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1
Kopacz, Marta. "Zastosowanie przepisów ogólnych dotyczących administracyjnych kar pieniężnych w sprawach wymierzania kar za zajęcie pasa drogowego." Studia Prawnoustrojowe, no. 46 (December 31, 2019): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/sp.5325.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
On 1 June 2017, the general provisions concerning imposing and administering administrative monetary penalties or granting relief in its execution, entered into force. As a result of the conducted research, it has been determined, that these provisions, although to a limited extent, are also applicable in cases involving monetary penalties for occupancy of the road lane administered in accordance with the provisions of the Act of 21 March 1985. on Public Roads. There are three premises in the group of these provisions, which allow a discharge of liability for this administrative tort: force majeure, events that result in an enouncement of inflicting a punishment and limitation for administrative tort. Furthermore, in such cases applicable are general provisions relating to such matters as granting relief in its execution monetary penalty, as well as provision permitting the application of the more lenient law to a party.
2
Zhang, Wanyue, Hongbin Luo, Yanling Ma, Yan Guo, Qingyan Fang, Zhifang Yang, Xiujie Zhang, Xiaobin Zhang, Manhong Jia, and Xiang-Sheng Chen. "Monetary incentives for provision of syphilis screening, Yunnan, China." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 95, no. 9 (July 1, 2017): 657–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/blt.17.191635.
Повний текст джерела
3
Yoo, Ji Yeong. "Restructuring GATT Balance-of-Payments Safeguard in the WTO System." Journal of World Trade 53, Issue 4 (August 1, 2019): 589–623. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2019026.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The balance-of-payments (BOP) safeguard provisions in the World Trade Organization (WTO) are still haunted by the structure designed for trade and BOP relationship in the postwar Bretton Woods system. The provisions are not only incompatible with the contemporary monetary system but their legal obscurity also retain unproductive loopholes that can further intrude trade relations. It is timely to clarify a proper function of the WTO BOP provisions against modern systemic risks generating chronic financial crises. This study aims to outline a reform agenda for the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) BOP safeguard provision, suitable to the contemporary WTO and International Monetary Fund (IMF) system. The WTO members should decide to legally abolish GATT BOP safeguard measures for the developed countries. This study also suggests ways to substantively institutionalize coordination between recent developments in the IMF on assessing reserve adequacy and WTO management of trade restrictions for BOP purposes.
4
Rapoport, Amnon. "Provision of Public Goods and the MCS Experimental Paradigm." American Political Science Review 79, no. 1 (March 1985): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1956124.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Van de Kragt, Orbell, and Dawes (1983) reported the results of a series of experiments in which n subjects each receive a monetary endowment and then may choose privately whether to contribute it to a monetary public good; the good is supplied if a prespecified number m < n of contributions or more is made. Decision policies maximizing expected value are derived for this experimental paradigm under three different assumptions about the expectations each individual has about the decisions of the other n – I members: A homogeneity assumption postulating that each other member contributes with fixed probability p, a heterogeneity assumption postulating that the n – I p's are independently selected from a subjective probability distribution, and a partial homogeneity assumption postulating that the n – I members are partitioned into distinct subsets with the same p for all members of each subset. The theoretical and social implications of these assumptions are briefly discussed.
5
Hasan, Sharina Farihah, and Khairuddin Abdul Rashid. "The Provision of Haddul Kifayah for Shelter the Actual Cost of Shelter for Asnaf Faqr and Miskin: A Comparative Study." MATEC Web of Conferences 266 (2019): 03021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926603021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Haddul kifayah is a method used by zakat authorities in determining eligibility for asnaf faqr and miskin to become recipient of zakat assistance. Within the haddul kifayah there is a component for the provision of shelter that includes cost for accommodation and its associated facilities and features. In the context of the provision of shelter, there has been growing concern that the provision allocated thereto has failed to meet the current cost incurred by asnaf faqr and miskin. Consequently a study to identify the sub-components for shelter of the haddul-kifayah and the monetary allocations corresponding thereto and to examine whether the identified sub-components and their monetary allocations are appropriate and sufficient in meeting the recipients’ current basic needs for shelter was carried out. The study adopted a combination of literature review and questionnaire survey. A total of 112 asnaf faqr and miskin located within the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur participated in the survey. The data collected from the survey was analysed using descriptive statistics. Results from the study identified the sub-components for shelter and their corresponding monetary allocations and confirmed the inadequacy in the provision of haddul kifayah for shelter both in terms of the amount allocated and the subcomponents thereto. The study is considered significant in two ways: (1) The study highlights the inadequacies on the provision of haddul kifayah for shelter, and; (2) The results may serve as an impetus for a comprehensive and national study on the provision of haddul kifayah for shelter to be conducted.
6
Bobkov, V. N., and E. V. Odintsova. "The Material Well-being of Russians: Intergenerational Differentiation." World of new economy 15, no. 2 (June 26, 2021): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2220-6469-2021-15-2-16-28.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article is devoted to the problems of the material well-being of the Russian population. It presents the research results that continues the author's developments on the assessment of inequality in the distribution of the population by monetary income and housing provision. This study aimed to identify and analyse the inequality of material well-being in the aspect of intergenerational differentiation. The authors relied on the normative methodology for identifying material well-being based on the original system of social standards of monetary income and housing provision. The assessments based on data from the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS-HSE) (28th round, 2019). Data on the existing inequality in material well-being identified by social standards under three distribution models — one-criterion (monetary income, housing provision) and two-criterion (joint distribution according to the criteria of material well-being) — for three generations: youth, middle, and older generation. According to the results of the study, those who live in households with dependents (children, nonworking members of households) are the most vulnerable in terms of material well-being characteristics, and, on the contrary, those who live alone or from small households (2 people) are in the best position. At different “poles” of the material well-being are the young people living separately with children and the older generation — living alone or married couples. The results obtained in the course of the study can be used to increase the validity of social policy and develop targeted measures differentiated relative to different generations of Russians and their socio-demographic groups based on indicators of the actual distribution of material well-being — monetary income and/or housing provision.
7
Wierzbowska, Agata. "Monetary policy and bank lending in euro area since the outset of the global financial crisis." Panoeconomicus, no. 00 (2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan180423010w.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this article, we present the impact of the monetary policy stance of the European Central Bank(ECB)since 2007 on bank lending in the euro area and compare the effects of the main measures: interest rate changes, liquidity provision, and asset purchase programmes. We also analyse the channels through which monetary policy might influence the banking system and narrow our focus to the individual countries. The main results indicate stimulating impact of ECB?s policy stance on bank lending that extends its influence mainly through interest rate cuts further supported by the liquidity provision and asset purchase programmes. However, we also find considerable differences across the member states, of ten depending on the state of the banking system and loan demand in the member state. The results support the variety of monetary policy measures introduced by the ECB, as each played its own role in supporting the banking system and encouraging bank lending in the euro area.
