in the schema of counter-Terrorism enters a power arrangement where it constitutes both the unseen gaze as well as the data that will be implicated and captured in this arrangement. It is capable of producing surveillance data for those in power while creating new data through its transactions and movements in its everyday life. The body is unequivocally constructed through this data and is also entrapped by it in terms of representation and categorisation. The corporeal body is therefore part of the machinery of surveillance while being vulnerable to its discriminatory powers of categorisation and victimisation. As Hannah Arendt (qtd. in Bauman 91) had warned, “we terrestrial creatures bidding for cosmic significance will shortly be unable to comprehend and articulate the things we are capable of doing” Arendt’s caution conveys the complexity, vulnerability as well as the complicity of the human condition in the surveillance society. Equally it exemplifies how the corporeal body can be co-opted as a surveillance entity sustaining a new ‘banality’ (Arendt) in the machinery of surveillance. Social Consequences of Surveillance Lyon (Terrorism) observed that the events of 9/11 and 7/7 in the UK have inevitably become a prism through which aspects of social structure and processes may be viewed. This prism helps to illuminate the already existing vast range of surveillance practices and processes that touch everyday life in so-called information societies. As Lyon (Terrorism) points out surveillance is always ambiguous and can encompass genuine benefits and plausible rationales as well as palpable disadvantages. There are elements of representation to consider in terms of how surveillance technologies can re-present data that are collected at source or gathered from another technological medium, and these representations bring different meanings and enable different interpretations of life and surveillance (Ball, “Elements”). As such surveillance needs to be viewed in a number of ways: practice, knowledge and protection from threat. As data can be manipulated and interpreted according to cultural values and norms it reflects the inevitability of power relations to forge its identity in a surveillance society. In this sense, Ball (“Elements”) concludes surveillance practices capture and create different versions of life as lived by surveilled subjects. She refers to actors within the surveilled domain as ‘intermediaries’, where meaning is inscribed, where technologies re-present information, where power/resistance operates, and where networks are bound together to sometimes distort as well as reiterate patterns of hegemony (“Elements” 93). While surveillance is often connected with technology, it does not however determine nor decide how we code or employ our data. New technologies rarely enter passive environments of total inequality for they become enmeshed in complex pre-existing power and value systems (Marx). With surveillance there is an emphasis on the classificatory powers in our contemporary world “as persons and groups are often risk-profiled in the commercial sphere which rates their social contributions and sorts them into systems” (Lyon, Terrorism 2). Lyon (Terrorism) contends that the surveillance society is one that is organised and structured using surveillance-based techniques recorded by technologies, on behalf of the organisations and governments that structure our society. This information is then sorted, sifted and categorised and used as a basis for decisions which affect our life chances (Wood and Ball). The emergence of pervasive, automated and discriminatory mechanisms for risk profiling and social categorising constitute a significant mechanism for reproducing and reinforcing social, economic and cultural divisions in information societies. Such automated categorisation, Lyon (Terrorism) warns, has consequences for everyone especially in face of the new anti-terror measures enacted after September 11. In tandem with this, Bauman points out that a few suicidal murderers on the loose will be quite enough to recycle thousands of innocents into the “usual suspects”. In no time, a few iniquitous individual choices will be reprocessed into the attributes of a “category”; a category easily recognisable by, for instance, a suspiciously dark skin or a suspiciously bulky rucksack* *the kind of object which CCTV cameras are designed to note and passers-by are told to be vigilant about. And passers-by are keen to oblige. Since the terrorist atrocities on the London Underground, the volume of incidents classified as “racist attacks” rose sharply around the country. (122; emphasis added) Bauman, drawing on Lyon, asserts that the understandable desire for security combined with the pressure to adopt different kind of systems “will create a culture of control that will colonise more areas of life with or without the consent of the citizen” (123). This means that the inhabitants of the urban space whether a citizen, worker or consumer who has no terrorist ambitions whatsoever will discover that their opportunities are more circumscribed by the subject positions or categories which are imposed on them. Bauman cautions that for some these categories may be extremely prejudicial, restricting them from consumer choices because of credit ratings, or more insidiously, relegating them to second-class status because of their colour or ethnic background (124). Joseph Pugliese, in linking visual regimes of racial profiling and the shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes in the aftermath of 7/7 bombings in London, suggests that the discursive relations of power and visuality are inextricably bound. Pugliese argues that racial profiling creates a regime of visuality which fundamentally inscribes our physiology of perceptions with stereotypical images. He applies this analogy to Menzes running down the platform in which the retina transforms him into the “hallucinogenic figure of an Asian Terrorist” (Pugliese 8). With globalisation and the proliferation of ICTs, borders and boundaries are no longer sacrosanct and as such risks are managed by enacting ‘smart borders’ through new technologies, with huge databases behind the scenes processing information about individuals and their journeys through the profiling of body parts with, for example, iris scans (Wood and Ball 31). Such body profiling technologies are used to create watch lists of dangerous passengers or identity groups who might be of greater ‘risk’. The body in a surveillance society can be dissected into parts and profiled and coded through technology. These disparate codings of body parts can be assembled (or selectively omitted) to construct and represent whole bodies in our information society to ascertain risk. The selection and circulation of knowledge will also determine who gets slotted into the various categories that a surveillance society creates. Conclusion When the corporeal body is subsumed into a web of surveillance it often raises questions about the deterministic nature of technology. The question is a long-standing one in our modern consciousness. We are apprehensive about according technology too much power and yet it is implicated in the contemporary power relationships where it is suspended amidst human motive, agency and anxiety. 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