8
Miranda-Agrippino, Silvia, and Hélène Rey. "U.S. Monetary Policy and the Global Financial Cycle." Review of Economic Studies 87, no. 6 (May 8, 2020): 2754–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdaa019.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract U.S. monetary policy shocks induce comovements in the international financial variables that characterize the “Global Financial Cycle.” A single global factor that explains an important share of the variation of risky asset prices around the world decreases significantly after a U.S. monetary tightening. Monetary contractions in the US lead to significant deleveraging of global financial intermediaries, a decline in the provision of domestic credit globally, strong retrenchments of international credit flows, and tightening of foreign financial conditions. Countries with floating exchange rate regimes are subject to similar financial spillovers.
9
Castiglioni, Cinzia, Edoardo Lozza, and Albino Claudio Bosio. "Lay People Representations on the Common Good and Its Financial Provision." SAGE Open 8, no. 4 (October 2018): 215824401880724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244018807247.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The financial contribution to the common good is a relevant issue to contemporary societies, especially in the wake of the Global Financial Crisis. In the economic literature, taxes and monetary donations have been regarded as two complementary ways of financially providing for the common good. In the psychological literature, instead, they have not been studied in conjunction. In-depth interviews have been conducted using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) approach and a photo-elicitation technique to investigate the representations people share on the financial provision for the common good. Results suggest that both taxes and donations are seen as indirect, rather than direct, ways of providing for the common good. From a formal and cognitive level, paying taxes and making donations can be seen as two sides of the same coin, but they present differences at the affective level. When paying taxes, people are concerned mostly about the effects and expect a material exchange in return; when making a monetary donation, people are concerned mostly about the motivations and expect an emotional exchange in return.
10
Bobkov, Vyacheslav N., Yelena V. Odintsova, and Nikolay V. Bobkov. "Relevance of Developing a National Programme to Increase Income, Reduce Poverty and Inequality." Level of Life of the Population of the Regions of Russia 16, no. 2 (2020): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/lsprr/2020.16.2.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Object of the Study. Russian citizens. The Subject of the Study. Socioeconomic relations that lead to absolute monetary and non-monetary poverty and high socioeconomic inequality. The Purpose of the Study. Justification of the relevance and approaches to the development of a national Programme to increase real monetary income, reduce poverty and excessive inequality. The Main Theoretical and Empirical Provisions of the Article include a description of the following areas of poverty and socioeconomic inequality in Russia: 1) in monetary income and capital (wealth); 2) in current consumption of goods; 3) in the sectoral aspect; 4) in the provision of comfortable housing and access to social services; 5) in the spatial aspect; 6) in the level and quality of life of urban and rural populations; 7) in age groups; 8) in the use of digital technologies. The estimation of real monetary income, poverty and inequality was carried out based on official social standards and indicators and those developed by the authors. The excessiveness of inequality in Russia is argued. The tools for increasing real monetary incomes, reducing poverty and excessive inequality are substantiated in the framework of the author's proposals to the development of the draft national Programme "Increasing the Population's Income, Reducing Poverty and Inequality". Proposals, stages and deadlines for the implementation of this Programme have been developed, as well as its possible indicators, resource and regulatory support. In the new situation the sensitivity of society to the problems caused by poverty and high inequality is significantly aggravated, which, according to the authors, makes the need to develop a national Programme non-alternative.
11
Milošević, Andriana, and Mirjana Jemović. "Non-Standard Measures of the Monetary Policy – Mechanism for Overcoming Problems in the Implementation of the Neoliberal Concept of Monetary Policy During a Financial Crisis." Economic Themes 55, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 465–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ethemes-2017-0026.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractAfter multiple decreases in the reference interest rate and its reaching zero bounds in certain countries during the recent global financial crisis, central banks in developed countries have started applying non-standard measures of monetary policy. This does not refer to introducing new monetary policy instruments, but rather to a certain relativisation within the framework of standard instruments, in terms of maturity of liquidity provision, collateral policy and counterparties. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to examine the role of non-standard measures of monetary policy as a mechanism for overcoming problems in the implementation of the neoliberal concept of monetary policy in the conditions of the financial crisis. The answer to this question is rather sensitive, considering the fact that the neoliberal concept was supported by the most developed countries, that is, in fact, their central banks were using non-standard instruments of monetary policy for the greatest part.
12
Krutikov, V. N., and V. V. Okrepilov. "Money metrology." Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika, no. 12 (2020): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2020-12-42-50.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The influence of the provisions of legal metrology on the formation and functioning of the monetary environment in market conditions is studied. It is shown that the use of material (reference) measures for determining the value of goods in monetary units makes it possible to form a stable monetary system, equal for all market participants. This system can reasonably be attributed to information measuring systems. Systems based on the use of constant material measures that determine the value of goods and money in international trade have been formed and functioned for a long time. In the XIX-XX centuries, the monetary system, in which a fixed weight of gold served as the material measure of money, was called the “gold standard”. In the 1970s, this system was abandoned without objective reasons. Nowadays, many people believe that the main reason is the uncontrolled issuance of paper money (US dollars). As a result, the material measure of money was replaced by a monetary measure. The money of a number of selected countries turned out to be a measure of the national currencies of other countries. Then money was made a commodity – an object of market trading, the price of which is determined by supply and demand. Thus, the most important principle of metrology was violated – the invariability (constancy) of the measure of system objects. The resulting monetary system became unstable. This situation has led to an increase in the number of proposals for a return to the gold standard. The analysis carried out in the paper confirmed the relevance of these proposals. At the present stage of development of metrology, it is advisable to explore the possibility of a broader (not only at the expense of precious metals) resource provision of material monetary measures, in particular, to consider the possibility of using materials and (or) goods that are in high demand in the international market as monetary measures.
13
Goodhart, C. A. E. "Money, Credit and Bank Behaviour: Need for a New Approach." National Institute Economic Review 214 (October 2010): F73—F82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0027950110389774.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The standard approach, in teaching and textbooks, to explaining the determination of both the supply of money, and the provision of bank credit to the private sector, has been the money multiplier approach, whereby the Central Bank sets the high-powered monetary base, and then the stock of money is a multiple of that. The greatest book on Monetary History ever written, Friedman and Schwartz (1963), Monetary History of the United States, was constructed around this same analytical framework of the money multiplier, whereby M, the money supply, would increase by a large multiple of the change in the high-powered monetary base, H. M=H⋅(1+C/D)(R/D+C/D) Yet when the authorities in the major developed countries attempted to use this relationship to expand the money stock (and bank lending) by force-feeding the banks with base money (H), in the process of Quantitative Easing (QE) in 2009, the prior relationships collapsed.
14
Sinyakov, A., and K. Yudaeva. "Central bank policy under significant balance-of-payment shocks and structural shifts." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 9 (September 20, 2016): 5–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2016-9-5-39.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper, we analyze a number of monetary and FX policy alternatives using the model of a small open oil-exporting economy hit by severe balance-of-payment shocks, such as those that simultaneously affected the Russian economy in 2014-2015. For our purposes, we modify Romer’s (2013) IS-MP general equilibrium model by adding a structure similar to the Russian economy (tradables and oil vs. non-tradables). In the model, we consider an optimal policy mix that includes a floating exchange rate, FX liquidity provision by a central bank and temporary tightening of monetary policy. The flexible exchange rate works as a shock absorber, helping restore aggregate demand and domestic production. If inflation expectations are not anchored, contractionary monetary policy helps to stabilize them. Financial stability risks are addressed by lending FX liquidity to the banking sector.
15
YU, Ka Hung, and Eddie Chi Man HUI. "HOUSING MARKET DYNAMICS UNDER A PEGGED EXCHANGE RATE – A STUDY OF HONG KONG." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 22, no. 2 (March 23, 2018): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2018.441.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study explores the major determinants of prices and rents of properties in the mass housing market and in the luxury housing market of Hong Kong. The findings show that property price (and rental) dynamics are primarily driven by demand factors, rather than by housing supply. While macroeconomic factors and the provision of subsidized homeownership, to varying degrees, influence housing prices and/or rents, it is the result of U.S. monetary policy which has directly (through changes in money supply) and indirectly (through the wealth effect from a bullish stock market fuelled by unconventional monetary policy such as Quantitative Easing (QE) triggered the current affordability issue. Some policy implications with reference to recent U.S. monetary policy developments as well as to the Linked Exchange Rate System between Hong Kong Dollar and U.S. Dollar are then discussed.
16
Ajello, Andrea, Nina Boyarchenko, François Gourio, and Andrea Tambalotti. "Financial Stability Considerations for Monetary Policy: Theoretical Mechanisms." Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2022, no. 005 (February 15, 2022): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/feds.2022.005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper reviews the theoretical literature at the intersection of macroeconomics and finance to draw lessons on the connection between vulnerabilities in the financial system and the macroeconomy, and on how monetary policy affects that connection. This literature finds that financial vulnerabilities are inherent to financial systems and tend to be procyclical. Moreover, financial vulnerabilities amplify the effects of adverse shocks to the economy, so that even a small shock to fundamentals or a small revision of beliefs can create a self-reinforcing feedback loop that impairs credit provision, lowers asset prices, and depresses economic activity and inflation. Finally, monetary policy may affect the buildup of vulnerabilities, but the sign of the impact along some of its transmission channels is theoretically ambiguous and may vary with the state of the economy.
17
Jeffrey, Robert W., and Rena R. Wing. "Long-term effects of interventions for weight loss using food provision and monetary incentives." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 63, no. 5 (1995): 793–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.63.5.793.
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Trofymenko, P., T. Tretyak, Yu Bezgodkova, N. Trofimenko, and V. Zatserkovnyi. "Development and use of gis database for tasks of normative monetary evaluation of land of settlements." Zemleustrìj, kadastr ì monìtorìng zemelʹ, no. 4 (October 27, 2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/zemleustriy2021.04.06.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper presents the results of research on the development of a GIS database for the tasks of normative monetary valuation of lands of settlements and highlights the applied aspects of its use on the example of Lychanka village, Dmytriv territorial community, Bucha district, Kyiv region. An algorithm for developing a GIS database for normative monetary valuation of settlement lands is presented. The presented estimation algorithm allows to carry out with high accuracy normative monetary estimation of settlements, to carry out its automated updating on a certain date, to receive necessary information on request, to carry out analytical operations and construction of specialized estimation maps. The development of the GIS database involved the implementation of two stages. At the first stage of formation of the initial land assessment base, the attribute table included data from the Public Cadastral Map of Ukraine on land plots within the settlement by the following items: cadastral number of land plot, area, form of ownership, purpose and functional use of land plot , the number of the cadastral zone in which each land is located, the number of the land assessment area of the settlement, the value of the base value of land, the value of the zonal coefficient (Km2), the coefficient characterizing the functional purpose of the land (Kf), information on the location (street name). The second stage involved the calculation of the value of the normative monetary valuation of each of the 1279 land plots and was performed using the built-in Arc Map function "Calculation of numerical values". After the development of the GIS database, the testing stage of the developed land assessment database was performed, which involved the use of various query execution, geospatial analysis, the use of buffering functions, topological overlay (intersection). As a result of the analysis, the following maps were constructed: "Influence of local factors on the distance of land from the center of the settlement", "Influence of local factors on the distance of land from highways", "Influence of local factors on the environmental situation", "Influence of local factors on security electricity", "Influence of local factors on the distance from paved roads", "Influence of local factors on the provision of centralized water supply", "Influence of local factors on the provision of centralized sewerage", "Influence of local factors on the provision of centralized gas supply", "Map plots according to the results of normative monetary assessment" , "Map of the establishment of buffer zones by the value of local coefficients" , "Map of coastal protection strips around water bodies with the allocation of zones of their intersection with land". Due to the application of special functions of geospatial analysis available in the GIS environment, examples of development of highly informative cartographic materials in the form of special pricing zoning of the territory of the settlement are shown. The expediency of the application of the GIS database for the tasks of monitoring the quality of land, compliance with their legal regime and the possibility of monitoring the implementation of fiscal obligations by landowners and users.
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KVASNYTSIA, Oksana. "FINANCIAL PROVISION OFHOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY." WORLD OF FINANCE, no. 4(53) (2017): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2017.04.035.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction. The issue of providing humanity with food rightly holds one of the leading places in the hierarchy of global problems. Food safety of a country is an indispensable condition and guarantees its sovereignty and independence, ensuring its sustainable social and economic development, population’s high level and quality oflife and reproduction ofhuman capital. The purpose of the article is to assess the state of food security of Ukraine, the definition of the role of households in ensuring food security and the justification of directions for improving financial leverage in the context of the implementation of Ukraine’s agricultural and food potential. Main results of the study. For Ukraine, the problem of ensuring food security is of particular importance, which is conditioned by the current state of development of the domestic agricultural and industrial complex, the increase of production in which is carried out mainly by an extensive way. The most important conditions for achieving food security are: the potential physical availability of food for every person; economic opportunity of purchasing food by all social groups of the population, including disadvantaged ones, which is achieved by raising the standard of living or implementing the necessary measures of social security; consumption of high quality products in quantities sufficient forrational nutrition. In order to increase the food security financial support, it is necessary to improve the financial component of the comprehensive food security mechanism, which aims at ensuring the application of economic instruments and creating conditions for attracting monetary resources for the functioning ofthe food security system through the creation of amulti-channel financing system. Conclusions. Therefore, the main directions of improving the financial system for the purpose of ensuring food security ofthe country are: availability of financial and credit support to agricultural producers; introduction of innovations in agricultural production; regulation of conditions for foreign and domestic food trade through a system of tariff and non-tariff instruments; systemic measures to strengthen and extend the life expectancyofthe population, wages and salaryincrease.
20
Gavin, Michael A. "Global Club Goods and the Fragmented Global Financial Safety Net." International Studies Quarterly 64, no. 4 (September 2, 2020): 798–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqaa062.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract It is generally regarded that a robust global financial safety net is a global public good. Yet public goods models that explain the existence of the global financial safety net cannot also explain why it is highly fragmented and provisioned so inequitably. This study shows that the global financial safety net's existence, fragmentation, and inequitable coverage can be explained by modeling the global financial safety net as a global club good. The primary finding of the model is that when a state has a monopoly on the provision of a non-rival and excludable good (i.e., a club good), separate multilateral and bilateral club governance structures emerge, each with a unique structure and cost. Brief case studies of the global financial safety net provisioned by the International Monetary Fund, the Federal Reserve, and the Bank for International Settlements support the model.
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Romero-Díaz, A., E. Díaz-Pereira, and J. De Vente. "Ecosystem services provision by gully control. A review." Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 45, no. 1 (June 18, 2019): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/cig.3552.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Gully erosion causes severe damage to crops and infrastructures and affects the provision of ecosystem services worldwide. To assess the potential of gully control measures to protect ecosystem services and assess the conditions required for their large-scale implementation, this paper critically evaluates a range of gully control measures documented in the World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technologies (WOCAT). Environmental and socio-economic impacts of technologies are assessed, as well as the implications for ecosystem services, costs and benefits of implementation, and stakeholder’s perception. It is demonstrated how gully control measures provide notable on-site and off-site benefits for socio-economic, cultural, ecological, and production goals, and to protect crucial ecosystem services. Control measures particularly contribute to soil and water conservation and to regulating ecosystem services by controlling soil erosion, water cycling, and natural hazards. Most effective control measures consist of combined vegetative and structural measures and of catchment wide interventions. While implementation of gully control can initially be expensive, on the long term, the cost-benefit ratio is usually positive. Moreover, the results emphasize the importance of evaluating control measures considering monetary aspects and all ecosystem services they provide. Nevertheless, individual farmers can often not afford the implementation and maintenance costs due to barriers for implementation and therefore require sustained institutional support.
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Steinbach, Armin. "The lender of last resort in the eurozone." Common Market Law Review 53, Issue 2 (April 1, 2016): 361–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2016034.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Liquidity supply by a Lender of Last Resort (LOLR) can be pivotal for both the conduct of monetary policy and safeguard of financial stability. During the financial crisis, the importance of liquidity provision significantly increased at both the macro-level – through the European Central Bank – and also for individual credit institutions in the guise of Emergency Liquidity Assistance through the National Central Banks (NCBs). This article examines the legal framework in which the ECB and the NCBs carry out their respective roles as LOLR. The question of who holds competence for liquidity supply is discussed in light of the LOLR functions pertaining to financial stability and monetary policy, as are the availability of effective measures and the legal prerequisites and limitations, particularly with regard to the prohibition of monetary State financing, the imperative of price stability and State aid rules. In view of recent reforms of banking supervision in the eurozone, the question of centralizing Emergency Liquidity Assistance within the ECB also arises.
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Pechegin, D. A. "Monetary Surrogates:the Looking Glass of Modern Regulation." Russian Journal of Legal Studies 5, no. 1 (March 15, 2018): 204–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rjls18369.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
«Current legislation of the Russian Federation establishes a variety of currency restrictions, which are a set of rules established by the state, designed to protect the national currency to affect the behavior of participants in foreign exchange transactions by imposing prohibitions or additional encumbrances on certain foreign exchange transactions». One of the such rules is the provision of art. 27 Federal Law No. 86-FZ of 10.07.2002 «On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (the Bank of Russia)», according to which the introduction in the territory of the Russian Federation of other monetary units and the issuance of monetary surrogates are prohibited. Meanwhile, the current legislation does not establish any liability for the issuance of cash surrogates. Moreover, new technologies are increasingly being introduced into our lives and are constantly inf luencing the legal environment in which we are currently surrounded. Much attention today is focused on the topic of cryptocurrency and the use of blockchain technology in the public and private sectors. Currently, both professional and non- professional participants are increasingly discussing various aspects of the use of cryptocurrencies in a particular state. The article analyzes urgent issues of the circulation of money substitutes, identifies the prospects of establishing criminal responsibility for the issue and circulation of money substitutes, etc.
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Jeffery, Robert W., Rena R. Wing, Carolyn Thorson, Lisa R. Burton, Cheryl Raether, Jean Harvey, and Monica Mullen. "Strengthening behavioral interventions for weight loss: A randomized trial of food provision and monetary incentives." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 61, no. 6 (1993): 1038–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.61.6.1038.
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Smales, L. A. "Slopes, spreads, and depth: Monetary policy announcements and liquidity provision in the energy futures market." International Review of Economics & Finance 59 (January 2019): 234–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2018.09.001.
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Casaburi, Lorenzo, and Ugo Troiano. "Ghost-House Busters: The Electoral Response to a Large Anti–Tax Evasion Program *." Quarterly Journal of Economics 131, no. 1 (October 29, 2015): 273–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjv041.
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Abstract The incentives of political agents to enforce tax collection are key determinants of the levels of compliance. We study the electoral response to the Ghost Buildings program, a nationwide anti tax evasion policy in Italy that used innovative monitoring technologies to target buildings hidden from tax authorities. The program induced monetary and non-monetary benefits for non-evaders and an increase in local government expenditures. A one standard deviation increase in town-level program intensity leads to a 4.8% increase in local incumbent reelection rates. In addition, these political returns are higher in areas with lower tax evasion tolerance and with higher efficiency of public good provision, implying complementarity among enforcement policies, the underlying tax culture, and the quality of the government.
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Gerstenberger, Juliane, and Gunther Schnabl. "The Impact of the Bank of Japan’s Low-Interest Rate Policy on the Japanese Banking Sector." Credit and Capital Markets – Kredit und Kapital: Volume 54, Issue 4 54, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 533–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/ccm.54.4.533.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper presents an analysis of the impact of the Bank of Japan’s low-interest rate policy on the banking sector in the wake of the 1998 Japanese financial crisis. We show how the low-cost liquidity provision as a means to stabilize banks has created a growing gap between deposits and loans in the financial system and how the low-interest rate policy has compressed interest margins as the traditional source of banks’ income. Efficiency scores are compiled to estimate the effect of the Bank of Japan’s monetary policy on banks’ technical efficiency. The estimation results provide evidence that the Japanese monetary policy has contributed to declining efficiency in the banking sector, despite – or possibly because of – the increasing concentration within this sector.
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Rozhdestvenskaya, T. E., and A. G. Guznov. "Implementation of FATF approaches to the regulation of virtual assets in the legislation of the Russian Federation: development prospects." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), no. 9 (November 7, 2020): 138–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2020.73.9.138-147.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The emergence and dissemination of digital values, and, above all, cryptocurrencies, necessitated their legal regulation. The article analyzes the basic FATF requirements to the legal regulation of virtual assets. The article discusses legislative novelties that enshrine the legal status of utilitarian digital rights, as well as the main provisions of the draft federal law “On Digital Financial Assets”, which is currently being discussed in the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. Particular attention is paid to the approaches to the legal regulation of cryptocurrencies. The risks arising from the legal circulation of cryptocurrencies are identified and systematized. It is concluded that deciding on the legalization of cryptocurrency requires provision of mechanisms protecting the rights and legitimate interests of its owners as well as mechanisms preventing possible negative impact of cryptocurrency on the state’s monetary system.
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Van Kogelenberg, Martijn. "Article III.3:302 DCFR on the Right to Enforced Performance of Non-monetary Obligations: An Improvement – Albeit Imperfect – Compared with Article 9:102 PECL." European Review of Private Law 17, Issue 4 (August 1, 2009): 599–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2009040.
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ABSTRACT: The Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR, Interim Outline Edition 2008) contains a provision concerning the right to enforced performance of non-monetary obligations (Article III.3:302 DCFR). This provision is the successor of Article 9:102 of the Principles of European Contract Law (PECL) and it is quite different. The leading question in this article concerns whether the DCFR provision on the right to enforced performance is an improvement compared with that of the PECL, in the sense that it meets the objections raised by the author against the PECL provision. First, the content of Article 9:102 PECL provision will be outlined briefly. Second, the PECL provision will be evaluated, and three objections will be raised against it; one concerns the terminology used in the provision, the second concerns the absence of a link with procedural law, and the third concerns the substance of the provision as a somewhat unfortunate compromise. Third, the question of whether the new DCFR provision eliminates the objections will be answered. The conclusion is that the DCFR provision is an improvement compared with that of the PECL. However, on a terminological level, the author suggests a few modifications. Furthermore, the author criticizes the apparent lack of attention for procedural law. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Der Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR, Interim Outline Edition 2008) enthält eine Bestimmung über das Recht, die Erfüllung eines nicht auf eine Geldforderung gerichteten Anspruchs zu erzwingen (Artikel III.3:302 DCFR). Diese Vorschrift ist der Nachfolger von Artikel 9:102 PECL und enthält durchaus Unterschiede. Die entscheidende Frage dieses Beitrags ist, ob die in der DCFR enthaltene Bestimmung über das Recht, der Erfüllung zu erzwingen, im Vergleich zu der Bestimmung der PECL eine Verbesserung der Rechtslage dahingehend darstellt, dass sie die durch den Verfasser gegen die Vorschrift der PECL geäußerten wegräumt. Aus diesem Grund erfolgt zum ersten eine Darstellung des Artikels 9:102 PECL. Zum zweiten wird eine Beurteilung der PECL Vorschrift vorgenommen, und es werden drei Kritikpunkte gegen diese Bestimmung geäußert, wobei der erste die in dieser Vorschrift verwendete Terminologie, der zweite die mangelnde Verbindung zum Verfahrensrecht und der dritte den Inhalt dieser Norm betrifft, der als ein etwas unglücklicher Kompromiss angesehen werden kann. Zum Dritten wird die Frage beantwortet, ob die neue, in der DCFR enthaltene Bestimmung die Kritikpunkte ausräumen kann. Die Schlussfolgerung dieses Beitrags ist, dass die in der DCFR enthaltene Bestimmung im Vergleich zu der Vorschrift der PECL eine Verbesserung darstellt. Allerdings stellt der Verfasser im Hinblick auf einige Begrifflichkeiten einige Änderungsvorschläge vor. Darüber hinaus bemängelt der Verfasser die fehlende Abstimmung mit dem Verfahrensrecht.
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Butyrskyi, A. A., and L. M. Nikolenko. "PAYMENT OF REMUNERATION TO THE ARBITRATION MANAGER IN BANKRUPTCY: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL PROBLEMS." Economics and Law, no. 2 (September 9, 2021): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econlaw.2021.02.025.
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The arbitral trustee faces many problems in his work, but the most important is question about pay for his services. The purpose of the article is to study the legal regulation of remuneration to the trustee in bankruptcy, identify problems that arise in practice in the application of the relevant provisions of the Code of Ukraine on Bankruptcy Procedure and highlight on this basis the author’s vision of the remuneration of the trustee in bankruptcy. The authors argued the introduction of a provision on the appointment of an arbitral trustee to perform the powers of the administrator of property in the event of bankruptcy proceedings on the application of the initiating creditor as a permanent one, which will work after the launch of the Unified Judicial Information and Telecommunication System. This will allow to adhere to the principle of dispositiveness, as one of the principles of the Code of Ukraine on Bankruptcy Procedure, according to which the bankruptcy procedure is carried out. Based on the results of the study, the authors conclude that the arbitral trustee should be able to choose in which bankruptcy case to participate, and which to refuse, what amount of remuneration he should receive and so on. In reorganization and liquidation proceedings, only creditors (through the creditors’ committee) should elect an arbitration trustee to perform the powers of the reorganization trustee and liquidator. Creditors must pay a fee to the trustee if they are interested in settling their claims. The arbitral trustee shall exercise his / her powers for a fee, which shall consist of a principal and an additional fee. The arbitration trustee may also receive funds from creditors from the fund to advance the monetary reward. It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of “the emergence of the right to monetary remuneration” and “payment of monetary remuneration”. The emergence of the right to monetary remuneration means that only the first condition has come — the payment deadline. However, the payment of monetary remuneration is not automatic, as only creditors can assess the effectiveness of the arbitral trustee in the procedure of disposition of property.
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Navarro, Vicente. "Are Pro-Welfare State and Full-Employment Policies Possible in the Era of Globalization?" International Journal of Health Services 30, no. 2 (April 2000): 231–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/hxu0-a9d9-ac7c-3wy1.
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There is a widely held belief in U.S. and European economic, political, and academic circles that economic globalization has considerably diminished states' power to follow public policies identified with the social democratic tradition, such as full-employment policies, comprehensive and universal provision of welfare state services, and state regulatory interventions in labor markets and economic policies. And large sectors of the European center-left and left parties believe that European monetary integration made expansionist and full-employment policies practically impossible, except when realized at the European continental level. This article presents empirical information that questions these positions. It documents how specific governments in Europe have been able to carry out such public policies during these years of economic globalization and monetary integration. Some countries (such as Sweden and Finland) that had carried out these policies then later weakened their implementation did so in response to political changes mostly unrelated to globalization of the economy or monetary integration. The article also analyzes and documents how countries that had followed expansionist and full-employment policies have responded to the globalization of financial markets.
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Zoričáková, Veronika. "Contractual Penalty in Labour Law? A Brief Reflection on the Agreement on Monetary Compensation in Paragraph 62(8) and Paragraph 83a(5) of the Labour Code." Societas et Iurisprudentia 10, no. 1 (2022): 66–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31262/1339-5467/2021/10/1/66-86.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the paper, the author deals with the issue of a contractual penalty in labour relations, while the reason for reopening this issue was the ongoing unclear nature of the agreement on monetary compensation in the provision of § 62 paragraph 8 and § 83a paragraph 5 of the Slovak Labour Code. After a theoretical introduction to the contractual penalty, its nature, functions and relationship to liability for damage under civil law and commercial law, she concludes that monetary compensation agreements, in fact, are contractual penalty agreements. However, they are characterized by peculiarities that affect the potential relationship of the general civilian regulation of the contractual penalty, especially in terms of the relationship of monetary compensation and liability for damage caused by violation of the same obligation and the moderating right of the court. In conclusions, she briefly formulates possible future relation between the Slovak Civil Code and the Slovak Commercial Code and she agrees with the need to set up full subsidiarity of the Civil Code to the Labour Code.
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Zoričáková, Veronika. "Contractual Penalty in Labour Law? A Brief Reflection on the Agreement on Monetary Compensation in Paragraph 62(8) and Paragraph 83a(5) of the Labour Code." Societas et Iurisprudentia 10, no. 1 (2022): 66–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31262/1339-5467/2022/10/1/66-86.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the paper, the author deals with the issue of a contractual penalty in labour relations, while the reason for reopening this issue was the ongoing unclear nature of the agreement on monetary compensation in the provision of § 62 paragraph 8 and § 83a paragraph 5 of the Slovak Labour Code. After a theoretical introduction to the contractual penalty, its nature, functions and relationship to liability for damage under civil law and commercial law, she concludes that monetary compensation agreements, in fact, are contractual penalty agreements. However, they are characterized by peculiarities that affect the potential relationship of the general civilian regulation of the contractual penalty, especially in terms of the relationship of monetary compensation and liability for damage caused by violation of the same obligation and the moderating right of the court. In conclusions, she briefly formulates possible future relation between the Slovak Civil Code and the Slovak Commercial Code and she agrees with the need to set up full subsidiarity of the Civil Code to the Labour Code.
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Ismailov, Alisher. "MAINTENANCE OF THE MONETARY SYSTEM STABILITY IN UZBEKISTAN." European Journal of Business and Economics 8, no. 3 (October 10, 2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/ejbe.v8i3.385.
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During the years of independence, the Republic of Uzbekistan has succeeded in building the modern monetary system. The national currency was introduced, monetary and currency markets have been developed along with the provision of independence of the Central Bank. However, the stability of national monetary system has not been ensured yet. In particular, the monetization level of the economy remains low, while the GDP deflator is rather high. In addition, high level of national currency devaluation is observed in recent years.Eventually all these urgent problems will negatively influence the stability of macroeconomic growth. The relatively high level of the GDP deflator (GDP deflator reflects a more realistic rate of inflation) has led to the significant growth of the money supply, which resulted in a strong devaluation of the national currency of Uzbekistan. For example, in 2012 the devaluation level of the national currency against the U.S. dollar was 10.5%. In addition, because of the low monetization coefficient, a crisis of defaulted payments among business entities has arisen.The author proposes to increase the volume of foreign currency swap and Gold Swap operation of the Central Bank of Uzbekistan in order to decrease the devaluation of the national currency. The author also suggests increasing the flexibility of monetary policy instruments such as an open market policy and reserve requirements to ensure the stable growth of the money supply.
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El-Said, Hamed, and Jane Harrigan. "Globalization, International Finance, and Political Islam in the Arab World." Middle East Journal 60, no. 3 (July 1, 2006): 444–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3751/60.3.12.
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This article looks at one important aspect of globalization in the Arab World, namely the provision of international finance by the US, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Bank in support of economic liberalization programs. This flow of international finance has been partly determined by geopolitical factors and in some countries has resulted in a decline in state provision of social welfare, increased poverty, and increased inequality. Not only has this form of globalization been increasingly challenged by Islamist groups, but many such groups have moved in to provide social capital and fill the welfare gap created by the gradual withdrawal of the state from socio-economic affairs. Globalization has thus strengthened the hand of political Islam and undermined the political legitimacy of incumbent regimes.
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Восканян, R. Voskanyan, Ващенко, and T. Vaschenko. "Financial Provision for the Formation of Innovation Infrastructure: the Analysis of International Practice." Economics 5, no. 3 (June 15, 2017): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_593938dda0a6a0.54228009.
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The article by statistical and comparative analysis examines the practice of financial provision of innovative infrastructure in the leading countries in the global innovation space and in the Russian Federation. External and internal sources of financing of innovation infrastructure at the macro level, as well as conditions affecting their volume are considered; foreign direct investment in the reporting country in monetary and relative terms are analyzed. The relationship between the level of development of innovation infrastructure and economic development of the country is identified; the need to reduce the state’s share in innovative business is emphasized. The authors underscore the need the need for the active involvement of the private sector of the Russian economy in the formation and development of innovation infrastructure. The possibility of increasing the attractiveness of infrastructure projects by issuing infrastructure bonds is considered.
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Ahmed, Y., and I. Sipan. "PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP AS A DETERMINANT FACTORS OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING IN ABUJA NIGERIA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W16 (October 1, 2019): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w16-71-2019.
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Abstract. The implementation of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) in housing provision in Nigeria meant to increase urban housing provision and address housing affordability and accessibility problems. Consequently, the study aims to identify the critical success factors of Public-private partnerships for affordable housing provision in Nigeria. However, the data were obtained using interviews with PPP experts to build the questionnaire for affordable housing in Nigeria. Overall, 254 responses were obtained and analysed using smart PLS to identify PPP success factors for affordable housing in Abuja. The result shows that good governance, availability of financial markets, Sound economic policies, consistency monetary, a commitment of public and private sectors are the key parameters of PPP for affordable housing in Nigeria. Therefore, the main contributions of the article indicate that strong government intervention, dependent of foreign building materials, easier access to mortgage institutions, and provision of land at no cost are the challenges to address in order to succeed in providing affordable housing in Nigeria. It is therefore recommended that a good design a framework should put in place in order to achieve the desired aim of providing affordable housing in Nigeria.
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Quint, Dominic, and Oreste Tristani. "Liquidity provision as a monetary policy tool: The ECB’s non-standard measures after the financial crisis." Journal of International Money and Finance 80 (February 2018): 15–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2017.09.009.
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DVORETSKAYA, Yu A., and K. S. MAKHNOVSKAYA. "PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MORTGAGE LENDING MARKET IN RUSSIA." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 2, no. 12 (2020): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2020.12.02.011.
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In connection with the transition to market principles for solving the issues of housing provision, one of the significant problems of the socio-economic development of Russia has become the multiple gap between the size of current monetary receipts of citizens and the high cost of residential real estate. This article examines the features of the mortgage lending market in Russia, the problems and prospects of its development, provides and analyzes the statistics of mortgage loans.
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Kisuule, Mikka, Ignacio Hernando-Gil, Jonathan Serugunda, Jane Namaganda-Kiyimba, and Mike Brian Ndawula. "Stochastic Planning and Operational Constraint Assessment of System-Customer Power Supply Risks in Electricity Distribution Networks." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (August 25, 2021): 9579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179579.
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Electricity-distribution network operators face several operational constraints in the provision of safe and reliable power given that investments for network area reinforcement must be commensurate with improvements in network reliability. This paper provides an integrated approach for assessing the impact of different operational constraints on distribution-network reliability by incorporating component lifetime models, time-varying component failure rates, as well as the monetary cost of customer interruptions in an all-inclusive probabilistic methodology that applies a time-sequential Monte Carlo simulation. A test distribution network based on the Roy Billinton test system was modelled to investigate the system performance when overloading limits are exceeded as well as when preventive maintenance is performed. Standard reliability indices measuring the frequency and duration of interruptions and the energy not supplied were complemented with a novel monetary reliability index. The comprehensive assessment includes not only average indices but also their probability distributions to adequately describe the risk of customer interruptions. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of this holistic approach, as the impacts of operational decisions are assessed from both reliability and monetary perspectives. This informs network planning decisions through optimum investments and consideration of customer outage costs.
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Moessner, Richhild, and William A. Allen. "Banking crises and the international monetary system in the Great Depression and now." Financial History Review 18, no. 1 (March 14, 2011): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565011000035.
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We identify similarities and differences in the scale and nature of the banking crises in 2008-9 and the Great Depression, and analyse differences in the policy response to the two crises in light of the prevailing international monetary systems. We find that the scale of the banking crisis, as measured by falls in international short-term indebtedness and total bank deposits, was smaller in 2008-9 than in 1931. However, central bank liquidity provision was larger in the flexible exchange rate environment of 2008-9 than in 1931, when it had been constrained in many countries by the gold standard.
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DALAL, KOUSTUV, FAZLUR RAHMAN, and BJARNE JANSSON. "WIFE ABUSE IN RURAL BANGLADESH." Journal of Biosocial Science 41, no. 5 (June 18, 2009): 561–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932009990046.
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SummaryIntimate partner violence (IPV) is a global public health and gender problem, especially in low-income countries. The study focused on verbal abuse, physical abuse and abuse by restricting food provision to wives by their husbands by victim and perpetrator characteristics, emphasizing the socioeconomic context of rural Bangladesh. Using a cross-sectional household survey of 4411 randomly selected married women of reproductive age, the study found that a majority of the respondents are exposed to verbal abuse (79%), while 41% are exposed to physical abuse. A small proportion (5%) of the women had suffered food-related abuse. Risk factors observed were age of the wife, illiteracy (of both victims and perpetrators), alcohol misuse, dowry management, husband's monetary greed involving parents-in-law, and wife's suspicions concerning husband's extramarital affairs. Well-established risk factors for wife abuse, along with dowry and husband's monetary greed, have a relatively high prevalence in rural Bangladesh.
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Kojovic, Maja, Andrea Higgins, Pablo Mir, and Marjan Jahanshahi. "Enhanced Motivational Modulation of Motor Behaviour with Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson’s Disease." Parkinson's Disease 2019 (January 2, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3604372.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background. Motivational improvement of movement speed in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is observed in life-threatening situations and has been empirically demonstrated in experimental studies using reaction time paradigms. Objectives. To address two clinically relevant questions: first, if in PD, motivational modulation through provision of monetary incentive on a sorting task that approximates performance on everyday life tasks affects movement speed. Second, how this effect is compared between PD patients treated with medication or subthalamic deep brain stimulation. Methods. We used the Card Arranging Reward Responsivity Objective Test that shares component processes with everyday life tasks to compare reward responsivity of movement speed in 10 PD patients with STN-DBS, 10 nonoperated medicated PD patients, both OFF and ON their usual medications/stimulation, and 11 age-matched healthy controls. Results. Despite longer disease duration and more severe motor symptoms, STN-DBS PD patients with the stimulator turned ON showed greater improvement of movement speed with the prospect of monetary incentive compared to both medicated PD patients and healthy participants. Discussion. The effect of monetary incentive on movement speed in PD patients is more pronounced with STN-DBS than dopaminergic medications, suggesting that motivational modulation of movement speed may be enhanced as a direct consequence of STN stimulation.
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Bawa, Ranjit, and Puneet Dwivedi. "Estimating Marginal Costs of Additional Water Flow from a Loblolly Pine Stand in South Georgia, United States." Journal of Forestry 119, no. 4 (April 21, 2021): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvab010.
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Abstract Certain silvicultural operations enhance the flow of ecosystem services derived from forestlands. Monetary estimates of an increased flow of such services that can impact forest management decisions are generally lacking. Here we use a growth-and-yield model to estimate physical changes in water yield and assign monetary values to these changes under different regimes of forest thinning and planting density in a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stand located in South Georgia. The model is expanded to develop corresponding measures of water yield and net present value per each management scenario. Results show an expected inverse relationship between average annual water yield and economic rent. Further, the marginal costs associated with producing an extra liter of water (per unit area) decrease as thinning intensifies and planting density declines (US$1.35/kL to US$0.72/kL under a site index of 18.3 m and US$1.20/kL to US$0.66/kL, assuming a site index of 21.3 m) relative to our baseline scenario. We emphasize that a landowner’s profits may be negatively affected by the provision of improved water yield downstream as it competes with timber extraction. Monetary payments are needed to encourage the net production of water from existing loblolly pine stands in South Georgia, United States.
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Knodell, Jane E., and Catalina M. Vizcarra. "Resource endowments and the problem of small change: insights from two American mints, 1600–1700." Financial History Review 28, no. 3 (October 19, 2021): 344–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565021000159.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article discusses historical evidence from the Potosi mint and Massachusetts Bay mint that illustrates the importance of the resource endowment (in this case silver) for the provision of small change. We show that the availability of silver was fundamental in shaping incentives. The relative scarcity of silver in Massachusetts Bay contributed to the small scale of the mint's operations, and implied that neither the monetary authority nor the mintmaster faced a significant tradeoff between drawing seigniorage from the mint and the production of small-denomination coins. In contrast, in the Viceroyalty of Peru, the abundance of silver, and the consequent large level of production of the mint's heavy peso coin, heightened the tradeoff between the fiscal and monetary objectives of the coinage. We suggest that these incentives negatively affected the production of fractionary coinage in the Peruvian viceroyalty, whereas in Massachusetts Bay the production of small-denomination coins was the norm.
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Bolotina, Yevheniia, Olena Shubna, and Lada Byvsheva. "Features of Financing and Management of the Social Protection System in Ukraine." Herald of the Economic Sciences of Ukraine, no. 1(40) (2021): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37405/1729-7206.2021.1(40).120-126.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article considers the features of financing and management of the social protection system of the population of Ukraine in a market economy. The directions of budget financing of the social sphere during 2010-2017 are determined. Activities for the social protection of the population are a mandatory component of any modern state. In general, social protection activities cover the area of material support and provision of social services to disabled people. The grouping of expenditures on social protection and social security by different categories according to the OECD database has been studied. Transfers in monetary and non-monetary forms to the population in the consolidated budget of Ukraine are analyzed. The dynamics of the population with average per capita equivalent total income per month, lower than the statutory subsistence level for 2010-2019, is analyzed. The modern problems of financing and management of the sphere of social protection of the population in Ukraine are revealed and the ways of their overcoming are outlined.
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Richards, Michael R., and Lorens A. Helmchen. "Adverse selection and moral hazard in the provision of clinical trial ancillary care." Health Economics, Policy and Law 8, no. 2 (April 2, 2012): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133112000072.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractAs more and more clinical trials are conducted in developing countries, concerns arise about non-trial medical care available to study participants. Recent work argues for ancillary care – medical care not part of the clinical trial per se – to be formally incorporated into these studies. Although the provision of ancillary care is often justified on ethical grounds, a number of crucial implementation issues remain unresolved, including its scope, duration and financing. Drawing on lessons from health insurance benefit design, we highlight two overlooked challenges for ancillary care adoption – adverse selection and moral hazard – and offer recommendations that could attenuate their consequences. Specifically, adverse selection and moral hazard could be reduced by offering a choice between ancillary medical care and monetary compensation or rewarding low ancillary care utilization. Alternatively, researchers’ financial risk due to ancillary care could be shifted to a third-party insurer. Recognizing participants’ behavioral responses to prospective offers of ancillary medical care would allow funders and research teams to forecast the demand for ancillary care more accurately and to prepare for its provision more adequately.
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Martienko, A. I. "FORECAST MANAGEMENT PROVISION OF NATURAL RECREATIONAL AND TOURISM RESOURCES." Economic innovations 19, no. 2(64) (July 7, 2017): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2017.19.2(64).209-213.
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The article substantiates the components of state forecasting �adastres system of natural recreational resources and the necessity to develop a regional forecast cadastre on their basis. The proposed system of forecast state inventories should ensure the mutual integration, complexity, availability and efficiency of providing information about the natural resources that can potentially be used for recreational purposes. Forecast cadastral research of potential natural recreational and tourist resources and activities recommended for their use should be carried out according to the principles, among which the main ones are: forecast inventories are conducted for natural resources that are not involved in economic turnover and can be used in various spheres of economic activity; the objectivity information about forecasts and alternatives of their use; completeness of information on the availability of natural recreational resources in the regions of Ukraine with their natural recreational characteristics, economic, environmental and social assessments, national values, uniqueness, exhaustibility, recoverability, recommended forms of ownership for business entities. State authorities should determine alternative directions of natural resources usage, including recreational purposes, as well as economic efficiency of alternative activities based on the natural resources usage, taking into the consideration the perspectives the of the national economy development. It is important that the forecast cadastral documentation defines the boundaries of natural resources, which are used by the cats as recreational and their monetary assessments. The proposed regional forecast cadastres (regions and districts of Ukraine) should represent the official combination of the actual location of various natural resources, u are currently not in the economic turnover and potentially should be used as recreational, their actual volumes and recreational properties, their perspective priority directions usage by types of recreational activities in order to ensure a scientifically based development of the administrative territory.
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Chipeta, Chimwemwe, and Douglas Mbululu. "The effects of the National Credit Act and the global financial crisis on domestic credit extension: Empirical evidence from South Africa." Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences 5, no. 1 (April 30, 2012): 215–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jef.v5i1.314.
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This paper examines the impact of the new National Credit Act (NCA) No. 34 of 2005 and the global financial crisis on credit extension provided by all monetary institutions in South Africa. The econometric approach is estimated by way of ordinary least squares while controlling for several macroeconomic factors. The findings indicate that there was a general increase in the consumer credit provision in the period subsequent to the full implementation of the Act. The promulgation of the Act increases credit card, bank overdrafts, other conventional loans and total credit to the private sector categories. The implementation of the Act fails to reverse this trend but exerts a negative influence on lease finance and the global financial crisis has significant negative effects on most of the credit provision categories. The paper seeks to investigate an under-researched area on the interrelatedness of credit provider regulation, financial crises and credit extension.
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Hill, Melissa, and Michelle Heron-Delaney. "Evaluation of mental health professionals’ views of a higher education scholarship scheme designed to enhance workforce development." Journal of Mental Health Training, Education and Practice 16, no. 5 (August 6, 2021): 383–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmhtep-10-2020-0078.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the use of a scholarship scheme to support mental health workforce development. Design/methodology/approach Nursing and allied health recipients (n = 72) of a scholarship for postgraduate mental health study provided quantitative and qualitative feedback via an online survey. Findings Benefits of the scholarship scheme include helping to overcome financial barriers to accessing higher education, increased motivation to study, increased knowledge and skills and enhanced positive feelings towards the recipient’s organisation. A total of 44% of participants reported being majorly or completely influenced to remain working in the organisation due to provision of the scholarship. Originality/value This study asks recipients to evaluate the scholarship scheme rather than the associated postgraduate education and provides preliminary support that scholarships are beneficial even when the amount of funding is less than half of course fees and the support from the employer is primarily monetary. The provision of scholarship funding can encourage existing professionals to undertake postgraduate study and attract them to pursue mental health specialisation instead of other health specialisations. Provision of scholarships is one strategy which can positively impact on mental health workforce retention in allied health professionals.